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Yang J, Song J, Gao X, Li M, Qin H, Niu Y, Luan H, Chen X, Guo J, Yuan T, Liu W. Integrated toxicity of secondary, tertiary, wetland effluents on human stem cells triggered by ERα and PPARγ agonists. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 937:173419. [PMID: 38802024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Residual pollutants in discharged and reused water pose both direct and indirect human exposure. However, health effects caused by whole effluent remain largely unknown due to the lack of human relevant model for toxicity test. Effluents from four secondary wastewater treatment plants (SWTPs), a tertiary wastewater treatment plant (TWTP) and a constructed wetland (CW) were evaluated for the integrated toxicity of the organic extractions. Multiple-endpoint human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) assay was used as an in vitro model relevant to human health. The effluents caused cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity in MSCs. The osteogenic and neurogenic differentiation were inhibited and the adipogenic differentiation were stimulated by some of the effluent extractions. The SWTP, TWTP and CW treatments reduced integrated biomarker response (IBR) by 26.3 %, 17.5 % and 33.3 % respectively, where the IBR values of final CW (8.3) and TWTP (8.2) effluents were relatively lower than SWTPs (9.1). Among multiple biomarkers, the inhibition of osteogenesis was the least reduced by wastewater treatment. Besides, ozone disinfection in tertiary treatment increased cytotoxicity and differentiation effects suggesting the generation of toxic products. The mRNA expressions of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) were significantly upregulated by effluents. The inhibitory effects of effluents on neural differentiation were mitigated after antagonizing ERα and PPARγ in the cells. It is suggested that ERα and PPARγ agonists in effluents were largely accountable for the impairment of stem cell differentiation. Besides, the concentrations of n-C29H60, o-cresol, fluorene and phenanthrene in the effluents were significantly correlated with the intergrated stem cell toxicity. The present study provided toxicological evidence for the relation between water contamination and human health, with an insight into the key toxicity drivers. The necessity for deep water treatment and the potential means were suggested for improving water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyang Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Minghan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuxin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Haiyang Luan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tuwan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Kolena B, Hlisníková H, Nagyová M, Orendáčová K, Vondráková M, Petrovičová I, Mlynček M, Weiss P, Pfaus JG. Endocrine effect of phthalate metabolites and a butterfly effect of prenatal exposure to androgens on qualitative aspects of female sexual response- an initial survey. Int J Impot Res 2024:10.1038/s41443-024-00919-1. [PMID: 38806628 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-024-00919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that endocrine disruptive chemicals have deleterious effects on sexual and reproductive function. To examine subjective sexual functions in human females and their relationship to postnatal phthalate exposure and perinatal androgenization, a Sexuality Score (SS) was established from a first-stage survey questionnaire of subjective sexual function filled out by female university students (n = 68; average age 25.23 ± 5.17 years; rural 25.51 ± 6.74 vs. urban 25.85 ± 1.43 years). Seventeen phthalate metabolites in urine samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Females were also assessed for the 2D:4D digit ratio as an index of perinatal androgenization. The mean age of menarche was 12.82 ± 1.35 years (rural 12.59 ± 1.39 vs. urban 13.18 ± 1.27; p = 0.01). The mean age at first sexual intercourse was 14.88 ± 6.89 years (rural 14.62 ± 7.20 vs. urban 15.24 ± 6.55), and as the age of first sexual intercourse increases, the SS score tends to increase as well, albeit moderately (r = 0.25, p = 0.037). Mono-iso-butyl phthalate, mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, mono(hydroxy-n-butyl) phthalate, mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (p ≤ 0.05) and mono(2-carboxymethylhexyl) phthalate (p ≤ 0.01) were negatively associated with SS. A compounding butterfly effect of prenatal exposure to androgens was observed with disruptive effects of mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate on sexual function. Exposure to phthalates in adult females may lead to disruption of subjective sexual function, especially concerning sexual desire and sexual satisfaction, and perinatal androgenization could augment these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Kolena
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia.
| | - Henrieta Hlisníková
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Nagyová
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Orendáčová
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Mária Vondráková
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Ida Petrovičová
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Miloš Mlynček
- Department of Nursing, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Petr Weiss
- Department of Psychology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Deaprtment of Psychology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - James G Pfaus
- Department of Psychology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Center for Sexual Health and Intervention, Czech National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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Janjani H, Rastkari N, Yousefian F, Aghaei M, Yunesian M. Biomonitoring and health risk assessment of exposure to phthalate esters in waste management workers. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 180:76-84. [PMID: 38547758 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Humans are at risk of exposure to phthalates due to the widespread use of plasticized plastics, and one of the major concerns is occupational exposure. The present study investigated occupational exposure to phthalates at one of the greatest solid waste management sites in the second-largest country in the Middle East. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks were assessed by human biomonitoring (HBM). The concentration of phthalate esters was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the daily intake (DI) of phthalate was calculated based on the adjusted urinary creatinine concentrations. Moreover, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were assessed. Monte Carlo simulations were performed for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. The highest concentration recorded was 130.80 µg/g creatinine for mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) among the composting group, while the lowest concentration was 0.49 µg/g creatinine for Monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) among the office group. All estimates of daily intake were below the reference concentration, and differences between the DI at site sections were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The non-carcinogenic risk level was negligible. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) values corresponding to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure were 2.07E-04 among the composting group and 2.07E-04 among the processing group, posing a definite risk. The carcinogenic risk value among the office group was in a possible risk category with ELCR values of 9.75 E-05. The on-site workers of waste management sites can be highly exposed to phthalates, and their health risk is considerable. Appropriate measures and interventions should be considered to reduce occupational exposure to phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosna Janjani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mina Aghaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Oh J, Kim K, Kannan K, Parsons PJ, Mlodnicka A, Schmidt RJ, Schweitzer JB, Hertz-Picciotto I, Bennett DH. Early childhood exposure to environmental phenols and parabens, phthalates, organophosphate pesticides, and trace elements in association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in the CHARGE study. Environ Health 2024; 23:27. [PMID: 38486233 PMCID: PMC10938747 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-024-01065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of literature investigated childhood exposure to environmental chemicals in association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, but limited studies considered urinary mixtures of multiple chemical classes. This study examined associations of concurrent exposure to non-persistent chemicals with ADHD symptoms in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental delay (DD), and typical development (TD). METHODS A total of 549 children aged 2-5 years from the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment (CHARGE) case-control study were administered the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). This study focused on the ADHD/noncompliance subscale and its two subdomains (hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention). Sixty-two chemicals from four classes (phenols/parabens, phthalates, organophosphate pesticides, trace elements) were quantified in child urine samples, and 43 chemicals detected in > 70% samples were used to investigate their associations with ADHD symptoms. Negative binomial regression was used for single-chemical analysis, and weighted quantile sum regression with repeated holdout validation was applied for mixture analysis for each chemical class and all chemicals. The mixture analyses were further stratified by diagnostic group. RESULTS A phthalate metabolite mixture was associated with higher ADHD/noncompliance scores (median count ratio [CR] = 1.10; 2.5th, 97.5th percentile: 1.00, 1.21), especially hyperactivity/impulsivity (median CR = 1.09; 2.5th, 97.5th percentile: 1.00, 1.25). The possible contributors to these mixture effects were di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolites and mono-2-heptyl phthalate (MHPP). These associations were likely driven by children with ASD as these were observed among children with ASD, but not among TD or those with DD. Additionally, among children with ASD, a mixture of all chemicals was associated with ADHD/noncompliance and hyperactivity/impulsivity, and possible contributors were 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, DEHP metabolites, MHPP, mono-n-butyl phthalate, and cadmium. CONCLUSIONS Early childhood exposure to a phthalate mixture was associated with ADHD symptoms, particularly among children with ASD. While the diverse diagnostic profiles limited generalizability, our findings suggest a potential link between phthalate exposure and the comorbidity of ASD and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Oh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis (UC Davis), Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis (UC Davis), Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Patrick J Parsons
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Agnieszka Mlodnicka
- UC Davis MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis (UC Davis), Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Julie B Schweitzer
- UC Davis MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis (UC Davis), Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Deborah H Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis (UC Davis), Davis, CA, USA
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Yabalak E, Aminzai MT, Gizir AM, Yang Y. A Review: Subcritical Water Extraction of Organic Pollutants from Environmental Matrices. Molecules 2024; 29:258. [PMID: 38202840 PMCID: PMC10780272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Most organic pollutants are serious environmental concerns globally due to their resistance to biological, chemical, and photolytic degradation. The vast array of uses of organic compounds in daily life causes a massive annual release of these substances into the air, water, and soil. Typical examples of these substances include pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Since they are persistent and hazardous in the environment, as well as bio-accumulative, sensitive and efficient extraction and detection techniques are required to estimate the level of pollution and assess the ecological consequences. A wide variety of extraction methods, including pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and subcritical water extraction, have been recently used for the extraction of organic pollutants from the environment. However, subcritical water has proven to be the most effective approach for the extraction of a wide range of organic pollutants from the environment. In this review article, we provide a brief overview of the subcritical water extraction technique and its application to the extraction of PAHs, PCBs, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and others form environmental matrices. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the influence of key extraction parameters, such as extraction time, pressure, and temperature, on extraction efficiency and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Yabalak
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Mersin University, TR-33343 Mersin, Türkiye
| | - Mohammad Tahir Aminzai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan;
| | - Ahmet Murat Gizir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, TR-33343 Mersin, Türkiye;
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Zhang X, Diao Z, Ma H, Xie X, Wang Y, Liu X, Yuan X, Zhu F. Multi-class organic pollutants in PM 2.5 in mixed area of Shanghai: Levels, sources and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166352. [PMID: 37598962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 25 multi-class pollutants comprising phthalate esters (PAEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and synthetic musks (SMs) were studied in PM2.5 samples collected at an industrial/commercial/residential/traffic mixed area in Shanghai during four seasons. During the whole period, a slight exceedance of the PM2.5 annual limit was observed, with an average of 36.8 μg/m3, and PAEs were the most predominant, accounting for >70 % of the studied organic pollutants in PM2.5, followed by PAHs and SMs. Statistically significant differences were observed for the concentrations of PM2.5, PAEs, PAHs, and SMs in winter and summer. This seasonal variation could be derived from anthropogenic activities and atmospheric dynamics. Principal component analysis (PCA) and PAHs ratios suggested a mixed source mainly derived from vehicle emissions and industrial processes. Moreover, gaseous pollutants were also accounted for, indicating the emission of PAHs might accompany the NO2 emission process. Finally, inhalation of PM2.5-bound organic pollutants for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were estimated as average values for each season, showing outside the safe levels in autumn and winter in some cases, suggesting that new policies should be to developed to reduce their emissions and protect human health in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Zishan Diao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Hui Ma
- Minhang Environmental Monitoring Station of Shanghai, Shanghai 201199, PR China; Environmental Monitoring Station of Pudong New District, Shanghai 200135, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Xie
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Minhang Environmental Monitoring Station of Shanghai, Shanghai 201199, PR China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Xianzheng Yuan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Fanping Zhu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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Freitas F, Cabrita MJ, da Silva MG. A Critical Review of Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Phthalates Esters in Two Important European Food Products: Olive Oil and Wine. Molecules 2023; 28:7628. [PMID: 38005350 PMCID: PMC10673500 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of chemicals widely used as plasticizers. These compounds, considered toxic, do not bond to the polymeric matrix of plastic and can, therefore, migrate into the surrounding environment, posing a risk to human health. The primary source of human exposure is food, which can become contaminated during cultivation, production, and packaging. Therefore, it is imperative to control and regulate this exposure. This review covers the analytical methods used for their determination in two economically significant products: olive oil and wine. Additionally, it provides a summary and analysis of information regarding the characteristics, toxicity, effects on human health, and current regulations pertaining to PAEs in food. Various approaches for the extraction, purification, and quantification of these analytes are highlighted. Solvent and sorbent-based extraction techniques are reviewed, as are the chromatographic separation and other methods currently applied in the analysis of PAEs in wines and olive oils. The analysis of these contaminants is challenging due to the complexities of the matrices and the widespread presence of PAEs in analytical laboratories, demanding the implementation of appropriate strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Freitas
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Cabrita
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Marco Gomes da Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
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Sánchez-Piñero J, Novo-Quiza N, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P. A multi-residue method for the analysis of organic pollutants released from atmospheric PM 2.5 in simulated biological fluids: Inhalation bioaccessibility and bioavailability estimation. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1280:341862. [PMID: 37858566 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, there has been a growing interest within the scientific community regarding the study of the fraction that could be released in simulated biological fluids to estimate in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of compounds. Concerning particulate matter (PM), studies were essentially focused on metal (oid)s probably due to more complex methodologies needed for organic compounds, requiring extraction and pre-concentration steps from simulated fluids, followed by chromatographic analysis. Thus, the development of a simple and sensitive methodology for the analysis of multi-class organic compounds released in different inhalation simulated fluids would represent a great contribution to the field. RESULTS In this work, a methodology for the analysis of 49 organic pollutants, including 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 phthalate esters (PAEs), 11 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 6 synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) and 2 bisphenols released in simulated fluids from PM2.5 samples was developed. After a physiologically based extraction test (PBET) by using artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) and a simulated body fluid (SBF, filling a dialysis membrane) to obtain in vitro inhalation bioaccessible and bioavailable fractions, respectively; compounds were determined by a vortex-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (VALLE) and a subsequent analysis by programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (PTV-GC-MS/MS). Experimental conditions concerning VALLE extraction (extraction time and amount of NaCl (g)) were optimized by using a central composite design (CCD), best MS/MS transitions were selected and matrix-matched calibration combined with use of labelled subrogate standards provided high sensitivity, minimization of matrix effects and recovering losses compensation. SIGNIFICANCE The successful validation results obtained for most of the compounds demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for the analysis of multi-class organic pollutants released in ALF and SBF for inhalation bioaccessibility and bioavailability assessment, respectively. Furthermore, applicability of the method was proved by analysing 20 p.m.2.5 samples, being the proposed in vitro PBET dialyzability approach for assessing organic pollutant's inhalation bioavailability applied to PM2.5 samples for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Sánchez-Piñero
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Natalia Novo-Quiza
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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Muncke J, Andersson AM, Backhaus T, Belcher SM, Boucher JM, Carney Almroth B, Collins TJ, Geueke B, Groh KJ, Heindel JJ, von Hippel FA, Legler J, Maffini MV, Martin OV, Peterson Myers J, Nadal A, Nerin C, Soto AM, Trasande L, Vandenberg LN, Wagner M, Zimmermann L, Thomas Zoeller R, Scheringer M. A vision for safer food contact materials: Public health concerns as drivers for improved testing. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108161. [PMID: 37758599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs) and food contact articles are ubiquitous in today's globalized food system. Chemicals migrate from FCMs into foodstuffs, so called food contact chemicals (FCCs), but current regulatory requirements do not sufficiently protect public health from hazardous FCCs because only individual substances used to make FCMs are tested and mostly only for genotoxicity while endocrine disruption and other hazard properties are disregarded. Indeed, FCMs are a known source of a wide range of hazardous chemicals, and they likely contribute to highly prevalent non-communicable diseases. FCMs can also include non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), which often are unknown and therefore not subject to risk assessment. To address these important shortcomings, we outline how the safety of FCMs may be improved by (1) testing the overall migrate, including (unknown) NIAS, of finished food contact articles, and (2) expanding toxicological testing beyond genotoxicity to multiple endpoints associated with non-communicable diseases relevant to human health. To identify mechanistic endpoints for testing, we group chronic health outcomes associated with chemical exposure into Six Clusters of Disease (SCOD) and we propose that finished food contact articles should be tested for their impacts on these SCOD. Research should focus on developing robust, relevant, and sensitive in-vitro assays based on mechanistic information linked to the SCOD, e.g., through Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) or Key Characteristics of Toxicants. Implementing this vision will improve prevention of chronic diseases that are associated with hazardous chemical exposures, including from FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Dept. of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet and Centre for Research and Research Training in Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Scott M Belcher
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Frank A von Hippel
- Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Juliette Legler
- Dept. of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Olwenn V Martin
- Plastic Waste Innovation Hub, Department of Arts and Science, University College London, UK
| | - John Peterson Myers
- Dept. of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Angel Nadal
- IDiBE and CIBERDEM, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M Soto
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Centre Cavaillès, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- College of Global Public Health and Grossman School of Medicine and Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Wagner
- Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kaseke T, Lujic T, Cirkovic Velickovic T. Nano- and Microplastics Migration from Plastic Food Packaging into Dairy Products: Impact on Nutrient Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism. Foods 2023; 12:3043. [PMID: 37628042 PMCID: PMC10453031 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing use of plastic polymers to manufacture food packaging has raised concerns about the presence of nano- and microplastics (NMPs) in a variety of foods. This review provides the most recent data on NMPs' migration from plastic packaging into dairy products. Also discussed are the possible effects of NMPs on nutrient digestion, absorption, and metabolism. Different kinds of dairy products, including skimmed milk, whole liquid milk, powder milk, and infant formula milk, have been found to contain NMPs of various sizes, shapes, and concentrations. NMPs may interact with proteins, carbohydrates, and fats and have a detrimental impact on how well these nutrients are digested and absorbed by the body. The presence of NMPs in the gastrointestinal tract may impact how lipids, proteins, glucose, iron, and energy are metabolized, increasing the risk of developing various health conditions. In addition to NMPs, plastic oligomers released from food packaging material have been found to migrate to various foods and food simulants, though information regarding their effect on human health is limited. Viewpoints on potential directions for future studies on NMPs and their impact on nutrient digestion, absorption, and health are also presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafadzwa Kaseke
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Lujic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Food Technology, Safety, and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Food Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihajlova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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11
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Silva ABP, Carreiró F, Ramos F, Sanches-Silva A. The role of endocrine disruptors in female infertility. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7069-7088. [PMID: 37402067 PMCID: PMC10374778 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08583-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to the World Health Organization, infertility is a public health problem that affects around 48 million couples and 186 million individuals worldwide. Endocrine disruptors are one of the causes that raise more concern, given that it is a problem that has evolved with the progress of society. Many chemicals are used by food industry, entering food chain, and directly affecting human health. Endocrine disruptors have the capacity of interfering with the normal hormonal action, metabolism, and biosynthesis, which can lead to a variation of the normal hormonal homeostasis. Some of these endocrine disruptors are highly associated with diseases that are positively correlated with female infertility, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, irregular menstrual cycle and also disturbances on processes as steroidogenesis and development of the ovarian follicles. RESULTS The present literature review covers various aspects of the possible relationship between endocrine disruptors and female infertility. Bisphenol A and its metabolites, phthalates, dioxins, organochlorine, and organophosphate compounds are groups of chemicals considered to have the capacity to disrupt endocrine activity and herein addressed. The results reported in in vivo studies and in clinical trials addressing endocrine disruptors and female infertility were discussed as well as their possible mechanism of action. CONCLUSIONS Large, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials are needed to better understand the mechanisms of action of endocrine disruptors in female infertility, as well as the doses and frequency of exposure responsible for it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz P Silva
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Carreiró
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, 4485-655, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Sanches-Silva
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
- National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, 4485-655, Vila do Conde, Portugal.
- Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA)-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 14 Apartado, 55142-401, Porto, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (Al4AnimalS), 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.
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12
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Mustieles V, Rolland M, Pin I, Thomsen C, Sakhi AK, Sabaredzovic A, Muckle G, Guichardet K, Slama R, Philippat C. Early-Life Exposure to a Mixture of Phenols and Phthalates in Relation to Child Social Behavior: Applying an Evidence-Based Prioritization to a Cohort with Improved Exposure Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:87006. [PMID: 37556305 PMCID: PMC10411634 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies aiming at relating exposure to phenols and phthalates with child social behavior characterized exposure using one or a few spot urine samples, resulting in substantial exposure misclassification. Moreover, early infancy exposure was rarely studied. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the associations of phthalates and phenols with child social behavior in a cohort with improved exposure assessment and to a priori identify the chemicals supported by a higher weight of evidence. METHODS Among 406 mother-child pairs from the French Assessment of Air Pollution exposure during Pregnancy and Effect on Health (SEPAGES) cohort, 25 phenols/phthalate metabolites were measured in within-subject pools of repeated urine samples collected at the second and third pregnancy trimesters (∼ 21 samples/trimester) and at 2 months and 1-year of age (∼ 7 samples/period). Social behavior was parent-reported at 3 years of age of the child using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). A structured literature review of the animal and human evidence was performed to prioritize the measured phthalates/phenols based on their likelihood to affect social behavior. Both adjusted linear regression and Bayesian Weighted Quantile Sum (BWQS) regression models were fitted. False discovery rate (FDR) correction was applied only to nonprioritized chemicals. RESULTS Prioritized compounds included bisphenol A, bisphenol S, triclosan (TCS), diethyl-hexyl phthalate (Σ DEHP ), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n -butyl phthalate (MnBP), and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP). With the exception of bisphenols, which showed a mixed pattern of positive and negative associations in pregnant mothers and neonates, few prenatal associations were observed. Most associations were observed with prioritized chemicals measured in 1-y-old infants: Each doubling in urinary TCS (β = 0.78 ; 95% CI: 0.00, 1.55) and MEP (β = 0.92 ; 95% CI: - 0.11 , 1.96) concentrations were associated with worse total SRS scores, whereas MnBP and Σ DEHP were associated with worse Social Awareness (β = 0.25 ; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.50) and Social Communication (β = 0.43 ; 95% CI: - 0.02 , 0.89) scores, respectively. BWQS also suggested worse total SRS [Beta 1 = 1.38 ; 95% credible interval (CrI): - 0.18 , 2.97], Social Awareness (Beta 1 = 0.37 ; 95% CrI: 0.06, 0.70), and Social Communication (Beta 1 = 0.91 ; 95% CrI: 0.31, 1.53) scores per quartile increase in the mixture of prioritized compounds assessed in 1-y-old infants. The few associations observed with nonprioritized chemicals did not remain after FDR correction, with the exception of benzophenone-3 exposure in 1-y-old infants, which was suggestively associated with worse Social Communication scores (corrected p = 0.07 ). DISCUSSION The literature search allowed us to adapt our statistical analysis according to the weight of evidence and create a corpus of experimental and epidemiological knowledge to better interpret our findings. Early infancy appears to be a sensitive exposure window that should be further investigated. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11798.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Mustieles
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Matthieu Rolland
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Pin
- Pediatric Department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche, France
| | | | | | | | - Gina Muckle
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Karine Guichardet
- Pediatric Department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche, France
| | - Rémy Slama
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Philippat
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
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Zhang W, Zheng N, Wang S, Sun S, An Q, Li X, Li Z, Ji Y, Li Y, Pan J. Characteristics and health risks of population exposure to phthalates via the use of face towels. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 130:1-13. [PMID: 37032026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The production of face towels is growing at an annual rate of about 4% in China, reaching 1.13 million tons by 2021. Phthalates (PAEs) are widely used in textiles, and face towels, as an important household textile, may expose people to PAEs via the skin, further leading to health risks. We collected new face towels and analyzed the distribution characterization of PAEs in them. The changes of PAEs were explored in a face towel use experiment and a simulated laundry experiment. Based on the use of face towels by 24 volunteers, we calculated the estimated daily intake (EDI) and comprehensively assessed the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and dermal cancer risk (DCR) of PAEs exposure in the population. PAEs were present in new face towels at total concentrations of <MDL-2388 ng/g, with a median of 173.2 ng/g, which was a lower contamination level compared with other textiles. PAE contents in used face towels were significantly higher than in new face towels. The concentrations of PAEs in coral velvet were significantly higher than those in cotton. Water washing removed some PAEs, while detergent washing increased the PAE content on face towels. Gender, weight, use time, and material were the main factors affecting EDI. The HQ and HI were less than 1, which proved PAEs had no significant non-carcinogenic health risks. Among the five target PAEs studied, DEHP was the only carcinogenic PAE and may cause potential health risks after long-term exposure. Therefore, we should pay more attention to DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Na Zheng
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Sujing Wang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qirui An
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zimeng Li
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yining Ji
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yunyang Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Jiamin Pan
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
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14
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Lin J, Cheng S, Zhang J, Zhao L, Yuan S, Zhang L, Yin Y. Racial differences in the associations of urinary phthalate metabolites with depression risk. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 226:115670. [PMID: 36907347 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the composite effects of different kinds of phthalates on depression risk in the U.S population. METHODS 11731 participants were included from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a national cross-sectional survey. Twelve urinary phthalate metabolites were used to evaluate the level of phthalates exposure. Phthalates levels were devided into four quartiles. High phthalate was defined as having values in the highest quartile. RESULTS Urinary mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) were estimated as the independent risk factors for depression by mutivariate logistic regression analyses. Compared with the lowest quartile group of MiBP or MBzP, an incrementally higher risk of depression and moderate/severe depression was observed in the highest quartile (all Ptrend <0.05). It was observed that incrementally higher risk of depression and moderate/severe depression were associated with more numbers of high phthalates parameter (Ptrend <0.001 and Ptrend = 0.003, respectively). A significant interaction between race (Non-Hispanic Black vs. Mexican American) and 2 parameters (having value in the highest quartile of both MiBP and MBzP) was detected for depression (Pinteraction = 0.023) and moderate/severe depression (Pinteraction = 0.029). CONCLUSION Individuals with more numbers of high phthalates parameter were at higher risk of depression and moderate/severe depression. Non-Hispanic Black participants were more likely to be affected by high levels of MiBP and MBzP exposure than Mexican American participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siying Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liebin Zhao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligence Pediatrics (SERCIP), Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhua Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligence Pediatrics (SERCIP), Shanghai, China; Pediatric AI Clinical Application and Research Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Flowers KC, Shipman KE. Pitfalls in the Diagnosis and Management of Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome) in Humans; A Review of the Laboratory Medicine Perspective. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081415. [PMID: 37189516 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochemical confirmation of a diagnosis of hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome) is vital to direct further investigations, especially given the overlap with non-autonomous conditions, such as pseudo-Cushing, and the morbidity associated with missed diagnoses. A limited narrative review was performed focusing on the laboratory perspective of the pitfalls of making a biochemical diagnosis of hypercortisolism in those presenting with presumed Cushing syndrome. Although analytically less specific, immunoassays remain cheap, quick, and reliable in most situations. Understanding cortisol metabolism can help with patient preparation, specimen selection (e.g., consideration of urine or saliva for those with possible elevations of cortisol binding globulin concentration), and method selection (e.g., mass spectrometry if there is a high risk of abnormal metabolites). Although more specific methods may be less sensitive, this can be managed. The reduction in cost and increasing ease of use makes techniques such as urine steroid profiles and salivary cortisone of interest in future pathway development. In conclusion, the limitations of current assays, particularly if well understood, do not impede diagnosis in most cases. However, in complex or borderline cases, there are other techniques to consider to aid in the confirmation of hypercortisolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kade C Flowers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Trust, Worthing BN11 2DH, UK
| | - Kate E Shipman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Trust, Worthing BN11 2DH, UK
- Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer Campus, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
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16
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Occurrence of Phthalate Esters in Coffee and Risk Assessment. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051106. [PMID: 36900623 PMCID: PMC10001370 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee, one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, is commercialized as powder and beans in different types of packaging and extracted through several methods. In this regard, the present study focused on evaluating the concentration of two of the most used phthalates in plastic materials (bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and di-butyl phthalate (DBP)) in coffee powder and beverages to assess their migration from different packaging and machines. Furthermore, the levels of exposure to these endocrine disruptors in regular coffee consumers were estimated. Samples of packaged coffee powder/beans (n = 60) from different forms of packaging (multilayer bag, aluminum tin, and paper pod) and coffee beverages (n = 40) that were differently extracted (by professional espresso machine (PEM), Moka pot (MP), and home espresso machine (HEM)) were analyzed by extraction of the lipid fraction, purification, and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Risk due to consumption of coffee (1-6 cups) was assessed based on tolerable daily intake (TDI) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). No significant differences emerged in DBP and DEHP concentrations among different types of packaging (multilayer, aluminum, and paper), whereas higher levels of DEHP were reported in beverages extracted by PEM (6.65, 2.58-11.32) than by MP (0.78, 0.59-0.91) and HEM (0.83, 0.62-0.98). The presence of higher DEHP levels in coffee beverages than in coffee powder may be due to its leaching through machine components. However, the levels of PAEs did not exceed the specific migration limits (SMLs) set out for food contact materials (FCM), and exposure to PAEs from coffee beverages was low, justifying the small risk due of its consumption. Consequently, coffee can be considered a safe beverage for exposure to some phthalic acid esters (PAEs).
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17
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Domínguez-Romero E, Komprdová K, Kalina J, Bessems J, Karakitsios S, Sarigiannis DA, Scheringer M. Time-trends in human urinary concentrations of phthalates and substitutes DEHT and DINCH in Asian and North American countries (2009-2019). JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:244-254. [PMID: 35513587 PMCID: PMC10005949 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many phthalates are environmental pollutants and toxic to humans. Following phthalate regulations, human exposure to phthalates has globally decreased with time in European countries, the US and Korea. Conversely, exposure to their substitutes DEHT and/or DINCH has increased. In other countries, including China, little is known on the time-trends in human exposure to these plasticizers. OBJECTIVE We aimed to estimate time-trends in the urinary concentrations of phthalates, DEHT, and DINCH metabolites, in general population from non-European countries, in the last decade. METHODS We compiled human biomonitoring (HBM) data from 123 studies worldwide in a database termed "PhthaLit". We analyzed time-trends in the urinary concentrations of the excreted metabolites of various phthalates as well as DEHT and DINCH per metabolite, age group, and country/region, in 2009-2019. Additionally, we compared urinary metabolites levels between continents. RESULTS We found solid time-trends in adults and/or children from the US, Canada, China and Taiwan. DEHP metabolites decreased in the US and Canada. Conversely in Asia, 5oxo- and 5OH-MEHP (DEHP metabolites) increased in Chinese children. For low-weight phthalates, the trends showed a mixed picture between metabolites and countries. Notably, MnBP (a DnBP metabolite) increased in China. The phthalate substitutes DEHT and DINCH markedly increased in the US. SIGNIFICANCE We addressed the major question of time-trends in human exposure to phthalates and their substitutes and compared the results in different countries worldwide. IMPACT Phthalates account for more than 50% of the plasticizer world market. Because of their toxicity, some phthalates have been regulated. In turn, the consumption of non-phthalate substitutes, such as DEHT and DINCH, is growing. Currently, phthalates and their substitutes show high detection percentages in human urine. Concerning time-trends, several studies, mainly in Europe, show a global decrease in phthalate exposure, and an increase in the exposure to phthalate substitutes in the last decade. In this study, we address the important question of time-trends in human exposure to phthalates and their substitutes and compare the results in different countries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domínguez-Romero
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic.
| | - Klára Komprdová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Jos Bessems
- VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), BE-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Spyros Karakitsios
- Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Chem Engn, Environm Engn Lab, Univ Campus,Bldg D,Rm 201, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
- HERACLES Res Ctr Exposome & Hlth, Ctr Interdisciplinary Res & Innovat, Balkan Ctr, Bldg B,10thkm Thessaloniki Thermi Rd, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis A Sarigiannis
- Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Chem Engn, Environm Engn Lab, Univ Campus,Bldg D,Rm 201, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
- HERACLES Res Ctr Exposome & Hlth, Ctr Interdisciplinary Res & Innovat, Balkan Ctr, Bldg B,10thkm Thessaloniki Thermi Rd, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
- Sch Adv Study IUSS, Sci Technol & Soc Dept, Environm Hlth Engn, Piazza Vittoria 15, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
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18
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Oh J, Kim K, Kannan K, Parsons PJ, Mlodnicka A, Schmidt RJ, Schweitzer JB, Hertz-Picciotto I, Bennett DH. Early childhood exposure to environmental phenols and parabens, phthalates, organophosphate pesticides, and trace elements in association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in the CHARGE study. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2565914. [PMID: 36798220 PMCID: PMC9934759 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2565914/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Agrowing body of literature investigated childhood exposure to environmental chemicals in association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, but limited studies considered urinary mixtures of multiple chemical classes. This study examined associations of concurrent exposure to non-persistent chemicals with ADHD symptoms in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental delay, and typical development. Methods A total of 574 children aged 2-5 years from the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment (CHARGE) case-control study was administered the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). This study focused on the Hyperactivity subscale and its two subdomains (hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention). Sixty-two chemicals from four classes (phenols/parabens, phthalates, organophosphate pesticides, trace elements) were quantified in child urine samples, and 43 chemicals detected in >70% samples were used in statistical analyses. Weighted quantile sum regression for negative binomial outcomes with repeated holdout validation was performed to investigate covariate-adjusted associations between mixtures and ABC scores in 574 children. The mixture analyses were further restricted to 232 children with ASD. Results Phthalate metabolite mixtures, weighted for mono-n-butylphthalate (MNBP), mono-2-heptyl phthalate, and mono-carboxy isononyl phthalate, were associated with the Hyperactivity subscale (mean incidence rate ratio [mIRR] = 1.11; 2.5th, 97.5th percentile: 1.00, 1.23), especially the hyperactivity/impulsivity subdomain (mIRR = 1.14; 2.5th, 97.5th percentile: 1.06, 1.26). These associations remained similar after restricting to children with ASD. The inattention subdomain was associated with a phenols/parabens mixture, weighted for several parabens and bisphenols (mIRR = 1.13; 2.5th, 97.5th percentile: 1.00, 1.28) and a total mixture, weighted for 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, MNBR and mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (mIRR = 1.11; 2.5th, 97.5th percentile: 1.01,1.25) only among children with ASD. Conclusions Concurrent exposure to phthalate mixtures was associated with hyperactivity in early childhood. Though causal inference cannot be made based on our cross-sectional findings, this study warrants further research on mixtures of larger number of chemicals from multiple classes in association with ADHD-related behaviors in young children.
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Sree CG, Buddolla V, Lakshmi BA, Kim YJ. Phthalate toxicity mechanisms: An update. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 263:109498. [PMID: 36374650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are one of the most widely used plasticizers in polymer products, and they are increasingly being exposed to people all over the world, generating health concerns. Phthalates are often used as excipients in controlled-release capsules and enteric coatings, and patients taking these drugs may be at risk. In both animals and human, phthalates are mainly responsible for testicular dysfunction, ovarian toxicity, reduction in steroidogenesis. In this regard, for a better understanding of the health concerns corresponding to phthalates and their metabolites, still more research is required. Significantly, multifarious forms of phthalates and their biomedical effects are need to be beneficial to investigate in the various tissues or organs. Based on these investigations, researchers can decipher their toxicity concerns and related mechanisms in the body after phthalate's exposure. This review summarizes the chemical interactions, mechanisms, and their biomedical applications of phthalates in animals and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chendruru Geya Sree
- Dr. Buddolla's Institute of Life Sciences, Tirupati 517503, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Viswanath Buddolla
- Dr. Buddolla's Institute of Life Sciences, Tirupati 517503, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Buddolla Anantha Lakshmi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-Do 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-Do 13120, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Squillante J, Scivicco M, Ariano A, Nolasco A, Esposito F, Cacciola NA, Severino L, Cirillo T. Occurrence of phthalate esters and preliminary data on microplastics in fish from the Tyrrhenian sea (Italy) and impact on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120664. [PMID: 36395911 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are chemical pollutants widely distributed in the marine environment. They can accumulate in biota, posing a risk to the marine ecosystem and humans. The aim of this study was to measure the content of PAEs in the gills and muscles of three fish species (Mugil cephalus, Diplodus annularis, and Mullus barbatus) caught along the coast of Campania (Italy), as well as to ascertain the dietary exposure to PAEs through the consumption of fish. Secondly, a preliminary insight into microplastics (MPs) pollution in this area was provided through the analysis of Mugil cephalus organs. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used for the PAEs analysis, while an Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microscope was used to detect MPs after a pre-digestion of the samples. Risk assessment was based on estimated daily intake (EDI) and lifetime cancer risk (LTCR). The results showed higher bioaccumulation of PAEs in Mullus barbatus than in the other two species and higher concentration in gills than in muscles. MPs (polyamide, polypropylene, and high-density polyethylene) were detected in half of the gill samples, but no particle was detected in the muscle samples of Mugil cephalus. A low carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk from the consumption of fish emerged, although a potential risk for the development of cancer was found in the worst-case, especially in toddlers. In conclusion, this study provides insight into PAEs pollution in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy), their distribution in fish with different behaviors, and the potential risk to the consumer. Moreover, the data on pollution by MPs in this area could form the basis for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Squillante
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100 - 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Scivicco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Division of Toxicology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ariano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Division of Toxicology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Agata Nolasco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100 - 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Esposito
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, via Sergio Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nunzio Antonio Cacciola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Division of Toxicology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorella Severino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Division of Toxicology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100 - 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
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21
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Sánchez-Piñero J, Novo-Quiza N, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Turnes-Carou I, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P. Multi-class organic pollutants in atmospheric particulate matter (PM 2.5) from a Southwestern Europe industrial area: Levels, sources and human health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114195. [PMID: 36030919 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 50 multi-class pollutants comprising 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 phthalate esters (PAEs), 12 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 6 synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) and 2 bisphenols was studied in atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) samples collected at an industrial area focused on automotive manufacturing located at the Southwestern Atlantic European region (Vigo city, Spain) during 1-year period. Among all quantitated pollutants in PM2.5 samples, bisphenol A (BPA) was the most predominant with an average concentration of 6180 pg m-3, followed by PAHs comprising benzo(b+j)fluoranthene (BbF + BjF) and benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP), accounting for 546 pg m-3 and 413 pg m-3 respectively. In addition, two OPFRs concerning tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and triphenyl phosphine oxide (TPPO) were the next following the concentration order, accounting for 411 pg m-3 and 367 pg m-3 respectively; being butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) the most profuse PAE (56.1 pg m-3 by average). High relative standard deviations (RSDs) were observed during the whole sampling period, while statistically significant differences were only observed for PAHs concentrations during cold and warm seasons. Furthermore, some water-soluble ions and metal(oid)s were analysed in PM2.5 samples to be used as PM source tracers, whose concentrations were quite below the target levels set in the current legislation. Data obtained from principal component analysis (PCA) and PAHs molecular indices suggested a pyrogenic and petrogenic origin for PAHs, whereas occurrence of the remaining compounds seems to be attributed to resources used in the automotive industrial activity settled in the sampling area. Moreover, although a substantial anthropogenic source to PM2.5 in the area was observed, marine and soil resuspension contributions were also accounted. Finally, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks posed by PM2.5-bound pollutants inhalation were assessed, being both averages within the safe level considering the whole period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Sánchez-Piñero
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Natalia Novo-Quiza
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Isabel Turnes-Carou
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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22
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Hlisníková H, Nagyová M, Kolena B, Mlynček M, Trnovec T, Petrovičová I. The Joint Effect of Perceived Psychosocial Stress and Phthalate Exposure on Hormonal Concentrations during the Early Stage of Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101561. [PMID: 36291497 PMCID: PMC9601203 DOI: 10.3390/children9101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates alter the hormonal balance in humans during pregnancy, potentially affecting embryonic and fetal development. We studied the joint effect of exposure to phthalates, quantified by urinary phthalate metabolite concentration, and perceived psychological stress on the concentration of hormones in pregnant women (n = 90) from the Nitra region, Slovakia, up to the 15th week of pregnancy. We used high-performance liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay to determine urinary concentrations of phthalates and serum concentrations of hormones, respectively. We used Cohen perceived stress scale (PSS) to evaluate the human perception of stressful situations. Our results showed that mono(carboxy-methyl-heptyl) phthalate (cx-MiNP) and a molar sum of di-iso-nonyl phthalate metabolites (ΣDiNP) were negatively associated with luteinizing hormone (LH) (p ≤ 0.05). Mono(hydroxy-methyl-octyl) phthalate (OH-MiNP) and the molar sum of high-molecular-weight phthalate metabolites (ΣHMWP) were positively associated with estradiol (p ≤ 0.05). PSS score was not significantly associated with hormonal concentrations. When the interaction effects of PSS score and monoethyl phthalate (MEP), cx-MiNP, ΣDiNP, and ΣHMWP on LH were analyzed, the associations were positive (p ≤ 0.05). Our cross-sectional study highlights that joint psychosocial stress and xenobiotic-induced stress caused by phthalates are associated with modulated concentrations of reproductive hormones in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrieta Hlisníková
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 94974 Nitra-Chrenová, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-37-6408-716
| | - Miroslava Nagyová
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 94974 Nitra-Chrenová, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Kolena
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 94974 Nitra-Chrenová, Slovakia
| | - Miloš Mlynček
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 94974 Nitra-Chrenová, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Trnovec
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, 83101 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ida Petrovičová
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 94974 Nitra-Chrenová, Slovakia
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23
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Maksimova LA, Shafikova TN. Endogenous phthalates as a prospective regulator of interspecific relations in a biocoenosis. PROCEEDINGS OF UNIVERSITIES. APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.21285/2227-2925-2022-12-3-424-437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is widely believed that phthalates are xenobiotic pollutants whose prevalence in the environment is associated with their facilitated diffusion from plastic materials. Studies into the effect of synthetic phthalates on living organisms revealed their extremely negative action on the metabolism of animals and humans. The acting mechanism of these compounds is realised through a ligand-receptor pathway. Along with dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and similar compounds, phthalates are classified as endocrine disrupters. However, at present, sufficient evidence has been accumulated confirming the natural origin of phthalates. Thus, phthalates were de novo biosynthesised from labelled precursors in an algae culture. These compounds were detected in closed experimental systems, including cell cultures of highest plants, as well as those isolated from a number of bacterial, fungi, lowest and highest plant forms located far from the sources of technogenic pollution. The concept of phthalate biogenesis assumes the action of these compounds on living systems. Phthalates exhibit bactericidal and fungicidal action and compose allelopathic exudates, suppressing the growth of competing plant forms. Phthalates possess insecticidal and repellent properties. An analogy can be traced between the action of phthalates and endocrine disrupters of another chemical category, namely phytoestrogens, which regulate herbivorous mammal populations. A hypothesis is proposed about the biological role of endogenous plant phthalates representing secondary metabolic compounds. Exhibiting predominantly a shielding function, these compounds participate in the network of interactions between plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms. It should be noted that synthetic and endogenous phthalates are characterised by essential stereochemical differences, which can explain their different action on living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Maksimova
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry SB RAS
| | - T. N. Shafikova
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry SB RAS
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24
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Rosolen V, Giordani E, Mariuz M, Parpinel M, Ronfani L, Vecchi Brumatti L, Bin M, Calamandrei G, Mustieles V, Gilles L, Govarts E, Baken K, Rodriguez Martin L, Schoeters G, Sepai O, Sovcikova E, Fabelova L, Šidlovská M, Kolena B, Kold Jensen T, Frederiksen H, Kolossa-Gehring M, Lange R, Apel P, Castano A, Esteban López M, Jacobs G, Voorspoels S, Jurdáková H, Górová R, Barbone F. Concurrent Assessment of Phthalates/HEXAMOLL ® DINCH Exposure and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Performance in Three European Cohorts of the HBM4EU Aligned Studies. TOXICS 2022; 10:538. [PMID: 36136503 PMCID: PMC9502751 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Information about the effects of phthalates and non-phthalate substitute cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (HEXAMOLL® DINCH) on children's neurodevelopment is limited. The aim of the present research is to evaluate the association between phthalate/HEXAMOLL® DINCH exposure and child neurodevelopment in three European cohorts involved in HBM4EU Aligned Studies. Participating subjects were school-aged children belonging to the Northern Adriatic cohort II (NAC-II), Italy, Odense Child Cohort (OCC), Denmark, and PCB cohort, Slovakia. In each cohort, children's neurodevelopment was assessed through the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient score (FSIQ) of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale of Children test using three different editions. The children's urine samples, collected for one point in time concurrently with the neurodevelopmental evaluation, were analyzed for several phthalates/HEXAMOLL® DINCH biomarkers. The relation between phthalates/HEXAMOLL® DINCH and FSIQ was explored by applying separate multiple linear regressions in each cohort. The means and standard deviations of FSIQ were 109 ± 11 (NAC-II), 98 ± 12 (OCC), and 81 ± 15 (PCB cohort). In NAC-II, direct associations between FSIQ and DEHP's biomarkers were found: 5OH-MEHP+5oxo-MEHP (β = 2.56; 95% CI 0.58-4.55; N = 270), 5OH-MEHP+5cx-MEPP (β = 2.48; 95% CI 0.47-4.49; N = 270) and 5OH-MEHP (β = 2.58; 95% CI 0.65-4.51; N = 270). On the contrary, in the OCC the relation between DEHP's biomarkers and FSIQ tended to be inverse but imprecise (p-value ≥ 0.10). No associations were found in the PCB cohort. FSIQ was not associated with HEXAMOLL® DINCH in any cohort. In conclusion, these results do not provide evidence of an association between concurrent phthalate/DINCHHEXAMOLLR DINCH exposure and IQ in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rosolen
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Giordani
- Department of Medicine—DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marika Mariuz
- Department of Medicine—DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Maria Parpinel
- Department of Medicine—DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Liza Vecchi Brumatti
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maura Bin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gemma Calamandrei
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Liese Gilles
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Kirsten Baken
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Eva Sovcikova
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Fabelova
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Šidlovská
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nabrezie mladeze 91, 94974 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Kolena
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nabrezie mladeze 91, 94974 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Argelia Castano
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Esteban López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Griet Jacobs
- Unit Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- Unit Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Helena Jurdáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská Dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Renáta Górová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská Dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Fabio Barbone
- Department of Medicine—DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Institute of Hygiene and Clinical Epidemiology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
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25
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Sánchez-Piñero J, Novo-Quiza N, Pernas-Castaño C, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P. Inhalation bioaccessibility of multi-class organic pollutants associated to atmospheric PM 2.5: Correlation with PM 2.5 properties and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119577. [PMID: 35688393 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) represents a global concern due to the adverse effects in human health. In the last years, scientific community has been adopted the assessment of the PM2.5-bound pollutant fraction that could be released (bioaccessible fraction) in simulated lung fluids (SLFs) to achieve a better understanding of PM risk assessment and toxicological studies. Thus, bioaccessibility of 49 organic pollutants, including 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 phthalate esters (PAEs), 11 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 6 synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) and 2 bisphenols in PM2.5 samples was evaluated. The proposed method consists of a physiologically based extraction test (PBET) by using artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) to obtain bioaccessible fractions, followed by a vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) and a final analysis by programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (PTV-GC-MS/MS). The highest inhalation bioaccessibility ratio was found for bisphenol A (BPA) with an average of 83%, followed by OPFRs, PAEs and PAHs (with average bioaccessibilities of 68%, 41% and 34%, respectively). Correlations between PM2.5 composition (major ions, trace metals, equivalent black carbon (eBC) and UV-absorbing particulate matter (UVPM)) and bioaccessibility ratios were also assessed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) suggested that PAHs, PAES and OPFRs bioaccessibility ratios could be positively correlated with PM2.5 carbonaceous content. Furthermore, both inverse and positive correlations on PAHs, PAEs and OPFRs bioaccessibilites could be accounted for some major ions and metal (oid)s associated to PM2.5, whereas no correlations comprising considered PM2.5 major ions and metal (oid)s contents and BPA bioaccessibility was observed. In addition, health risk assessment of target PM2.5-associated PAHs via inhalation was assessed in the study area considering both total and bioaccessible concentrations, being averaged human health risks within the safe carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Sánchez-Piñero
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Natalia Novo-Quiza
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cristina Pernas-Castaño
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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Urinary Phthalate Biomarkers during Pregnancy, and Maternal Endocrine Parameters in Association with Anthropometric Parameters of Newborns. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9030413. [PMID: 35327785 PMCID: PMC8947339 DOI: 10.3390/children9030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adverse birth outcomes present risk factors resulting in neonatal morbidity and mortality. Sufficient maternal hormonal concentrations are crucial for normal foetal development. Previous studies have shown a relationship between phthalate exposure and maternal hormonal levels during pregnancy. This study aims to investigate if neonatal anthropometric parameters are associated with maternal endocrine parameters during the ≤15th week of gestation and the third trimester of pregnancy concerning phthalate exposure in pregnant women from Nitra, Slovakia. We used high-performance liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay to quantify urinary concentrations of phthalates and serum concentrations of hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), respectively. We observed a mostly positive correlation between neonatal anthropometric parameters (gestational age, birth length, birth weight, head circumference) and maternal concentration of phthalate metabolites (p ≤ 0.05). The hierarchical multivariate regression results showed a statistically significant association between Apgar score at 5 min after delivery, gestational age, birth weight, head circumference, and maternal endocrine parameters during pregnancy (p ≤ 0.05), adjusted to phthalate metabolites. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to indicate that prenatal exposure to phthalates may also affect birth outcomes through interaction with the maternal endocrine system.
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Behavioral Effects of Exposure to Phthalates in Female Rodents: Evidence for Endocrine Disruption? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052559. [PMID: 35269705 PMCID: PMC8910129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates have been widely studied for their reprotoxic effects in male rodents and in particular on testosterone production, for which reference doses were established. The female rodent brain can also represent a target for exposure to these environmental endocrine disruptors. Indeed, a large range of behaviors including reproductive behaviors, mood-related behaviors, and learning and memory are regulated by sex steroid hormones. Here we review the experimental studies addressing the effects and mechanisms of phthalate exposure on these behaviors in female rodents, paying particular attention to the experimental conditions (period of exposure, doses, estrous stage of analyses etc.). The objective of this review is to provide a clear picture of the consistent effects that can occur in female rodents and the gaps that still need to be filled in terms of effects and mode(s) of action for a better risk assessment for human health.
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Ullah S, Ahmad S, Guo X, Ullah S, Ullah S, Nabi G, Wanghe K. A review of the endocrine disrupting effects of micro and nano plastic and their associated chemicals in mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1084236. [PMID: 36726457 PMCID: PMC9885170 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1084236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, the vaste expansion of plastic manufacturing has dramatically increased the environmental impact of microplastics [MPs] and nanoplastics [NPs], making them a threat to marine and terrestrial biota because they contain endocrine disrupting chemicals [EDCs] and other harmful compounds. MPs and NPs have deleteriouse impacts on mammalian endocrine components such as hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, testes, and ovaries. MPs and NPs absorb and act as a transport medium for harmful chemicals such as bisphenols, phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ether, polychlorinated biphenyl ether, organotin, perfluorinated compounds, dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organic contaminants, and heavy metals, which are commonly used as additives in plastic production. As the EDCs are not covalently bonded to plastics, they can easily leach into milk, water, and other liquids affecting the endocrine system of mammals upon exposure. The toxicity induced by MPs and NPs is size-dependent, as smaller particles have better absorption capacity and larger surface area, releasing more EDC and toxic chemicals. Various EDCs contained or carried by MPs and NPs share structural similarities with specific hormone receptors; hence they interfere with normal hormone receptors, altering the hormonal action of the endocrine glands. This review demonstrates size-dependent MPs' bioaccumulation, distribution, and translocation with potential hazards to the endocrine gland. We reviewed that MPs and NPs disrupt hypothalamic-pituitary axes, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid/adrenal/testicular/ovarian axis leading to oxidative stress, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, developmental abnormalities, decreased sperm quality, and immunotoxicity. The direct consequences of MPs and NPs on the thyroid, testis, and ovaries are documented. Still, studies need to be carried out to identify the direct effects of MPs and NPs on the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ullah
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ahmad
- School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xinle Guo
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Saleem Ullah
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Sana Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
- *Correspondence: Ghulam Nabi, ; Kunyuan Wanghe,
| | - Kunyuan Wanghe
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Ghulam Nabi, ; Kunyuan Wanghe,
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Abstract
The thyroid hormone system is a main target of endocrine disruptor compounds (EDC) at all levels of its intricately fine-tuned feedback regulation, synthesis, distribution, metabolism and action of the 'prohormone' thyroxine and its active metabolites. Apart from classical antithyroid effects of EDC on the gland, the majority of known and suspected effects occurs at the pre-receptor control of T3 ligand availability to T3 receptors exerting ligand modulated thyroid hormone action. Tissue-, organ- and cell-specific expression and function of thyroid hormone transporters, deiodinases, metabolizing enzymes and T3-receptor forms, all integral components of the system, may mediate adverse EDC effects. Established evidence from nutritional, pharmacological and molecular genetic studies clearly support the functional, biological, and clinical relevance of these targets. Iodine-containing thyroid hormones and the organization of this system are highly conserved during evolution from primitive aquatic life forms, amphibia, birds throughout all vertebrates including humans. Mechanistic studies from various animal experimental models strongly support cause-effect relationships upon EDC exposure, hazards and adverse effects of EDC across various species. Retrospective case-control, cohort and population studies linking EDC exposure with epidemiological data on thyroid hormone-related (dys-)functions provide clear evidence that human development, especially of the fetal and neonatal brain, growth, differentiation and metabolic processes in adult and aging humans are at risk for adverse EDC effects. Considering that more than half of the world population still lives on inadequate iodine supply, the additional ubiquitous exposure to EDC and their mixtures is an additional threat for the essential thyroid hormone system, the health of the human population and their future progenies, animal life forms and our global environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Hessische Strasse 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Caroline Frädrich
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Hessische Strasse 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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