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Stark R. The olfactory bulb: A neuroendocrine spotlight on feeding and metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13382. [PMID: 38468186 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Olfaction is the most ancient sense and is needed for food-seeking, danger protection, mating and survival. It is often the first sensory modality to perceive changes in the external environment, before sight, taste or sound. Odour molecules activate olfactory sensory neurons that reside on the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity, which transmits this odour-specific information to the olfactory bulb (OB), where it is relayed to higher brain regions involved in olfactory perception and behaviour. Besides odour processing, recent studies suggest that the OB extends its function into the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Furthermore, numerous hormone receptors associated with appetite and metabolism are expressed within the OB, suggesting a neuroendocrine role outside the hypothalamus. Olfactory cues are important to promote food preparatory behaviours and consumption, such as enhancing appetite and salivation. In addition, altered metabolism or energy state (fasting, satiety and overnutrition) can change olfactory processing and perception. Similarly, various animal models and human pathologies indicate a strong link between olfactory impairment and metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, understanding the nature of this reciprocal relationship is critical to understand how olfactory or metabolic disorders arise. This present review elaborates on the connection between olfaction, feeding behaviour and metabolism and will shed light on the neuroendocrine role of the OB as an interface between the external and internal environments. Elucidating the specific mechanisms by which olfactory signals are integrated and translated into metabolic responses holds promise for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies and interventions aimed at modulating appetite and promoting metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Stark
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Hirata AHDL, Camargo LADJR, da Silva VA, de Almeida RJ, Bacigalupo LDS, Albejante MC, Curi FSD, Varela P, Martins L, Pesquero JB, Delle H, Camacho CP. Exploring the Potential of Olfactory Receptor Circulating RNA Measurement for Preeclampsia Prediction and Its Linkage to Mild Gestational Hypothyroidism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16681. [PMID: 38069004 PMCID: PMC10706743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational hypothyroidism may lead to preeclampsia development. However, this pathophysiological is unknown. We expect to find a shared mechanism by comparing hypothyroidism and preeclampsia. From our transcriptome data, we recognized olfactory receptors as that fingerprint. The reduction of taste and smell in hypothyroid patients has been known for a long time. Therefore, we decided to look to the olfactory receptors and aimed to identify genes capable of predicting preeclampsia (PEC). Methods: An Ion Proton Sequencer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to construct the transcriptome databases. RStudio with packages Limma v.3.50.0, GEOquery v.2.62.2, and umap v.0.2.8.8 were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes in GSE149440 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The 7500 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) was used for RT-qPCR amplification of OR6X1 and OR4E2. Results: Our transcriptomic datasets analysis revealed 25.08% and 26.75% downregulated olfactory receptor (ORs) in mild nontreated gestational hypothyroidism (GHT) and PEC, respectively. In the GSE149440 GEO dataset, we found OR5H1, OR5T3, OR51A7, OR51B6, OR10J5, OR6C6, and OR2AG2 as predictors of early-onset PEC. We also evaluate two chosen biomarkers' responses to levothyroxine. The RT-qPCR demonstrated a difference in OR6X1 and OR4E2 expression between GHT and healthy pregnancy (p < 0.05). Those genes presented a negative correlation with TSH (r: -0.51, p < 0.05; and r: -0.44, p < 0.05), a strong positive correlation with each other (r: 0.89; p < 0.01) and the levothyroxine-treated group had no difference from the healthy one. We conclude that ORs could be used as biomarkers at the beginning of gestation, and the downregulated ORs found in GHT may be improved with levothyroxine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Harumy de Lima Hirata
- Molecular Innovation and Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo 01525-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio de Jesus Rocha Camargo
- Molecular Innovation and Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo 01525-000, SP, Brazil
- Thyroid Diseases Center, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 11th Floor, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil
| | - Valdelena Alessandra da Silva
- Molecular Innovation and Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo 01525-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Robson José de Almeida
- Molecular Innovation and Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo 01525-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas dos Santos Bacigalupo
- Molecular Innovation and Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo 01525-000, SP, Brazil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Conjunto Hospitalar do Mandaqui, Rua Voluntários da Pátria, 4301, São Paulo 02401-400, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Albejante
- Molecular Innovation and Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo 01525-000, SP, Brazil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Conjunto Hospitalar do Mandaqui, Rua Voluntários da Pátria, 4301, São Paulo 02401-400, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavia Salomão d’Avila Curi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Conjunto Hospitalar do Mandaqui, Rua Voluntários da Pátria, 4301, São Paulo 02401-400, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Varela
- Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 9th Floor, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Leonardo Martins
- Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 9th Floor, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil
- Division of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences (IMB-PAS), Lodowa 106, 93-232 Łódź, Poland
| | - João Bosco Pesquero
- Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 9th Floor, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil
| | - Humberto Delle
- Molecular Innovation and Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo 01525-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleber P. Camacho
- Molecular Innovation and Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo 01525-000, SP, Brazil
- Thyroid Diseases Center, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 11th Floor, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil
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Chia CW, Yeager SM, Egan JM. Endocrinology of Taste with Aging. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2023; 52:295-315. [PMID: 36948781 PMCID: PMC10037529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Taste is one of our five primary senses, and taste impairment has been shown to increase with aging. The ability to taste allows us to enjoy the food we eat and to avoid foods that are potentially spoiled or poisonous. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of taste receptor cells located within taste buds help us decipher how taste works. The discoveries of "classic" endocrine hormones in taste receptor cells point toward taste buds being actual endocrine organs. A better understanding of how taste works may help in reversing taste impairment associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee W Chia
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM536, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - Shayna M Yeager
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM547, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM527, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA.
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4
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Doyle ME, Premathilake HU, Yao Q, Mazucanti CH, Egan JM. Physiology of the tongue with emphasis on taste transduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1193-1246. [PMID: 36422992 PMCID: PMC9942923 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tongue is a complex multifunctional organ that interacts and senses both interoceptively and exteroceptively. Although it is easily visible to almost all of us, it is relatively understudied and what is in the literature is often contradictory or is not comprehensively reported. The tongue is both a motor and a sensory organ: motor in that it is required for speech and mastication, and sensory in that it receives information to be relayed to the central nervous system pertaining to the safety and quality of the contents of the oral cavity. Additionally, the tongue and its taste apparatus form part of an innate immune surveillance system. For example, loss or alteration in taste perception can be an early indication of infection as became evident during the present global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Here, we particularly emphasize the latest updates in the mechanisms of taste perception, taste bud formation and adult taste bud renewal, and the presence and effects of hormones on taste perception, review the understudied lingual immune system with specific reference to SARS-CoV-2, discuss nascent work on tongue microbiome, as well as address the effect of systemic disease on tongue structure and function, especially in relation to taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máire E Doyle
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hasitha U Premathilake
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qin Yao
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Caio H Mazucanti
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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5
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Anosmia: Brighton Collaboration case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine 2023; 41:1902-1910. [PMID: 36775774 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
This is a Brighton Collaboration case definition of anosmia to be used in the evaluation of adverse events following immunization, and for epidemiologic studies for the assessment of background incidence or hypothesis testing. The case definition was developed by a group of experts convened by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) in the context of active development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The case definition format of the Brighton Collaboration was followed to develop a consensus definition and defined levels of certainty, after an exhaustive review of the literature and expert consultation. The document underwent peer review by the Brighton Collaboration Network and by two expert reviewers prior to submission.
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Autoimmunity, COVID-19 Omicron Variant, and Olfactory Dysfunction: A Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040641. [PMID: 36832129 PMCID: PMC9955947 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Smelling is a critical sense utilized daily. Consequently, smelling impairment or anosmia may lead to a reduction in life quality. Systemic diseases and particular autoimmune conditions can impair olfactory function; among others are Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjögren Syndrome, and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Interactions between the olfactory process and the immune systems cause this phenomenon. Alongside autoimmune conditions, in the recent COVID-19 pandemic, anosmia was also described as a prevalent infection symptom. Nevertheless, the occurrence of anosmia is significantly less common in Omicron-infected patients. Several theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. One possibility is that the Omicron variant preferentially enters host cells via endocytosis, rather than plasma cell membrane fusion. This endosomal pathway is less dependent on the activation of Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), expressed at the olfactory epithelium. As a result, the Omicron variant may have reduced efficiency in penetrating the olfactory epithelium, leading to a lower prevalence of anosmia. Furthermore, olfactory changes are known to be associated with inflammatory conditions. The Omicron variant elicits a less robust autoimmune and inflammatory response, believed to reduce the probability of anosmia. This review elaborates on the commonalities and differences in autoimmune and COVID-19 omicron-associated anosmia.
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7
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Inal M, Asal N, Karahan I, Güngüneş A, Durmaz ŞA. Evaluation of peripheral olfactory pathways in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:4525-4532. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Patel ZM, Holbrook EH, Turner JH, Adappa ND, Albers MW, Altundag A, Appenzeller S, Costanzo RM, Croy I, Davis GE, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Doty RL, Duffy VB, Goldstein BJ, Gudis DA, Haehner A, Higgins TS, Hopkins C, Huart C, Hummel T, Jitaroon K, Kern RC, Khanwalkar AR, Kobayashi M, Kondo K, Lane AP, Lechner M, Leopold DA, Levy JM, Marmura MJ, Mclelland L, Miwa T, Moberg PJ, Mueller CA, Nigwekar SU, O'Brien EK, Paunescu TG, Pellegrino R, Philpott C, Pinto JM, Reiter ER, Roalf DR, Rowan NR, Schlosser RJ, Schwob J, Seiden AM, Smith TL, Soler ZM, Sowerby L, Tan BK, Thamboo A, Wrobel B, Yan CH. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12:327-680. [PMID: 35373533 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). METHODS Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. RESULTS The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. CONCLUSION This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M Patel
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin H Turner
- Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Otolaryngology, Biruni University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Rheumatology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Physiology and Biophysics and Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ilona Croy
- Psychology and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Greg E Davis
- Otolaryngology, Proliance Surgeons, Seattle and Puyallup, Washington, USA
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Associazione Naso Sano, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano, Italy
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerie B Duffy
- Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - David A Gudis
- Otolaryngology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas S Higgins
- Otolaryngology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Otolaryngology, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London Bridge Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline Huart
- Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholgique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Robert C Kern
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashoke R Khanwalkar
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matt Lechner
- Otolaryngology, Barts Health and University College London, London, UK
| | - Donald A Leopold
- Otolaryngology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Joshua M Levy
- Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael J Marmura
- Neurology Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisha Mclelland
- Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Otolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sagar U Nigwekar
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin K O'Brien
- Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Teodor G Paunescu
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carl Philpott
- Otolaryngology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Otolaryngology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evan R Reiter
- Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - James Schwob
- Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen M Seiden
- Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Sowerby
- Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce K Tan
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Thamboo
- Otolaryngology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bozena Wrobel
- Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol H Yan
- Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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Maiorano E, Calastri A, Robotti C, Cassaniti I, Baldanti F, Zuccaro V, Stellin E, Ferretti VV, Klersy C, Benazzo M. Clinical, virological and immunological evolution of the olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19. Am J Otolaryngol 2022; 43:103170. [PMID: 34391165 PMCID: PMC8349441 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE New-onset olfactory and gustatory dysfunction (OGD) represents a well-acknowledged COVID-19 red flag. Nevertheless, its clinical, virological and serological features are still a matter of debate. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this cohort study, 170 consecutive subjects with new-onset OGD were consecutively recruited. Otolaryngological examination, OGD subjective grading, nasopharyngeal swabs (NS) for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection and serum samples (SS) collection for SARS-CoV-2 IgG quantification were conducted at baseline and after one (T1), two (T2) and four weeks (T3). RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed in 79% of patients. Specifically, 43% of positive patients were detected only by SS analysis. The OGD was the only clinical complaint in 10% of cases. Concurrent sinonasal symptoms were reported by 45% of patients. Subjective improvement at T3 was reported by 97% of patients, with 40% recovering completely. Hormonal disorders and RNA detectability in NS were the only variables associated with OGD severity. Recovery rate was higher in case of seasonal influenza vaccination, lower in patients with systemic involvement and severe OGD. Not RNA levels nor IgG titers were correlated with recovery. CONCLUSION Clinical, virological and serological features of COVID-19 related OGD were monitored longitudinally, offering valuable hints for future research on the relationship between host characteristics and chemosensory dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Maiorano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Calastri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Robotti
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Zuccaro
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Stellin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ASST Valle Olona, Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Virginia V Ferretti
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Catherine Klersy
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Benazzo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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10
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Machine Learning Refutes Loss of Smell as a Risk Indicator of Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214971. [PMID: 34768493 PMCID: PMC8584618 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Because it is associated with central nervous changes, and olfactory dysfunction has been reported with increased prevalence among persons with diabetes, this study addressed the question of whether the risk of developing diabetes in the next 10 years is reflected in olfactory symptoms. In a cross-sectional study, in 164 individuals seeking medical consulting for possible diabetes, olfactory function was evaluated using a standardized clinical test assessing olfactory threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification. Metabolomics parameters were assessed via blood concentrations. The individual diabetes risk was quantified according to the validated German version of the “FINDRISK” diabetes risk score. Machine learning algorithms trained with metabolomics patterns predicted low or high diabetes risk with a balanced accuracy of 63–75%. Similarly, olfactory subtest results predicted the olfactory dysfunction category with a balanced accuracy of 85–94%, occasionally reaching 100%. However, olfactory subtest results failed to improve the prediction of diabetes risk based on metabolomics data, and metabolomics data did not improve the prediction of the olfactory dysfunction category based on olfactory subtest results. Results of the present study suggest that olfactory function is not a useful predictor of diabetes.
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11
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The Etiologies and Considerations of Dysgeusia: A Review of Literature. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:319-326. [PMID: 34487857 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysgeusia is a prevalent qualitative gustatory impairment that may affect food intake and quality of life. The facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves are the three cranial nerves responsible for sensing taste. Typically, dysgeusia is considered a general term for all taste disorders. In addition, dysgeusia may be a symptom of underlying systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, respiratory infections, and nutritional deficiencies. Various subjective and objective diagnostic approaches are available to aid clinicians, each with its own set of benefits and drawbacks. HIGHLIGHTS Taste impairment can lead to a lack of enjoyment while eating, food aversion, and malnutrition, resulting in a decrease in the quality of life and loss of muscle mass. Therefore, the present review aims to address the probable etiologies, diagnostic aids, and management of dysgeusia. A broad search for studies was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. In addition, relevant studies found in the references of the selected articles were also studied. CONCLUSION Oral health care providers should be aware of the possible etiologies of dysgeusia, diagnostic tools, and treatment options. Accurate diagnosis of the cause of taste dysfunction has a significant impact on the management of taste impairment.
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Butruille L, Vancamp P, Demeneix BA, Remaud S. Thyroid hormone regulation of adult neural stem cell fate: A comparative analysis between rodents and primates. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 116:133-192. [PMID: 33752817 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling, a highly conserved pathway across vertebrates, is crucial for brain development and function throughout life. In the adult mammalian brain, including that of humans, multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferate and generate neuronal and glial progenitors. The role of TH has been intensively investigated in the two main neurogenic niches of the adult mouse brain, the subventricular and the subgranular zone. A key finding is that T3, the biologically active form of THs, promotes NSC commitment toward a neuronal fate. In this review, we first discuss the roles of THs in the regulation of adult rodent neurogenesis, as well as how it relates to functional behavior, notably olfaction and cognition. Most research uncovering these roles of TH in adult neurogenesis was conducted in rodents, whose genetic background, brain structure and rate of neurogenesis are considerably different from that of humans. To bridge the phylogenetic gap, we also explore the similarities and divergences of TH-dependent adult neurogenesis in non-human primate models. Lastly, we examine how photoperiodic length changes TH homeostasis, and how that might affect adult neurogenesis in seasonal species to increase fitness. Several aspects by which TH acts on adult NSCs seem to be conserved among mammals, while we only start to uncover the molecular pathways, as well as how other in- and extrinsic factors are intertwined. A multispecies approach delivering more insights in the matter will pave the way for novel NSC-based therapies to combat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Butruille
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Pieter Vancamp
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Remaud
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
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13
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Taste disorder's management: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:1889-1908. [PMID: 32385655 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taste disorder is a frequent drug-induced or disease-related oral trouble. Various pharmacological, surgical, or physical treatments have previously been proposed for taste function recovery. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present systematic review was to assess the effects of palliative and curative interventions on taste recovery in light of recent literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, a search of the literature published up to June 2019 was conducted using MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, and The US National Institutes of Health Trials Register (PROSPERO registration reference: CRD 42019139315). The methodological quality of the included trials was rated with the "Delphi list For Quality Assessment of Randomized Clinical Trials" and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS From the 1842 titles first identified, 28 articles met the inclusion criteria. Interventions included zinc (aspartate, sulfate, gluconate, acetate, picolinate, and Polaprezinc®), esomeprazole, L-thyroxin, bethanechol, oral glutamine, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, alpha-lipoic acid, Ginkgo biloba, artificial saliva, pilocarpine, local anesthesia, and improved oral hygiene. The quality of evidence ranged from poor to high. CONCLUSION Improving oral hygiene may promote taste ability. Zinc may prevent and alleviate taste disorder in patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The systematic review provided evidence about the clinical efficacy of oral procedures, zinc supplementation, and palliative cares in dysgeusic patients. Further research is needed to find effective treatments with low adverse effects.
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Gellrich J, Dabow ML, Vogelberg C, Reschke F, Näke A, von der Hagen M, Schriever VA. Influence of chronic diseases on the olfactory function in children. Eur J Pediatr 2019; 178:1185-1193. [PMID: 31144163 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-019-03380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The association between smell impairment and chronic diseases has been reported in some studies in adults. Such information is not available for chronic diseases in children. The aim of this study was to examine olfactory function of children with chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 1, hypothyroidism, and bronchial asthma in combination with allergic rhinitis in comparison to healthy controls. The data were obtained from n = 205 participants (104 boys, 101 girls) between the age of 6 and 17 years. Seventy-eight of the participants were healthy controls, n = 43 had diabetes mellitus type 1, n = 50 suffer from allergic rhinitis or bronchial asthma, and 34 presented a reduced function of their thyroid in medical history. All participants underwent olfactory testing including olfactory threshold using "Sniffin' Sticks" and odor identification using the "U-Sniff" test. In addition, a depression inventory and cognitive testing using the Ravens Progressive Matrices was performed. No significant difference in olfactory function was observed for any of the chronic diseases in children in comparison to healthy controls. Further analysis showed a trend in significance for a subpopulation of children with bronchial asthma and comorbidities performed worse on the olfactory threshold test compared to patients with bronchial asthma without comorbidities. Pediatric patients suffering from chronic diseases scored higher on the depression inventory compared to healthy controls.Conclusion: In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the influence of chronic diseases (bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus type 1 and hypothyroidism) on olfactory function in childhood, if any, seems to be insignificant. This is partly in contrast to adult patients. Further research should be conducted in a subgroup of patients with bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis or other comorbidities to better understand the association of allergic diathesis and olfactory function and the putative pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunction. What is known: • The association between smell impairment and chronic diseases has been reported in some studies in adults. • Such information is not available for chronic diseases in children. What is new: • The influence of chronic diseases (bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus type 1, and hypothyroidism) on olfactory function in childhood, if any, seems to be insignificant. • In patients with bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis, only a subgroup of patients with additional comorbidity (atopic dermatitis) showed a tendency to a reduced sense of smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Gellrich
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany. .,Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marie-Luise Dabow
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Vogelberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Reschke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Näke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maja von der Hagen
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Neurolocalization of taste disorders requires a knowledge of the functional anatomy involved in mediating taste information from the peripheral mucosal surfaces through numerous peripheral cranial nerves to complex subcortical and cortical brain regions. Our understanding of this functional anatomy has advanced in recent years. Taste is an experience that is both innate and learned, and the "taste" experience involves the integration of information from other sensory modalities, such as olfaction and somatosensation. Normal taste perception is influenced by different neurophysiologic states, which involve endocrine function, emotions, and even attitudes and expectations toward eating. At its core, the normal effective ability to taste is a reflection of the proper function of many organ systems within the body and may be considered a marker for good health. Clinical taste disorders, on the other hand, involve the dysfunction of the normal neural taste pathways and/or aberrant influences on multisensory integration and cortical taste processing. The number of disease processes, which can adversely affect taste, are numerous and quite varied in their presentation. There may be contributory involvement of other organ systems within the body, and the appropriate management of taste disorders often requires a multidisciplinary approach to fully understand the disorder. Depending on the underlying cause, taste disorders can be effectively managed when identified. Treatments may include correcting underlying metabolic disturbances, eliminating infections, changing offending medications, replenishing nutritional deficiencies, operating on structural impairments, calming autoimmune processes, and even stabilizing electrochemical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Bromley
- South Jersey MS Center and Bromley Neurology, PC, Audubon, NJ, United States.
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16
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Abstract
Alterations in the ability to smell or taste are of considerable consequence, impacting quality of life, safety, nutrition, and dietary activities. These primary senses are influenced by a wide range of systemic diseases and disorders that commonly involve the entire body. These include viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, cestode, and nematode infections that can spread throughout the gastric, lymphatic, neural, or circulatory systems as well as classic autoimmune disorders, collagen diseases, diabetes, and hypertension, and others. Although a considerable literature has evolved in which the function of both taste and smell has been assessed in a number of such disorders, quantitative chemosensory testing is still relatively rare with many disorders not receiving empirical assessment. Incongruent findings are not uncommon. This chapter reviews what is known about the influences of a wide spectrum of systemic diseases and disorders on the abilities to taste and smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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17
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Kudo H, Eto A, Abe T, Mochida K. Detection and localization of the thyroid hormone receptor beta mRNA in the immature olfactory receptor neurons of chum salmon. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00744. [PMID: 30148220 PMCID: PMC6106697 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) plays an important role in regulating multiple cellular and metabolic processes, including cell proliferation, cell death, and energy metabolism, in various organs and tissues of vertebrates. It is generally accepted that anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) imprint odorants from their natal stream during their seaward migration, and they then use olfaction to discriminate their natal stream during the spawning migration. Both serum TH levels and the specific binding values of TH in the salmon olfactory epithelium were markedly increased during the seaward migration. However, thyroid hormone receptor (TR) expression in the olfactory epithelium has not been confirmed in vertebrates. We investigated gene expression of TR isoforms in chum salmon (O. keta) by both molecular biological and histochemical techniques. Expression of TRβ mRNA was detected in the olfactory epithelium by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Nucleotide sequencing demonstrated the existence of a remarkable homology between the RT-PCR product and part of the ligand-binding domain of other teleost TRβ isoforms. By in situ hybridization using a digoxygenin-labeled salmon olfactory TRβ cRNA probe, signals for salmon olfactory TRβ mRNA were observed preferentially in the perinuclear regions of immature olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), as protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5)-immunopositive ORNs. Our results provide the first detection of TRβ gene expression in the olfactory epithelium, and suggested the possibility that TRβ may be involved in cell maturation and/or cell differentiation of the ORNs in Pacific salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kudo
- Laboratory of Humans and the Ocean, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akihiro Eto
- Laboratory of Humans and the Ocean, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Abe
- Laboratory of Humans and the Ocean, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mochida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hatsukaichi 739-0452, Hiroshima, Japan
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18
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Holcomb JD, Graham S, Calof AL. Neuronal Homeostasis in Mammalian Olfactory Epithelium: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2500/105065896781794879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal lineage of the olfactory epithelium (OE) is a cell lineage that includes the neuronal stem cell and its progeny (ultimately the mature olfactory receptor neuron [ORN]). Recent studies, including further characterization of the neuronal lineage of the OE, and of factors that influence proliferation, survival, and death of cells of this lineage, have contributed significantly to understanding of neuronal homeostasis, i.e., normal maintenance of neuronal number, in mammalian OE. Our recent studies indicate that in adult mice, all cell types of the neuronal lineage of the OE—neuronal precursors, immature ORNs and mature ORNs—undergo constitutive death, i.e., a normal, basal level of cell death, that is characteristic of programmed cell death or apoptosis. To some extent, constitutive cell death in this lineage may reflect random environmental insults; however, this may also be the result of an ongoing developmental program that acts to control both numbers and phenotypic organization of olfactory neurons. Although a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic factors are likely to contribute to cell death in the neuronal lineage of the OE, most have not been thoroughly studied. Detailed analysis of one of these factors, effects of target deprivation, suggests that survival of individual cell types of the neuronal lineage of the OE may be differentially regulated with mature ORNs, but not immature ORNs or neuronal precursors, dependent upon the olfactory bulb for their survival. Factors normally provided to cells of the ORN lineage, as in other neuronal systems, are likely to promote survival by inhibiting an endogenous genetic program of cell death. Whether candidate polypeptide growth factors, e.g., the neurotrophins, or other pharmacological inhibitors of apoptosis will eventually play a role in the treatment of specific anosmias remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. David Holcomb
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Scott Graham
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Anne L. Calof
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and the Developmental Biology Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
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19
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Kershaw JC, Mattes RD. Nutrition and taste and smell dysfunction. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 4:3-10. [PMID: 30035256 PMCID: PMC6051307 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Food selection plays a pivotal role in maintaining adequate nutrient intake, thus elucidating drivers of food choice is a meaningful strategy to maintain health and manage disease. Taste and smell are key determinants of food choice and warrant careful consideration. In this review, we first discuss how sensory stimulation influences food selection and metabolism. We then review the evidence regarding the relationship between taste and smell dysfunction and food preferences and selection, with attention given to contexts of certain chronic diseases. We conclude with brief recommendations for the management of chemosensory disorders. While sensory abilities influence food selection, the effect of taste and smell dysfunction on long-term consumption patterns and health status must be considered in light of environment, exposure, and culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Kershaw
- Department of Nutrition Science, 700 W State St, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Food Science, 745 Agriculture Mall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Richard D. Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, 700 W State St, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Food Science, 745 Agriculture Mall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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20
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Theophylline increases saliva sonic hedgehog and improves taste dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 82:263-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Nam Y, Kim NH, Kho HS. Geriatric oral and maxillofacial dysfunctions in the context of geriatric syndrome. Oral Dis 2017; 24:317-324. [PMID: 28142210 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To propose the application of the concept of geriatric syndrome for common geriatric oral and maxillofacial dysfunctions and to suggest the necessity of developing effective evaluation methods for oral and maxillofacial frailty. DESIGN The concepts of frailty and geriatric syndrome based on multi-morbidity and polypharmacy were applied to five common geriatric oral medicinal dysfunctional problems: salivary gland hypofunction (dry mouth), chronic oral mucosal pain disorders (burning mouth symptoms), taste disorders (taste disturbances), swallowing disorders (dysphagia), and oral and maxillofacial movement disorders (oromandibular dyskinesia and dystonia). RESULTS Each of the dysfunctions is caused by various kinds of diseases and/or conditions and medications, thus the concept of geriatric syndrome could be applied. These dysfunctions, suggested as components of oral and maxillofacial geriatric syndrome, are associated and interacted with each other in a complexity of vicious cycle. The resulting functional impairments caused by this syndrome can cause oral and maxillofacial frailty. CONCLUSIONS Geriatric oral and maxillofacial dysfunctions could be better appreciated in the context of geriatric syndrome. The development of effective methods for evaluating the severity of these dysfunctions and the resulting frailty is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nam
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - N-H Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - H-S Kho
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Hypothyroidism Affects Olfactory Evoked Potentials. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9583495. [PMID: 27656655 PMCID: PMC5021471 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9583495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Objective electrophysiological methods for investigations of the organ of smell consist in recordings of olfactory cortex responses to specific, time restricted odor stimuli. In hypothyroidism have impaired sense of smell. Material and Methods. Two groups: control of 31 healthy subjects and study group of 21 with hypothyroidism. The inclusion criterion for the study group was the TSH range from 3.54 to 110 μIU/mL. Aim. Assessment of the latency time of evoked responses from the olfactory nerve N1 and the trigeminal nerve N5 using two smells of mint and anise in hypothyroidism. Results. The smell perception in subjective olfactory tests was normal in 85% of the hypothyroid group. Differences were noticed in the objective tests. The detailed intergroup analysis of latency times of recorded cortical responses PN5 and PN1 performed by means between the groups of patients with overt clinical hypothyroidism versus subclinical hypothyroidism demonstrated a significant difference (p < 0.05) whereas no such differences were found between the control group versus subclinical hypothyroidism group (p > 0.05). Conclusion. We can conclude that registration of cortex potentials at irritation of olfactory and trigeminal nerves offers possibilities for using this method as an objective indicator of hypothyroidism severity and prognostic process factor.
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Syed Q, Hendler KT, Koncilja K. The Impact of Aging and Medical Status on Dysgeusia. Am J Med 2016; 129:753.e1-6. [PMID: 26899755 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of taste and smell can cause an aversion to food in a sick patient and therefore affect his/her ability to maintain optimal nutrition. This can lead to a reduced level of strength, muscle mass, function, and quality of life. Additionally, reduced ability to differentiate between various intensities or concentrations of a tastant can result in increased intake of salt and sugar and exacerbation of chronic diseases such as heart failure and diabetes. These implications can be heightened in the elderly, who are particularly frail and are challenged by polypharmacy and multiple comorbid conditions. In this article, we will review the prevalence, etiology, and management of taste disorders. Additionally, we will review the association between taste and smell disorders and how disorders of smell can affect perception of taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quratulain Syed
- Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga.
| | - Kevin T Hendler
- Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
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Baskoy K, Ay SA, Altundag A, Kurt O, Salihoglu M, Deniz F, Tekeli H, Yonem A, Hummel T. Is There Any Effect on Smell and Taste Functions with Levothyroxine Treatment in Subclinical Hypothyroidism? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149979. [PMID: 26927632 PMCID: PMC4771174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical hypothyroidism has been accused for coronary heart disease, lipid metabolism disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders, infertility or pregnancy related problems with various strength of evidence. Currently there is insufficient knowledge about olfaction and taste functions in subclinical hypothyroidism. Aim of the present study is to investigate the degree of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. 28 subclinical hypothyroid patients, and 31 controls enrolled in the prospective study in Istanbul, Turkey. Subclinical hypothyroid patients were treated with L-thyroxine for 3 months. Psychophysiological olfactory testing was performed using odor dispensers similar to felt-tip pens (“Sniffin’ Sticks”, Burghart, Wedel, Germany). Taste function tests were made using "Taste Strips" (Burghart, Wedel, Germany) which are basically tastant adsorbed filter paper strip. Patients scored lower on psychophysical olfactory tests than controls (odor thresholds:8.1±1.0 vs 8.9±1.1, p = 0.007; odor discrimination:12.4±1.3 vs 13.1±0.9, p = 0.016; odor identification:13.1±0.9 vs 14.0±1.1, p = 0.001; TDI score: 33.8±2.4 vs 36.9±2.1, p = 0.001). In contrast, results from psychophysical gustatory tests showed only a decreased score for “bitter” in patients, but not for other tastes (5.9±1.8 vs 6.6±1.0, p = 0.045). Three month after onset of treatment olfactory test scores already indicated improvement (odor thresholds:8.1±1.0 vs 8.6±0.6, p<0.001; odor discrimination:12.4±1.31 vs 12.9±0.8, p = 0.011; odor identification:13.1±0.9 vs 13.9±0.8, p<0.001; TDI scores:33.8±2.4 vs 35.5±1.7, p<0.001) respectively. Taste functions did not differ between groups for sweet, salty and, sour tastes but bitter taste was improved after 3 months of thyroxin substitution (patients:5.9±1.8 vs 6.6±1.2, p = 0.045). Correlation of changes in smell and taste, with thyroid function test were also evaluated. TSH, fT4 were found have no correlation with smell and taste changes with treatment. However bitter taste found positively correlated with T3 with treatment(r: 0.445, p: 0.018). Subclinical hypothyroid patients exhibited a significantly decreased olfactory sensitivity; in addition, bitter taste was significantly affected. Most importantly, these deficits can be remedied on average within 3 months with adequate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Baskoy
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Haydarpaşa Training Hospital, Gulhane Military Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyid Ahmet Ay
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Haydarpaşa Training Hospital, Gulhane Military Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Surgery Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Onuralp Kurt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erzincan Military Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Murat Salihoglu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Haydarpaşa Training Hospital, Gulhane Military Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Deniz
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Haydarpaşa Training Hospital, Gulhane Military Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Tekeli
- Department of Neurology, Haydarpaşa Training Hospital, Gulhane Military Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arif Yonem
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Haydarpaşa Training Hospital, Gulhane Military Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center "Smell & Taste", Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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25
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Günbey E, Karlı R, Gökosmanoğlu F, Düzgün B, Ayhan E, Atmaca H, Ünal R. Evaluation of olfactory function in adults with primary hypothyroidism. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2015; 5:919-22. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.21565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emre Günbey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Medicine; Samsun Turkey
| | - Rıfat Karlı
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Medicine; Samsun Turkey
| | - Feyzi Gökosmanoğlu
- Department of Endocrinology; Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Medicine; Samsun Turkey
| | - Berkan Düzgün
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Medicine; Samsun Turkey
| | - Emre Ayhan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Medicine; Samsun Turkey
| | - Hulusi Atmaca
- Department of Endocrinology; Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Medicine; Samsun Turkey
| | - Recep Ünal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Medicine; Samsun Turkey
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Lötsch J, Daiker H, Hähner A, Ultsch A, Hummel T. Drug-target based cross-sectional analysis of olfactory drug effects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 71:461-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-015-1814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yu J, Tang YY, Feng HB, Cheng XX. A behavioral and micro positron emission tomography imaging study in a rat model of hypothyroidism. Behav Brain Res 2014; 271:228-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Perricone C, Shoenfeld N, Agmon-Levin N, de Carolis C, Perricone R, Shoenfeld Y. Smell and autoimmunity: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 45:87-96. [PMID: 23233263 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-012-8343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The sense of smell is an ancient sensory modality vital for sampling and perceiving the chemical composition of surrounding environments. Olfaction involves a pathway of biochemical and electrophysiological processes, which allows the conversion of molecular information into sensations. Disturbances in the olfactory function have been investigated mainly in neurological/neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases; impaired sense of smell has been associated with depressed mood. Only recently, smell capability was tested in other diseases, particularly autoimmune diseases. Shoenfeld and colleagues opened this chapter showing that patients affected with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have disturbances in their olfactory functions and revealed its association with neuropsychiatric manifestations of the disease. This evidence was confirmed in experimental models and replicated in other SLE populations. The connection between autoimmunity and the sense of smell was lately emphasized by studies on patients with Sjögren's syndrome and in patients with other autoimmune/immune-mediated diseases, such as polydermatomyositis, recurrent spontaneous abortion, and hereditary angioedema. Genetic susceptibility and hormonal and environmental factors may play a role in these conditions. Olfactory receptor gene clusters are located in proximity to key locus of susceptibility for autoimmune diseases such as the major histocompatibility complex, suggesting not only a physic linkage, but a functional association. Nonetheless, gender- and hormone-mediated effects are fundamental in the development of autoimmune diseases. The different connections between smell and autoimmunity, genes and hormones may suggest that this is another tessera of a mosaic which is waiting the answer of Oedipus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Perricone
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Taste and smell function in chronic disease: a review of clinical and biochemical evaluations of taste and smell dysfunction in over 5000 patients at The Taste and Smell Clinic in Washington, DC. Am J Otolaryngol 2013; 34:477-89. [PMID: 23731850 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe systematic methods developed over 40 years among over 5000 patients at The Taste and Smell Clinic in Washington, DC to evaluate taste and smell dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS A tripartite methodology was developed. First, methods to determine clinical pathology underlying the multiple disease processes responsible for taste and smell dysfunction were developed. Second, methods to determine biochemical parameters responsible for these pathologies were developed. Third, methods to implement these techniques were developed to form a unified basis upon which treatment strategies can be developed to treat these patients. RESULTS Studies were performed in 5183 patients. Taste loss was present in 62% of patients, smell loss in 87%. Most patients with taste loss (52%) exhibited Type II hypogeusia; most patients with smell loss (56%) exhibited Type II hyposmia. Sensory distortions were present in 60%. Four common diagnostic entities were found: post influenza-type hyposmia and hypogeusia (27% of patients), idiopathic causes (16%), allergic rhinitis (15%) and post head injury (14%). Regardless of clinical diagnosis the major biochemical abnormality found in most patients (~70%) was diminished parotid salivary and nasal mucus secretion of cAMP and cGMP. CONCLUSIONS Taste and smell dysfunctions are common clinical problems associated with chronic disease processes. These symptoms require a systematic, integrated approach to understand their multiple and complex components. The approach presented here can and has led to effective treatment.
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Abstract
The senses are our window to the world, our interface with the habitat in which we live in and the basis for our communication with each other. Although sensory systems are not generally viewed as major targets of endocrine regulation, sensory development is profoundly influenced by thyroid hormone (T(3)) signalling. In this article, we discuss this developmental role of T(3) and highlight the auditory system as the best-studied example of the interplay between systemic and local tissue mechanisms by which T(3) stimulates the onset of sensory function. Several genes that mediate the action of T(3) are known to promote sensory development in mice, including genes that encode T(3) receptors and deiodinase enzymes that amplify or deplete levels of T(3). We also discuss the current knowledge of sensory defects in human genetic disorders in which T(3) signalling is impaired. As sensory input provides the only means of acquiring information from the environment, the stimulation of sensory development is one of the most fundamental functions of T(3) signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Ng
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Dwivedi S, Aggarwal R. Modified shoe for adjusting hard stuffy and smelly sole: An uncommon accompaniment of hypothyroidism. J Midlife Health 2012; 3:45-6. [PMID: 22923981 PMCID: PMC3425150 DOI: 10.4103/0976-7800.98819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of smell and taste are both neglected as well as underreported problems of hypothyroidism. A 35-year-old male presented with intolerance to cold, dryness of skin, and swelling of both feet and some foul smelling odor from his feet. When we examined his feet we found that instead of wearing his shoes properly he had just slipped his feet inside the shoe so that the odor from his feet is not smelled by us. Although this symptom was largely ignored by many doctors, the literature mentions that patients of hypothyroidism may perceive dysosmia (distortion of smell) and hyposmia (elevated threshold for detection of smell).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shridhar Dwivedi
- Department of Medicine, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research and HAH Centenary Hospital, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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Henkin RI, Velicu I. Etiological relationships of parotid saliva cyclic nucleotides in patients with taste and smell dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:670-7. [PMID: 22310165 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously demonstrated that parotid saliva cAMP and cGMP were lower in patients with taste and smell dysfunction than in normal subjects. We subsequently demonstrated parotid saliva cAMP and cGMP were inversely correlated with smell loss degree such that as smell loss severity increased parotid saliva cAMP and cGMP decreased proportionately. To learn more about these relationships we studied parotid saliva cAMP and cGMP with respect to aetiology of sensory loss in these patients. DESIGN Parotid saliva cAMP and cGMP in patients with smell loss (hyposmia) who participated in an open label fixed design controlled clinical trial with treatment with oral theophylline were evaluated with respect to their initial etiological diagnosis. Levels of cyclic nucleotides in each etiological category were compared to each other, to the entire patient group and to normal subjects. RESULTS Mean cAMP and cGMP in all patients combined were below those in normals, as previously described. However, categorized by aetiology, there was a stratification of levels of both cyclic nucleotides; some levels were below the normal mean and some were at or above the normal mean. CONCLUSIONS Parotid saliva cyclic nucleotides characterised in hyposmic patients by aetiology indicate (1) there are differential alterations in these nucleotides related to aetiology of sensory dysfunction and (2) these moieties measured prior to treatment indicate which patient groups may benefit from treatment with phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors which increase levels of these moieties and thereby correct their sensory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Henkin
- Center for Molecular Nutrition and Sensory Disorders, The Taste and Smell Clinic, 5125 MacArthur Blvd, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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Commentary on “Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a treatment for smell and taste dysfunction”. Am J Otolaryngol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Carbonic anhydrase I, II, and VI, blood plasma, erythrocyte and saliva zinc and copper increase after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Am J Med Sci 2010; 339:249-57. [PMID: 20090508 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3181cda0e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been used to treat symptoms from many disorders; biochemical changes occurred with this treatment. Preliminary studies with rTMS in patients with taste and smell dysfunction improved sensory function and increased salivary carbonic anhydrase (CA) VI and erythrocyte CA I, II. To obtain more information about these changes after rTMS, we measured changes in several CA enzymes, proteins, and trace metals in their blood plasma, erythrocytes, and saliva. METHODS Ninety-three patients with taste and smell dysfunction were studied before and after rTMS in an open clinical trial. Before and after rTMS, we measured erythrocyte CA I, II and salivary CA VI, zinc and copper in parotid saliva, blood plasma, and erythrocytes, and appearance of novel salivary proteins by using mass spectrometry. RESULTS After rTMS, CA I, II and CA VI activity and zinc and copper in saliva, plasma, and erythrocytes increased with significant sensory benefit. Novel salivary proteins were induced at an m/z value of 21.5K with a repetitive pattern at intervals of 5K m/z. CONCLUSIONS rTMS induced biochemical changes in specific enzymatic activities, trace metal concentrations, and induction of novel salivary proteins, with sensory improvement in patients with taste and smell dysfunction. Because patients with several neurologic disorders exhibit taste and smell dysfunction, including Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and multiple sclerosis, and because rTMS improved their clinical symptoms, the biochemical changes we observed may be relevant not only in our patients with taste and smell dysfunction but also in patients with neurologic disorders with these sensory abnormalities.
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Abstract
Numerous drugs have the potential to adversely influence a patient's sense of taste, either by decreasing function or producing perceptual distortions or phantom tastes. In some cases, such adverse effects are long lasting and cannot be quickly reversed by drug cessation. In a number of cases, taste-related adverse effects significantly alter the patient's quality of life, dietary choices, emotional state and compliance with medication regimens. In this review, we describe common drug-related taste disturbances and review the major classes of medications associated with them, including antihypertensives, antimicrobials and antidepressants. We point out that there is a dearth of scientific information related to this problem, limiting our understanding of the true nature, incidence and prevalence of drug-related chemosensory disturbances. The limited data available suggest that large differences exist among individuals in terms of their susceptibility to taste-related adverse effects, and that sex, age, body mass and genetic variations in taste sensitivity are likely involved. Aside from altering drug usage, management strategies for patients with taste-related adverse effects are sorely needed. Unfortunately, stopping a medication is not always an easy option, particularly when one is dealing with life-threatening conditions such as seizures, cancer, infection, diabetes mellitus and uncontrolled hypertension. Hopefully, the information contained in this review will sensitize physicians, researchers and drug manufacturers to this problem and will result in much more research on this pressing topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I. Henkin
- The Center for Molecular Nutrition and Sensory DisordersWashington, DC
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Femiano F, Lanza A, Buonaiuto C, Gombos F, Nunziata M, Cuccurullo L, Cirillo N. Burning mouth syndrome and burning mouth in hypothyroidism: proposal for a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 105:e22-7. [PMID: 18155597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Revised: 02/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a common disorder frequently affecting women past the 5th decade of age. It is characterized by oral burning, mainly involving the tongue, lip, and anterior palate, but without oral lesions or alteration showing in blood tests and/or instrumental findings. OBJECTIVE We proposed to exclude alterations due to thyroid function and echographic abnormality in formulating BMS diagnosis. The aim of this study was to propose a blood and instrumental protocol including thyroid function and echography to obtain a correct BMS diagnosis. In the absence of such an assessment, a number of patients with oral burning and hypothyroidism may erroneously be considered BMS patients. STUDY DESIGN For this study, a group of 123 patients initially diagnosed with BMS was selected, following use of the current preliminary diagnostic protocol for BMS (study group). A further 123 patients with dental problems and without oral burning were selected as a control group. All patients were submitted to further protocol based on a study of their thyroid function and echography. RESULTS Thirteen control patients showed some thyroid alteration compared with 85 patients of the study group. In relation to these further examinations, a therapeutic protocol based on use of thyroxine, lipoic acid, or clonazepam was applied for patients belonging to the study group. Fifty-eight patients (47%) showed hypothyroidism and were treated with thyroxine, and 37 (64%) of these showed a positive response (VAS 1 and 0). Twenty-seven patients (22%) evinced euthyroidism with an inhomogeneous parenchyma thyroid echographic pattern. These were treated with lipoic acid, and 23 (85%) of them responded positively (VAS 1 and 0). Thirty-eight patients (31%) showed euthyroidism and no echographic alteration. Only these were considered to be true BMS patients and were treated with lipoic acid. Only 10 (26%) of these patients responded positively (VAS 1 and 0). CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that subjects with thyroid alterations are often considered to be BMS patients and that hypothyroidism could be responsible for oral burning and/or dysgeusia in some supertaster subjects. For these reasons, we propose that the study of thyroid function be inserted in the diagnostic process for BMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Femiano
- Stomatology Department, University of Medicine and Surgery, Naples, Italy.
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Calof AL, Lander AD, Chikaraishi DM. Regulation of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation in primary and immortalized cells from mouse olfactory epithelium. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 160:249-65; discussion 265-76. [PMID: 1752166 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514122.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an in vitro system for studying molecular events regulating neurogenesis in the mouse olfactory epithelium (OE). Our observations suggest that two types of neuronal precursor may be involved: (1) a transiently existing, immediate neuronal precursor (INP), which generates two postmitotic daughter neurons; and (2) a neuroepithelial stem cell, which may be the basal cell (or some subclass of basal cell) of the OE, and is presumed to be the progenitor of the INP. Using antibody markers that distinguish basal cells and postmitotic receptor neurons in vitro and in vivo, we have shown that neurogenesis occurs early on in OE cultures, but then ceases because INPs divide only once to generate postmitotic neurons and no new INPs are produced by basal cells. To determine whether the basal cell-to-INP transition, or proliferation and neuronal differentiation of the INP, are regulated by crucial growth factors or cellular interactions, we are testing various polypeptide growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins for their effects on OE neurogenesis in vitro. We have also generated immortalized OE cell lines by using retroviruses to transduce oncogenes into cultured OE cells. One such cell line (derived from a primary OE basal cell culture) develops branching processes when transplanted into neonatal mouse brain--a condition in which cells from freshly isolated OE can undergo apparent morphological differentiation into neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Calof
- Neuroscience Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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Kettaneh A, Pariès J, Stirnemann J, Steichen O, Eclache V, Fain O, Thomas M. Clinical and biological features associated with taste loss in internal medicine patients. A cross-sectional study of 100 cases. Appetite 2005; 44:163-9. [PMID: 15808890 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Which are the main features associated with taste loss in patients exposed to a wide range of drugs and diseases? In 100 consecutive patients admitted to a ward of internal medicine, we assessed taste complaints, performance status, alcohol and tobacco consumptions, diseases, drugs and laboratory data, measuring the electrical taste threshold as primary outcome. After adjusting for age, taste thresholds were not associated with sex, body mass index, tobacco, thrush, drugs, aliageusia and phantogeusia. Features associated with threshold increase included alcohol intake>or=10 gd-1, impaired performance status, complaint of taste loss, atrophic glossitis, cerebral disease, and an erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume. A multivariate analysis identified age, alcohol intake, complaint of loss or altered taste, mean corpuscular volume, and performance status as independent factors associated with taste loss. Inpatients may be screened for taste loss by a few features, to identify those for whom a nutritional intervention should be focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Kettaneh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Saint Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.
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Abstract
The fact that so many varied medications reportedly affect taste and smell is a testament to the complexity of the gustatory and olfactory systems. The reception, transduction, propagation, and perception of a chemical tastant or odorant requires the effective operation of numerous mechanisms--all of which may be susceptible in one way or another to a prescribed medication. Just as a diuretic may block the apical ion channels on a taste bud, or an antifungal can inhibit cytochrome p450-dependent enzymes at the level of the receptors, a chemotherapeutic agent can destroy mitosis in a replicating receptor cell and a steroid can lead to candidal overgrowth on the tongue surface. Medications not only have a perceivable taste themselves at times, but they can alter the mechanisms responsible for the ultimate perception of tastes and smells--either by direct or secondary means. It should be emphasized, as noted earlier in this article, that while many medications are to blame for the impairment or distortion of the gustatory or olfactory systems, it is not uncommon that the underlying medical problem for which they are prescribed is actually the culprit. Examples include epilepsy, migraines, hypothyroidism, schizophrenia, infections, and cancer. In fact, simple partial seizures emanating from regions of the brain such as the amygdala, hippocampus, parietal operculum, and rolandic operculum can lead to the chemosensory sensations that are most commonly considered unpleasant, such as "rotten apples," "cigarette," "peculiar," or "vomitus". While removing or changing an offending medication can reverse the effects on smell or taste perception, it is important to remember that lasting impairment may occur. This is vital for a physician to recognize prior to prescribing a medication. It is also necessary to report this to patients who may be devastated by chemosensory alterations after starting a new medication (eg, pastry chef, perfumist, wine specialist, plumber). Among the "risks" in a risks/benefits discussion with a patient regarding the use of a new medication, alterations in olfaction and taste appear to play an increasingly recognized role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 5 Ravdin Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Disturbances of olfaction are a common occurrence in many neurological and neurosurgical patients and their correct diagnosis might be helpful in management and enhancement of quality of life. However, olfaction is seldom checked in most neurosurgical units and the "smell bottles" are often either absent or out of date. This chapter reviews systematically recent advances in our understanding of the anatomy, physiology (olfactory coding) and measurement of olfactory function in the human. The causes and symptoms of smell disorders, risk of damage to the olfactory system by various surgical procedures and, finally, the natural history of recovery and treatment of smell disorders, for example after trauma, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Landis
- Unité de Rhinologie-Olfactologie, Service d' Oto-Rhinologie-Laryngologie, Hopitaux Universitaires de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
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Alfonso JI, Vallés H, Cervera C. Diseño y realización de un laboratorio de olfatometría. Aplicación de un nuevo sistema de valoración. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2005; 56:472-6. [PMID: 16425642 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-6519(05)78651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study and evaluate the factors that may influence on human olfactory sensibility to pyridine, we designed a specific laboratory with a new olfactory test to perform accurate measurements. METHODS We have chosen pyridine as the test substance in our laboratory, for its frequent use of it in other studies. The special conditions of our laboratory are designed to allow individuals to access to this substance, controlling the different factors and parameters. With this purpose, we have validated the test and we have settled the reference threshold values with the score of thirty voluntary healthy patients between 20 and 40 years of age. RESULTS We have used four different concentrations of pyridine to study the different factors of olfactory sensibility. 95% of cases detected the highest pyridine concentration and the remaining concentrations allowed us to know the olfactory sensibility of the studied population and the inferior thresholds. CONCLUSIONS We have designed, performed and endorsed a laboratory for the study of olfaction. We have determined the sensibility of the studied population to different concentrations of pyridine that can be considered as a reference for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Alfonso
- Hospital Clinico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza
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Henkin RI, Hoetker JD. Deficient dietary intake of vitamin E in patients with taste and smell dysfunctions: is vitamin E a cofactor in taste bud and olfactory epithelium apoptosis and in stem cell maturation and development? Nutrition 2004; 19:1013-21. [PMID: 14624956 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2003.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We reviewed dietary intake of several nutrients in a large group of patients with taste and smell dysfunction, compared intake of these nutrients with standard values, and recognized that intake of vitamin E was significantly less than that of most other nutrients. Based on this observation we attempted to develop an hypothesis of the possible role vitamin E might play in these sensory disorders. METHODS Vitamin E intake was measured in 250 patients with taste and smell dysfunctions. RESULTS Intake of the vitamin was 3.2 +/- 0.2 mg/d (mean +/- standard error of the mean), or 36 +/- 2% of the recommended daily allowance, an intake significantly below that considered adequate. This diminished intake occurred with normal intake of total calories; protein; fat; carbohydrate; several vitamins, including thiamin, niacin, and pyridoxine; and the trace metals zinc, copper, and iron. CONCLUSIONS Although specific relations between vitamin E intake and smell and taste dysfunctions are unclear, the non-antioxidant roles of vitamin E indicate that it is a factor in apoptosis, cellular signaling, and growth of various cell lines, suggesting that this vitamin may play a role in growth and development of stem cells in taste buds and olfactory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Henkin
- The Taste and Smell Clinic, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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Dhong HJ, Kim HY, Ha BS. Histologic changes to olfactory epithelium in hypothyroid rats. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 129:24-32. [PMID: 12869912 DOI: 10.1016/s0194-59980300530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to immunohistochemically evaluate the effects of thyroid hormones on the olfactory epithelium (OE) in adult rats.
STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Hypothyroidism was induced in rats by propylthiouracil (PTU) administration. Animals were grouped into 5 consisting of a control group, and 4 groups that had been treated with PTU for 3, 6, 9, or 12 weeks, respectively. The thickness and cell densities of the OE were examined according to the duration of PTU treatment. Changes to OE cell properties were investigated with immunohistochemical stains.
RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found in the thickness and cell densities of the OE among the 5 groups. The number of olfactory receptor neurons positive for neuron-specific enolase or protein gene product 9.5, however, decreased with increasing duration of PTU treatment.
CONCLUSION: Thyroid hormones play an important role in the maturation of olfactory receptor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Jong Dhong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Korea.
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Zuberbuehler CA, Messikommer RE, Wenk C. Choice feeding of selenium-deficient laying hens affects diet selection, selenium intake and body weight. J Nutr 2002; 132:3411-7. [PMID: 12421860 DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.11.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate selenium (Se) supply often in combination with low vitamin E status causes deficiency symptoms in many species. It is likely that a vague discomfort or sickness is perceived before clear deficiency signs become apparent. We investigated whether Se-deficient hens reduce their Se deficit by selecting a diet containing more selenium when offered two diets with different Se concentrations. A Low-Se diet (0.07 mg Se/kg) was supplemented with Se-enriched yeast (Sel-Plex 50) to produce Medium-Se (0.20 mg Se/kg) and High-Se (1.50 mg Se/kg) diets. Each of two consecutive study parts (I and II) with the same hens and treatments began with a 6-wk baseline period (Medium-Se diet), subsequently followed a 9-wk depletion period (Low-Se diet or Medium-Se diet), then a 6-wk choice feeding period in which two diets with different Se concentrations (Low-Se and Medium-Se, Medium-Se and High-Se, or Low-Se and High-Se) were offered. A control group received the Medium-Se diet throughout the study. Daily Se intake, calculated from daily feed intake, followed similar patterns in both parts of the study, but Se-deficient hens preferred (P < 0.05) the High-Se diet to the Low-Se diet during the first 3 wk of choice feeding only in part I. We conclude that young Se-deficient laying hens reduce their Se deficit if they have a choice between a Low-Se and a High-Se diet by preferentially selecting the High-Se diet, possibly based on learned place preference and/or learned taste aversion to the Low-Se diet, presumably in response to discomfort due to Se-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Zuberbuehler
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute for Animal Sciences, Nutrition Biology, ETH-Zentrum, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Schiffman SS, Zervakis J. Taste and smell perception in the elderly: effect of medications and disease. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2002; 44:247-346. [PMID: 11885138 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(02)44006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Schiffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE This review focuses on the present state of the question about taste disorders with reference to their associated factors, diagnostic methods, and potential effects. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS Taste disorders may be induced by many drugs and are associated to a number of acute or chronic diseases. Patients may be asked about their taste complaints, and taste thresholds may be determined by electrogustometry or chemical gustometry. Taste impairment may provide a good indicator to the course of some diseases such as diabetes mellitus in which hypogeusia predicts occurrence of degenerative complications. Dysgeusia may induce nutritional disorders and contribute to wasting in chronic liver disease, cancer, or human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. Mechanisms involved in dysgeusia are more than one in a patient. Taste disturbance may be secondary to a variety of causes that include zinc deficiency, lesions of the lingual epithelium, neurological impairment, and a pharmacological effect. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS A better understanding of the transduction mechanisms of the gustatory signal and the main pathogenic factors involved in dysgeusia may possibly improve the follow-up of the concerned patients notably in terms of nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kettaneh
- Hôpital Jean-Verdier, UPRES EA 3409 de Recherche Clinique et Thérapeutique, faculté de médecine Léonard-de-Vinci université Paris-Nord, France.
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Henkin RI, Levy LM. Functional MRI of congenital hyposmia: brain activation to odors and imagination of odors and tastes. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2002; 26:39-61. [PMID: 11801904 DOI: 10.1097/00004728-200201000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our goal was to use functional MRI (fMRI) to define brain activation in response to odors and imagination ("memory") of odors and tastes in patients who never recognized odors (congenital hyposmia). METHOD Functional MR brain scans were obtained in nine patients with congenital hyposmia using multislice echo planar imaging (EPI) in response to odors of amyl acetate, menthone, and pyridine and to imagination ("memory") of banana and peppermint odors and to salt and sweet tastes. Functional MR brain scans were compared with those in normal subjects and patients with acquired hyposmia. Activation images were derived using correlation analysis, and ratios of areas of brain activated to total and hemispheric brain areas were calculated. Total and hemispheric activated pixel counts were used to quantitate regional brain activation. RESULTS Brain activation in response to odors was present in patients with congenital hyposmia. Activation was significantly lower than in normal subjects and patients with acquired hyposmia and did not demonstrate differential vapor pressure-dependent detection responsiveness or odor response lateralization. Regional activation localization was in anterior frontal and temporal cortex similar to that in normal subjects and patients with acquired hyposmia. Activation in response to presented odors was diverse, with a larger group exhibiting little or no activation with localization only in anterior frontal and temporal cortex and a smaller group exhibiting greater activation with localization extending to more complex olfactory integration sites. "Memory" of odors and tastes elicited activation in the same central nervous system (CNS) regions in which activation in response to presented odors occurred, but responses were significantly lower than in normal subjects and patients with acquired hyposmia and did not lateralize. CONCLUSION Odors induced CNS activation in patients with congenital hyposmia, which distinguishes olfaction from vision and audition since neither light nor acoustic stimuli induce CNS activation. Odor activation localized to anterior frontal and temporal cortex, consistent with the hypothesis that olfactory pathways are hard-wired into the CNS and that further pathways are undeveloped with primary olfactory system CNS connections but lack of secondary connections. However, some patients exhibited greater odor activation with response localization extending to cingulate and opercular cortex, indicating some olfactory signals impinge on and maintain secondary connections consistent with similar functions in vision and audition. Activation localization of taste "memory" to anterior frontal and temporal cortex is consistent with CNS plasticity and cross-modal CNS reorganization as described for vision and audition. Thus, there are differences and similarities between olfaction, vision, and audition, the differences dependent on unique qualities of olfaction, perhaps due to its diffuse, primitive, fundamental role in survival. Response heterogeneity to odors may reflect heterogeneous genetic abnormalities, independent of anatomic or hormonal changes but dependent on molecular abnormalities in growth factor function interfering with growth factor/stem cell interactions. Patients with congenital hyposmia offer an unique model system not previously explored in which congenital smell lack as measured by fMRI is reflective of congenital dysfunction of a major sensory system.
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Abstract
To investigate the possibility that TRH (pGlu-His-Pro-NH(2)) and EEP (pGlu-Glu-Pro-NH(2)) contribute to the behavioral and mood changes attending hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and hypogonadism, we have treated young, adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats (5/group, 250 g bw at time of sacrifice) for one week with either daily ip injections of saline, 5 microg T(4), 3 mg PTU or castration. Immunoreactivity for TRH (TRH-IR), TRH-Gly (pGlu-His-Pro-Gly, a TRH precursor), EEP and Ps4 (prepro-TRH-derived TRH-enhancing peptide) was measured in 8 brain regions by RIA. Castration reduced the Ps4-IR levels in hippocampus by 80%. High pressure liquid chromatography revealed that in many brain regions EEP-IR and TRH-IR consisted of a mixture of TRH and other TRH-like peptides including EEP, Val(2)-TRH, Tyr(2)-TRH, Leu(2)-TRH and Phe(2)-TRH. Transition from the hyperthyroid to the hypothyroid state increased the Val(2)-TRH and Tyr(2)-TRH levels in the accumbens by 10-fold and 15-fold, respectively, and the corresponding ratios for the pyriform cortex increased 9-fold and 12-fold, respectively. Hypothyroidism and castration reduced the levels of TRH and the majority of other TRH-like peptides in the entorhinal cortex. This is the first report that thyroid and steroid hormones alter the levels of TRH, prepro-TRH-derived peptides, and a newly discovered array of TRH-like neuropeptides in limbic brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Pekary
- Research Services, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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