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Yang J, Meng X, Rao Y, Wang X, Meng S, Teng C, Sun T, Zong C. Harnessing the potential of de-sulfated heparin for targeted drug delivery: A three-component approach exemplified by conjugation with galactose and paclitaxel. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 333:121986. [PMID: 38494237 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Heparin, an anticoagulant with a century-long history of use, has been investigated over the past decade as a potential drug delivery vehicle. Despite its safety and efficacy, its interactions with many proteins through specific sulfate patterns can complicate drug delivery by mediating diverse biological functions. Here, we present the synthesis of a three-component drug delivery system comprising de-sulfated heparin as the carrier, galactose as the targeting moiety, and paclitaxel as the therapeutic drug. Removal of sulfates eliminated most of its anticoagulant effects in all intermediates. Through coupling with galactose and paclitaxel, the system improved the solubility of the drug and achieved selective targeting and efficient drug delivery to HepG2 cells, a liver carcinoma cell line with high galactose receptor expression. While the three-component system exhibited a slightly higher IC50 value than native paclitaxel, demonstrating its efficacy as a drug carrier, the IC50 value for the normal human liver cell line QSG7701 was significantly higher, indicating its selectivity and safety. Our study introduces a novel approach utilizing desulfated heparin as a carrier, warranting further investigation to unlock its potential in targeted drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiongyan Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yong Rao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shuai Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Changcai Teng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Chengli Zong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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2
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Shende N, Karale A, Bore P, Bhagade S, Gulhane A, Mallya AD, Dhere RM. Evaluation of structural modification induced activation of pneumococcal polysaccharide by GC-MS for the conjugate vaccine. Carbohydr Res 2023; 531:108878. [PMID: 37390792 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide (Ps) activation evaluation is an imperative quality attribute in a conjugate vaccine. Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PnPs) serotypes 5, 6B, 14, 19A and 23F were cyanylated for 3 and 8 min. The cyanylated and non-cyanylated polysaccharides were methanolysed and derivatized to assess the activation of each sugar by GC-MS. The activation of 22 and 27% serotype 6B and 11 and 36% in serotype 23 F Ps at 3 and 8 min respectively showed controlled conjugation kinetics with CRM197 carrier protein estimated by SEC-HPLC and optimal absolute molar mass by SEC-MALS. The Glc and Gal are the most commonly activated sugars of all PnPs serotypes while N-acetyl sugars PneuNAc, GalNAc and Rha in serotypes 5, 14 and 19A respectively showed >50% activation which contributes to conjugate aggregate formation at 8 min compared to 3 min cyanylation. The GC-MS analysis of structural modifications at functional groups entails important information to characterize the activated polysaccharide for consistent conjugate vaccine manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Shende
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India
| | - Abhijeet Karale
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India
| | - Prashant Bore
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India
| | - Sudhakar Bhagade
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India
| | - Ashishkumar Gulhane
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India
| | - Asha D Mallya
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India.
| | - Rajeev M Dhere
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India
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3
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Ruckmani K, Shaikh SZ, Khalil P, Muneera M, Thusleem O. Determination of sodium hyaluronate in pharmaceutical formulations by HPLC-UV. J Pharm Anal 2013; 3:324-329. [PMID: 29403834 PMCID: PMC5760950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with UV detection was developed for determination of sodium hyaluronate in pharmaceutical formulation. Sodium hyaluronate is a polymer of disaccharides, composed of d-glucuronic acid and d-N-acetylglucosamine, linked via alternating β-1, 4 and β-1, 3 glycosidic bonds. Being a polymer compound it lacks a UV absorbing chromophore. In the absence of a UV absorbing chromophore and highly polar nature of compound, the analysis becomes a major challenge. To overcome these problems a novel method for the determination of sodium hyaluronate was developed and validated based on size exclusion liquid chromatography (SEC) with UV detection. An isocratic mobile phase consisting of buffer 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate, pH adjusted to 7.0 using potassium hydroxide (10%) was used. Chromatography was carried out at 25 °C on a BioSep SEC S2000, 300 mm×7.8 mm column. The detection was carried out using variable wavelength UV-vis detector set at 205 nm. The compounds were eluted isocratically at a steady flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Sodium hyaluronate retention time was about 4.9 min with an asymmetry factor of 1.93. A calibration curve was obtained from 1 to 38 g/mL (r>0.9998). Within-day % RSD was 1.0 and between-day % RSD was 1.10. Specificity/selectivity experiments revealed the absence of interference from excipients, recovery from spiked samples for sodium hyaluronate was 99-102. The developed method was applied to the determination of sodium hyaluronate in pharmaceutical drug substance and product.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ruckmani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University of Technology, Thiruchirapalli, Trichy 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Saleem Z. Shaikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University of Technology, Thiruchirapalli, Trichy 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Pavne Khalil
- Department of Analytical Research & Development, Jamjoom Pharmaceuticals, P.O. Box-6 267, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - M.S. Muneera
- Department of Analytical Research & Development, Jamjoom Pharmaceuticals, P.O. Box-6 267, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - O.A. Thusleem
- Department of Analytical Research & Development, Jamjoom Pharmaceuticals, P.O. Box-6 267, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
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Raedts J, Lundgren M, Kengen SWM, Li JP, van der Oost J. A novel bacterial enzyme with D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase activity. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24332-9. [PMID: 23824188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.476440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are biologically active polysaccharides that are found ubiquitously in the animal kingdom. The biosynthesis of these complex polysaccharides involves complicated reactions that turn the simple glycosaminoglycan backbone into highly heterogeneous structures. One of the modification reactions is the epimerization of D-glucuronic acid to its C5-epimer L-iduronic acid, which is essential for the function of heparan sulfate. Although L-iduronic acid residues have been shown to exist in polysaccharides of some prokaryotes, there has been no experimental evidence for the existence of a prokaryotic D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase. This work for the first time reports on the identification of a bacterial enzyme with D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase activity. A gene of the marine bacterium Bermanella marisrubri sp. RED65 encodes a protein (RED65_08024) of 448 amino acids that has an overall 37% homology to the human D-glucuronic acid C5-epimerase. Alignment of this peptide with the human and mouse sequences revealed a 60% similarity at the carboxyl terminus. The recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli showed epimerization activity toward substrates generated from heparin and the E. coli K5 capsular polysaccharide, thereby providing the first evidence for bacterial D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase activity. These findings may eventually be used for modification of mammalian glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Raedts
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Matsumoto A, Hosoyama S, Higashi K, Toida T. Simultaneous determination of uronates found in polysaccharides from natural products by HPLC with fluorometric detection. Carbohydr Res 2012; 358:82-8. [PMID: 22824507 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of uronates isolated from polysaccharides found in natural products such as glycosaminoglycans and alginate is described. Preparation of iduronate, guluronate, and mannuronate as analytical standards for high performance liquid chromatography was achieved by depolymerization of dermatan sulfate and alginate in 2.5 mol L(-1) trifluoroacetic acid at 100°C for 6h. Structures of resulting products (iduronate, guluronate, and mannuronate) were characterized by 600 MHz (1)H NMR. Five uronates (glucuronate, iduronate, mannuronate, guluronate, and galacturonate) were separated on a Dionex CarboPac PA1 column using an isocratic elution with 8 mmol L(-1) acetate buffer (pH 4.84) and were monitored by fluorescence detection using 1.5% 2-cyanoacetamide as a post-column fluorogenic reagent. As little as 50 pmol of each uronate could be detected with excitation at 331 nm and emission at 383 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Yang B, Solakyildirim K, Chang Y, Linhardt RJ. Hyphenated techniques for the analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:541-57. [PMID: 20853165 PMCID: PMC3235348 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the structure of glycosaminoglycan has proven to be challenging for analytical chemists. Molecules of glycosaminoglycan have a high negative charge and are polydisperse and microheterogeneous, thus requiring the application of multiple analytical techniques and methods. Heparin and heparan sulfate are the most structurally complex of the glycosaminoglycans and are widely distributed in nature. They play critical roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes through their interaction with heparin-binding proteins. Moreover, heparin and low-molecular weight heparin are currently used as pharmaceutical drugs to control blood coagulation. In 2008, the health crisis resulting from the contamination of pharmaceutical heparin led to considerable attention regarding their analysis and structural characterization. Modern analytical techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, played critical roles in this effort. A successful combination of separation and spectral techniques will clearly provide a critical advantage in the future analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate. This review focuses on recent efforts to develop hyphenated techniques for the analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kemal Solakyildirim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Yuqing Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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7
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Determination of iduronic acid and glucuronic acid in sulfated chondroitin/dermatan hybrid chains by (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Glycoconj J 2008; 25:603-10. [PMID: 18368478 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The relative proportion of L: -iduronic acid (IdoA) and D: -glucuronic acid (GlcA) is of great importance for the structure-function relationship of chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS). However, determination of the isotypes of uronic acid residues in CS/DS is still a challenge, due to the instability of free uronic acid released by chemical degradation and its conversion to unsaturated uronic acid by digestion with bacterial eliminase. (1)H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a promising tool with which to address this issue, but the traditional method based on the assignment of the ring proton signals of IdoA and GlcA residues still has drawbacks such as the serious overlap of signals in the (1)H-NMR spectrum of CS/DS polysaccharides. We found that the proton signals of the N-acetyl group of N-acetyl-D: -galactosamines in CS and DS could be clearly distinguished and accurately integrated in the one-dimensional (1D) (1)H-NMR spectrum. Based on this finding, here we report a novel, sensitive, and nondestructive 1D (1)H-NMR-based method to determine the proportion of IdoA and GlcA residues in CS/DS hybrid chains.
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8
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Ha YW, Son MJ, Yun KS, Kim YS. Relationship between eggshell strength and keratan sulfate of eggshell membranes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 147:1109-15. [PMID: 17466551 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Eggshell strength is an important factor in an effort to minimize eggshell breakage, which is a significant problem in the egg production industry. In the current study, we isolated and quantified the specific glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from the calcified eggshell and shell membranes, which are related to eggshell strength. Our data suggest that GAGs exist in calcified eggshell may influence morphology of shell but do not affect on increase of shell amount while GAGs of shell membranes are maybe highly associated with shell strength with an increase of shell weight. Shell strength showed a strong correlation with the content of GAGs (r=0.942, p<0.0005) and a weak relationship with uronic acid content (r=0.564, p=0.056) in shell membranes. Monosaccharides in shell membranes were determined by Bio-LC analysis for the identification of any specific GAGs related with shell strength. It indicates that the galactose content as a component of keratan sulfate (KS) has a significant correlation with eggshell strength (r=0.985, p<0.0005). These results suggest that eggshell strength is proportional to the KS content of eggshell membranes with an increase of eggshell weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wan Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, Republic of Korea
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9
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Ha YW, Jeon BT, Moon SH, Toyoda H, Toida T, Linhardt RJ, Kim YS. Characterization of heparan sulfate from the unossified antler of Cervus elaphus. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:411-6. [PMID: 15680596 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 11/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The antler is the most rapidly growing tissue in the animal kingdom. According to previous reports, antler glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) consist of all kinds GAGs except for heparan sulfate (HS). Chondroitin sulfate is the major antler GAG component comprising 88% of the total uronic acid content. In the current study, we have isolated HS from antler for the first time and characterized it based on both NMR spectroscopy and disaccharide composition analysis. Antler GAGs were isolated by protease treatment and followed by cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation. The sensitivity of antler GAGs to heparin lyase III showed that this sample contained heparan sulfate. After incubation of antler GAGs with chondroitin lyase ABC, the HS-containing fraction was recovered by ethanol precipitation. The composition of HS disaccharides in this fraction was determined by its complete depolymerization with a mixture of heparin lyase I, II, and III and analysis of the resulting disaccharides by the reversed-phase (RP) ion pairing-HPLC, monitored by the fluorescence detection using 2-cyanoacetamide as a post-column labeling reagent. Eight unsaturated disaccharides (DeltaUA-GlcNAc, DeltaUA-GlcNS, DeltaUA-GlcNAc6S, DeltaUA2S-GlcNAc, DeltaUA-GlcNS6S, DeltaUA2S-GlcNS, DeltaUA2S-GlcNAc6S, DeltaUA2S-GlcNS6S) were produced from antler HS by digestion with the mixture of heparin lyases. The total content of 2-O-sulfo disaccharide units in antler HS was higher than that of heparan sulfate from most other animal sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wan Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, Korea
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Ruiz-Calero V, Puignou L, Galceran MT. Determination of glycosaminoglycan monosaccharides by capillary electrophoresis using laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 791:193-202. [PMID: 12798179 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed capillary electrophoretic method using laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) for the analysis of monosaccharides released from acid hydrolysis of glycosaminoglycans was studied. The method was compared with a previously published method using indirect LIF detection (CE-ILIF). For the CE-LIF method, electrophoretic conditions for the separation of the monosaccharides derivatised with 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (APTS) were optimised. The best separations were obtained using 100 mM acetate at pH 4.5 as running buffer. The influence of the injection vial volume on the precision and stability of the sample in different conditions was studied. The detection limits of the CE-LIF method were found to be 0.4-0.6 nM, while those obtained by CE-ILIF ranged from 11.4 to 14.3 microM. Other quality parameters of the method, such as run-to-run precision, day-to-day precision, and linearity were also determined. Finally, the new method was applied to the analysis of the acid hydrolysis products from a glucosaminoglycan (heparin) and a galactosaminoglycan (dermatan sulfate) and cross-contamination between the two solutions was determined. The high sensitivity of the new method allows the determination of dermatan sulfate contaminations in a heparin raw sample down to 0.04% (w/w) and broadens the practical applicability of CE-LIF for the quantitation of the endogenous levels of glycosaminoglycans in animal samples and for pharmacokinetic control after therapeutical heparin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ruiz-Calero
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Kühn AV, Raith K, Sauerland V, Neubert RHH. Quantification of hyaluronic acid fragments in pharmaceutical formulations using LC-ESI-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 30:1531-7. [PMID: 12467925 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three different hyaluronic acid fragment preparations (HAF) derived from hyaluronic acid (HA) by hyaluronate lyase digestion have been investigated. The amount of these fragment mixtures in pharmaceutical formulations was determined by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). HAF analysis was performed in less than 8 min using a Nucleosil 100-7 C2 column. Based on the assumption that the mass distribution is kept constant, which is confirmed by the calibration results, quantification can be carried out relating to the most intense fragments. For that purpose, the ratios of the peak areas of product ions of m/z=378 (tetramer, hexamer, octamer) to the peak area of m/z=83 ([2xmaltose-H(+)], internal standard) were calculated. Calibration was done for each HAF and good linearity from 5 to 80 microg/ml has been shown. To evaluate the molecular weight distribution of the fragment preparations used in this approach MALDI-TOF, mass spectra have been collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea V Kühn
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Street 4, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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12
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Chapter 25 Pulsed electrochemical detection of carbohydrates at noble metal electrodes following liquid chromatographic and electrophoretic separation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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Sudo M, Sato K, Chaidedgumjorn A, Toyoda H, Toida T, Imanari T. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis for determination of glucuronic and iduronic acids in dermatan sulfate, heparin, and heparan sulfate. Anal Biochem 2001; 297:42-51. [PMID: 11567526 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
(1)H NMR spectroscopy has been established for the determination of uronate residues in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as dermatan sulfate (DS), heparin (HP), and heparan sulfate (HS). Because of variation in the sulfonation positions in DS, HP, or HS, interpretation of spectra is difficult. Solvolysis was applied to remove O-sulfo groups from these GAG chains in dimethyl sulfoxide containing 10% methanol at 80 degrees C for 5 h. In the cases of HP and HS, N-sulfo groups on glucosamine residues were also removed under the same conditions. The resulting unsubstituted amino groups in HP and HS chains were re-N-acetylated using acetic anhydride to obtain homogeneous core structure with the exception of the variation of uronate residues. The contents of glucuronate and iduronate residues in the chemically modified DS, HP, and HS samples were analyzed by 600-MHz (1)H NMR spectroscopy. These methods were applied to compositional analysis of uronate residues in GAGs isolated from various sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sudo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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14
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Ander B, Karlsson A, Ohrlund A. Determination of heparin on intraocular lens surfaces by ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2001; 917:105-10. [PMID: 11403462 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective method has been developed for the determination of heparin on heparin coated PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate), intraocular lenses. Heparin was hydrolysed to glucosamine and glucuronic acid, and the content of glucosamine was determined using ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. In order to verify that a complete hydrolysis was obtained for the heparin on the coated intraocular lenses, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) was used for analysing traces of sulphur on the lens surfaces. The sensitivity of the method allows quantitative determination of 150 ng of heparin on one individual lens. The new method was compared to a standard spectrophotometric method, measuring the colour intensity of a heparin toluidine blue complex. Correlation between the methods was shown for samples prepared from PMMA lenses coated with different amounts of heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ander
- Marketed Product Support, Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Zanetta JP, Timmerman P, Leroy Y. Determination of constituents of sulphated proteoglycans using a methanolysis procedure and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of heptafluorobutyrate derivatives. Glycoconj J 1999; 16:617-27. [PMID: 10972140 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007076900562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A major impediment in the analysis of glycosaminoglycans is the difficulty to cleave quantitatively the glycosidic bonds because of the stabilisation of glycosidic bonds and of the relative instability of the liberated constituents. This manuscript describes a modified procedure of methanolysis in the presence of barium acetate, reducing the destruction of uronic acids and increasing the cleavage yield. The reaction products could be identified and analysed quantitatively by GC and GC/MS of the heptafluorobutyrate derivatives of O-methyl glycosides of monosaccharides (for keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate B), or as a mixture of O-methyl glycosides of monosaccharides and of disaccharides (for the other sulphated glycosaminoglycans). Quantitative molar ratio between the different monosaccharide constituents (including the linkage region constituents) could be obtained, even when proteoglycans also contain classical N-glycans or O-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Zanetta
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, CNRS UMR 8576, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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16
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Imanari T, Toida T, Koshiishi I, Toyoda H. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of glycosaminoglycan-derived oligosaccharides. J Chromatogr A 1996; 720:275-93. [PMID: 8601196 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-derived oligosaccharides has been employed for the structural analysis and measurement of hyaluronan, chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate, keratan sulphate, heparan sulphate and heparin. Recent developments in the separation and detection of unsaturated disaccharides and oligosaccharides derived from GAGs by enzymatic or chemical degradation are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Imanari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
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17
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Abstract
The proliferation and development of hematopoietic cells occurs in close association with bone marrow stroma. Heparan sulfate is a major component of the stroma. We have isolated a form of heparan sulfate proteoglycan from a human stromal cell line grown in vitro in the presence of [35S]sulfate. This proteoglycan contains a phosphatidylinositol component which likely anchors it to the stromal cell membrane. The glycosaminoglycan chains of this proteoglycan could induce maturation of the HL-60 myeloid leukemia cell line. A less hydrophobic heparan sulfate proteoglycan was also present in the stroma, but could not induce HL-60 maturation. The two heparan sulfates had glycosaminoglycan chains that were similar in size (36 Kd) and charge density. Structural studies suggested only minor but perhaps significant differences in the carbohydrate sequences of the two heparan sulfates. The relationship of these subtle structural differences to the difference observed in differentiation-inducing activity remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Luikart
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Townsend RR. Chapter 5 Analysis of Glycoconjugates Using High-pH Anion-Exchange Chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY LIBRARY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Ong E, Kilburn DG, Miller RC, Warren RA. Streptomyces lividans glycosylates the linker region of a beta-1,4-glycanase from Cellulomonas fimi. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:999-1008. [PMID: 8106343 PMCID: PMC205150 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.4.999-1008.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The beta-1,4-glycanase Cex of the gram-positive bacterium Cellulomonas fimi is a glycoprotein comprising a C-terminal cellulose-binding domain connected to an N-terminal catalytic domain by a linker containing only prolyl and threonyl (PT) residues. Cex is also glycosylated by Streptomyces lividans. The glycosylation of Cex produced in both C. fimi and S. lividans protects the enzyme from proteolysis. When the gene fragments encoding the cellulose-binding domain of Cex (CBDCex), the PT linker plus CBDCex (PT-CBDCex), and the catalytic domain plus CBDCex of Cex were expressed in S. lividans, only PT-CBDCex was glycosylated. Therefore, all the glycans must be O linked because only the PT linker was glycosylated. A glycosylated form and a nonglycosylated form of PT-CBDCex were produced by S. lividans. The glycosylated form of PT-CBDCex was heterogeneous; its average carbohydrate content was approximately 10 mol of D-mannose equivalents per mol of protein, but the glycans contained from 4 to 12 alpha-D-mannosyl and alpha-D-galactosyl residues. Glycosylated Cex from S. lividans was also heterogeneous. The presence of glycans on PT-CBDCex increased its affinity for bacterial microcrystalline cellulose. The location of glycosylation only on the linker region of Cex correlates with the properties conferred on the enzyme by the glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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22
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Abstract
Carbohydrate analysis is an active field that is expanding rapidly. Hundreds of new structures are reported each year and methods for screening glycopolymers for known structures are now becoming accessible to the nonspecialist. Detailed structure analysis of recombinant glycoproteins has become relatively routine in specialist laboratories. Rapid advances are being made in the understanding of structure and function of biologically active carbohydrates that are of interest to the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dell
- Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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Stojkovski S, Goumakos W, Sarkar B. Iron(III)-binding polypeptide in human cord and adult serum: isolation, purification and partial characterization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1137:155-61. [PMID: 1420322 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(92)90197-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A low-molecular-weight, non-transferrin-bound, Fe(III)-binding polypeptide has been isolated and purified from normal human cord and adult sera by gel-filtration and high-performance liquid chromatography. The polypeptide was traced isotopically with 59Fe(III)-chloride and high voltage paper electrophoresis. This Fe(III)-binding polypeptide has been partially characterized, and found to be biochemically distinct from other known Fe(III)-binding proteins, such as transferrin, lactoferrin and ferritin. Furthermore, the electrophoretic mobility and amino-acid composition distinguish the polypeptide from other physiological iron chelators such as a previously described Fe(III)-citrate complex. The polypeptide is highly hydrophilic, rich in lysine residues and phosphorylated. The observed positive charge of the polypeptide is suggested to originate from these lysine residues. The molecular mass of this polypeptide is estimated to be approx. 2500 Da, which is in close agreement with previous reports and is consistent with amino-acid analysis data. Cord serum levels of the polypeptide were significantly higher than adult serum levels. The degree of Fe(III) specificity and the function of the Fe(III)-polypeptide have not been ascertained at the present time. It is possible that the polypeptide may compete for Fe(III) with transferrin and is involved in the mobilization and transportation of iron by some as yet unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stojkovski
- Department of Biochemistry Research, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Whitfield DM, Choay J, Sarkar B. Heavy metal binding to heparin disaccharides. I. Iduronic acid is the main binding site. Biopolymers 1992; 32:585-96. [PMID: 1643264 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360320603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As model compounds for Ni(II)-binding heparin-like compounds isolated from human kidneys (Templeton, D.M. & Sarkar, B. (1985) Biochem. J. 230 35-42.), we investigated two disaccharides--4-O-(2-O-sulfo-alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid)-2,5-anhydro- D-mannitol, disodium salt (1a), and 4-O-(2-O-sulfo-alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid)-6-O- sulfo-2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol, trisodium salt (1b)--that were isolated from heparin after nitrous acid hydrolysis and reduction. The monosulfate (1a) was active whereas the disulfate (1b) was inactive in a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) binding assay with the tracer ions 63Ni(II) 54Mn(II), 65Zn(II), and 109Cd(II). This result is in accord with the isolation of two 67Cu(II) and 63Ni(II) binding fractions from a complete pool of nitrous-acid-derived heparin disaccharides using sulfate gradients and a MonoQ anion exchange column on an FPLC system. One was identified as compound (1a) and the other as a tetrasulfated trisaccharide by high resolution FAB-MS, NMR and HPLC-PAD. Similarly, two synthetic disaccharides-methyl, 2-O-sulfo-4-O-(alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid)-2-deoxy-2-sulfamide-alpha-D-glucosamine, trisodium salt [IdopA2S(alpha 1,4)GlcNS alpha Me, 2a], and 2-O-sulfo-4-O-(alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid)-2-deoxy-2-sulfamide-6-O-sulfo- alpha-D-glucosamine, tetrasodium salt [IdopA2S (alpha 1,4)GlcNS6S alpha Me, 2b]--were shown to bind tracer amounts of 63Ni and 67Cu using chromatographic assays. Subsequently, 1H NMR titrations of 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b with Zn (OAc)2 were analyzed to yield 1:1 Zn(II)-binding constants of 472 +/- 59, 698 +/- 120, 8,758 +/- 2,237 and 20,100 +/- 5,598 M-1, respectively. The values for 2a and 2b suggest chelation. It is suggested that the idopyranosiduronic acid residue is the major metal binding site. NMR evidence for this hypothesis comes from marked 1H and 13C chemical shift changes to the iduronic acid resonances after addition of diamagnetic Zn(II) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Whitfield
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Predki PF, Whitfield DM, Sarkar B. Characterization and cellular distribution of acidic peptide and oligosaccharide metal-binding compounds from kidneys. Biochem J 1992; 281 ( Pt 3):835-41. [PMID: 1536659 PMCID: PMC1130765 DOI: 10.1042/bj2810835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two low-molecular-mass Ni-binding fractions first isolated from human kidneys [Templeton & Sarkar (1985) Biochem. J. 230, 35-42] are further characterized. Both components are acidic and are readily separated from each other by gel chromatography on Bio-Gel P-2. After equilibration with 63Ni the largest complex constitutes about 30% of the radioactive 63Ni and is an approx. 3.5 kDa peptide and the smallest species comprise short oligosaccharides containing 70% of the radioactivity. Both of these components are found in human, bovine and porcine kidneys as well as in a porcine proximal tubule-like cell line LLC-PK1. There is a small variation in amino acid composition between species. The oligosaccharides are reducing sugars and contain sulphate, glucosamine, glucuronic acid and iduronic acid with two to four overall negative charges. The monosaccharide composition was determined by h.p.l.c. with pulsed amperometric detection of the acid hydrolysates and by gas chromatography. In the LLC-PK1 cell line the acidic peptide is both intracellular and extracellular, whereas the oligosaccharides are only intracellular. The concentration of extracellular peptide, as measured by 63Ni binding, is found to increase after exposure of the cells to low micromolar concentrations of Ni, whereas the oligosaccharide concentrations, also measured by 63Ni binding, remain constant. The oligosaccharide component is decreased by 40% in the presence of NH4Cl, suggesting that is derived from degradation of internalized heparan sulphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Predki
- Department of Biochemistry Research, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hommes FA, Varghese M. High-performance liquid chromatography of urinary oligosaccharides in the diagnosis of glycoprotein degradation disorders. Clin Chim Acta 1991; 203:211-24. [PMID: 1777982 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(91)90293-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Urinary oligosaccharides can be separated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography using a Dionex CarboPac PA1 column, elution with aqueous sodium hydroxide and sodium acetate solutions and detection by pulsed amperometry. Each of the urines of patients with glycoprotein degradation disorders yielded a pattern of oligosaccharide excretion unique for that disorder, facilitating an unambiguous diagnosis. The method is sensitive (10 microliters of urine required) and fast (40 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Hommes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-2100
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Clarke AJ, Sarabia V, Keenleyside W, MacLachlan PR, Whitfield C. The compositional analysis of bacterial extracellular polysaccharides by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Anal Biochem 1991; 199:68-74. [PMID: 1807163 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with pulsed-amperometric detection (PAD) was developed for the compositional analysis of the acidic, neutral, and basic monosaccharides recovered from the acid hydrolysis of bacterial cell wall polysaccharides. This HPLC-PAD method involved the chromatography of the acid hydrolysis products on a CarboPac PA-1 anion-exchange column of pellicular resin, with PAD detection following postcolumn addition of alkali. Complete resolution of a mixture of 19 monosaccharides, comprising 9 neutral, 3 basic, and 7 acidic sugars, frequently found in bacterial polysaccharides was achieved within 60 min by the system. The presence of amino acids in the mixture was shown not to affect the analysis. This protocol was applied to the compositional analysis of 2 extracellular polysaccharides produced by Escherichia coli, colanic acid, and K30 antigen, which share constituent monosaccharides. The overproduction of extracellular polysaccharide in E. coli CWG56 was shown to be a consequence of deregulation of K30 biosynthesis and not of coexpression of an additional polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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