1
|
Xu H, Goldfuss B, Dickschat JS. Common Biosynthesis of Non-Canonical C 16 Terpenes through a Fragmentation-Recombination Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408809. [PMID: 38924286 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of six recently reported non-canonical C16 sesquiterpenoids named after ancient Greek philosophers, archimedene, aristotelene, eratosthenene, pythagorene, α-democritene and anaximandrene, was investigated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations and isotopic labeling experiments. The results revealed for all compounds except archimedene a unique fragmentation-recombination mechanism as previously demonstrated for sodorifen biosynthesis, in addition to a remarkable "dancing" mechanism for anaximandrene biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gu B, Goldfuss B, Dickschat JS. Two Sesterterpene Synthases from Lentzea atacamensis Demonstrate the Role of Conformational Variability in Terpene Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401539. [PMID: 38372063 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Mining of two multiproduct sesterterpene synthases from Lentzea atacamensis resulted in the identification of the synthases for lentzeadiene (LaLDS) and atacamatriene (LaATS). The main product of LaLDS (lentzeadiene) is a new compound, while one of the side products (lentzeatetraene) is the enantiomer of brassitetraene B and the other side product (sestermobaraene F) is known from a surprisingly distantly related sesterterpene synthase. LaATS produces six new compounds, one of which is the enantiomer of the known sesterterpene Bm1. Notably, for both enzymes the products cannot all be explained from one and the same starting conformation of geranylfarnesyl diphosphate, demonstrating the requirement of conformational flexibility of the substrate in the enzymes' active sites. For lentzeadiene an intriguing thermal [1,5]-sigmatropic rearrangement was discovered, reminiscent of the biosynthesis of vitamin D3. All enzyme reactions and the [1,5]-sigmatropic rearrangement were investigated through isotopic labeling experiments and DFT calculations. The results also emphasize the importance of conformational changes during terpene cyclizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Gu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department for Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu H, Dickschat JS. Isotopic labelings for mechanistic studies. Methods Enzymol 2024; 699:163-186. [PMID: 38942502 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The intricate mechanisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes belong to the most challenging problems in natural product chemistry. Methods to address these problems include the structure-based site-directed mutagenesis of terpene synthases, computational approaches, and isotopic labeling experiments. The latter approach has a long tradition in biosynthesis studies and has recently experienced a revival, after genome sequencing enabled rapid access to biosynthetic genes and enzymes. Today, this allows for a combined approach in which isotopically labeled substrates can be incubated with recombinant terpene synthases. These clearly defined reaction setups can give detailed mechanistic insights into the reactions catalyzed by terpene synthases, and recent developments have substantially deepened our understanding of terpene biosynthesis. This chapter will discuss the state of the art and introduce some of the most important methods that make use of isotopic labelings in mechanistic studies on terpene synthases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Taizoumbe KA, Goldfuss B, Dickschat JS. The Diterpenoid Substrate Analogue 19-nor-GGPP Reveals Pronounced Methyl Group Effects in Diterpene Cyclisations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318375. [PMID: 38117607 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The substrate analogue 19-nor-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (19-nor-GGPP) was synthesised and incubated with 20 diterpene synthases, resulting in the formation of diterpenoids in all cases. A total of 23 different compounds were isolated from these enzyme reactions and structurally characterised, if possible including the experimental determination of absolute configurations through a stereoselective deuteration approach. In several cases the missing 19-Me group in the substrate analogue resulted in opening of completely new reaction paths towards compounds with novel skeletons. DFT calculations were applied to gain a deeper understanding of these observed methyl group effects in diterpene biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kizerbo A Taizoumbe
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu H, Goldfuss B, Dickschat JS. Biosynthesis of the Sesquiterpene Kitaviridene through Skeletal Rearrangement with Formation of a Methyl Group Equivalent. Org Lett 2023; 25:3330-3334. [PMID: 37122105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A sesquiterpene synthase from Kitasatospora viridis was discovered and shown to produce kitaviridene, a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon with an additional methyl group equivalent in comparison to a regular sesquiterpene. Isotopic labeling experiments together with DFT calculations gave detailed insights into the cyclization cascade toward kitaviridene and explained the formation of the additional methyl group equivalent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department for Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu H, Dickschat JS. Germacrene B - a central intermediate in sesquiterpene biosynthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:186-203. [PMID: 36865023 PMCID: PMC9972886 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Germacranes are important intermediates in the biosynthesis of eudesmane and guaiane sesquiterpenes. After their initial formation from farnesyl diphosphate, these neutral intermediates can become reprotonated for a second cyclisation to reach the bicyclic eudesmane and guaiane skeletons. This review summarises the accumulated knowledge on eudesmane and guaiane sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and alcohols that potentially arise from the achiral sesquiterpene hydrocarbon germacrene B. Not only compounds isolated from natural sources, but also synthetic compounds are dicussed, with the aim to give a rationale for the structural assignment for each compound. A total number of 64 compounds is presented, with 131 cited references.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gu B, Goldfuss B, Dickschat JS. Mechanistic Characterisation and Engineering of Sesterviolene Synthase from Streptomyces violens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215688. [PMID: 36350768 PMCID: PMC10107272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The sesterviolene synthase from Streptomyces violens was identified and represents the second known sesterterpene synthase from bacteria. Isotopic labelling experiments in conjunction with DFT calculations were performed that provided detailed insight into its complex cyclisation mechanism. Enzyme engineering through site-directed mutagenesis gave access to a high-yielding enzyme variant that provided six additional minor products and the main product in sufficient quantities to study its chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Gu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department for Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li H, Dickschat JS. Diterpene Biosynthesis from Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Analogues with Changed Reactivities Expands Skeletal Diversity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211054. [PMID: 36066489 PMCID: PMC9826473 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Two analogues of the diterpene precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate with shifted double bonds, named iso-GGPP I and iso-GGPP II, were enzymatically converted with twelve diterpene synthases from bacteria, fungi and protists. The changed reactivity in the substrate analogues resulted in the formation of 28 new diterpenes, many of which exhibit novel skeletons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li H, Dickschat JS. Diterpene Biosynthesis from Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Analogues with Changed Reactivities Expands Skeletal Diversity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202211054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry GERMANY
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Haruehanroengra P, Zheng YY, Ma G, Lan TH, Hassan AEA, Zhou Y, Sheng J. Probing the Substrate Requirements of the in vitro Geranylation Activity of Selenouridine Synthase (SelU). Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200089. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya Ying Zheng
- University at Albany Chemistry 1400 Washington Ave.Life Science 2033B 12222 Albany UNITED STATES
| | - Guolin Ma
- Texas A&M University System Health Science Center College of Medicine: Texas A&M University College of Medicine Bioscience and Technology UNITED STATES
| | - Tien-Hung Lan
- Texas A&M University System Health Science Center College of Medicine: Texas A&M University College of Medicine Bioscience and Technology UNITED STATES
| | | | - Yubin Zhou
- Texas A&M University System Health Science Center College of Medicine: Texas A&M University College of Medicine Bioscience and Technology UNITED STATES
| | - Jia Sheng
- University at Albany State University of New York Chemistry 1400 Washington Ave.LSRB 2033B 12222 Albany UNITED STATES
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Barsain BL, Purohit A, Kumar A, Joshi R, Hallan V, Yadav SK. PkGPPS.SSU interacts with two PkGGPPS to form heteromeric GPPS in Picrorhiza kurrooa: Molecular insights into the picroside biosynthetic pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:115-128. [PMID: 32554175 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS) is known to form an integral subunit of the heteromeric GPPS (geranyl pyrophosphate synthase) complex and catalyzes the biosynthesis of monoterpene in plants. Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth., a medicinally important high altitude plant is known for picroside biomolecules, the monoterpenoids. However, the significance of heteromeric GPPS in P. kurrooa still remains obscure. Here, transient silencing of PkGGPPS was observed to reduce picroside-I (P-I) content by more than 60% as well as picroside-II (P-II) by more than 75%. Thus, PkGGPPS was found to be involved in the biosynthesis of P-I and P-II besides other terpenoids. To unravel the mechanism, small subunit of GPPS (PkGPPS.SSU) was identified from P. kurrooa. Protein-protein interaction studies in yeast as well as bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) in planta have indicated that large subunit of GPPS PkGPPS.LSUs (PkGGPPS1 and PkGGPPS2) and PkGPPS.SSU form a heteromeric GPPS. Presence of similar conserved domains such as light responsive motifs, low temperature responsive elements (LTRE), dehydration responsive elements (DREs), W Box and MeJA responsive elements in the promoters of PkGPPS.LSU and PkGPPS.SSU documented their involvement in picroside biosynthesis. Further, the tissue specific transcript expression analysis vis-à-vis epigenetic regulation (DNA methylation) of promoters as well as coding regions of PkGPPS.LSU and PkGPPS.SSU has strongly suggested their role in picroside biosynthesis. Taken together, the newly identified PkGPPS.SSU formed the heteromeric GPPS by interacting with PkGPPS.LSUs to synthesize P-I and P-II in P. kurrooa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Lalhal Barsain
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Purohit
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Robin Joshi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India
| | - Vipin Hallan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hussain T, Plunkett B, Ejaz M, Espley RV, Kayser O. Identification of Putative Precursor Genes for the Biosynthesis of Cannabinoid-Like Compound in Radula marginata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:537. [PMID: 29868043 PMCID: PMC5954354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The liverwort Radula marginata belongs to the bryophyte division of land plants and is a prospective alternate source of cannabinoid-like compounds. However, mechanistic insights into the molecular pathways directing the synthesis of these cannabinoid-like compounds have been hindered due to the lack of genetic information. This prompted us to do deep sequencing, de novo assembly and annotation of R. marginata transcriptome, which resulted in the identification and validation of the genes for cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway. In total, we have identified 11,421 putative genes encoding 1,554 enzymes from 145 biosynthetic pathways. Interestingly, we have identified all the upstream genes of the central precursor of cannabinoid biosynthesis, cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), including its two first intermediates, stilbene acid (SA) and geranyl diphosphate (GPP). Expression of all these genes was validated using quantitative real-time PCR. We have characterized the protein structure of stilbene synthase (STS), which is considered as a homolog of olivetolic acid in R. marginata. Moreover, the metabolomics approach enabled us to identify CBGA-analogous compounds using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Transcriptomic analysis revealed 1085 transcription factors (TF) from 39 families. Comparative analysis showed that six TF families have been uniquely predicted in R. marginata. In addition, the bioinformatics analysis predicted a large number of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Our results collectively provide mechanistic insights into the putative precursor genes for the biosynthesis of cannabinoid-like compounds and a novel transcriptomic resource for R. marginata. The large-scale transcriptomic resource generated in this study would further serve as a reference transcriptome to explore the Radulaceae family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tajammul Hussain
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tajammul Hussain
| | - Blue Plunkett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mahwish Ejaz
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard V. Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
- Oliver Kayser
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu Y, Bai J, Chen C, Plotto A, Yu Q, Baldwin EA, Gmitter FG. Identification of QTLs controlling aroma volatiles using a 'Fortune' x 'Murcott' (Citrus reticulata) population. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:646. [PMID: 28830354 PMCID: PMC5568196 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavor is an important attribute of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), but flavor improvement via conventional breeding is very challenging largely due to the complexity of the flavor components and traits. Many aroma associated volatiles of citrus fruit have been identified, which are directly related to flavor, but knowledge of genetic linkages and relevant genes for these volatiles, along with applicable markers potentially for expeditious and economical marker-assisted selection (MAS), is very limited. The objective of this project was to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with these volatile traits. RESULT Aroma volatiles were investigated in two mandarin parents ('Fortune' and 'Murcott') and their 116 F1 progeny using gas chromatography mass spectrometry in 2012 and 2013. A total of 148 volatiles were detected, including one acid, 12 alcohols, 20 aldehydes, 14 esters, one furan, three aromatic hydrocarbons, 16 ketones, one phenol, 27 sesquiterpenes, 15 monoterpenes, and 38 unknowns. A total of 206 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified for 94 volatile compounds using genotyping data generated from a 1536-SNP Illumina GoldenGate assay. In detail, 25 of the QTLs were consistent over more than two harvest times. Forty-one QTLs were identified for 17 aroma active compounds that included 18 sesquiterpenes and were mapped onto four genomic regions. Fifty QTLs were for 14 monoterpenes and mapped onto five genomic regions. Candidate genes for some QTLs were also identified. A QTL interval for monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes on linkage group 2 contained four genes: geranyl diphosphate synthase 1, terpene synthase 3, terpene synthase 4, and terpene synthase 14. CONCLUSIONS Some fruit aroma QTLs were identified and the candidate genes in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway were found within the QTL intervals. These QTLs could lead to an efficient and feasible MAS approach to mandarin flavor improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Jinhe Bai
- Horticultural Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Chunxian Chen
- Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Byron, GA, 31008, USA
| | - Anne Plotto
- Horticultural Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Qibin Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | | | - Frederick G Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jardine KJ, Jardine AB, Holm JA, Lombardozzi DL, Negron-Juarez RI, Martin ST, Beller HR, Gimenez BO, Higuchi N, Chambers JQ. Monoterpene 'thermometer' of tropical forest-atmosphere response to climate warming. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:441-452. [PMID: 27943309 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests absorb large amounts of atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis but elevated temperatures suppress this absorption and promote monoterpene emissions. Using 13 CO2 labeling, here we show that monoterpene emissions from tropical leaves derive from recent photosynthesis and demonstrate distinct temperature optima for five groups (Groups 1-5), potentially corresponding to different enzymatic temperature-dependent reaction mechanisms within β-ocimene synthases. As diurnal and seasonal leaf temperatures increased during the Amazonian 2015 El Niño event, leaf and landscape monoterpene emissions showed strong linear enrichments of β-ocimenes (+4.4% °C-1 ) at the expense of other monoterpene isomers. The observed inverse temperature response of α-pinene (-0.8% °C-1 ), typically assumed to be the dominant monoterpene with moderate reactivity, was not accurately simulated by current global emission models. Given that β-ocimenes are highly reactive with respect to both atmospheric and biological oxidants, the results suggest that highly reactive β-ocimenes may play important roles in the thermotolerance of photosynthesis by functioning as effective antioxidants within plants and as efficient atmospheric precursors of secondary organic aerosols. Thus, monoterpene composition may represent a new sensitive 'thermometer' of leaf oxidative stress and atmospheric reactivity, and therefore a new tool in future studies of warming impacts on tropical biosphere-atmosphere carbon-cycle feedbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kolby J Jardine
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Angela B Jardine
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), 69060-001, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jennifer A Holm
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Danica L Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, 80307, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robinson I Negron-Juarez
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Scot T Martin
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Harry R Beller
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94068, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Bruno O Gimenez
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), 69060-001, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Niro Higuchi
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), 69060-001, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Q Chambers
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Geography, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao G, Yao Y, Chen W, Cao X. Comparison and analysis of the genomes of two Aspergillus oryzae strains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7805-7809. [PMID: 23889147 DOI: 10.1021/jf400080g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A. oryzae 3.042 (China) and A. oryzae RIB40 (Japan) used for soy sauce fermentation show some regional differences. We sequenced the genome of A. oryzae 3.042 and compared it to A. oryzae RIB40 in an attempt to understand why different features are shown by these two A. oryzae strains. We predict 11,399 protein-coding genes in A. oryzae 3.042. The genomes of these two A. oryzae strains are collinear revealed by MUMmer analysis, indicating that the differences are not obvious between them. Several strain-specific genes of two strains are identified by genome sequences' comparison, and they are classified into some groups, which have the relationship with cell growth, cellular response and regulation, resistance, energy metabolism, salt tolerance, and flavor formation. A. oryzae 3.042 showed stronger potential for mycelial growth and environmental stress resistance, such as the genes of chitinase and quinone reductase. Some genes unique to A. oryzae RIB40 were related to energy metabolism and salt tolerance, especially genes for Na(+) and K(+) transport, while others were associated with signal transduction and flavor formation. The genome sequence of A. oryzae 3.042 will facilitate the identification of the genetic basis of traits in A. oryzae 3.042, and accelerate our understanding of the different genetic traits of the two A. oryzae strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Isoprenoid Biosynthetic Pathway and Statins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415922-8.00012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
17
|
Vandermoten S, Haubruge E, Cusson M. New insights into short-chain prenyltransferases: structural features, evolutionary history and potential for selective inhibition. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3685-95. [PMID: 19633972 PMCID: PMC11115643 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids form an extensive group of natural products involved in a number of important biological processes. Their biosynthesis proceeds through sequential 1'-4 condensations of isopentenyl diphosphate (C5) with an allylic acceptor, the first of which is dimethylallyl diphosphate (C5). The reactions leading to the production of geranyl diphosphate (C10), farnesyl diphosphate (C15) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (C20), which are the precursors of mono-, sesqui- and diterpenes, respectively, are catalyzed by a group of highly conserved enzymes known as short-chain isoprenyl diphosphate synthases, or prenyltransferases. In recent years, the sequences of many new prenyltransferases have become available, including those of several plant and animal geranyl diphosphate synthases, revealing novel mechanisms of product chain-length selectivity and an intricate evolutionary path from a putative common ancestor. Finally, there is considerable interest in designing inhibitors specific to short-chain prenyltransferases, for the purpose of developing new drugs or pesticides that target the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vandermoten
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agricultural University, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Orlova I, Nagegowda DA, Kish CM, Gutensohn M, Maeda H, Varbanova M, Fridman E, Yamaguchi S, Hanada A, Kamiya Y, Krichevsky A, Citovsky V, Pichersky E, Dudareva N. The small subunit of snapdragon geranyl diphosphate synthase modifies the chain length specificity of tobacco geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in planta. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:4002-17. [PMID: 20028839 PMCID: PMC2814502 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.071282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Geranyl diphosphate (GPP), the precursor of many monoterpene end products, is synthesized in plastids by a condensation of dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) in a reaction catalyzed by homodimeric or heterodimeric GPP synthase (GPPS). In the heterodimeric enzymes, a noncatalytic small subunit (GPPS.SSU) determines the product specificity of the catalytic large subunit, which may be either an active geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) or an inactive GGPPS-like protein. Here, we show that expression of snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) GPPS.SSU in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants increased the total GPPS activity and monoterpene emission from leaves and flowers, indicating that the introduced catalytically inactive GPPS.SSU found endogenous large subunit partner(s) and formed an active snapdragon/tobacco GPPS in planta. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and in vitro enzyme analysis of individual and hybrid proteins revealed that two of four GGPPS-like candidates from tobacco EST databases encode bona fide GGPPS that can interact with snapdragon GPPS.SSU and form a functional GPPS enzyme in plastids. The formation of chimeric GPPS in transgenic plants also resulted in leaf chlorosis, increased light sensitivity, and dwarfism due to decreased levels of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and gibberellins. In addition, these transgenic plants had reduced levels of sesquiterpene emission, suggesting that the export of isoprenoid intermediates from the plastids into the cytosol was decreased. These results provide genetic evidence that GPPS.SSU modifies the chain length specificity of phylogenetically distant GGPPS and can modulate IPP flux distribution between GPP and GGPP synthesis in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Orlova
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Dinesh A. Nagegowda
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Christine M. Kish
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Michael Gutensohn
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Marina Varbanova
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Eyal Fridman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | - Atsushi Hanada
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamiya
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan
| | - Alexander Krichevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schmidt A, Gershenzon J. Cloning and characterization of two different types of geranyl diphosphate synthases from Norway spruce (Picea abies). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:49-57. [PMID: 17673268 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Geranyl diphosphate (GPP), the universal precursor of monoterpenes, is formed from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate by the action of geranyl diphosphate synthase, one of the key branchpoint enzymes of terpene biosynthesis. Three types of GPP synthase can be distinguished in plants based on sequence similarity and subunit architecture, but until now individual species have been reported to contain only one of these types. Here we show that the conifer, Norway spruce (Picea abies), contains two different types of GPP synthase belonging to two separate groups of homodimeric proteins. One enzyme, designated PaIDS2 (P. abies isoprenyl diphosphate synthase 2), has high sequence similarity to other gymnosperm GPP synthases. It produces solely GPP in in vitro assays after expression in Escherichia coli and likely participates in monoterpene biosynthesis accompanying induced oleoresin formation, based on dramatic increases in transcript level after methyl jasmonate application. The other enzyme, designated PaIDS3, has highest similarity to the previously reported Arabidopsis thaliana GPP synthase and several other angiosperm sequences, and is not associated with induced oleoresin formation in Norway spruce. In vitro assay of this protein and one encoded by a similar gene sequence from Quercus robur gave substantial amounts of the larger prenyl diphosphates, FPP and GGPP, in addition to GPP. Hence these proteins may not be involved in monoterpene formation and could conceivably form products in addition to GPP in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Heide L. Enzymatic synthesis of labelled geraniol. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580291111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
21
|
Abstract
The isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway is the source of a wide array of products. The pathway has been highly conserved throughout evolution, and isoprenoids are some of the most ancient biomolecules ever identified, playing key roles in many life forms. In this review we focus on C-10 mono-, C-15 sesqui-, and C-20 diterpenes. Evidence for interconversion between the pathway intermediates farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and their respective metabolites is examined. The diverse functions of these molecules are discussed in detail, including their ability to regulate expression of the beta-HMG-CoA reductase and Ras-related proteins. Additional topics include the mechanisms underlying the apoptotic effects of select isoprenoids, antiulcer activities, and the disposition and degradation of isoprenoids in the environment. Finally, the significance of pharmacological manipulation of the isoprenoid pathway and clinical correlations are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Holstein
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sen SE, Sperry AE. Partial purification of a farnesyl diphosphate synthase from whole-body Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 32:889-899. [PMID: 12110296 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(01)00178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPP synthase) is a ubiquitous enzyme that is required for the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes, dolichols ubiquinones, and prenylated proteins in insects. We report on the partial purification and characterization of an FPP synthase, obtained from whole-body preparations of the lepidopteran insect, Manduca sexta. The larval enzyme was separated from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) isomerase, phosphatase, and GGPP synthase by preparative isoelectric focusing, and was further purified by DEAE Sepharose, hydroxyapatite, and size exclusion chromatography. Whole-body M. sexta FPP synthase has a native molecular weight of 60.5+/-3.5 kDa and consists of two subunits of 28.5+/-0.5 kDa. As seen with other prenyltransferases, the enzyme has an absolute requirement for divalent cation and both Mn(2+) and Mg(2+) stimulated activity, although the former was inhibitory at higher concentrations. Insect FPP synthase catalyzes the condensation of IPP (K(m)=2.9+/-1.2 microM) with both dimethylallyl diphosphate and geranyl diphosphate (K(m)=0.8+/-0.4 microM). The enzyme requires the presence of detergent, glycerol, and non-specific protein-protein interactions for stability and maximum catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University--Purdue University at Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Burke C, Croteau R. Interaction with the small subunit of geranyl diphosphate synthase modifies the chain length specificity of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase to produce geranyl diphosphate. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:3141-9. [PMID: 11733504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105900200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Geranyl diphosphate synthase belongs to a subgroup of prenyltransferases, including farnesyl diphosphate synthase and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, that catalyzes the specific formation, from C(5) units, of the respective C(10), C(15), and C(20) precursors of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes. Unlike farnesyl diphosphate synthase and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, which are homodimers, geranyl diphosphate synthase from Mentha is a heterotetramer in which the large subunit shares functional motifs and a high level of amino acid sequence identity (56-75%) with geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases of plant origin. The small subunit, however, shares little sequence identity with other isoprenyl diphosphate synthases; yet it is absolutely required for geranyl diphosphate synthase catalysis. Coexpression in Escherichia coli of the Mentha geranyl diphosphate synthase small subunit with the phylogenetically distant geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases from Taxus canadensis and Abies grandis yielded a functional hybrid heterodimer that generated geranyl diphosphate as product in each case. These results indicate that the geranyl diphosphate synthase small subunit is capable of modifying the chain length specificity of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (but not, apparently, farnesyl diphosphate synthase) to favor the production of C(10) chains. Comparison of the kinetic behavior of the parent prenyltransferases with that of the hybrid enzyme revealed that the hybrid possesses characteristics of both geranyl diphosphate synthase and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Burke
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Program in Plant Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tholl D, Croteau R, Gershenzon J. Partial Purification and Characterization of the Short-Chain Prenyltransferases, Geranyl Diphosphate Synthase and Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase, from Abies grandis (Grand Fir). Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 386:233-42. [PMID: 11368347 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the conifer Abies grandis (grand fir), a secreted oleoresin rich in mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes serves as a constitutive and induced defense against insects and pathogenic fungi. Geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase, two enzymes which form the principal precursors of the oleoresin mono- and sesquiterpenes, were isolated from the stems of 2-year-old grand fir saplings. These enzymes were partially purified by sequential chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose, Mono-Q, and phenyl-Sepharose to remove competing phosphohydrolase and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) isomerase activities. GPP and FPP synthase formed GPP and E,E-FPP, respectively, as the sole products of the enzymatic condensation of IPP and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). The properties of both enzymes are broadly similar to those of other prenyltransferases. The apparent native molecular masses are 54 +/- 3 kDa for GPP synthase and 110 +/- 6 kDa fo
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Tholl
- Max-Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Corsino J, de Carvalho PR, Kato MJ, Latorre LR, Oliveira OM, Araújo AR, Bolzani VD, França SC, Pereira AM, Furlan M. Biosynthesis of friedelane and quinonemethide triterpenoids is compartmentalized in Maytenus aquifolium and Salacia campestris. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2000; 55:741-748. [PMID: 11190390 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Maytenus aquifolium (Celastraceae) and Salacia campestris (Hippocrateaceae) species accumulate friedelane and quinonemethide triterpenoids in their leaves and root bark, respectively. Enzymatic extracts obtained from leaves displayed cyclase activity with conversion of the substrate oxidosqualene to the triterpenes, 3beta-friedelanol and friedelin. In addition, administration of (+/-)5-(3)H mevalonolactone in leaves of M. aquifolium seedlings produced radio labelled friedelin in the leaves, twigs and stems, while the root bark accumulated labelled maytenin and pristimerin. These experiments indicated that the triterpenes once biosynthesized in the leaves are translocated to the root bark and further transformed to the antitumoral quinonemethide triterpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Corsino
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bouvier F, Suire C, d'Harlingue A, Backhaus RA, Camara B. Molecular cloning of geranyl diphosphate synthase and compartmentation of monoterpene synthesis in plant cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 24:241-52. [PMID: 11069698 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The nature of isoprenoids synthesized in plants is primarily determined by the specificity of prenyltransferases. Several of these enzymes have been characterized at the molecular level. The compartmentation and molecular regulation of geranyl diphosphate (GPP), the carbon skeleton that is the backbone of myriad monoterpene constituents involved in plant defence, allelopathic interactions and pollination, is poorly understood. We describe here the cloning and functional expression of a GPP synthase (GPPS) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Immunohistological analyses of diverse non-secretory and secretory plant tissues reveal that GPPS and its congeners, monoterpene synthase, deoxy-xylulose phosphate synthase and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, are equally compartmentalized and distributed in non-green plastids as well in chloroplasts of photosynthetic cells. This argues that monoterpene synthesis is not solely restricted to specialized secretory structures but can also occur in photosynthetic parenchyma. These data provide new information as to how monoterpene biosynthesis is compartmentalized and induced de novo in response to biotic and abiotic stress in diverse plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Bouvier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Louis Pasteur, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Adam MS, Issa AA. Effect of manganese and calcium deficiency on the growth and oxygen exchange of Scenedesmus intermedius cultured for successive generations. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2000; 45:353-8. [PMID: 11347260 DOI: 10.1007/bf02817561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The green alga Scenedesmus intermedius was grown in synchronous culture under manganese or calcium deficiency for six successive generations. The growth rate, pigment and protein contents gradually decreased in comparison with the control. In Mn-deficient cells, the rate of oxygen evolution was sharply decreased. This inhibition was restored to normal in less than 1 h (40-60 min) by adding Mn salt to the suspension medium. In Ca-deficient cells, the inhibition of photosynthesis appears to be irreversible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Adam
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
McConkey ME, Gershenzon J, Croteau RB. Developmental regulation of monoterpene biosynthesis in the glandular trichomes of peppermint. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 122:215-24. [PMID: 10631265 PMCID: PMC58860 DOI: 10.1104/pp.122.1.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/1999] [Accepted: 09/23/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpene production in peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) glandular trichomes is determined by the rate of biosynthesis, as determined by (14)CO(2) incorporation, and is restricted to leaves 12 to 20 d of age. Using oil glands isolated from peppermint leaves of different ages, in vitro assay of the eight sequential enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the principal monoterpene (-)-menthol indicated that all but one biosynthetic enzyme had a very similar developmental profile. Activities were highest in leaves 12 to 20 d of age, with a sharp peak centered at 15 d. The exception, (-)-menthone reductase, the last enzyme of the pathway, exhibited a later peak of activity, which was centered at approximately 21 d. The correlation between in vitro enzyme activity and the rate of biosynthesis measured in vivo suggests that monoterpene formation is controlled mainly by the coordinately regulated activity of the relevant biosynthetic enzymes. Developmental immunoblotting of limonene synthase, which catalyzes the committed step of the pathway, demonstrated a direct correlation between enzyme activity and enzyme protein, suggesting that the dynamic time course for the remaining pathway enzyme activities also reflects the corresponding protein levels. RNA-blot analyses indicated that the genes encoding enzymes of the early pathway steps are transcriptionally activated in a coordinated fashion, with a time course superimpossible with activity measurements and immunoblot data. These results demonstrating coincidental temporal changes in enzyme activities, enzyme protein level, and steady-state transcript abundances indicate that most of the monoterpene biosynthetic enzymes in peppermint are developmentally regulated at the level of gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E McConkey
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Burke CC, Wildung MR, Croteau R. Geranyl diphosphate synthase: cloning, expression, and characterization of this prenyltransferase as a heterodimer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:13062-7. [PMID: 10557273 PMCID: PMC23900 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Geranyl diphosphate synthase, which catalyzes the condensation of dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate to geranyl diphosphate, the key precursor of monoterpene biosynthesis, was purified from isolated oil glands of spearmint. Peptide fragments generated from the pure proteins of 28 and 37 kDa revealed amino acid sequences that matched two cDNA clones obtained by random screening of a peppermint-oil gland cDNA library. The deduced sequences of both proteins showed some similarity to existing prenyltransferases, and both contained a plastid-targeting sequence. Expression of each cDNA individually yielded no detectable prenyltransferase activity; however, coexpression of the two together produced functional geranyl diphosphate synthase. Antibodies raised against each protein were used to demonstrate that both subunits were required to produce catalytically active native and recombinant enzymes, thus confirming that geranyl diphosphate synthase is a heterodimer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Burke
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Loza-Tavera H. Monoterpenes in essential oils. Biosynthesis and properties. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 464:49-62. [PMID: 10335385 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4729-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenes are compounds found in the essential oils extracted from many plants, including fruits, vegetables, spices and herbs. These compounds contribute to the flavor and aroma of plant from which they are extracted. Monoterpenes are acyclic, monocyclic, or bicyclic C30 compounds synthesized by monoterpene synthases using geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) as substrate. GPP is also the precursor in the synthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), two important compounds in cell metabolism of animals, plants and yeast. Monoterpene cyclases produce cyclic monoterpenes through a multistep mechanism involving a universal intermediate, a terpinyl cation which can be transformed to several compounds. Experimental studies, using animal cancer models, have demonstrated that some monoterpenes possess anticarcinogenic properties, acting at different cellular and molecular levels. From these discoveries it seems clear that monoterpenes could be considered as effective, nontoxic dietary antitumorigenic agents that hold promise as a novel class of anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Loza-Tavera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Haudenschild CD, Croteau RB. Molecular engineering of monoterpene production. GENETIC ENGINEERING 1998; 20:267-80. [PMID: 9666564 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1739-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C D Haudenschild
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kyozo Ogura
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Science, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Secondary Plant Substances: Monoterpenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-80446-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
35
|
Sommer S, Severin K, Camara B, Heide L. Intracellular localization of geranylpyrophosphate synthase from cell cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1995. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(94)00684-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
|
36
|
Blanchard L, Karst F. Characterization of a lysine-to-glutamic acid mutation in a conservative sequence of farnesyl diphosphate synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene X 1993; 125:185-9. [PMID: 8096487 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutant gene erg20-2 was isolated from a yeast strain defective in farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS). This strain had the unusual property of excreting prenyl alcohols such as geraniol. The nucleotide (nt) sequence, compared with that of the wild-type gene, showed a single nt change, resulting in a Lys197-->Glu substitution in FPPS which is directly involved in terpenic alcohol formation. In addition, disruption of ERG20 revealed that in yeast no other prenyl transferase is able to synthesize the FPP molecules required for essential non-sterol metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Blanchard
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique des Microorganismes, Université de Poitiers, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gershenzon J, McCaskill D, Rajaonarivony JI, Mihaliak C, Karp F, Croteau R. Isolation of secretory cells from plant glandular trichomes and their use in biosynthetic studies of monoterpenes and other gland products. Anal Biochem 1992; 200:130-8. [PMID: 1595887 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(92)90288-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The natural products that accumulate in or exude from plant glandular trichomes are biosynthesized by secretory cells located at the apex of the trichome. To investigate the formation of glandular trichome constituents in several species of mints (Lamiaceae), a new procedure was developed for isolating large numbers of highly purified secretory cells. In this method, the leaf surface is gently abraded with glass beads in a way that fragments the glandular trichomes and yields clusters of intact secretory cells. The isolated, intact secretory cells and cell-free preparations derived from them are very active in monoterpene biosynthesis and provide useful starting materials for the purification of several key enzymes of monoterpene metabolism. The procedure described is adaptable to a broad range of plant species and should find wide application in the preparation of whole cell and cell-free systems for biosynthetic studies of plant natural products found in glandular trichomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gershenzon
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Alonso WR, Croteau R. Purification and characterization of the monoterpene cyclase gamma-terpinene synthase from Thymus vulgaris. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 286:511-7. [PMID: 1897973 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90073-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The monoterpene cyclase, gamma-terpinene synthase, from Thymus vulgaris (thyme) leaves was purified to apparent homogeneity by isoelectric focusing and dye-ligand, anion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and gel permeation chromatography. The enzyme has a native molecular weight of 96,000 as determined by gel permeation chromatography, and exhibited a specific activity of 538 nmol/h.mg protein (turnover number of approximately 0.01/s). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the enzyme to be composed of two apparently identical subunits of Mr approximately 55,000. The protein was very hydrophobic, and possessed a pI value of 4.85 as determined by isoelectric focusing. Maximum activity was observed at pH 6.8 in the presence of 20 mM Mg2+; 5 mM Mn2+ could support catalysis, albeit at a much lower rate. The Km value for the substrate, geranyl pyrophosphate, was 2.6 microM. Cyclase activity was inhibited by cysteine- and histidine-directed reagents. Purified gamma-terpinene synthase also possessed the ability to cyclize geranyl pyrophosphate to small amounts of alpha-thujene and to lesser quantities of myrcene, alpha-terpinene, limonene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, and alpha-terpineol, all of which appear to be coproducts of the reaction sequence leading to gamma-terpinene. In general properties, the gamma-terpinene synthase from thyme leaves resembles other monoterpene cyclases as well as sesquiterpene and diterpene cyclases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W R Alonso
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lanznaster N, Croteau R. Dye-ligand and immobilized metal ion interaction chromatography for the purification of enzymes of prenyl pyrophosphate metabolism. Protein Expr Purif 1991; 2:69-74. [PMID: 1821775 DOI: 10.1016/1046-5928(91)90013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dye-ligand and immobilized metal ion interaction chromatography were shown to be efficient techniques for the rapid batchwise fractionation, from crude plant extracts, of a series of enzymes of prenyl pyrophosphate metabolism. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, two prenyltransferases, and a number of terpene cyclases (synthases) were readily adsorbed to Matrex Gel Red A (a dimeric triazine dye coupled to cross-linked agarose beads), and desorbed in good yield with relatively high concentrations of KCl and increasing pH. Although all of these enzymes exhibit the common feature of employing a pyrophosphorylated substrate, selective elution could not be achieved with substrate or substrate analogues bearing a pyrophosphate function. Nor could the strong binding of these enzymes to triazine dyes be attributed solely to metal ion interactions or to hydrophobic effects. In a similar way, the isomerase, the prenyltransferases, and all of the terpene cyclases bound to a column of iminodiacetate-immobilized Ni(II) and were desorbed in relatively high fold purity with 15 mM imidazole. Although all of these enzymes bear accessible histidine residues, the interactions with the chelated metal ion were not sufficiently different to permit selective enzyme desorbtion by imidazole gradient elution. However, the use of columns charged with Zn(II) or Co(II) did allow some separation of the different cyclase and transferase types. While empirical in nature, these techniques offer simple, effective, and high-capacity methods for the preliminary concentration and purification of a group of enzymes that utilize prenyl pyrophosphate intermediates of isoprenoid biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Lanznaster
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Munck SL, Croteau R. Purification and characterization of the sesquiterpene cyclase patchoulol synthase from Pogostemon cablin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990; 282:58-64. [PMID: 2171435 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(90)90086-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The sesquiterpene cyclase, patchoulol synthase, from Pogostemon cablin (patchouli) leaves was purified to apparent homogeneity by chromatofocusing, anion exchange, gel permeation, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The enzyme showed a maximum specific activity of about 20 nmol/min/mg protein, and a native molecular weight of 80,000 as determined by gel permeation chromatography. The protein was very hydrophobic, as judged by chromatographic behavior on several matrices, and possessed a pI value of about 5.0, as determined by isoelectric and chromatofocusing. SDS-PAGE showed the enzyme to be composed of two apparently identical subunits of Mr approximately 40,000. Maximum activity was observed at pH 6.7 in the presence of Mg2+ (Km approximately 1.7 mM); other divalent metal ions were ineffective in promoting catalysis. The Km value for the substrate, farnesyl pyrophosphate, was 6.8 microM. Patchoulol synthase copurified with the ability to transform farnesyl pyrophosphate to cyclic olefins (alpha- and beta-patchoulene, alpha-bulnesene, and alpha-guiaene) and this observation, plus evidence based on differential inhibition and inactivation studies, suggested that these structurally related products are synthesized by the same cyclase enzyme. In general properties, the patchoulol synthase from patchouli leaves resembles fungal sesquiterpene olefin cyclases except for the ability to synthesize multiple products, a property more typical of monoterpene cyclases of higher plant origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Munck
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chambon C, Ladeveze V, Oulmouden A, Servouse M, Karst F. Isolation and properties of yeast mutants affected in farnesyl diphosphate synthetase. Curr Genet 1990; 18:41-6. [PMID: 2245473 DOI: 10.1007/bf00321113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two yeast mutant strains auxotrophic for ergosterol and blocked in farnesyl diphosphate synthetase (EC 2.5.1.1) were isolated. Genetic analysis has shown that these mutant strains carry additional mutations in the ergosterol pathway besides erg20-1 and erg20-2 which affect FPP synthetase. The novel feature of these mutants is their ability to excrete prenyl alcohols (farnesol and geraniol). As geraniol is toxic for yeast cells, the above leaky mutations in FPP synthetase have to be associated with others in the sterol pathway, in order to slow down geraniol synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Chambon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique des Microorganismes, Université de Poitiers, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|