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Xu H, Goldfuss B, Schnakenburg G, Dickschat JS. The enzyme mechanism of patchoulol synthase. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:13-24. [PMID: 35047079 PMCID: PMC8744462 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different mechanisms for the cyclisation of farnesyl pyrophosphate to patchoulol by the patchoulol synthase are discussed in the literature. They are based on isotopic labelling experiments, but the results from these experiments are contradictory. The present work reports on a reinvestigation of patchoulol biosynthesis by isotopic labelling experiments and computational chemistry. The results are in favour of a pathway through the neutral intermediates germacrene A and α-bulnesene that are both reactivated by protonation for further cyclisation steps, while previously discussed intra- and intermolecular hydrogen transfers are not supported. Furthermore, the isolation of the new natural product (2S,3S,7S,10R)-guaia-1,11-dien-10-ol from patchouli oil is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhou L, Tang K, Xu M, Miao Z. Matching is the Key Factor to Improve the Production of Patchoulol in the Plant Chassis of Marchantia paleacea. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:33028-33038. [PMID: 33403264 PMCID: PMC7774073 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The valuable terpenoids, such as artemisinin acid, have achieved bioproduction in the chassis of microbes recently. In this study, Marchantia paleacea L, a promising plant synthetic biology chassis, was used to explore the possibility of patchoulol production by constructing a synthetic biology pathway composed of FPS and PTS. The experiment results show that the maximum yields based on the cytoplasm and plastid pathway were 621.56 and 1006.45 μg/g, respectively. However, there is no statistically significant difference in the yield of patchoulol between transformant plants with different subcellular compartment-targeting pathways. However, it was found that the highest yield of patchoulol was achieved in transformant plants with similar transcription levels of FPS and PTS. Also, the optimized transcription ratio between PTS and FPS is determined at 1.12 based on statistical analysis and model simulation. Therefore, two kinds of new optimized pathway vectors were constructed. One is based on the fusion protein method, and the other is based on protein expression individually, in which the same promoter and terminator were used to derive the expression of both FPS and PTS. The effect of pathway optimization was tested by transient and stable transformation. The production of patchoulol in transient transformation was the same for the two abovementioned kinds of matching pathway and higher than that for the original pathway. Also, in stable transformation, the yield of patchoulol reached up to 3250.30 μg/g, being three times the maximum content before optimization. It is suggested that M. paleacea is a powerful plant chassis for terpenoid synthetic biology and the matching between enzymes may be the key factor in determining the metabolic flux of the pathway in the study of synthetic biology.
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Ekramzadeh K, Brämer C, Frister T, Fohrer J, Kirschning A, Scheper T, Beutel S. Optimization of factors influencing enzyme activity and product selectivity and the role of proton transfer in the catalytic mechanism of patchoulol synthase. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2935. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jörg Fohrer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Hanover Germany
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4
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Brämer C, Ekramzadeh K, Lammers F, Scheper T, Beutel S. Optimization of continuous purification of recombinant patchoulol synthase fromEscherichia coliwith membrane adsorbers. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2812. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Brämer
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kimia Ekramzadeh
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Lammers
- Sanofi‐Aventis Deutschland GmbH Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Patchoulol Production with Metabolically Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040219. [PMID: 29673223 PMCID: PMC5924561 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patchoulol is a sesquiterpene alcohol and an important natural product for the perfume industry. Corynebacterium glutamicum is the prominent host for the fermentative production of amino acids with an average annual production volume of ~6 million tons. Due to its robustness and well established large-scale fermentation, C. glutamicum has been engineered for the production of a number of value-added compounds including terpenoids. Both C40 and C50 carotenoids, including the industrially relevant astaxanthin, and short-chain terpenes such as the sesquiterpene valencene can be produced with this organism. In this study, systematic metabolic engineering enabled construction of a patchoulol producing C. glutamicum strain by applying the following strategies: (i) construction of a farnesyl pyrophosphate-producing platform strain by combining genomic deletions with heterologous expression of ispA from Escherichia coli; (ii) prevention of carotenoid-like byproduct formation; (iii) overproduction of limiting enzymes from the 2-c-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP)-pathway to increase precursor supply; and (iv) heterologous expression of the plant patchoulol synthase gene PcPS from Pogostemon cablin. Additionally, a proof of principle liter-scale fermentation with a two-phase organic overlay-culture medium system for terpenoid capture was performed. To the best of our knowledge, the patchoulol titers demonstrated here are the highest reported to date with up to 60 mg L−1 and volumetric productivities of up to 18 mg L−1 d−1.
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Sun W, Wang S, Zhao W, Wu C, Guo S, Gao H, Tao H, Lu J, Wang Y, Chen X. Chemical constituents and biological research on plants in the genus Curcuma. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:1451-1523. [PMID: 27229295 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1176554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Curcuma, a valuable genus in the family Zingiberaceae, includes approximately 110 species. These plants are native to Southeast Asia and are extensively cultivated in India, China, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Peru, Australia, and the West Indies. The plants have long been used in folk medicine to treat stomach ailments, stimulate digestion, and protect the digestive organs, including the intestines, stomach, and liver. In recent years, substantial progress has been achieved in investigations regarding the chemical and pharmacological properties, as well as in clinical trials of certain Curcuma species. This review comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge on the chemistry and briefly discusses the biological activities of Curcuma species. A total of 720 compounds, including 102 diphenylalkanoids, 19 phenylpropene derivatives, 529 terpenoids, 15 flavonoids, 7 steroids, 3 alkaloids, and 44 compounds of other types isolated or identified from 32 species, have been phytochemically investigated. The biological activities of plant extracts and pure compounds are classified into 15 groups in detail, with emphasis on anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sun
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Sheng Wang
- b State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Chuanhong Wu
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Shuhui Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Hongxun Tao
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Jinjian Lu
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Yitao Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
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Manczak T, Simonsen HT. Insight into Biochemical Characterization of Plant Sesquiterpene Synthases. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2016; 11:1-7. [PMID: 27721652 PMCID: PMC5045046 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s40292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fast and reproducible protocol was established for enzymatic characterization of plant sesquiterpene synthases that can incorporate radioactivity in their products. The method utilizes the 96-well format in conjunction with cluster tubes and enables processing of >200 samples a day. Along with reduced reagent usage, it allows further reduction in the use of radioactive isotopes and flammable organic solvents. The sesquiterpene synthases previously characterized were expressed in yeast, and the plant-derived Thapsia garganica kunzeaol synthase TgTPS2 was tested in this method. KM for TgTPS2 was found to be 0.55 μM; the turnover number, kcat, was found to be 0.29 s−1, kcat for TgTPS2 is in agreement with that of terpene synthases of other plants, and kcat/KM was found to be 0.53 s−1 μM−1 for TgTPS2. The kinetic parameters were in agreement with previously published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Manczak
- Department of Plants and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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8
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Shinde SS, Navale GR, Said MS, Thulasiram HV. Stereoselective quenching of cedryl carbocation in epicedrol biosynthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Gruchattka E, Kayser O. In Vivo Validation of In Silico Predicted Metabolic Engineering Strategies in Yeast: Disruption of α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase and Expression of ATP-Citrate Lyase for Terpenoid Production. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144981. [PMID: 26701782 PMCID: PMC4689373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Engineering of the central carbon metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to redirect metabolic flux towards cytosolic acetyl-CoA has become a central topic in yeast biotechnology. A cell factory with increased flux into acetyl-CoA can be used for heterologous production of terpenoids for pharmaceuticals, biofuels, fragrances, or other acetyl-CoA derived compounds. In a previous study, we identified promising metabolic engineering targets in S. cerevisiae using an in silico stoichiometric metabolic network analysis. Here, we validate selected in silico strategies in vivo. Results Patchoulol was produced by yeast via a heterologous patchoulol synthase of Pogostemon cablin. To increase the metabolic flux from acetyl-CoA towards patchoulol, a truncated HMG-CoA reductase was overexpressed and farnesyl diphosphate synthase was fused with patchoulol synthase. The highest increase in production could be achieved by modifying the carbon source; sesquiterpenoid titer increased from glucose to ethanol by a factor of 8.4. Two strategies predicted in silico were chosen for validation in this work. Disruption of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase gene (KGD1) was predicted to redirect the metabolic flux via the pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass towards acetyl-CoA. The metabolic flux was redirected as predicted, however, the effect was dependent on cultivation conditions and the flux was interrupted at the level of acetate. High amounts of acetate were produced. As an alternative pathway to synthesize cytosolic acetyl-CoA, ATP-citrate lyase was expressed as a polycistronic construct, however, in vivo performance of the enzyme needs to be optimized to increase terpenoid production. Conclusions Stoichiometric metabolic network analysis can be used successfully as a metabolic prediction tool. However, this study highlights that kinetics, regulation and cultivation conditions may interfere, resulting in poor in vivo performance. Main sites of regulation need to be released and improved enzymes are essential to meet the required activities for an increased product formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evamaria Gruchattka
- Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Kersten R, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Noel JP. Mechanism-Based Post-Translational Modification and Inactivation in Terpene Synthases. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2501-11. [PMID: 26378620 PMCID: PMC4655415 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Terpenes are ubiquitous natural chemicals with diverse biological functions spanning all three domains of life. In specialized metabolism, the active sites of terpene synthases (TPSs) evolve in shape and reactivity to direct the biosynthesis of a myriad of chemotypes for organismal fitness. As most terpene biosynthesis mechanistically involves highly reactive carbocationic intermediates, the protein surfaces catalyzing these cascade reactions possess reactive regions possibly prone to premature carbocation capture and potentially enzyme inactivation. Here, we show using proteomic and X-ray crystallographic analyses that cationic intermediates undergo capture by conserved active site residues leading to inhibitory self-alkylation. Moreover, the level of cation-mediated inactivation increases with mutation of the active site, upon changes in the size and structure of isoprenoid diphosphate substrates, and alongside increases in reaction temperatures. TPSs that individually synthesize multiple products are less prone to self-alkylation then TPSs possessing relatively high product specificity. In total, the results presented suggest that mechanism-based alkylation represents an overlooked mechanistic pressure during the evolution of cation-derived terpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland
D. Kersten
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology
& Proteomics, The Salk Institute for
Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jolene K. Diedrich
- Department
of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Vincent
J. Coates Mass Spectrometry Center, The
Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - John R. Yates
- Department
of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Vincent
J. Coates Mass Spectrometry Center, The
Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Joseph P. Noel
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology
& Proteomics, The Salk Institute for
Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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11
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Yang L, Yang C, Li C, Zhao Q, Liu L, Fang X, Chen XY. Recent advances in biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015; 61:3-17. [PMID: 26844006 PMCID: PMC4722072 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plants synthesize and accumulate large amount of specialized (or secondary) metabolites also known as natural products, which provide a rich source for modern pharmacy. In China, plants have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. Recent development of molecular biology, genomics and functional genomics as well as high-throughput analytical chemical technologies has greatly promoted the research on medicinal plants. In this article, we review recent advances in the elucidation of biosynthesis of specialized metabolites in medicinal plants, including phenylpropanoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. These natural products may share a common upstream pathway to form a limited numbers of common precursors, but are characteristic in distinct modifications leading to highly variable structures. Although this review is focused on traditional Chinese medicine, other plants with a great medicinal interest or potential are also discussed. Understanding of their biosynthesis processes is critical for producing these highly value molecules at large scale and low cost in microbes and will benefit to not only human health but also plant resource conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China
| | - Changqing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chenyi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Qing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ling Liu
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China
| | - Xin Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China ; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Jin J, Kim MJ, Dhandapani S, Tjhang JG, Yin JL, Wong L, Sarojam R, Chua NH, Jang IC. The floral transcriptome of ylang ylang (Cananga odorata var. fruticosa) uncovers biosynthetic pathways for volatile organic compounds and a multifunctional and novel sesquiterpene synthase. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3959-75. [PMID: 25956881 PMCID: PMC4473991 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The pleasant fragrance of ylang ylang varieties (Cananga odorata) is mainly due to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the flowers. Floral scents are a key factor in plant-insect interactions and are vital for successful pollination. C. odorata var. fruticosa, or dwarf ylang ylang, is a variety of ylang ylang that is popularly grown in Southeast Asia as a small shrub with aromatic flowers. Here, we describe the combined use of bioinformatics and chemical analysis to discover genes for the VOC biosynthesis pathways and related genes. The scented flowers of C. odorata var. fruticosa were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and a total of 49 VOCs were identified at four different stages of flower development. The bulk of these VOCs were terpenes, mainly sesquiterpenes. To identify the various terpene synthases (TPSs) involved in the production of these essential oils, we performed RNA sequencing on mature flowers. From the RNA sequencing data, four full-length TPSs were functionally characterized. In vitro assays showed that two of these TPSs were mono-TPSs. CoTPS1 synthesized four products corresponding to β-thujene, sabinene, β-pinene, and α-terpinene from geranyl pyrophosphate and CoTPS4 produced geraniol from geranyl pyrophosphate. The other two TPSs were identified as sesqui-TPSs. CoTPS3 catalysed the conversion of farnesyl pyrophosphate to α-bergamotene, whereas CoTPS2 was found to be a multifunctional and novel TPS that could catalyse the synthesis of three sesquiterpenes, β-ylangene, β-copaene, and β-cubebene. Additionally, the activities of the two sesqui-TPSs were confirmed in planta by transient expression of these TPS genes in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves by Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604 School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117417
| | - Mi Jung Kim
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
| | - Savitha Dhandapani
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Jessica Gambino Tjhang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
| | - Jun-Lin Yin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
| | - Limsoon Wong
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117417
| | - Rajani Sarojam
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
| | - Nam-Hai Chua
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - In-Cheol Jang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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Frister T, Hartwig S, Alemdar S, Schnatz K, Thöns L, Scheper T, Beutel S. Characterisation of a Recombinant Patchoulol Synthase Variant for Biocatalytic Production of Terpenes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:2185-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Expression, purification and activity assay of a patchoulol synthase cDNA variant fused to thioredoxin in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 97:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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15
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Faraldos JA, Wu S, Chappell J, Coates RM. Doubly Deuterium-Labeled Patchouli Alcohol from Cyclization of Singly Labeled [2-2H1]Farnesyl Diphosphate Catalyzed by Recombinant Patchoulol Synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:2998-3008. [DOI: 10.1021/ja909251r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Faraldos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, and Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-00991
| | - Shuiqin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, and Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-00991
| | - Joe Chappell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, and Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-00991
| | - Robert M. Coates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, and Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-00991
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Faraldos JA, Wu S, Chappell J, Coates RM. Conformational Analysis of (+)-Germacrene A by Variable Temperature NMR and NOE Spectroscopy. Tetrahedron 2007; 63:7733-7742. [PMID: 20617157 PMCID: PMC2898143 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(+)-Germacrene A, an important intermediate in sesquiterpene biosynthesis, was isolated in pure form from a genetically engineered yeast and was characterized by chromatographic properties (TLC, GC), MS, optical rotation, UV, IR, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR data. Variable-temperature 500 MHz (1)H NMR spectra in CDCl(3) showed that this flexible cyclodecadiene ring exists as three NMR-distinguishable conformational isomers in a ratio of about 5:3:2 at or below ordinary probe temperature (25° C). The conformer structures were assigned by (1)H NMR data comparisons, NOE experiments, and vicinal couplings as follows: 1a (52%, UU), 1b (29% UD), and 1c (19%, DU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Faraldos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Tsai YC, Hsu HC, Yang WC, Tsai WJ, Chen CC, Watanabe T. α-Bulnesene, a PAF inhibitor isolated from the essential oil of Pogostemon cablin. Fitoterapia 2007; 78:7-11. [PMID: 17107759 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Steam distilled essential oil from the aerial parts of Pogostemon cablin was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forty one compounds were identified of which alpha-guaiene (20.62%) and alpha-bulnesene (16.18%) were major constituents. Furthermore, fractionation of the essential oil from P. cablin guided by inhibitory activity against PAF-induced platelet aggregation led to the isolation of the sesquiterpene, alpha-bulnesene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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18
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Jones CG, Ghisalberti EL, Plummer JA, Barbour EL. Quantitative co-occurrence of sesquiterpenes; a tool for elucidating their biosynthesis in Indian sandalwood, Santalum album. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2006; 67:2463-8. [PMID: 17045624 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A chemotaxonomic approach was used to investigate biosynthetic relationships between heartwood sesquiterpenes in Indian sandalwood, Santalum album L. Strong, linear relationships exist between four structural classes of sesquiterpenes; alpha- and beta-santalenes and bergamotene; gamma- and beta-curcumene; beta-bisabolene and alpha-bisabolol and four unidentified sesquiterpenes. All samples within the heartwood yielded the same co-occurrence patterns, however wood from young trees tended to be more variable. It is proposed that the biosynthesis of each structural class of sesquiterpene in sandalwood oil is linked through common carbocation intermediates. Lack of co-occurrence between each structural class suggests that four separate cyclase enzymes may be operative. The biosynthesis of sandalwood oil sesquiterpenes is discussed with respect to these co-occurrence patterns. Extractable oil yield was correlated to heartwood content of each wood core and the oil composition did not vary significantly throughout the tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Jones
- School of Plant Biology (M084), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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19
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Deguerry F, Pastore L, Wu S, Clark A, Chappell J, Schalk M. The diverse sesquiterpene profile of patchouli, Pogostemon cablin, is correlated with a limited number of sesquiterpene synthases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 454:123-36. [PMID: 16970904 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pogostemon cablin (patchouli), like many plants within the Lamiaceae, accumulates large amounts of essential oil. Patchouli oil is unique because it consists of over 24 different sesquiterpenes, rather than a blend of different mono-, sesqui- and di-terpene compounds. To determine if this complex mixture of sesquiterpenes arises from an equal number of unique sesquiterpene synthases, we developed a RT-PCR strategy to isolate and functionally characterize the respective patchouli oil synthase genes. Unexpectedly, only five terpene synthase cDNA genes were isolated. Four of the cDNAs encode for synthases catalyzing the biosynthesis of one major sesquiterpene, including a gamma-curcumene synthase, two germacrene D synthases, and a germacrene A synthase. The fifth cDNA encodes for a patchoulol synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of FPP to patchoulol plus at least 13 additional sesquiterpene products. Equally intriguing, the yield of the different in vitro reaction products resembles quantitatively and qualitatively the profile of sesquiterpenes found in patchouli oil extracted from plants, suggesting that a single terpene synthase is responsible for the bulk and diversity of terpene products produced in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Deguerry
- Firmenich SA, Biotechnology Department, Corporate R and D Division, P.O. Box 239, CH-1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland
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20
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Hsu HC, Yang WC, Tsai WJ, Chen CC, Huang HY, Tsai YC. α-Bulnesene, a novel PAF receptor antagonist isolated from Pogostemon cablin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:1033-8. [PMID: 16712790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-bulnesene is a sesquiterpenoid isolated from the water extract of Pogostemon cablin. It showed a potent and concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on platelet-activating factor (PAF) and arachidonic acid (AA) induced rabbit platelet aggregation. In a radioligand binding assay for the PAF receptor, alpha-bulnesene competitively inhibited [(3)H]PAF binding to the PAF receptor with an IC(50) value of 17.62+/-5.68microM. alpha-Bulnesene also dose-dependently inhibited PAF-induced intracellular Ca(2+) increase in fluo-3/AM-loaded platelets (IC(50) values of 19.62+/-1.32microM). Furthermore, alpha-bulnesene inhibited AA-induced thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) formation and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) formation. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of alpha-bulnesene on platelet aggregation was due to a dual activity; specifically the chemical blocked PAF-induced intracellular signal transduction and interfered with cyclooxygenase activity, which resulted in a decrease in thromboxane formation. This study is the first to demonstrate that alpha-bulnesene is a PAF receptor antagonist as well as an anti-platelet aggregation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Hsu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Felicetti B, Cane DE. Aristolochene Synthase: Mechanistic Analysis of Active Site Residues by Site-Directed Mutagenesis. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:7212-21. [PMID: 15186158 DOI: 10.1021/ja0499593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of farnesyl diphosphate (1) with Penicillium roqueforti aristolochene synthase yielded (+)-aristolochene (4), accompanied by minor quantities of the proposed intermediate (S)-(-)germacrene A (2) and the side-product (-)-valencene (5) in a 94:4:2 ratio. By contrast, the closely related aristolochene synthase from Aspergillus terreus cyclized farnesyl diphosphate only to (+)-aristolochene (4). Site-directed mutagenesis of amino acid residues in two highly conserved Mg(2+)-binding domains led in most cases to reductions in both k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) as well as increases in the proportion of (S)-(-)germacrene A (2), with the E252Q mutant of the P. roqueforti aristolochene synthase producing only (-)-2. The P. roqueforti D115N, N244L, and S248A/E252D mutants were inactive, as was the A. terreus mutant E227Q. The P. roqueforti mutant Y92F displayed a 100-fold reduction in k(cat) that was offset by a 50-fold decrease in K(m), resulting in a relatively minor 2-fold decrease in catalytic efficiency, k(cat)/K(m). The finding that Y92F produced (+)-aristolochene (4) as 81% of the product, accompanied by 7% 5 and 12% 2, rules out Tyr-92 as the active site Lewis acid that is responsible for protonation of the germacrene A intermediate in the formation of aristolochene (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Felicetti
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108, USA
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22
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Kohl AC, Kerr RG. Identification and characterization of the pseudopterosin diterpene cyclase, elisabethatriene synthase, from the marine gorgonian, Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 424:97-104. [PMID: 15019841 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2003] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pseudopterosins are diterpene glycosides isolated from the marine gorgonian, Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity greater than the industry standard, indomethacin. Previously, we isolated the pseudopterosin diterpene cyclase product, elisabethatriene, using a radioactivity-guided isolation. Identification of this metabolite, and the conversion of labeled geranylgeranyl diphosphate to elisabethatriene, provided us with an assay to guide the isolation of the enzyme responsible for this cyclization. The soluble protein preparation from P. elisabethae has been partially purified (approximately 15,000-fold) using a combination of low-resolution anion-exchange, low-resolution hydrophobic interaction, high-resolution hydroxyapatite, and high-resolution anion-exchange chromatography. The diterpene cyclase was identified by comparing the molecular weight from gel permeation chromatography (approximately 47,000Da) with those of protein bands from purified fractions using SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. Kinetic analysis and evaluation of amino acid inhibition studies indicated that the enzyme displays similar characteristics to other terpenoid cyclases isolated from terrestrial sources. This report represents the first purification and characterization of a terpene biosynthetic enzyme from a marine invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber C Kohl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center of Excellence in Biomedical and Marine Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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23
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Segura MJ, Meyer MM, Matsuda SP. Arabidopsis thaliana LUP1 converts oxidosqualene to multiple triterpene alcohols and a triterpene diol. Org Lett 2000; 2:2257-9. [PMID: 10930257 DOI: 10.1021/ol006016b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana LUP1 gene encodes an enzyme that converts oxidosqualene to pentacyclic triterpenes. Lupeol and beta-amyrin were previously reported as LUP1 products. Further investigation described here uncovered the additional products germanicol, taraxasterol, psi-taraxasterol, and 3,20-dihydroxylupane. These results suggest that the 80 known C(30)H(50)O compounds that are structurally consistent with being oxidosqualene cyclase products may be derived from fewer than 80 enzymes and that some C(30)H(52)O(2) compounds may be direct cyclization products of oxidosqualene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Segura
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, 6100 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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24
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Rising KA, Starks CM, Noel JP, Chappell J. Demonstration of Germacrene A as an Intermediate in 5-Epi-aristolochene Synthase Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja993584h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A. Rising
- Contribution from the Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, Structural Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Courtney M. Starks
- Contribution from the Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, Structural Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Joseph P. Noel
- Contribution from the Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, Structural Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Joseph Chappell
- Contribution from the Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, Structural Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
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25
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Cane DE, Ke N. Epicubenol synthase. Origin of the oxygen atom of a bacterial sesquiterpene alcohol. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:105-7. [PMID: 10673090 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of epicubenol synthase with farnesyl pyrophosphate in the presence of 11.1 atom% H2(18)O gave epicubenol (2) in which the hydroxyl oxygen atom was shown to be derived exclusively from water, as established by GC-selected ion monitoring MS of the derived TMS-epicubenol derivative (15).
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912-9108, USA.
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26
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Cyclization Enzymes in the Biosynthesis of Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, and Diterpenes. BIOSYNTHESIS 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-48146-x_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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27
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Abstract
A cDNA library was prepared from Artemisia annua, and a 129-bp fragment was amplified from this library using primers corresponding to sequences conserved in known dicot sesquiterpene synthases. A 1641-bp open reading frame that encoded a predicted protein 35-38% identical to dicot sesquiterpene synthases was cloned using this fragment as a hybridization probe. The gene product expressed in Escherichia coli cyclized farnesyl diphosphate to a 96:4 mixture of (-)8-epicedrol and cedrol. Neither cedrol epimer was detected by GC-MS in an A. annua extract prepared from the same specimen as the cDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
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28
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Bouwmeester HJ, Verstappen FW, Posthumus MA, Dicke M. Spider mite-induced (3S)-(E)-nerolidol synthase activity in cucumber and lima bean. The first dedicated step in acyclic C11-homoterpene biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 121:173-80. [PMID: 10482672 PMCID: PMC59365 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.1.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/1999] [Accepted: 05/21/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species respond to herbivory with de novo production of a mixture of volatiles that attracts carnivorous enemies of the herbivores. One of the major components in the blend of volatiles produced by many different plant species in response to herbivory by insects and spider mites is the homoterpene 4,8-dimethyl-1,3(E), 7-nonatriene. One study (J. Donath, W. Boland [1995] Phytochemistry 39: 785-790) demonstrated that a number of plant species can convert the acyclic sesquiterpene alcohol (3S)-(E)-nerolidol to this homoterpene. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) both produce 4,8-dimethyl-1,3(E),7-nonatriene in response to herbivory. We report the presence in cucumber and lima bean of a sesquiterpene synthase catalyzing the formation of (3S)-(E)-nerolidol from farnesyl diphosphate. The enzyme is inactive in uninfested cucumber leaves, slightly active in uninfested lima bean leaves, and strongly induced by feeding of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on both plant species, but not by mechanical wounding. The activities of the (3S)-(E)-nerolidol synthase correlated well with the levels of release of 4, 8-dimethyl-1,3(E),7-nonatriene from the leaves of the different treatments. Thus, (3S)-(E)-nerolidol synthase is a good candidate for a regulatory role in the release of the important signaling molecule 4,8-dimethyl-1,3(E),7-nonatriene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Bouwmeester
- Research Institute for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility, P.O. Box 14, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Lozoya-Gloria E. Biochemical and molecular tools for the production of useful terpene products from pepper (Capsicum annuum). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 464:63-76. [PMID: 10335386 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4729-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Among other natural products such as colorants and flavorants, natural fungicides like the pepper phytoalexin capsidiol, and the related biochemical pathways, may be used for practical approaches. Key enzymes such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A: reductase, the farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and and farnesyl pyrophosphate cyclases are known and some related genes have been isolated. However, specific enzymes for important and final modifications as methylation and others, are still to be studied. Construction of chimeric enzymes allowed already the synthesis of different products and the possibilities of designing new enzymes by gene manipulation to produce unknown and useful chemicals are open.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lozoya-Gloria
- Genetic Engineering Department, CINVESTAV-IPN/Irapuato Unit, Irapuato, Gto., México
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30
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Schmidt CO, Bouwmeester HJ, Bülow N, König WA. Isolation, characterization, and mechanistic studies of (-)-alpha-gurjunene synthase from Solidago canadensis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 364:167-77. [PMID: 10190971 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of the composite Solidago canadensis (goldenrod) were shown to contain (-)-alpha-gurjunene synthase activity. This sesquiterpene is likely to be the precursor for cyclocolorenone, a sesquiterpene ketone present in high amounts in S. canadensis leaves. (-)-alpha-Gurjunene synthase was purified to apparent homogeneity (741-fold) by anion-exchange chromatography (on several matrices), dye ligand chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and gel filtration. Chromatography on a gel filtration matrix indicated a native molecular mass of 48 kDa, and SDS-PAGE showed the enzyme to be composed of one subunit with a denatured mass of 60 kDa. Its maximum activity was observed at pH 7.8 in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+ and the KM value for the substrate farnesyl diphosphate was 5.5 microM. Over a range of purification steps (-)-alpha-gurjunene and (+)-gamma-gurjunene synthase activities copurified. In addition, the product ratio of the enzyme activity under several different assay conditions was always 91% (-)-alpha-gurjunene and 9% (+)-gamma-gurjunene. This suggests that the formation of these two structurally related products is catalyzed by one enzyme. For further confirmation, we carried out a number of mechanistic studies with (-)-alpha-gurjunene synthase, in which an enzyme preparation was incubated with deuterated substrate analogues. Based on mass spectrometry analysis of the products formed, a cyclization mechanism was postulated which makes it plausible that the synthase catalyzes the formation of both sesquiterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, D-20146, Germany
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31
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Schmidt CO, Bouwmeester HJ, Franke S, K�nig WA. Mechanisms of the biosynthesis of sesquiterpene enantiomers (+)- and (?)-germacrene D inSolidago canadensis. Chirality 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1999)11:5/6<353::aid-chir2>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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de Kraker JW, Franssen, de Groot A, Konig, Bouwmeester. (+)-Germacrene A biosynthesis . The committed step in the biosynthesis of bitter sesquiterpene lactones in chicory. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 117:1381-92. [PMID: 9701594 PMCID: PMC34902 DOI: 10.1104/pp.117.4.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/1998] [Accepted: 04/26/1998] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The leaves and especially the roots of chicory (Cichorium intybus L. ) contain high concentrations of bitter sesquiterpene lactones such as the guianolides lactupicrin, lactucin, and 8-deoxylactucin. Eudesmanolides and germacranolides are present in smaller amounts. Their postulated biosynthesis through the mevalonate-farnesyl diphosphate-germacradiene pathway has now been confirmed by the isolation of a (+)-germacrene A synthase from chicory roots. This sesquiterpene cyclase was purified 200-fold using a combination of anion-exchange and dye-ligand chromatography. It has a Km value of 6. 6 &mgr;M, an estimated molecular mass of 54 kD, and a (broad) pH optimum around 6.7. Germacrene A, the enzymatic product, proved to be much more stable than reported in literature. Its heat-induced Cope rearrangement into (-)-beta-elemene was utilized to determine its absolute configuration on an enantioselective gas chromatography column. To our knowledge, until now in sesquiterpene biosynthesis, germacrene A has only been reported as an (postulated) enzyme-bound intermediate, which, instead of being released, is subjected to additional cyclization(s) by the same enzyme that generated it from farnesyl diphosphate. However, in chicory germacrene A is released from the sesquiterpene cyclase. Apparently, subsequent oxidations and/or glucosylation of the germacrane skeleton, together with a germacrene cyclase, determine whether guaiane- or eudesmane-type sesquiterpene lactones are produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- de Kraker JW
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen Agricultural University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.-W.d.K., M.C. R.F., A.d.G.)
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34
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Schmidt C, Bouwmeester H, de Kraker JW, König W. Biosynthese von (+)- und (−)-Germacren D inSolidago canadensis: Isolierung und Charakterisierung zweier enantioselektiver Germacren-D-Synthasen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19980518)110:10<1479::aid-ange1479>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Steele CL, Crock J, Bohlmann J, Croteau R. Sesquiterpene synthases from grand fir (Abies grandis). Comparison of constitutive and wound-induced activities, and cDNA isolation, characterization, and bacterial expression of delta-selinene synthase and gamma-humulene synthase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:2078-89. [PMID: 9442047 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.4.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Grand fir (Abies grandis) has been developed as a model system for the study of oleoresin production in response to stem wounding and insect attack. The turpentine fraction of the oleoresin was shown to contain at least 38 sesquiterpenes that represent 12.5% of the turpentine, with the monoterpenes comprising the remainder. Assays of cell-free extracts from grand fir stem with farnesyl diphosphate as substrate indicated that the constitutive sesquiterpene synthases produced the same sesquiterpenes found in the oleoresin and that, in response to wounding, only two new products were synthesized, delta-cadinene and (E)-alpha-bisabolene. A similarity based cloning strategy yielded two new cDNA species from a stem cDNA library that, when expressed in Escherichia coli and the gene products subsequently assayed, yielded a remarkable number of sesquiterpene products. The encoded enzymes have been named delta-selinene synthase and gamma-humulene synthase based on the principal products formed; however, each enzyme synthesizes three major products and produces 34 and 52 total sesquiterpenes, respectively, thereby accounting for many of the sesquiterpenes of the oleoresin. The deduced amino acid sequence of the delta-selinene synthase cDNA open reading frame encodes a protein of 581 residues (at 67.6 kDa), whereas that of the gamma-humulene synthase cDNA encodes a protein of 593 residues (at 67.9 kDa). The two amino acid sequences are 83% similar and 65% identical to each other and range in similarity from 65 to 67% and in identity from 43 to 46% when compared with the known sequences of monoterpene and diterpene synthases from grand fir. Although the two sesquiterpene synthases from this gymnosperm do not very closely resemble terpene synthases from angiosperm species (52-56% similarity and 26-30% identity, there are clustered regions of significant apparent homology between the enzymes of these two plant classes. The multi-step, multi-product reactions catalyzed by the sesquiterpene synthases from grand fir are among the most complex of any terpenoid cyclase thus far described.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Steele
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340, USA
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36
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Mathis JR, Back K, Starks C, Noel J, Poulter CD, Chappell J. Pre-steady-state study of recombinant sesquiterpene cyclases. Biochemistry 1997; 36:8340-8. [PMID: 9204881 DOI: 10.1021/bi963019g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An Escherichia coli expression system was used to generate hexahistidyl-tagged plant sesquiterpene cyclases, which were readily purified by a single affinity chromatographic step. Genes for Hyoscyamus muticus vetispiradiene synthase (HVS), a chimeric 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (CH3), and a chimeric sesquiterpene cyclase possessing multifunctional epi-aristolochene and vetispiradiene activity (CH4) were expressed in bacterial cells, which resulted in the sesquiterpene cyclases accumulating to 50% of the total protein and 35% of the soluble protein. From initial velocity experiments, the Michaelis constant for HVS was 3.5 microM, while CH3 and CH4 exhibited smaller values of 0.7 and 0.4 microM, respectively. Steady-state catalytic constants were from 0.02 to 0.04 s-1. A combination of pre-steady-state rapid quench experiments, isotope trapping experiments, and experiments to measure the burst rate constant as a function of substrate concentration revealed that turnover in all three cyclases is limited by a step after the initial chemical step involving rupture of the carbon-oxygen bond in farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). Rate constants for the limiting step were 10-70-fold smaller than for the initial chemical step. Dissociation constants for the enzyme-substrate complex (20-70 microM) were determined from the pre-steady-state experiments and were significantly larger than the observed Michaelis constants. A mechanism that involves an initial, rapid equilibration of enzyme with substrate to form an enzyme-substrate complex, followed by a slower conversion of FPP to an enzyme-bound hydrocarbon and a subsequent rate-limiting step, is proposed for the three enzymes. Interestingly, the multifunctional chimeric enzyme CH4 exhibited both a tighter binding of FPP and a faster conversion of FPP to products than either of its wild-type parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Mathis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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37
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McCaskill D, Croteau R. Prospects for the bioengineering of isoprenoid biosynthesis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 55:107-46. [PMID: 9017926 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, our understanding of isoprenoid biosynthesis has progressed to the stage where specific strategies for the bioengineering of essential oil production can be considered. This review provides a current overview of the enzymology and regulation of essential oil isoprenoid biosynthesis. The reaction mechanisms of the synthases which produce many of the basic isoprenoid skeletons are described in detail. Coverage is also provided of the regulation of isoprenoid biosynthesis, including the roles played by tissue and subcellular compartmentation, and by partitioning of intermediates between different branches of isoprenoid metabolism. This provides necessary context for rationally targeting specific enzymes of metabolic pathways for bioengineering essential oil production. Wherever possible, emphasis is placed on research specific to essential oil isoprenoid biosynthesis, although relevant work related to other isoprenoids is also considered when it can provide useful insights. Finally, building upon this understanding of essential oil isoprenoid biosynthesis, several approaches to the bioengineering of isoprenoid metabolism are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D McCaskill
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340, USA
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38
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Back K, Chappell J. Identifying functional domains within terpene cyclases using a domain-swapping strategy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:6841-5. [PMID: 8692906 PMCID: PMC39115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.13.6841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic terpenes and terpenoids are found throughout nature. They comprise an especially important class of compounds from plants that mediate plant- environment interactions, and they serve as pharmaceutical agents with antimicrobial and anti-tumor activities. Molecular comparisons of several terpene cyclases, the key enzymes responsible for the multistep cyclization of C10, C15, and C20 allylic diphosphate substrates, have revealed a striking level of sequence similarity and conservation of exon position and size within the genes. Functional domains responsible for a terminal enzymatic step were identified by swapping regions approximating exons between a Nicotiana tabacum 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (TEAS) gene and a Hyoscyamus muticus vetispiradiene synthase (HVS) gene and by characterization of the resulting chimeric enzymes expressed in bacteria. While exon 4 of the TEAS gene conferred specificity for the predominant reaction products of the tobacco enzyme, exon 6 of the HVS gene conferred specificity for the predominant reaction products of the Hyoscyamus enzyme. Combining these two functional domains of the TEAS and HVS genes resulted in a novel enzyme capable of synthesizing reaction products reflective of both parent enzymes. The relative ratio of the TEAS and HVS reaction products was also influenced by the source of exon 5 present in the new chimeric enzymes. The association of catalytic activities with conserved but separate exonic domains suggests a general means for generating additional novel terpene cyclases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Back
- Plant Physiology/Biochemistry/Molecular Biology Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0091, USA
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dewick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
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40
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Back K, Chappell J. Cloning and bacterial expression of a sesquiterpene cyclase from Hyoscyamus muticus and its molecular comparison to related terpene cyclases. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:7375-81. [PMID: 7706281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.13.7375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic and cDNA clones for vetispiradiene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase found in Hyoscyamus muticus, were isolated using a combination of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions and conventional cloning procedures. RNA blot hybridization demonstrated an induction of mRNA consistent with the induction of cyclase enzyme activity in elicitor-treated cells, DNA blot hybridization indicated a gene family of 6 to 8 members, and bacterial expression of 3 cDNA clones indicated that each coded for a vetispiradiene synthase enzyme activity catalyzing the synthesis of a single reaction product. Intron-exon organization of the vetispiradiene synthase gene was identical with that previously described for 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (tobacco sesquiterpene cyclase) and casbene synthase (castor bean diterpene cyclase), and the vetispiradiene synthase amino acid sequence was 77% identical with and 81% similar to the tobacco sesquiterpene cyclase. Regions of the vetispiradiene synthase sequence centered around amino acids 60, 100, and 370 were conspicuously different relative to the tobacco sesquiterpene cyclase. The sequence similarity between the tobacco and H. muticus enzymes is suggested to be reflective of the conservation of several partial reactions common to both enzymes, and the differences may be reflective of a partial reaction unique to each enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Back
- Agronomy Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0091, USA
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41
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Metabolic costs of terpenoid accumulation in higher plants. J Chem Ecol 1994; 20:1281-328. [PMID: 24242341 DOI: 10.1007/bf02059810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/1993] [Accepted: 01/25/1994] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Savage T, Hatch M, Croteau R. Monoterpene synthases of Pinus contorta and related conifers. A new class of terpenoid cyclase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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43
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Aristolochene synthase. Isolation, characterization, and bacterial expression of a sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic gene (Ari1) from Penicillium roqueforti. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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44
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Rajaonarivony JI, Gershenzon J, Miyazaki J, Croteau R. Evidence for an essential histidine residue in 4S-limonene synthase and other terpene cyclases. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 299:77-82. [PMID: 1444454 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90246-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
(4S)-Limonene synthase, isolated from glandular trichome secretory cell preparations of Mentha x piperita (peppermint) leaves, catalyzes the metal ion-dependent cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate, via 3S-linalyl pyrophosphate, to (-)-(4S)-limonene as the principal product. Treatment of this terpene cyclase with the histidine-directed reagent diethyl pyrocarbonate at a concentration of 0.25 mM resulted in 50% loss of enzyme activity, and this activity could be completely restored by treatment of the preparation with 5 mM hydroxylamine. Inhibition with diethyl pyrocarbonate was distinguished from inhibition with thiol-directed reagents by protection studies with histidine and cysteine carried out at varying pH. Inactivation of the cyclase by dye-sensitized photooxidation in the presence of rose bengal gave further indication of the presence of a readily modified histidine residue. Protection of the enzyme against inhibition with diethyl pyrocarbonate was afforded by the substrate geranyl pyrophosphate in the presence of Mn2+, and by the sulfonium ion analog of the linalyl carbocation intermediate of the reaction in the presence of inorganic pyrophosphate plus Mn2+, suggesting that an essential histidine residue is located at or near the active site. Similar studies on the inhibition of other monoterpene and sesquiterpene cyclases with diethyl pyrocarbonate suggest that a histidine residue (or residues) may play an important role in catalysis by this class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Rajaonarivony
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340
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45
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Rajaonarivony JI, Gershenzon J, Croteau R. Characterization and mechanism of (4S)-limonene synthase, a monoterpene cyclase from the glandular trichomes of peppermint (Mentha x piperita). Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 296:49-57. [PMID: 1605644 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
(4S)-Limonene synthase, a monoterpene cyclase isolated from the secretory cells of the glandular trichomes of Mentha x piperita (peppermint), catalyzes the cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate to (4S)-limonene, a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of p-menthane monoterpenes in Mentha species. The enzyme synthesizes principally (-)-(4S)-limonene (greater than 94% of the total products), plus several other monoterpene olefins. The general properties of (4S)-limonene synthase resemble those of other monoterpene cyclases. The enzyme shows a pH optimum near 6.7, an isoelectric point of 4.35, and requires a divalent metal ion for catalysis, either Mg2+ or Mn2+, with Mn2+ preferred. The Km value measured for geranyl pyrophosphate was 1.8 microM. The activity of (4S)-limonene synthase was inhibited by sodium phosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, and reagents directed against the amino acids cysteine, methionine, and histidine. In the presence of Mn2+, geranyl pyrophosphate protected against cysteine-directed inhibition, suggesting that at least one cysteine residue is located at or near the active site. Experiments with alternate substrates and substrate analogs confirmed many elements of the proposed reaction mechanism, including the binding of geranyl pyrophosphate in the form of a complex with the divalent metal ion, the preliminary isomerization of geranyl pyrophosphate to linalyl pyrophosphate (a bound intermediate capable of cyclization), and the participation of a series of carbocation:pyrophosphate anion pairs in the reaction sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Rajaonarivony
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340
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Alonso W, Rajaonarivony J, Gershenzon J, Croteau R. Purification of 4S-limonene synthase, a monoterpene cyclase from the glandular trichomes of peppermint (Mentha x piperita) and spearmint (Mentha spicata). J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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47
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Isotopically sensitive branching as a tool for evaluating multiple product formation by monoterpene cyclases. Tetrahedron 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)86486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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48
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Alonso WR, Croteau R. Purification and characterization of the monoterpene cyclase gamma-terpinene synthase from Thymus vulgaris. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 286:511-7. [PMID: 1897973 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90073-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The monoterpene cyclase, gamma-terpinene synthase, from Thymus vulgaris (thyme) leaves was purified to apparent homogeneity by isoelectric focusing and dye-ligand, anion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and gel permeation chromatography. The enzyme has a native molecular weight of 96,000 as determined by gel permeation chromatography, and exhibited a specific activity of 538 nmol/h.mg protein (turnover number of approximately 0.01/s). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the enzyme to be composed of two apparently identical subunits of Mr approximately 55,000. The protein was very hydrophobic, and possessed a pI value of 4.85 as determined by isoelectric focusing. Maximum activity was observed at pH 6.8 in the presence of 20 mM Mg2+; 5 mM Mn2+ could support catalysis, albeit at a much lower rate. The Km value for the substrate, geranyl pyrophosphate, was 2.6 microM. Cyclase activity was inhibited by cysteine- and histidine-directed reagents. Purified gamma-terpinene synthase also possessed the ability to cyclize geranyl pyrophosphate to small amounts of alpha-thujene and to lesser quantities of myrcene, alpha-terpinene, limonene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, and alpha-terpineol, all of which appear to be coproducts of the reaction sequence leading to gamma-terpinene. In general properties, the gamma-terpinene synthase from thyme leaves resembles other monoterpene cyclases as well as sesquiterpene and diterpene cyclases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Alonso
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340
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49
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Lanznaster N, Croteau R. Dye-ligand and immobilized metal ion interaction chromatography for the purification of enzymes of prenyl pyrophosphate metabolism. Protein Expr Purif 1991; 2:69-74. [PMID: 1821775 DOI: 10.1016/1046-5928(91)90013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dye-ligand and immobilized metal ion interaction chromatography were shown to be efficient techniques for the rapid batchwise fractionation, from crude plant extracts, of a series of enzymes of prenyl pyrophosphate metabolism. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, two prenyltransferases, and a number of terpene cyclases (synthases) were readily adsorbed to Matrex Gel Red A (a dimeric triazine dye coupled to cross-linked agarose beads), and desorbed in good yield with relatively high concentrations of KCl and increasing pH. Although all of these enzymes exhibit the common feature of employing a pyrophosphorylated substrate, selective elution could not be achieved with substrate or substrate analogues bearing a pyrophosphate function. Nor could the strong binding of these enzymes to triazine dyes be attributed solely to metal ion interactions or to hydrophobic effects. In a similar way, the isomerase, the prenyltransferases, and all of the terpene cyclases bound to a column of iminodiacetate-immobilized Ni(II) and were desorbed in relatively high fold purity with 15 mM imidazole. Although all of these enzymes bear accessible histidine residues, the interactions with the chelated metal ion were not sufficiently different to permit selective enzyme desorbtion by imidazole gradient elution. However, the use of columns charged with Zn(II) or Co(II) did allow some separation of the different cyclase and transferase types. While empirical in nature, these techniques offer simple, effective, and high-capacity methods for the preliminary concentration and purification of a group of enzymes that utilize prenyl pyrophosphate intermediates of isoprenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lanznaster
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340
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