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Okubo H, Matsushita M, Kamachi H, Kawai T, Takahashi M, Fujimoto T, Nishikawa K, Todo S. A novel method for faster formation of rat liver cell spheroids. Artif Organs 2002; 26:497-505. [PMID: 12072105 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1594.2002.06836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte spheroids are expected to be the main component of the artificial liver bioreactor for their higher function. The preparation of hepatocyte spheroids, however, can require as many as 24 to 96 h. To reduce this time, we investigated a method employing a new technique of rat hepatocyte preparation and a dynamic culture. The modified Seglen's method for standard hepatocyte isolation was altered by elimination of ethyleneglycol bis(aminoethylether) tetraacetate from the first perfusate and calcium from the second perfusate. Isolated hepatocytes were cultured in a spinner flask by spinning at 120 rpm. The modified Seglen's method was used as a control. Cells obtained by the new method were more cohesive and formed a higher proportion of cell aggregates than control cells. In the spinning culture, hepatocytes had a tendency to aggregate and 80% of cells formed spheroids within 6 h of culturing. The mean size of spheroids was 68.5 +/- 18.5 microm. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that individual spheroids contained approximately 30% of nonparenchymal cells over their surface. Using the new hepatocyte preparation method followed by a spinning culture, we were able to produce hepatocyte spheroids in as few as 6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Okubo
- First Department of Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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van der Hoeven T, Galivan J. The effect of dexamethasone, insulin and triiodothyronine on microsomal NADPH-cytochrome-c (P-450) reductase in primary cultures of isolated hepatocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 931:59-67. [PMID: 2888491 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(87)90050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome-c (P-450) reductase, a flavoprotein, is a constituent of the hepatic microsomal polysubstrate monooxygenase and catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADPH to cytochrome P-450. The hormonal regulation of NADPH-cytochrome-c reductase activity and protein has been examined in insolated hepatocytes cultured as monolayers for 48 h in Waymouth's MB752/1 medium fortified with insulin, dexamethasone and triiodothyronine. No similarity between the response of NADPH-cytochrome-c reductase and of tyrosine aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase activity to dexamethasone and triiodothyronine treatment could be detected. In the absence of hormones about 65% of the original NADPH-cytochrome-c reductase activity and protein estimated by the immunochemical staining technique was retained. Culture of hepatocytes in insulin (10.0 mU/ml) or dexamethasone (100 nM) alone but not triiodothyronine improved the retention of reductase activity and protein. Only when hepatocytes were cultured in insulin, triiodothyronine and dexamethasone could NADPH-cytochrome-c reductase activity and protein be maintained at the original level. Dexamethasone alone was found to enhance consistently retention of reductase protein, but not reductase activity, to approximately the same level as in freshly isolated hepatocytes. The results suggest that microsomal NADPH-cytochrome-c reductase activity and protein can be maintained in isolated hepatocytes at the original level by culturing the cells in dexamethasone, insulin and triiodothyronine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T van der Hoeven
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albany Medical College, NY 12208
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Moshage HJ, de Haard HJ, Princen HM, Yap SH. The influence of glucocorticoid on albumin synthesis and its messenger RNA in rat in vivo and in hepatocyte suspension culture. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 824:27-33. [PMID: 3967027 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(85)90025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are known to stimulate the synthesis of a number of liver-specific proteins. The reports regarding the effect of glucocorticoid on albumin synthesis in vivo and in vitro are controversial. In an attempt to determine the mechanism by which glucocorticoid exerts its influence on hepatic albumin synthesis and to find an explanation for the conflicting data, we have studied the effect of dexamethasone disodium phosphate on albumin synthesis and albumin messenger RNA as determined by the molecular hybridization technique in hepatocytes in rat in vivo and in suspension culture. In hepatocyte suspension culture, addition of 0.48 microM dexamethasone in medium at zero time led to a significant increase (20%) in incorporation of labeled precursor into albumin as compared to control experiments; this was accompanied by a maintainance of the initial level of full-length albumin mRNA for a 9 h period. In hepatocytes cultured without dexamethasone in the medium there was a progressive loss of albumin mRNA content. Despite this finding, dexamethasone was not able to increase the albumin mRNA content in hepatocyte to a level higher than the initial value. Moreover, administration of this hormone either intraperitoneally or intravenously into rats did not lead to enhanced cell-free albumin synthesis or to an increased level of albumin mRNA. These findings suggest that glucocorticoid does not play an essential role in the regulation of albumin synthesis in vivo. In vitro, however, glucocorticoid leads to a preservation of the initial level of albumin mRNA and thus plays a role in the control of spontaneous dedifferentiation of liver cells in culture.
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Pittner RA, Fears R, Brindley DN. Effects of cyclic AMP, glucocorticoids and insulin on the activities of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, tyrosine aminotransferase and glycerol kinase in isolated rat hepatocytes in relation to the control of triacylglycerol synthesis and gluconeogenesis. Biochem J 1985; 225:455-62. [PMID: 2858200 PMCID: PMC1144611 DOI: 10.1042/bj2250455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rat hepatocytes were incubated in monolayer culture in modified Leibovitz L-15 medium containing either 10% (v/v) newborn-calf serum or 0.2% (w/v) fatty-acid-poor bovine serum albumin. The addition of 100 nM-dexamethasone increased the activities of both phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and tyrosine aminotransferase by about 3.5-fold after 8h, and these activities continued to rise until at least 24h. Incubating the hepatocytes in the albumin-containing medium with 10 microM- or 100 microM-8-(4-chlorophenylthio)adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate increased the activities of the phosphohydrolase and aminotransferase by 2.6- and 3.4-fold respectively after 8h. These increases were blocked by actinomycin D. The increases in the activities that were produced by the cyclic AMP analogue and dexamethasone were independent and approximately additive. Insulin when added alone did not alter the phosphohydrolase activity, but it increased the aminotransferase activity by 34%. The dexamethasone-induced increase in the phosphohydrolase activity was completely blocked by 7-144 microM-insulin, whereas that of the aminotransferase was only partly suppressed. Insulin had no significant Effects on the increases in the activities of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and tyrosine aminotransferase that were produced by the cyclic AMP analogue, but this may be because the analogue is fairly resistant to degradation by the phosphodiesterase. The activity of glycerol kinase was not significantly changed by incubating the hepatocytes with insulin, dexamethasone and the cyclic AMP analogue alone or in combinations. It is proposed that high concentrations of cyclic AMP and glucocorticoids increase the total activity of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in the liver and provide it with an increased capacity for synthesizing triacylglycerols and very-low-density lipoproteins, which is expressed when the availability of fatty acids is high. There appears to be a co-ordinated hormonal control of triacyglycerol synthesis and gluconeogenesis in diabetes and in metabolic stress to enable the liver to supply other organs with energy.
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Groenewald JV, Terblanche SE, Oelofsen W. Tyrosine aminotransferase: characteristics and properties. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 16:1-18. [PMID: 6141963 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(84)90045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Malan-Shibley L, Iype PT. The influence of culture conditions on cell morphology and tyrosine aminotransferase levels in rat liver epithelial cell lines. Exp Cell Res 1981; 131:363-71. [PMID: 6110557 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(81)90239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Chen CL, Feigelson P. Hormonal control of alpha 2u globulin synthesis and its mRNA in isolated hepatocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980; 349:28-45. [PMID: 6164324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb29512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Gurr JA, Potter VR. Independent induction of tyrosine aminotransferase activity by dexamethasone and glucagon in isolated rat liver parenchymal cells in suspension and in monolayer culture in serum-free media. Exp Cell Res 1980; 126:237-48. [PMID: 6102037 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(80)90490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ernest MJ, Feigelson P. Multihormonal control of tyrosine aminotransferase in isolated liver cells. MONOGRAPHS ON ENDOCRINOLOGY 1979; 12:219-41. [PMID: 40115 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-81265-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of tyrosine aminotransferase activity by glucocorticoids and cyclic AMP was investigated in isolated liver parenchymal cell suspensions. The induction and maintenance of elevated levels of tyrosine aminotransferase activity in liver cells were completely dependent upon the presence of both the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, and glucagon of dibutyryl cyclic AMP. No induction was observed when any of these compounds were tested alone. Immunotitration experiments revealed that the 6- to 7-fold increase in tyrosine aminotransferase activity following the addition of dexamethasone and glucagon was accompanied by a parallel increase in the amount of immunologically reactive enzyme protein. Pulse-labeling experiments established that this increase in enzyme protein could be fully accounted for by a corresponding increase in rate of synthesis of tyrosine aminotransferase. Neither hormone had any effect on the rate of degradation of the enzyme. The increase in tyrosine aminotransferase synthesis evoked by the presence of both hormones was blocked by the addition of actinomycin D or cycloheximide to the medium, demonstrating that RNA and protein synthesis were required for the induction of enzyme activity. By varying the time and order of addition of the inducers and inhibitions, evidence was obtained that the hormones act sequentially. The steroid hormone acts first, presumably to increase the level of functional tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA or its precursor. The processing of this precursor to a translatable form or the specific translation of tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA is apparently dependent upon a specific cyclic AMP-controlled process. In vivo experiments demonstrated that both glucocorticoids and cyclic AMP increase the level of functional tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA in the liver. The actions of the steroid hormone and cyclic nucleotide were blocked by alpha amanitin, establishing the requirement for ongoing gene transcription. The protein synthesis inhibitors, cycloheximide, emetine, and puromycin, were as effective as cyclic AMP in increasing tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA activity. The action of these inhibitors is probably related to their ability to elevate hepatic intracellular cyclic AMP levels, thus mimicking cyclic AMP administration. Extension of these in vivo studies to isolated liver cells will provide a valuable system for investigating the regulation of gene expression by glucocorticoids and cyclic AMP.
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Ernest MJ, Chen CL, Feigelson P. Induction of tyrosine aminotransferase synthesis in isolated liver cell suspensions. Absolute dependence of induction on glucocorticoids and glucagon or cyclic AMP. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39918-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Hirsiger H, Gautschi JR, Schindler R. DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in short-term cultures of hepatocytes isolated from regenerating rat liver. Exp Cell Res 1976; 100:356-64. [PMID: 939260 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Berg T, Mørland J. Induction of tryptophan oxygenase by dexamethasone in isolated hepatocytes. Dependence on composition of medium and pH. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1975; 392:233-41. [PMID: 236785 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(75)90005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes were isolated from perfused rat livers. 4 x 10-6 cells/ml were incubated at at 37 degrees C in different media in the absence and presence of a steroid hormone, dexamethasone phosphate (2 x 10-5 M). 1. Hormonal enzyme induction occurred in cells suspended in a simple salt medium, devoid of amino acids and macromolecules. This induction was completely blocked by addition of either actinomycin D (2 mu-g/ml) or cycloheximide (50 mu-g/ml). 2. Incubation of cells in media containing defatted albumin did not enhance hormonal enzyme induction, although disintegration of cells during incubation was reduced. Addition of a crude albumin fraction reduced tryptophan oxygenase induction and dextran completely blocked enzyme induction by dexamethasone. 3. An increase of dexamethasone concentration in the presence of albumin to 9 x 10-5 M was unable to raise enzyme induction further, and a still higher concentration of hormone, 3 x 10-4 M, resulted in reduced enzyme induction. 4. The hormonal induction of tryptophan oxygenase was most pronounced when the pH of the medium was between 7.0 and 7.6, with an optium at 7.3. No induction was found when the pH of the medium was either 6.6 or 7.8. The basal tryptophan oxygenase activity was much less influenced by similar pH variations. It is concluded that hepatocytes in suspension are able to carry out hormone-stimulated enzyme synthesis and that factors influencing this process may be studied under controlled conditions in such systems.
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David GB, Galbraith W, Geyer SB, Koether AM, Palmer NF, Pixler J. Improved isolation, separation and cytochemistry of living cells. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1975; 7:1-49. [PMID: 1108111 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(75)80002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. This paper describes improved methods of obtaining, purifying and studying bulk suspensions of isolated living hepatocytes and other cells of adult rats and urodeles. 2. The cells were isolated largely by dissolving the hepatic ground substance through the extracorporeal portal perfusion and further incubation of the excised liver with 0.05% collagenase and 0.1% hyaluronidase. The different kinds of cells were then separated from one another by counter-current centrifugation. The isolated cells were examined by differential interference, phase-contrast, amplitude-contrast, ultraviolet, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Various cytochemical tests were carried out. Whenever possible, for each method of examination, the isolated cells were compared with cells of the same kind which had not undergone isolation. 3. Dye-exclusion, lysochromy, fluorescence and differential interference microscopical analysis indicated viability rates between 75 and 99%. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was preserved at a high level in nearly all isolated cells. In hepatocytes, the essentially extracellular cells. In hepatocytes, the essentially extracellular 'soluble' alkaline phosphatase activity of bile canaliculi was retained. Living hepatocytes were studied by super-modulating methods of microscopy for the first time, with somewhat unexpected findings. It now seems probable that previous methods of tissue preparation produced gross alterations in hepatocyte mitochondria. The assessment of the viability of isolated cells was re-examined. 4. The methods described may permit a more meaningful correlation between biochemical, cytochemical, ultrastructural and biophysical findings than that obtainable by the use of current methods.
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Rousseau GG. Interaction of steroids with hepatoma cells: molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid hormone action. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 6:75-89. [PMID: 237148 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(75)90032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bonney RJ. Adult liver parenchymal cells in primary culture characteristics and cell recognition standards. IN VITRO 1974; 10:130-42. [PMID: 4157199 DOI: 10.1007/bf02615346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bonney RJ, Becker JE, Walker PR, Potter VR. Primary monolayer cultures of adult rat liver parenchymal cells suitable for study of the regulation of enzyme synthesis. IN VITRO 1974; 9:399-413. [PMID: 4157202 DOI: 10.1007/bf02615992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Agarwal MK. Interference by tryptophan analogues of an in vitro assay for liver tyrosine transaminase activity. FEBS Lett 1974; 40:139-41. [PMID: 4152929 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hussain LF, Bhargava P. Liver cells in suspension synthesize but do not secrete the newly synthesized serum albumin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gerschenson LE, Davidson MB, Andersson M. Hormonal regulation of rat liver cells cultured in chemically defined medium. Dexamethasone and insulin effects on different forms of tyrosine 2-oxoglutarate transaminase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 41:139-48. [PMID: 4150238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Berg T, Boman D. Distribution of lysosomal enzymes between parenchymal and Kupffer cells of rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 321:585-96. [PMID: 4357668 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(73)90201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Seglen PO. Preparation of rat liver cells. I. Effect of Ca 2+ on enzymatic dispersion of isolated, perfused liver. Exp Cell Res 1972; 74:450-4. [PMID: 4343020 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(72)90400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Berg T, Boman D, Seglen PO. Induction of tryptophan oxygenase in primary rat liver cell suspensions by glucocorticoid hormone. Exp Cell Res 1972; 72:571-4. [PMID: 5037935 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(72)90034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Iype PT. Cultures from adult rat liver cells. I. Establishment of monolayer cell-cultures from normal liver. J Cell Physiol 1971; 78:281-8. [PMID: 4333457 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040780217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gerschenson LE, Andersson M, Molson J, Okigaki T. Tyrosine transaminase induction by dexamethasone in a new rat liver cell line. Science 1970; 170:859-61. [PMID: 4394388 DOI: 10.1126/science.170.3960.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A cell line derived from normal, adult rat liver has been established; the cells are similar to hepatocytes, as shown by electron microscopy. The addition of dexamethasone to the culture medium induced a three- to sixfold increase in the specific activity of tyrosine alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase; this increase was inhibited by the simultaneous addition of cycloheximide or actinomycin D. The latter, when added to cells given prior treatment with dexamethasone, further enhanced the transaminase activity. Contact-inhibited cells showed a lower response to dexamethasone than exponentially growing cells.
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