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Annum N, Ahmed M, Imtiaz K, Mansoor S, Tester M, Saeed NA. 32P i Labeled Transgenic Wheat Shows the Accumulation of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and Phosphatidic Acid Under Heat and Osmotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:881188. [PMID: 35774812 PMCID: PMC9237509 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.881188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ensuing heat stress drastically affects wheat plant growth and development, consequently compromising its grain yield. There are many thermoregulatory processes/mechanisms mediated by ion channels, lipids, and lipid-modifying enzymes that occur in the plasma membrane and the chloroplast. With the onset of abiotic or biotic stresses, phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC), as a signaling enzyme, hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) which is further phosphorylated into phosphatidic acid (PA) as a secondary messenger and is involved in multiple processes. In the current study, a phospholipase C (PLC) signaling pathway was investigated in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and evaluated its four AtPLC5 overexpressed (OE)/transgenic lines under heat and osmotic stresses through 32Pi radioactive labeling. Naturally, the wheat harbors only a small amount of PIP2. However, with the sudden increase in temperature (40°C), PIP2 levels start to rise within 7.5 min in a time-dependent manner in wild-type (Wt) wheat. While the Phosphatidic acid (PA) level also elevated up to 1.6-fold upon exposing wild-type wheat to heat stress (40°C). However, at the anthesis stage, a significant increase of ∼4.5-folds in PIP2 level was observed within 30 min at 40°C in AtPLC5 over-expressed wheat lines. Significant differences in PIP2 level were observed in Wt and AtPLC5-OE lines when treated with 1200 mM sorbitol solution. It is assumed that the phenomenon might be a result of the activation of PLC/DGK pathways. Together, these results indicate that heat stress and osmotic stress activate several lipid responses in wild-type and transgenic wheat and can explain heat and osmotic stress tolerance in the wheat plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazish Annum
- Wheat Biotechnology Lab, Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Moddassir Ahmed
- Wheat Biotechnology Lab, Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khadija Imtiaz
- Wheat Biotechnology Lab, Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Wheat Biotechnology Lab, Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mark Tester
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasir A. Saeed
- Wheat Biotechnology Lab, Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Ali U, Lu S, Fadlalla T, Iqbal S, Yue H, Yang B, Hong Y, Wang X, Guo L. The functions of phospholipases and their hydrolysis products in plant growth, development and stress responses. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101158. [PMID: 35134459 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell membranes are the initial site of stimulus perception from environment and phospholipids are the basic and important components of cell membranes. Phospholipases hydrolyze membrane lipids to generate various cellular mediators. These phospholipase-derived products, such as diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, inositol phosphates, lysophopsholipids, and free fatty acids, act as second messengers, playing vital roles in signal transduction during plant growth, development, and stress responses. This review focuses on the structure, substrate specificities, reaction requirements, and acting mechanism of several phospholipase families. It will discuss their functional significance in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In addition, it will highlight some critical knowledge gaps in the action mechanism, metabolic and signaling roles of these phospholipases and their products in the context of plant growth, development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tarig Fadlalla
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sidra Iqbal
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hong Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yueyun Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Jia X, Si X, Jia Y, Zhang H, Tian S, Li W, Zhang K, Pan Y. Genomic profiling and expression analysis of the diacylglycerol kinase gene family in heterologous hexaploid wheat. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12480. [PMID: 34993014 PMCID: PMC8679913 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inositol phospholipid signaling system mediates plant growth, development, and responses to adverse conditions. Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) is one of the key enzymes in the phosphoinositide-cycle (PI-cycle), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) to form phosphatidic acid (PA). To date, comprehensive genomic and functional analyses of DGKs have not been reported in wheat. In this study, 24 DGK gene family members from the wheat genome (TaDGKs) were identified and analyzed. Each putative protein was found to consist of a DGK catalytic domain and an accessory domain. The analyses of phylogenetic and gene structure analyses revealed that each TaDGK gene could be grouped into clusters I, II, or III. In each phylogenetic subgroup, the TaDGKs demonstrated high conservation of functional domains, for example, of gene structure and amino acid sequences. Four coding sequences were then cloned from Chinese Spring wheat. Expression analysis of these four genes revealed that each had a unique spatial and developmental expression pattern, indicating their functional diversification across wheat growth and development processes. Additionally, TaDGKs were also prominently up-regulated under salt and drought stresses, suggesting their possible roles in dealing with adverse environmental conditions. Further cis-regulatory elements analysis elucidated transcriptional regulation and potential biological functions. These results provide valuable information for understanding the putative functions of DGKs in wheat and support deeper functional analysis of this pivotal gene family. The 24 TaDGKs identified and analyzed in this study provide a strong foundation for further exploration of the biological function and regulatory mechanisms of TaDGKs in response to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Jia
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xuyang Si
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yangyang Jia
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Shijun Tian
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yanyun Pan
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Sagar S, Singh A. Emerging role of phospholipase C mediated lipid signaling in abiotic stress tolerance and development in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2123-2133. [PMID: 34003316 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stimuli are primarily perceived at the plasma membrane. Stimuli perception leads to membrane disintegration and generation of molecules which trigger lipid signaling. In plants, lipid signaling regulates important biological functions however, the molecular mechanism involved is unclear. Phospholipases C (PLCs) are important lipid-modifying enzymes in eukaryotes. In animals, PLCs by hydrolyzing phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] generate diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol- 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). However, in plants their phosphorylated variants i.e., phosphatidic acid (PA) and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) are proposed to mediate lipid signaling. Specific substrate preferences divide PLCs into phosphatidylinositol-PLC (PI-PLC) and non-specific PLCs (NPC). PLC activity is regulated by various cellular factors including, calcium (Ca2+) concentration, phospholipid substrate, and post-translational modifications. Both PI-PLCs and NPCs are implicated in plants' response to stresses and development. Emerging evidences show that PLCs regulate structural and developmental features, like stomata movement, microtubule organization, membrane remodelling and root development under abiotic stresses. Thus, crucial insights are provided into PLC mediated regulatory mechanism of abiotic stress responses in plants. In this review, we describe the structure and regulation of plant PLCs. In addition, cellular and physiological roles of PLCs in abiotic stresses, phosphorus deficiency, aluminium toxicity, pollen tube growth, and root development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Sagar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Xia K, Wang B, Zhang J, Li Y, Yang H, Ren D. Arabidopsis phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C 4 negatively regulates seedling salt tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1317-1331. [PMID: 28102910 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous physiological and pharmacological studies have suggested that the activity of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) plays an important role in regulating plant salt stress responses by altering the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. However, the individual members of plant PLCs involved in this process need to be identified. Here, the function of AtPLC4 in the salt stress response of Arabidopsis seedlings was analysed. plc4 mutant seedlings showed hyposensitivity to salt stress compared with Col-0 wild-type seedlings, and the salt hyposensitive phenotype could be complemented by the expression of native promoter-controlled AtPLC4. Transgenic seedlings with AtPLC4 overexpression (AtPLC4 OE) exhibited a salt-hypersensitive phenotype, while transgenic seedlings with its inactive mutant expression (AtPLC4m OE) did not exhibit this phenotype. Using aequorin as a Ca2+ indicator in plc4 mutant and AtPLC4 OE seedlings, AtPLC4 was shown to positively regulate the salt-induced Ca2+ increase. The salt-hypersensitive phenotype of AtPLC4 OE seedlings was partially rescued by EGTA. An analysis of salt-responsive genes revealed that the transcription of RD29B, MYB15 and ZAT10 was inversely regulated in plc4 mutant and AtPLC4 OE seedlings. Our findings suggest that AtPLC4 negatively regulates the salt tolerance of Arabidopsis seedlings, and Ca2+ may be involved in regulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiewei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hailian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dongtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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6
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Jiao C, Wang P, Yang R, Tian L, Gu Z. IP3 Mediates Nitric Oxide-Guanosine 3',5'-Cyclic Monophosphate (NO-cGMP)-Induced Isoflavone Accumulation in Soybean Sprouts under UV-B Radiation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8282-8288. [PMID: 27768311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, to investigate the role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) in nitric oxide-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (NO-cGMP)-induced isoflavone accumulation in soybean sprouts under UV-B radiation, the sprouts were treated with donors and inhibitors of NO and cGMP as well as IP3 inhibitor. Results showed that NO, with cGMP as a second messenger, stimulates IP3 accumulation under UV-B radiation. Consistent with the increase in IP3 content, the up-regulation of gene and protein expression of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) in response to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (exogenous NO donor) and 8-Br-cGMP (cGMP analogue) was also observed. In addition, protein kinase G (PKG) participated in NO-cGMP-induced IP3 production. IP3 induced by the NO-cGMP pathway was involved in isoflavone synthesis by elevating the activity and gene and protein expressions of chalcone synthase (CHS) and isoflavone synthase (IFS). Overall, IP3 mediates NO-cGMP-induced isoflavone accumulation in soybean sprouts under UV-B stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Jiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Runqiang Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxin Gu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
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7
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Jiao C, Yang R, Gu Z. Cyclic ADP-ribose and IP3 mediate abscisic acid-induced isoflavone accumulation in soybean sprouts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:530-536. [PMID: 27664703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the roles of ABA-cADPR-Ca2+ and ABA-IP3-Ca2+ signaling pathways in UV-B-induced isoflavone accumulation in soybean sprouts were investigated. Results showed that abscisic acid (ABA) up regulated cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) levels in soybean sprouts under UV-B radiation. Furthermore, cADPR and IP3, as second messengers of UV-B-triggered ABA, induced isoflavone accumulation by up-regulating proteins and genes expression and activity of isoflavone biosynthetic-enzymes (chalcone synthase, CHS; isoflavone synthase, IFS). After Ca2+ was chelated by EGTA, isoflavone content decreased. Overall, ABA-induced cADPR and IP3 up regulated isoflavone accumulation which was mediated by Ca2+ signaling via enhancing the expression of proteins and genes participating in isoflavone biosynthesis in soybean sprouts under UV-B radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Jiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Runqiang Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxin Gu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Hong Y, Zhao J, Guo L, Kim SC, Deng X, Wang G, Zhang G, Li M, Wang X. Plant phospholipases D and C and their diverse functions in stress responses. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:55-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abd-El-Haliem AM, Vossen JH, van Zeijl A, Dezhsetan S, Testerink C, Seidl MF, Beck M, Strutt J, Robatzek S, Joosten MHAJ. Biochemical characterization of the tomato phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) family and its role in plant immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1365-1378. [PMID: 26825689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants possess effective mechanisms to quickly respond to biotic and abiotic stresses. The rapid activation of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes occurs early after the stimulation of plant immune-receptors. Genomes of different plant species encode multiple PLC homologs belonging to one class, PLCζ. Here we determined whether all tomato homologs encode active enzymes and whether they can generate signals that are distinct from one another. We searched the recently completed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) genome sequence and identified a total of seven PLCs. Recombinant proteins were produced for all tomato PLCs, except for SlPLC7. The purified proteins showed typical PLC activity, as different PLC substrates were hydrolysed to produce diacylglycerol. We studied SlPLC2, SlPLC4 and SlPLC5 enzymes in more detail and observed distinct requirements for Ca(2+) ions and pH, for both their optimum activity and substrate preference. This indicates that each enzyme could be differentially and specifically regulated in vivo, leading to the generation of PLC homolog-specific signals in response to different stimuli. PLC overexpression and specific inhibition of PLC activity revealed that PLC is required for both specific effector- and more general "pattern"-triggered immunity. For the latter, we found that both the flagellin-triggered response and the internalization of the corresponding receptor, Flagellin Sensing 2 (FLS2) of Arabidopsis thaliana, are suppressed by inhibition of PLC activity. Altogether, our data support an important role for PLC enzymes in plant defence signalling downstream of immune receptors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abd-El-Haliem
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack H Vossen
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan van Zeijl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Dezhsetan
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christa Testerink
- Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Beck
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - James Strutt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhang K, Jin C, Wu L, Hou M, Dou S, Pan Y. Expression analysis of a stress-related phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C gene in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLoS One 2014; 9:e105061. [PMID: 25121594 PMCID: PMC4133336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C (PI-PLCs) function in several essential plant processes associated with either development or environmental stress. In this report, we examined the expression patterns of TaPLC1 under drought and high salinity stress at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. TaPLC1 mRNA was expressed in all wheat organs examined. U73122 and edelfosine, the PLC inhibitor, impaired seedling growth and enhanced seedling sensitivity to drought and high salinity stress. Though TaPLC1 expression in wheat was lowest at the seedling stage, it was strongly induced under conditions of stress. When 6-day-old wheat seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl or 20% (w/v) PEG 6000 for 6 or 12 h, respectively, the TaPLC1 transcript level increased by 16-fold compared to the control. Western blotting showed that the TaPLC protein concentration was also maintained at a high level from 24 to 48 h during stress treatment. Together, our results indicate the possible biological functions of TaPLC1 in regulating seedling growth and the response to drought and salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Congcong Jin
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Lizhu Wu
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Mingyu Hou
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Shijuan Dou
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Yanyun Pan
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
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11
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Hernández-Sotomayor SMT, Muñoz-Sanchez JA. Determination of phospholipase C activity in vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1009:187-92. [PMID: 23681534 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-401-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of phospholipase C (PLC) activity in vitro is a valuable biochemistry technique easily applicable in samples from different organisms. It quantifies the enzymatic activity of a key protein involved in critical developmental functions in organisms such as plants, animals, and bacteria. A protocol is described which assays the formation of two main products of the PLC hydrolysis reaction on radioactively labeled phospholipid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
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12
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Chen L, Guo X, Xie C, He L, Cai X, Tian L, Song B, Liu J. Nuclear and cytoplasmic genome components of Solanum tuberosum + S. chacoense somatic hybrids and three SSR alleles related to bacterial wilt resistance. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:1861-72. [PMID: 23580089 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The somatic hybrids were derived previously from protoplast fusion between Solanum tuberosum and S. chacoense to gain the bacterial wilt resistance from the wild species. The genome components analysis in the present research was to clarify the nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of the hybrids, to explore the molecular markers associated with the resistance, and provide information for better use of these hybrids in potato breeding. One hundred and eight nuclear SSR markers and five cytoplasmic specific primers polymorphic between the fusion parents were used to detect the genome components of 44 somatic hybrids. The bacterial wilt resistance was assessed thrice by inoculating the in vitro plants with a bacterial suspension of race 1. The disease index, relative disease index, and resistance level were assigned to each hybrid, which were further analyzed in relation to the molecular markers for elucidating the potential genetic base of the resistance. All of the 317 parental unique nuclear SSR alleles appeared in the somatic hybrids with some variations in the number of bands detected. Nearly 80 % of the hybrids randomly showed the chloroplast pattern of one parent, and most of the hybrids exhibited a fused mitochondrial DNA pattern. One hundred and nine specific SSR alleles of S. chacoense were analyzed for their relationship with the disease index of the hybrids, and three alleles were identified to be significantly associated with the resistance. Selection for the resistant SSR alleles of S. chacoense may increase the possibility of producing resistant pedigrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Vossen JH, Abd-El-Haliem A, Fradin EF, van den Berg GCM, Ekengren SK, Meijer HJG, Seifi A, Bai Y, ten Have A, Munnik T, Thomma BPHJ, Joosten MHAJ. Identification of tomato phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase-C (PI-PLC) family members and the role of PLC4 and PLC6 in HR and disease resistance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:224-39. [PMID: 20088897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The perception of pathogen-derived elicitors by plants has been suggested to involve phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase-C (PI-PLC) signalling. Here we show that PLC isoforms are required for the hypersensitive response (HR) and disease resistance. We characterised the tomato [Solanum lycopersicum (Sl)] PLC gene family. Six Sl PLC-encoding cDNAs were isolated and their expression in response to infection with the pathogenic fungus Cladosporium fulvum was studied. We found significant regulation at the transcriptional level of the various SlPLCs, and SlPLC4 and SlPLC6 showed distinct expression patterns in C. fulvum-resistant Cf-4 tomato. We produced the encoded proteins in Escherichia coli and found that both genes encode catalytically active PI-PLCs. To test the requirement of these Sl PLCs for full Cf-4-mediated recognition of the effector Avr4, we knocked down the expression of the encoding genes by virus-induced gene silencing. Silencing of SlPLC4 impaired the Avr4/Cf-4-induced HR and resulted in increased colonisation of Cf-4 plants by C. fulvum expressing Avr4. Furthermore, expression of the gene in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced the Avr4/Cf-4-induced HR. Silencing of SlPLC6 did not affect HR, whereas it caused increased colonisation of Cf-4 plants by the fungus. Interestingly, Sl PLC6, but not Sl PLC4, was also required for resistance to Verticillium dahliae, mediated by the transmembrane Ve1 resistance protein, and to Pseudomonas syringae, mediated by the intracellular Pto/Prf resistance protein couple. We conclude that there is a differential requirement of PLC isoforms for the plant immune response and that Sl PLC4 is specifically required for Cf-4 function, while Sl PLC6 may be a more general component of resistance protein signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack H Vossen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Huang CH, Crain RC. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C in oat roots: association with the actin cytoskeleton. PLANTA 2009; 230:925-33. [PMID: 19672622 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activities are involved in mediating plant cell responses to environmental stimuli. Two variants of PI-PLC have been partially purified from the roots of oat seedlings; one cytosolic and one particulate. Although the cytosolic enzyme was significantly purified, the activity still co-migrated with a number of other proteins on heparin HPLC and also on size-exclusion chromatography. The partially purified PI-PLC was tested by Western blotting, and we found that actin and actin-binding proteins, profilin and tropomyosin, co-purified with cytosolic phospholipase C. After a non-ionic detergent (Triton X-100) treatment, PI-PLC activities still remained with the actin cytoskeleton. The effects of phalloidin and F-buffer confirmed this association; these conditions, which favor actin polymerization, decreased the release of PI-PLC from the cytoskeleton. The treatments of latrunculin and G-buffer, the conditions that favor actin depolymerization, increased the release of PI-PLC from the cytoskeleton. These results suggest that oat PI-PLC associates with the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hua Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Pei-tun District, Taichung 40601, Taiwan.
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15
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Wang CR, Yang AF, Yue GD, Gao Q, Yin HY, Zhang JR. Enhanced expression of phospholipase C 1 (ZmPLC1) improves drought tolerance in transgenic maize. PLANTA 2008; 227:1127-40. [PMID: 18214529 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) plays an important role in a variety of physiological processes in plants, including drought tolerance. It has been reported that the ZmPLC1 gene cloned from maize (Zea mays L.) encoded a PI-PLC and up-regulated the expression in maize roots under dehydration conditions (Zhai SM, Sui ZH, Yang AF, Zhang JR in Biotechnol Lett 27:799-804, 2005). In this paper, transgenic maize expressing ZmPLC1 transgenes in sense or antisense orientation were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and confirmed by Southern blot analysis. High-level expression of the transgene was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and PI-PLC activity assay. The tolerance to drought stress (DS) of the homogenous transgenic maize plants was investigated at two developmental stages. The results demonstrated that, under DS conditions, the sense transgenic plants had higher relative water content, better osmotic adjustment, increased photosynthesis rates, lower percentage of ion leakage and less lipid membrane peroxidation, higher grain yield than the WT; whereas those expressing the antisense transgene exhibited inferior characters compared with the WT. It was concluded that enhanced expression of sense ZmPLC1 improved the drought tolerance of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Rong Wang
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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16
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Echevarría-Machado I, Martínez-Estévez M, Muñoz-Sánchez JA, Loyola-Vargas VM, Hernández-Sotomayor SMT, De Los Santos-Briones C. Membrane-associated phosphoinositides-specific phospholipase C forms from Catharanthus roseus transformed roots. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 35:297-309. [PMID: 17652793 DOI: 10.1007/bf02686015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that Catharanthus roseus transformed roots contain at least two phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-phospholipase C (PLC) activities, one soluble and the other membrane associated. Detergent, divalent cations, and neomycin differentially regulate these activities and pure protein is required for a greater understanding of the function and regulation of this enzyme. In this article we report a partia purification of membrane-associated PLC. We found that there are at least two forms of membraneassociated PLC in transformed roots of C. roseus. These forms were separated on the basis of their affinity for heparin. One form shows an affinity for heparin and elutes at approx 600 mM KCl. This form has a molecular mass of 67 kDa by size exclusion chromatography and Western blot analysis, whereas the other form does not bind to heparin and has a molecular mass of 57 kDa. Possible differential regulation of these forms during transformed root growth is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Echevarría-Machado
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciòn Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, C. P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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17
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Boss WF, Davis AJ, Im YJ, Galvão RM, Perera IY. Phosphoinositide metabolism: towards an understanding of subcellular signaling. Subcell Biochem 2006; 39:181-205. [PMID: 17121276 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-27600-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy F Boss
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7612, USA
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18
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Helling D, Possart A, Cottier S, Klahre U, Kost B. Pollen tube tip growth depends on plasma membrane polarization mediated by tobacco PLC3 activity and endocytic membrane recycling. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:3519-34. [PMID: 17172355 PMCID: PMC1785407 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.047373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI 4,5-P2) accumulates in a Rac/Rop-dependent manner in the pollen tube tip plasma membrane, where it may control actin organization and membrane traffic. PI 4,5-P2 is hydrolyzed by phospholipase C (PLC) activity to the signaling molecules inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacyl glycerol (DAG). To investigate PLC activity during tip growth, we cloned Nt PLC3, specifically expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes. Recombinant Nt PLC3 displayed Ca2+-dependent PI 4,5-P2-hydrolyzing activity sensitive to U-73122 and to mutations in the active site. Nt PLC3 overexpression, but not that of inactive mutants, inhibited pollen tube growth. Yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fused to Nt PLC3, or to its EF and C2 domains, accumulated laterally at the pollen tube tip plasma membrane in a pattern complementary to the distribution of PI 4,5-P2. The DAG marker Cys1:YFP displayed a similar intracellular localization as PI 4,5-P2. Blocking endocytic membrane recycling affected the intracellular distribution of DAG but not of PI 4,5-P2. U-73122 at low micromolar concentrations inhibited and partially depolarized pollen tube growth, caused PI 4,5-P2 spreading at the apex, and abolished DAG membrane accumulation. We show that Nt PLC3 is targeted by its EF and C2 domains to the plasma membrane laterally at the pollen tube tip and that it maintains, together with endocytic membrane recycling, an apical domain enriched in PI 4,5-P2 and DAG required for polar cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Helling
- Heidelberg Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Anthony RG, Khan S, Costa J, Pais MS, Bögre L. The Arabidopsis Protein Kinase PTI1-2 Is Activated by Convergent Phosphatidic Acid and Oxidative Stress Signaling Pathways Downstream of PDK1 and OXI1. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:37536-46. [PMID: 17040918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607341200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis PDK1 activity is regulated by binding to the lipid phosphatidic acid (PA) resulting in activation of the oxidative stress-response protein kinase OXI1/AGC2-1. Thus there is an inferred link between lipid signaling and oxidative stress signaling modules. Among a panel of hormones and stresses tested, we found that, in addition to PA, the fungal elicitor xylanase activated PDK1, suggesting that PDK1 has a role in plant pathogen defense mechanisms. The downstream OXI1 was activated by additional stress factors, including PA, H(2)O(2), and partially by xylanase. We have isolated an interacting partner of OXI1, a Ser/Thr kinase (PTI1-2), which is downstream of OXI1. Its sequence closely resembles the tomato Pti kinase, which has been implicated in the hypersensitive response, a localized programmed cell death that occurs at the site of pathogen infection. PTI1-2 is activated by the same stresses/elicitors as OXI1 and additionally flagellin. We have used RNA interference to knock out the expression of PDK1 and OXI1 and to study the effects on PTI1-2 activity. We show that specific lipid signaling pathways converge on PTI1-2 via the PDK1-OXI1 axis, whereas H(2)O(2) and flagellin signals to OXI1-PTI1-2 via a PDK1-independent pathway. PTI1-2 represents a new downstream component that integrates diverse lipid and reactive oxygen stress signals and functions closely with OXI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Anthony
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom.
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20
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Liu HT, Huang WD, Pan QH, Weng FH, Zhan JC, Liu Y, Wan SB, Liu YY. Contributions of PIP(2)-specific-phospholipase C and free salicylic acid to heat acclimation-induced thermotolerance in pea leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 163:405-16. [PMID: 16455354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the accumulation in endogenous free salicylic acid (SA) induced by heat acclimation (37 degrees C) and the activity of PIP(2)-phospholipase C (PIP(2)-PLC; EC 3.1.4.3) in the plasma membrane fraction was investigated in pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves. We focused our attention on the hypothesis that positive SA signals induced by heat acclimation may be relayed by PIP(2)-PLC. Heat acclimation induced an abrupt elevation of free SA preceding the activation of PLC toward PIP(2). Immunoblotting indicated a molecular mass with 66.5kDa PLC plays key role in the development of thermotolerance in pea leaves. In addition, some characterizations of PLC toward PIP(2) isolated from pea leaves with two-phase purification containing calcium concentration, pH and a protein concentration were also studied. Neomycin sulfate, a well-known PIP(2)-PLC inhibitor, was employed to access the involvement of PIP(2)-PLC in the acquisition of heat acclimation induced-thermotolerance. We were able to identify a PIP(2)-PLC, which was similar to a conventional PIP(2)-PLC in higher plants, from pea leaves suggesting that PIP(2)-PLC was involved in the signal pathway that leads to the acquisition of heat acclimation induced-thermotolerance. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the involvement of free SA may function as the upstream event in the stimulation of PIP(2)-PLC in response to heat acclimation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Liu
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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21
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Pan YY, Wang X, Ma LG, Sun DY. Characterization of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) from Lilium daviddi pollen. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 46:1657-65. [PMID: 16085656 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity is detected in purified Lilium pollen protoplasts. Two PI-PLC full length cDNAs, LdPLC1 and LdPLC2, were isolated from pollen of Lilium daviddi. The amino acid sequences for the two PI-PLCs deduced from the two cDNA sequences contain X, Y catalytic motifs and C2 domains. Blast analysis shows that LdPLCs have 60-65% identities to the PI-PLCs from other plant species. Both recombinant PI-PLCs proteins expressed in E. coli cells show the PIP(2)-hydrolyzing activity. The RT-PCR analysis shows that both of them are expressed in pollen grains, whereas expression level of LdPLC2 is induced in germinating pollen. The exogenous purified calmodulin (CaM) is able to stimulate the activity of the PI-PLC when it is added into the pollen protoplast medium, while anti-CaM antibody suppresses the stimulation effect caused by exogenous CaM. PI-PLC activity is enhanced by G protein agonist cholera toxin and decreased by G protein antagonist pertussis toxin. Increasing in PI-PLC activity caused by exogenous purified CaM is also inhibited by pertussis toxin. A PI-PLC inhibitor, U-73122, inhibited the stimulation of PI-PLC activity caused by cholera toxin and it also leads to the decrease of [Ca(2+)](cyt) in pollen grains. Those results suggest that the PPI-PLC signaling pathway is present in Lilium daviddi pollen, and PI-PLC activity might be regulated by a heterotrimeric G protein and extracellular CaM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Pan
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
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22
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Hunt L, Otterhag L, Lee JC, Lasheen T, Hunt J, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Sommarin M, Gilmour DJ, Pical C, Gray JE. Gene-specific expression and calcium activation of Arabidopsis thaliana phospholipase C isoforms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 162:643-654. [PMID: 33873763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• PI-PLCs synthesise the calcium releasing second messenger IP3 . We investigated the expression patterns of the Arabidopsis PI-PLC gene family and measured in vitro activity of encoded enzymes. • Gene specific RT-PCR and promoter-GUS fusions were used to analyse AtPLC gene expression patterns. The five available AtPLC cDNAs were expressed as fusion proteins in Escherichia coli. • All members of the AtPLC gene family were expressed in multiple organs of the plant. AtPLC1, and AtPLC5 expression was localized to the vascular cells of roots and leaves with AtPLC5::GUS also detected in the guard cells. AtPLC4::GUS was detected in pollen and cells of the stigma surface. In seedlings, AtPLC2 and AtPLC3 were constitutively expressed, while AtPLCs 1, 4 and 5 were induced by abiotic stresses. AtPLC1-5 were all shown to have phospholipase C activity in the presence of calcium ions. • AtPLCs showed limited tissue specific expression and expression of at least three genes was increased by abiotic stress. The differing calcium sensitivities of recombinant AtPLC protein activities may provide a mechanism for generating calcium signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hunt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - L Otterhag
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Lund University PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - J C Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - T Lasheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - J Hunt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - M Seki
- RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - K Shinozaki
- RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - M Sommarin
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Lund University PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - D J Gilmour
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - C Pical
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Lund University PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - J E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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23
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Venkataraman G, Goswami M, Tuteja N, Reddy MK, Sopory SK. Isolation and characterization of a phospholipase C delta isoform from pea that is regulated by light in a tissue specific manner. Mol Genet Genomics 2003; 270:378-86. [PMID: 14564506 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-003-0925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2003] [Accepted: 08/19/2003] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C (PLCs) play an important role in many cellular responses and are involved in the production of secondary messengers. We report the cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a PLC-delta from Pisum sativum (PsPLC). The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA sequence showed 75-80% identity to other plant PLCs and contained the characteristic X, Y and C2 domains. The genomic PLC clone from pea was also characterized and found to contain eight introns. The protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, but the recombinant product did not show any phosphoinositide (PI)- or phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-specific activity, despite having all known residues required for such activity, and in spite of the fact that its C2 domain was shown to bind calcium. Under similar in vitro assay conditions the recombinant tobacco PLC used as a control showed calcium-dependent PI- and PIP2-specific activity. Though PsPLC did not show enzyme activity in vitro, and may represent an inactive form of PLC, such as those reported in some mammalian systems, analysis of the transcription of PsPLC showed that the gene is expressed in all pea tissues, and is regulated by light in a tissue-specific manner. Roots showed higher expression of PsPLC than shoots. A putative PsPLC promoter region (792 bp) was also cloned and found to contain root-specific and light-responsive cis elements, suggesting that this form of PLC may be involved in important functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Venkataraman
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICEGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, India
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24
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Otterhag L, Sommarin M, Pical C. N-terminal EF-hand-like domain is required for phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2001; 497:165-70. [PMID: 11377433 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C's (PI-PLCs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotes, from plants to animals, and catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate into the two second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. In animals, four distinct subfamilies of PI-PLCs have been identified, and the three-dimensional structure of one rat isozyme, PLC-delta1, determined. Plants appear to contain only one gene family encoding PI-PLCs. The catalytic properties of plant PI-PLCs are very similar to those of animal enzymes. However, very little is known about the regulation of plant PI-PLCs. All plant PI-PLCs comprise three domains, X, Y and C2, which are also conserved in isoforms from animals and yeast. We here show that one PI-PLC isozyme from Arabidopsis thaliana, AtPLC2, is predominantly localized in the plasma membrane, and that the conserved N-terminal domain may represent an EF-hand domain that is required for catalytic activity but not for lipid binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Otterhag
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 117, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
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25
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Coursol S, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Vidal J, Pierre JN. An increase in phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activity precedes induction of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase phosphorylation in illuminated and NH4Cl-treated protoplasts from Digitaria sanguinalis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 23:497-506. [PMID: 10972876 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A Ca2+-dependent phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity has been characterized in the microsomal fraction of Digitaria sanguinalis mesophyll cell protoplasts. Microsomal PI-PLC was found to be inhibited in vitro by a mammalian anti-PLC-delta1 antibody and by the aminosteroide U-73122, an inhibitor of PI-PLC activity in animal cells. In Western blot experiments, the antibody recognized an 85 kDa protein in both microsomal protein extracts from mesophyll protoplasts and rat brain protein extracts containing the authentic enzyme. The involvement of the microsomal PI-PLC in the light-dependent transduction pathway leading to the phosphorylation of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was investigated in D. sanguinalis protoplasts. A transient increase in the PI-PLC reaction product inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4, 5)P3) was observed in situ during early induction of the C4 PEPC phosphorylation cascade. U-73122, but not the inactive analogue U-73343, efficiently blocked the transient accumulation of Ins(1,4, 5)P3, and both the increase in C4 PEPC kinase activity and C4 PEPC phosphorylation in illuminated and weak base-treated protoplasts. Taken together, these data suggest that PI-PLC-based signalling is a committed step in the cascade controlling the regulation of C4 PEPC phosphorylation in C4 leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Coursol
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, UMR 8618, Université Paris XI, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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26
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Hernandez-Sotomayor SM, Munoz-Sanchez JA, Loyola-Vargas VM. Kinetic analysis of phospholipase C from catharanthus roseus transformed roots using different assays. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 120:1075-82. [PMID: 10444091 PMCID: PMC59341 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.4.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/1999] [Accepted: 05/12/1999] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The properties of phospholipase C (PLC) partially purified from Catharanthus roseus transformed roots were analyzed using substrate lipids dispersed in phospholipid vesicles, phospholipid-detergent mixed micelles, and phospholipid monolayers spread at an air-water interface. Using [(33)P]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) of high specific radioactivity, PLC activity was monitored directly by measuring the loss of radioactivity from monolayers as a result of the release of inositol phosphate and its subsequent dissolution on quenching in the subphase. PLC activity was markedly affected by the surface pressure of the monolayer, with reduced activity at extremes of initial pressure. The optimum surface pressure for PIP(2) hydrolysis was 20 mN/m. Depletion of PLC from solution by incubation with sucrose-loaded PIP(2) vesicles followed by ultracentrifugation demonstrated stable attachment of PLC to the vesicles. A mixed micellar system was established to assay PLC activity using deoxycholate. Kinetic analyses were performed to determine whether PLC activity was dependent on both bulk PIP(2) and PIP(2) surface concentrations in the micelles. The interfacial Michaelis constant was calculated to be 0.0518 mol fraction, and the equilibrium dissociation constant of PLC for the lipid was 45.5 &mgr;M. These findings will add to our understanding of the mechanisms of regulation of plant PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- SM Hernandez-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Biologia Experimental, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica de Yucatan, Apartado Postal 87 Cordemex 97310, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
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27
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Piña-Chable ML, de los Santos-Briones C, Muñoz-Sánchez JA, Echevarría Machado I, Hernández-Sotomayor SM. Effect of different inhibitors on phospholipase C activity in Catharanthus roseus transformed roots. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 1998; 56:19-31. [PMID: 9674018 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(98)00037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that Catharanthus roseus transformed roots contain at least two phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-phospholipase C (PLC) activities, one soluble and one membrane associated. In this paper, the effect of neomycin and several divalent cations was analyzed, both in the soluble and the membrane-associated PLC activity in C. roseus transformed roots. In this system, neomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, inhibited PLC in a concentration-dependent fashion. The neomycin IC50 (100 microM) was the same for the inhibition of the soluble and the membrane associated PLC activity. The effect of different divalent cations such as Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ was studied as well. In order to see the effect of these cations on PLC activity, we selected two conditions: a) in the presence of and b) in the absence of calcium. In the presence of calcium, these three divalent cations were able to inhibit PLC activity in both fractions in a concentration-dependent manner; however, the IC50s were different for the membrane and the soluble activities. For the soluble activity, the inhibition due to the three cations was very similar (IC50s between 0.2 and 0.3 mM). For the membrane associated PLC activity, Cu2+ was the most potent inhibitor (IC50 3.6 microM), then Ni2+ and then Zn2+. In the absence of calcium, higher concentrations of Cu2+ and Zn2+ demonstrated some inhibitory effect. We discuss the possible physiological role of these inhibitors on PLC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Piña-Chable
- Unidad de Biología Experimental, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, México
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Munnik T, Irvine RF, Musgrave A. Phospholipid signalling in plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1389:222-72. [PMID: 9512651 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(97)00158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Munnik
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, BioCentrum Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kopka J, Pical C, Gray JE, Müller-Röber B. Molecular and enzymatic characterization of three phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C isoforms from potato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 116:239-50. [PMID: 9449844 PMCID: PMC35163 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.1.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/1997] [Accepted: 10/05/1997] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many cellular responses to stimulation of cell-surface receptors by extracellular signals are transmitted across the plasma membrane by hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), which is cleaved into diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate by phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). We present structural, biochemical, and RNA expression data for three distinct PI-PLC isoforms, StPLC1, StPLC2, and StPLC3, which were cloned from a guard cell-enriched tissue preparation of potato (Solanum tuberosum) leaves. All three enzymes contain the catalytic X and Y domains, as well as C2-like domains also present in all PI-PLCs. Analysis of the reaction products obtained from PIP2 hydrolysis unequivocally identified these enzymes as genuine PI-PLC isoforms. Recombinant StPLCs showed an optimal PIP2-hydrolyzing activity at 10 microM Ca2+ and were inhibited by Al3+ in equimolar amounts. In contrast to PI-PLC activity in plant plasma membranes, however, recombinant enzymes could not be activated by Mg2+. All three stplc genes are expressed in various tissues of potato, including leaves, flowers, tubers, and roots, and are affected by drought stress in a gene-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Golm/Potsdam, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Murthy
- Chemistry Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton 49931, USA
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Shi J, Dixon RA, Gonzales RA, Kjellbom P, Bhattacharyya MK. Identification of cDNA clones encoding valosin-containing protein and other plant plasma membrane-associated proteins by a general immunoscreening strategy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:4457-61. [PMID: 7753826 PMCID: PMC41963 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.10.4457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An approach was developed for the isolation and characterization of soybean plasma membrane-associated proteins by immunoscreening of a cDNA expression library. An antiserum was raised against purified plasma membrane vesicles. In a differential screening of approximately 500,000 plaque-forming units with the anti-(plasma membrane) serum and DNA probes derived from highly abundant clones isolated in a preliminary screening, 261 clones were selected from approximately 1,200 antiserum-positive plaques. These clones were classified into 40 groups by hybridization analysis and 5'- and 3'-terminal sequencing. By searching nucleic acid and protein sequence data bases, 11 groups of cDNAs were identified, among which valosin-containing protein (VCP), clathrin heavy chain, phospholipase C, and S-adenosylmethionine:delta 24-sterol-C-methyltransferase have not to date been cloned from plants. The remaining 29 groups did not match any current data base entries and may, therefore, represent additional or yet uncharacterized genes. A full-length cDNA encoding the soybean VCP was sequenced. The high level of amino acid identity with vertebrate VCP and yeast CDC48 protein indicates that the soybean protein is a plant homolog of vertebrate VCP and yeast CDC48 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shi
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73402, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Cho
- Botany Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7612, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Bruzik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612
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Bolander FF. Molecular Evolution of the Endocrine System. Mol Endocrinol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-111231-8.50020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Mukherjee
- Federal Centre for Cereal, Potato and Lipid Research, H. P. Kaufmann-Institute, Münster, Germany
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Drøbak
- Department of Cell Biology, John Innes Centre for Plant Science Research, Norwich, U.K
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