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Nyce J, Weinhouse S, Magee PN. 5-Methylcytosine depletion during tumour development: an extension of the miscoding concept. Br J Cancer 1983; 48:463-75. [PMID: 6354237 PMCID: PMC2011508 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1983.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a general model for neoplastic development which postulates that the loss of methyl groups from 5-methylcytosines (5-mC) involved in the control of gene expression may initiate neoplastic transformation and give rise to the aberrant phenotype of the transformed cell. Interference with normal patterns of methylation can be envisioned to occur by a number of mechanisms: as a result of carcinogen-induced G:C leads to A:T transition leading to a loss of potentially methylatable cytosines; by mutations or chromosome rearrangement which disrupt the integrity of active DNA methylase genes; by separating methylated repressor regions of the genome from the genes they control; by direct interference with DNA methylation, as proposed for ethionine and 5-azacytidine; by spontaneous deamination of 5-mC to thymine, leading to accumulation of 5-mC:G leads to T:A transitions, by virus-induced perturbations in host cell methylation patterns; and by activation of DNA demethylases.
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Alix JH. Molecular aspects of the in vivo and in vitro effects of ethionine, an analog of methionine. Microbiol Rev 1982; 46:281-95. [PMID: 6752686 PMCID: PMC281545 DOI: 10.1128/mr.46.3.281-295.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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3
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Pezzoli C, Guaitani A, Villa P, Bartosek I, Stramentinoli G. Lack of influence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) treatment on Walker 256/B carcinoma and SAMe turnover in rats. Toxicol Lett 1982; 12:207-13. [PMID: 7112613 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(82)90187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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4
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Hancock RL, Gerritsen N, Meadows H. Effects of chemical carcinogens on bacteria and yeast: a review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1981; 7:607-42. [PMID: 6793732 DOI: 10.1080/15287398109530005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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5
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Drahovsky D, Boehm TL. Enzymatic DNA methylation in higher eukaryotes. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 12:523-8. [PMID: 7000575 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(80)90002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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6
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von Acken U, Simon D, Grunert F, Döring HP, Kröger H. Methylation of viral DNA in vivo and in vitro. Virology 1979; 99:152-7. [PMID: 227158 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Essigmann JM, Busby WF, Wogan GN. Quantitative determination of transfer RNA base composition using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1977; 81:384-94. [PMID: 907101 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(77)90709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Van Lancker JL. DNA injuries, their repair, and carcinogenesis. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1977; 64:65-127. [PMID: 872636 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66581-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Pegg AE. Formation and metabolism of alkylated nucleosides: possible role in carcinogenesis by nitroso compounds and alkylating agents. Adv Cancer Res 1977; 25:195-269. [PMID: 326002 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Our earlier studies had shown that as fungi age, many of their vital functions decrease; in Rhizoctonia solani, protein synthesis is one of the functions so affected. We now find that the ability to methylate tRNA, a vital component of the protein synthesizing system, also decreases with age. This methylation of Escherichia coli tRNA by R. solani methylase preparations increased with the concentration of enzyme and with time of incubation; in both cases the rate of increase was considerably higher for preparations from young cells than for those from old cells. The methylation reaction also increased with the concentration of substrate tRNA, with temperature, at least to 45 degrees C, and with pH to 9.0. Methylase preparations from R. solani methylated both exogenous E. coli tRNA and yeast tRNA, but were only weakly active on isolated R. solani tRNA. However, acid-precipitated methylases from R. solani were very effective in methylating the homologous exogenous tRNA. Regardless of the source of the tRNA used as substrate, the methylases from older cells were always less active than those from young cells from the same mycelium. No methylase inhibitor was detected in the fungus.
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Sawicki DL, Beiser SM, Srinivasan D, Srinivasan PR. Immunochemical detection of 7-methylguanine residues in nucleic acids. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 176:457-64. [PMID: 988790 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Abstract
The methylation of tRNA is a post-transcriptional modification which is achieved by specific enzymes, the tRNA methylases, with S adenosylmethionine as a methyl donor. The level and pattern of methylation are characteristic of the tRNA species and origin. Abnormally methylated tRNAs have been obtained, in vivo and in vitro, by a variety of methods, and their properties have been studied. The tRNA methylases are found in all cells and tissues. Their activity varies with the differentiation state of the cells, and under the influence of many internal and external factors ; it is especially elevated in embryonic and cancerous tissues. These enzymes are very unstable, and none of them has been purified to homogeneity. We present here their known properties and we propose a theory concerning their specificity. Finally, after reviewing the few available experimental data, we discuss the current hypotheses and speculations about the roles and functions of tRNA methylation.
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Studies of the base composition of transfer rna and the specificity of transfer rna methylases of hamster liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(75)90042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Levine L, Gjika H. Radioimmunoassays for N2-dimethylguanosine. 7-methylguanosine, and pseudouridine. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 164:583-9. [PMID: 4477703 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Craddock VM. The in vivo formation and turnover of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine in the liver of normal rats, of animals fed dimethylnitrosamine, and of partially hepatectomised animals. Biochem Pharmacol 1974; 23:2452-4. [PMID: 4429577 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Agris PF, Spremulli LL, Brown GM. tRNA methylases from HeLa cells: purification and properties of an adenine-1-methylase and a guanine-N2-methylase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 162:38-47. [PMID: 4208689 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Nau F. Differences in in vivo methylation patterns of tyrosine and histidine transfer ribonucleic acids from rat liver and Novikoff hepatoma. Biochemistry 1974; 13:1105-9. [PMID: 4360776 DOI: 10.1021/bi00703a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Ouellette AJ, Taylor MW. Elevated levels of acceptor activity of hepatoma transfer ribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 1973; 12:3542-6. [PMID: 4354373 DOI: 10.1021/bi00742a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Judes C, Jacob M. Differentiation of chick embryo cerebral hemispheres. 3. Incorporation of ( 3 H-methyl)methionine into 29 S, 18 S and 4 S RNAs. Brain Res 1973; 52:333-44. [PMID: 4700709 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Munns TW, Podratz KC, Katzman PA. Separation of methylated bases of ribonucleic acid by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1973; 76:401-6. [PMID: 4347644 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)96923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Stewart BW, Pegg AE. Changes in tRNA methylase activity of rat kidney following administration of the carcinogen, dimethylnitrosamine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 281:416-24. [PMID: 4565241 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Nau F, Garbit F, Dubert JM. Specificities of tRNA methylases from mouse liver and plasmocytoma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 277:80-6. [PMID: 4559805 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Craddock VM. Reactivity of selenomethionine in nucleic acid methylase reactions in the rat. Chem Biol Interact 1972; 5:207-11. [PMID: 5047753 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(72)90056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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24
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Pegg AE. Studies of the ethylation of rat liver transfer ribonucleic acid after administration of L-ethionine. Biochem J 1972; 128:59-68. [PMID: 5085644 PMCID: PMC1173570 DOI: 10.1042/bj1280059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
1. The ethylated nucleosides present in tRNA isolated from the livers of rats treated with 0.5g of l-ethionine/kg body wt. were investigated. Evidence that this tRNA contained N(2)-ethylguanine, N(2)N(2)-diethylguanine, N(2)-ethyl-N(2)-methylguanine, 7-ethylguanine, two ethylated pyrimidines and ethylated ribose groups was obtained. 2. Ethylation of bacterial tRNA was catalysed by extracts containing tRNA methylases prepared from rat liver by using S-adenosyl-l-ethionine as an ethyl donor, but the rate of ethylation was 20 times less than the rate of methylation with S-adenosyl-l-methionine as a methyl donor. 3. The principal product of such ethylation in vitro was N(2)-ethylguanine and traces of the other ethylated guanines and pyrimidines found in tRNA isolated from rats treated with ethionine in vivo were also found. 1-Ethyladenine was not formed, although 1-methyl-adenine is a major product of methylation of bacterial tRNA by these extracts, and 1-ethyladenine was not present in the rat liver tRNA isolated from ethionine-treated animals. 4. After injection of actinomycin D (15mg/kg body wt.) or l-methionine (1.0g/kg body wt.) before the ethionine, ethylation of tRNA was diminished by about 80% but not completely abolished. Administration of 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (2.5g/kg body wt.) to inhibit the formation of S-adenosyl-l-ethionine inhibited ethylation of tRNA by 44%. 5. These results suggest that not all of the ethylation of tRNA that occurs in the livers of rats treated with ethionine is mediated by the action of tRNA methylases acting with S-adenosyl-l-ethionine as a substrate, but that this pathway does occur and accounts for a major part of the observed ethylation. 6. The results are discussed with reference to ethionine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Craddock VM. Analysis of DNA for the formation of 3-methylthymine after administration of dimethylnitrosamine. Chem Biol Interact 1972; 4:149-54. [PMID: 5008934 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(72)90009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Inose M, Miyata S, Iwanami Y. Methylation patterns of transfer RNA from ascites hepatomas. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 259:96-103. [PMID: 4334922 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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29
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30
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Wong RS, Scarborough GA, Borek E. Transfer ribonucleic acid methylases during the germination of Neurospora crassa. J Bacteriol 1971; 108:446-50. [PMID: 5122811 PMCID: PMC247084 DOI: 10.1128/jb.108.1.446-450.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) methylases were studied during the germination of spores in Neurospora crassa. The total methylase capacity and base specific tRNA methylase activities were determined in extracts from cells harvested at various stages of germination. Germinated conidia have a 65% higher methylase capacity than ungerminated conidia. Three predominant methylase activities were found in the extracts, and the relative amount of each activity was different at the various stages. Enzymes from vegetative cells catalyzed significant hypermethylation of tRNA from conidia, whereas conidial enzymes were much less active on tRNA from vegetative cells. The results indicate differences in the tRNA methylase content and tRNA species of conidia and vegetative cells.
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31
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Methylation of DNA in the intact animal and the effect of the carcinogens dimethylnitrosamine and ethionine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Randerath K, MacKinnon SK, Randerath E. An investigation of the minor base composition of transfer RNA in normal human brain and malignant brain tumors. FEBS Lett 1971; 15:81-84. [PMID: 11945819 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(71)80084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Randerath
- The John Collins Warren Laboratories of the Huntington Memorial Hospital of Harvard University at the Massachusetts General Hospital, 02114, Boston, Mass., USA
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Levine L, Van Vunakis H, Gallo RC. Serologic specificities of methylated base immune systems. Biochemistry 1971; 10:2009-13. [PMID: 4998133 DOI: 10.1021/bi00787a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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34
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Burdon RH. Ribonucleic acid maturation in animal cells. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1971; 11:33-79. [PMID: 5145747 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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35
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Halpern BC, Halpern RM, Chaney SQ, Smith RA. Reversal of malignant transformation by tumor DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 67:1827-33. [PMID: 5275380 PMCID: PMC283435 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.67.4.1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cells grown in tissue culture medium containing inhibitory DNA prepared from the tumor are shown to have an unaltered growth in vitro, but a diminished capacity to produce malignant tumors on injection into the rat. Coincident with this change in virulence is the induction of tRNA methylase inhibitors in these malignant cells. Within days after the DNA is removed from the growth medium, the tRNA methylase inhibitors disappear and the oncogenicity reappears.
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37
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38
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Sharma OK, Borek E. Hormonal effect on transfer ribonucleic acid methylases and on serine transfer ribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 1970; 9:2507-13. [PMID: 4912485 DOI: 10.1021/bi00814a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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