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Crocin prevention of anemia-induced changes in structural and functional parameters of mice testes. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Krukoski DW, Comar SR, Claro LM, Leonart MSS, do Nascimento AJ. Effect of vitamin C, deferoxamine, quercetin and rutin against tert-butyl hydroperoxide oxidative damage in human erythrocytes. Hematology 2013; 14:168-72. [DOI: 10.1179/102453309x402296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Witchmichen Krukoski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Lothário Meissner 632, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Samuel Ricardo Comar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Lothário Meissner 632, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ligia Maria Claro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Lothário Meissner 632, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Suely Soares Leonart
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Lothário Meissner 632, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Aguinaldo José do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Lothário Meissner 632, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Andrews DA, Boren BM, Turk JR, Boyce RW, He YD, Hamadeh HK, Mytych DT, Barger TE, Salimi-Moosavi H, Sloey B, Elliott S, McElroy P, Sinclair AM, Shimamoto G, Pyrah ITG, Lightfoot-Dunn RM. Dose-related Differences in the Pharmacodynamic and Toxicologic Response to a Novel Hyperglycosylated Analog of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Similarly High Hematocrit. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:524-39. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623313486319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported results that erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA)–related thrombotic toxicities in preclinical species were not solely dependent on a high hematocrit (HCT) but also associated with increased ESA dose level, dose frequency, and dosing duration. In this article, we conclude that sequelae of an increased magnitude of ESA-stimulated erythropoiesis potentially contributed to thrombosis in the highest ESA dose groups. The results were obtained from two investigative studies we conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats administered a low (no thrombotic toxicities) or high (with thrombotic toxicities) dose level of a hyperglycosylated analog of recombinant human erythropoietin (AMG 114), 3 times weekly for up to 9 days or for 1 month. Despite similarly increased HCT at both dose levels, animals in the high-dose group had an increased magnitude of erythropoiesis measured by spleen weights, splenic erythropoiesis, and circulating reticulocytes. Resulting prothrombotic risk factors identified predominantly or uniquely in the high-dose group were higher numbers of immature reticulocytes and nucleated red blood cells in circulation, severe functional iron deficiency, and increased intravascular destruction of iron-deficient reticulocyte/red blood cells. No thrombotic events were detected in rats dosed up to 9 days suggesting a sustained high HCT is a requisite cofactor for development of ESA-related thrombotic toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. Andrews
- Comparative Biology Safety Sciences, Pathology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Babette M. Boren
- Comparative Biology Safety Sciences, Toxicology Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - James R. Turk
- Comparative Biology Safety Sciences, Pathology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Rogely W. Boyce
- Comparative Biology Safety Sciences, Pathology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Yudong D. He
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Discovery Toxicology, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hisham K. Hamadeh
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Discovery Toxicology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Daniel T. Mytych
- Medical Sciences, Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Troy E. Barger
- Medical Sciences, Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | | | - Bethlyn Sloey
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Steve Elliott
- Discovery Research, Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Patricia McElroy
- Discovery Research, Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Angus M. Sinclair
- Discovery Research, Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Grant Shimamoto
- Therapeutic Discovery, Biologic Optimization, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Ian T. G. Pyrah
- Comparative Biology Safety Sciences, Executive and Operations, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Ruth M. Lightfoot-Dunn
- Comparative Biology Safety Sciences, Executive and Operations, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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Moreira LL, Dias T, Dias LG, Rogão M, Da Silva JP, Estevinho LM. Propolis influence on erythrocyte membrane disorder (hereditary spherocytosis): A first approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:520-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Aldinucci C, Carretta A, Maiorca SM, Leoncini S, Signorini C, Ciccoli L, Pessina GP. Effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on rat cortical synaptosomes. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:249-52. [PMID: 19651794 DOI: 10.1177/0748233709103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nerve cells are very responsive to weak pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Such non-ionizing radiation, with frequencies of 0-300 Hz and 0.1-100 mT, can affect several cellular activities, with unusual dose-response characteristics. The present study examined the effect of a 2-h exposure of synaptosomes on a system generating a peak magnetic field of 2 mT. We evaluated the changes of the synaptosomal mitochondrial respiration rate and ATP production, membrane potential, intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ concentration, and the release of free iron and F2-isoprostanes. O2 consumption and ATP production remained unchanged in exposed synaptosomes. The intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ concentration decreased slowly and no depolarization of the synaptosomal membrane was detected. Finally, the release of free iron and F2-isoprostanes by synaptosomal suspensions also remained unchanged after EMF exposure. These results indicate that the physiological behavior of cortical synaptosomes was unaffected by weak pulsed EMFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aldinucci
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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7
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The effects of hypoxia/reoxygenation on the physiological behaviour of U373-MG astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:42-9. [PMID: 19582572 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nerve cells are very susceptible to hypoxia responsive for mitochondrial dysfunctions involved in the subsequent oxidative stress, apoptosis and necrosis. In this paper, we examined the effect of 12 h incubation of U-373 MG astrocytes in hypoxic environment (73% N(2): 2% O(2): 5% CO(2), v:v) by evaluating cell proliferation, modifications of NO and ATP production, intracellular Ca(2+) concentration [Ca(2+)](i), membrane potential, desferoxamine-chelatable free iron, esterified F2-isoprostanes levels and the production of phosphorylated ERK. The same parameters were evaluated also after a following re-oxygenation period of 24 h. Immediately after hypoxia the NO concentration increased significantly and returned to values similar to those of controls after the re-oxygenation period. At the same time, ATP levels remained similar to controls and the cell proliferation significantly decreased. This involved a significant increase of [Ca(2+)](i) immediately after hypoxia and the value remained significantly elevated after the following re-oxygenation period. Moreover, after hypoxia, astrocytes were slightly although not significantly depolarized. Indeed iron and F2-isoprostanes levels increased significantly after hypoxia. Finally ERK proteins increased slowly and not significantly after hypoxia and the same trend was observed after the re-oxygenation period. On the whole, our results indicate that 2% O(2) hypoxia induces a moderate oxidative stress, well tolerated by U-373 MG cells, remaining the ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential and activated ERK proteins, similar to the values of controls.
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Aldinucci C, Carretta A, Maiorca S, Rossi V, Ciccoli L, Pessina GP. Synaptosome behaviour is unaffected by weak pulsed electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2007; 28:477-83. [PMID: 17497690 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect on rat cortical synaptosomes of a 2 h exposure to 50-Hz electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with a peak magnetic field of 2 mT. We measured modifications of synaptosomal mitochondrial respiration rate, ATP production, membrane potential, intrasynaptosomal Ca(2+) concentration and free iron release. The O(2) consumption remained unvaried in exposed synaptosomes at about 2 nM O(2)/min/mg proteins; ATP production was also unchanged. The intrasynaptosomal Ca(2+) concentration decreased slowly and there was a slight, but non-significant, depolarisation of the synaptosomal membrane. Finally, the free iron release by synaptosomal suspensions, a useful predictor of neuro-developmental outcome, remained unchanged after EMF exposure. On the whole, our results indicate that the physiological behaviour of cortical synaptosomes is not affected by weak pulsed EMFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aldinucci
- Department of Physiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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SivaKumar V, Niranjali Devaraj S. Protective effect of Plumbago zeylanica against cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2006; 29:279-88. [PMID: 16777706 DOI: 10.1080/01480540600652921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plumbago zeylanica, commonly known as white leadwort, found abundantly in the plains of Bengal and southern India, was tested for its possible in vivo protective effect against cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Pretreatment with the alcoholic root extract of Plumbago zeylanica (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight orally for 5 days) significantly reduced the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCEs), increased the PCE/NCE (normochromatic erythrocyte) ratio in the bone marrow, and decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation products with concomitant changes in the status of antioxidants. Both doses of Plumbago zeylanica were effective in exerting a protective effect against cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- V SivaKumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, India
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Rossi V, Leoncini S, Signorini C, Buonocore G, Paffetti P, Tanganelli D, Ciccoli L, Comporti M. Oxidative stress and autologous immunoglobulin G binding to band 3 dimers in newborn erythrocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:907-15. [PMID: 16520242 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since birth-induced oxidative stress (OS) results in the removal of erythrocytes from the blood stream, we studied the binding of autologous IgG to erythrocyte band 3 dimers (the 170-kDa band, which marks the erythrocytes for removal) in preterm and term newborns and in adults. The 170-kDa band was present in as much as 74% of preterm, in 21% of term newborns, and in 10% of adults. During erythrocyte ageing "in vitro" (0, 24, and 48 h aerobic incubation), the appearance of the band occurred much faster with erythrocytes from newborns (particularly preterm) than with those from adults. When the blots for the 170-kDa band were quantified by scanning densitometry, it was seen that the 0 time values were significantly higher in preterm compared to term and adult values. After aerobic incubation a progressive increase in the optical density was observed in each group and the densities were higher in preterm than in the other groups. The course of iron release during the various incubations was analogous to that of the 170-kDa band blots, and significant correlations were found at 0 and 48 h. Methemoglobin formation roughly paralleled iron release. Esterified F(2)-isoprostanes (markers of OS) and O(2)(-) production in the nonincubated (0 time) erythrocytes were much higher in newborn (preterm and term) than in adult erythrocytes. Plasma free F(2)-isoprostanes were significantly higher in preterms than in terms and in terms than in adults. Plasma non-protein-bound iron (NPBI) was higher in preterm than in term newborns and not detectable in adults. In conclusion dimers of band 3 with autologous IgG are found under conditions in which OS can be detected in erythrocytes or in plasma: namely in newborns or in aged erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Rossi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, Italy
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Sergent O, Tomasi A, Ceccarelli D, Masini A, Nohl H, Cillard P, Cillard J, Vladimirov YA, Kozlov AV. Combination of Iron Overload Plus Ethanol and Ischemia Alone Give Rise to the Same Endogenous Free Iron Pool. Biometals 2005; 18:567-75. [PMID: 16388396 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-005-8488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload aggravates tissue damage caused by ischemia and ethanol intoxication. The underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon are not yet clear. To clarify these mechanisms we followed free iron ("loosely" bound redox-active iron) concentration in livers from rats subjected to experimental iron overload, acute ethanol intoxication, and ex vivo warm ischemia. The levels of free iron in non-homogenized liver tissues, liver homogenates, and hepatocyte cultures were analyzed by means of EPR spectroscopy. Ischemia gradually increased the levels of endogenous free iron in liver tissues and in liver homogenates. The increase was accompanied by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products. Iron overload alone, known to increase significantly the total tissue iron, did not affect either free iron levels or lipid peroxidation. Homogenization of iron-loaded livers, however, resulted in the release of a significant portion of free iron from endogenous depositories. Acute ethanol intoxication increased free iron levels in liver tissue and diminished the portion of free iron releasing during homogenization. Similarly to liver tissue, the primary hepatocyte culture loaded with iron in vitro released significantly more free iron during homogenization compared to non iron-loaded hepatocyte culture. Analyzing three possible sources of free iron release under these experimental conditions in liver cells, namely ferritin, intracellular transferrin-receptor complex and heme oxygenase, we suggest that redox active free iron is released from ferritin under ischemic conditions whereas ethanol and homogenization facilitate the release of iron from endosomes containing transferrin-receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Sergent
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Vegetale, UPRES 3891, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, University of Rennes 1, 2 AVE du Pr. Léon Bernard, CS, 34317 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
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Medina-Navarro R, Duran-Reyes G, Diaz-Flores M, Hicks JJ, Kumate J. Glucose-stimulated acrolein production from unsaturated fatty acids. Hum Exp Toxicol 2004; 23:101-5. [PMID: 15070069 DOI: 10.1191/0960327104ht416oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glucose auto-oxidation may be a significant source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and also be important in the lipid peroxidation process, accompanied by the release of toxic reactive products. We wanted to demonstrate that acrolein can be formed directly and actively from free fatty acids in a hyperglycemic environment. A suspension of linoleic and arachidonic acids (2.5 mM) was exposed to different glucose concentrations (5, 10 and 15 mmol/L) in vitro. The samples were extracted with organic solvents, partitioned, followed at 255-267 nm, and analysed using capillary electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy. The total release of aldehydes significantly (P < 0.01) increased from 1.0 to 5.1, 8.3 and 13.1 micromol/L after 6 hours of incubation, proportional to glucose concentrations. It was possible to verify a correlate hydroperoxide formation as well. Among the lipid peroxidation products, acrolein (5% of total) and its condensing product, 4-hydroxy-hexenal, were identified. From the results presented here, it was possible to demonstrate the production of acrolein, probably as a fatty acid product, due to free radicals generated from the glucose auto-oxidation process. The results led us to propose that acrolein, which is one of the most toxic aldehydes, is produced during hyperglycemic states, and may lead to tissue injury, as one of the initial problems to be linked to high levels of glucose in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Medina-Navarro
- Specialties Hospital, Medical Research Unit in Biochemistry, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico.
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Comporti M, Signorini C, Leoncini S, Buonocore G, Rossi V, Ciccoli L. Plasma F2-isoprostanes are elevated in newborns and inversely correlated to gestational age. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:724-32. [PMID: 15288129 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Revised: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
F(2)-isoprostanes, prostaglandin F(2)-like compounds formed by free radical-catalyzed lipid peroxidation, are considered the most reliable markers of oxidative stress. It has been repeatedly suggested that newborns are exposed to conditions of oxidative stress resulting from the change from a low oxygen pressure in utero to a high oxygen pressure at birth. We measured the levels of F(2)-isoprostanes in plasma of newborns by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and we found that F(2)-isoprostanes are significantly higher in term newborns compared to healthy adults. The greatest values were found in preterm newborns in whom F(2)-isoprostanes are even higher than in term babies. Moreover a significant inverse correlation was found between the plasma levels of isoprostanes and the gestational age. A quite normal level of isoprostanes was found in the mothers both at delivery and during pregnancy. Placental total F(2)-isoprostanes (sum of free plus esterified) were significantly higher in preterm compared to term deliveries and such a difference might account for the difference in plasma isoprostanes. Plasma non-protein-bound iron is higher in preterm than in term newborns, even if no correlation was found with plasma F(2)-isoprostanes. Erythrocyte desferrioxamine-chelatable iron content (0 time) and release (24 h of aerobic incubation) are higher in newborns than in adults and in preterm than in term newborns, but again no correlation was found with plasma F(2)-isoprostanes. The marked increase in plasma isoprostanes suggests that oxidative stress is a feature of the physiopathological changes seen in the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Comporti
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine, and Public Health, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Ciccoli L, Rossi V, Leoncini S, Signorini C, Blanco-Garcia J, Aldinucci C, Buonocore G, Comporti M. Iron release, superoxide production and binding of autologous IgG to band 3 dimers in newborn and adult erythrocytes exposed to hypoxia and hypoxia-reoxygenation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2004; 1672:203-13. [PMID: 15182940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Revised: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Iron is released in a desferrioxamine (DFO)-chelatable form when erythrocytes are challenged by an oxidative stress. The release is increased when an accelerated removal of erythrocytes occurs such as in perinatal period, in which iron release is greater in hypoxic than in non-hypoxic newborns. This suggests that an hypoxic environment at birth promotes iron release. To test this possibility, iron release in a model of hypoxia, hypoxia-reoxygenation and normoxia was studied in newborn and adult erythrocytes. In newborn erythrocytes, hypoxia induced a much greater iron release compared to an equal period of normoxia. In adult erythrocytes, hypoxia also induced a greater iron release as compared to normoxia, but it was much lower than that seen with newborn erythrocytes. Methemoglobin (MetHb) formation roughly paralleled iron release. The phenylhydrazine-promoted superoxide anion (O(2)?(-)) production was greater with normoxic but lower with hypoxic erythrocytes from newborns as compared to that from adults. This discrepancy between iron release and O(2)?(-) production may be explained by the shift towards MetHb in hemoglobin autoxidation. Iron diffusion out of the erythrocytes was much higher with hypoxic erythrocytes from newborns as compared to that from adults. Also the binding of autologous IgG to band 3 dimers (AIgGB) is much greater with hypoxic erythrocytes from newborns as compared to that from adults, suggesting that the level of iron release is related to the extent of band 3 clustering and that hypoxia accelerates removal of erythrocytes from bloodstream in in vivo condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ciccoli
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Abstract
Iron, to be redox cycling active, has to be released from its macromolecular complexes (ferritin, transferrin, hemoproteins, etc.). Iron is released from hemoglobin or its derivatives in a nonprotein-bound, desferrioxamine-chelatable form (DCI) in a number of conditions in which the erythrocytes are subjected to oxidative stress. Such conditions can be related to toxicological events (haemolytic drugs) or to physiological situations (erythrocyte ageing, reproduced in a model of prolonged aerobic incubation), but can also result from more subtle circumstances in which a state of ischemia-reperfusion is imposed on erythrocytes (e.g., childbirth). The released iron could play a central role in oxidation of membrane proteins and senescent cell antigen (SCA) formation, one of the major pathways for erythrocyte removal. Iron chelators able to enter cells (such as ferrozine, quercetin, and fluor-benzoil-pyridoxal hydrazone) prevent both membrane protein oxidation and SCA formation. The increased release of iron observed in beta-thalassemia patients and newborns (particularly premature babies) suggests that fetal hemoglobin is more prone to release iron than adult hemoglobin. In newborns the release of iron in erythrocytes is correlated with plasma nonprotein-bound iron and may contribute to its appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Comporti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Experimental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Pietrangelo A, Montosi G, Garuti C, Contri M, Giovannini F, Ceccarelli D, Masini A. Iron-induced oxidant stress in nonparenchymal liver cells: mitochondrial derangement and fibrosis in acutely iron-dosed gerbils and its prevention by silybin. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2002; 34:67-79. [PMID: 11860182 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013874804911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis due to iron overload is mediated by oxidant stress. The basic mechanisms underlying this process in vivo are still little understood. Acutely iron-dosed gerbils were assayed for lobular accumulation of hepatic lipid peroxidation by-products, oxidant-stress gene response, mitochondrial energy-dependent functions, and fibrogenesis. Iron overload in nonparenchymal cells caused an activation of hepatic stellate cells and fibrogenesis. Oxidant-stress gene response and accumulation of malondialdehyde-protein adducts were restricted to iron-filled nonparenchymal cells, sparing nearby hepatocytes. Concomitantly, a significant rise in the mitochondrial desferrioxamine-chelatable iron pool associated with the impairment of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and the hepatic ATP decrease, was detected. Ultrastructural mitochondrial alterations were observed only in nonparenchymal cells. All biochemical and functional derangements were hindered by in vivo silybin administration which blocked completely fibrogenesis. Iron-induced oxidant stress in nonparenchymal cells appeared to bring about irreversible mitochondrial derangement associated with the onset of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Pietrangelo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Sezione di Patologia Generale, Università di Modena, Italy.
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Ferrali M, Signorini C, Ciccoli L, Bambagioni S, Rossi V, Pompella A, Comporti M. Protection of erythrocytes against oxidative damage and autologous immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding by iron chelator fluor-benzoil-pyridoxal hydrazone. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:1365-73. [PMID: 10751545 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Iron is released in a free desferrioxamine-chelatable form when erythrocytes are challenged by an oxidative stress. The release of iron is believed to play an important role in inducing destructive damage (lipid peroxidation and hemolysis) or in producing membrane protein oxidation and generation of senescent cell antigens (SCA). In this report, we further tested the hypothesis that intracellular chelation of iron released under conditions of oxidative stress prevents erythrocyte damage or SCA formation. Fluor-benzoil-pyridoxal hydrazone (FBPH), an iron-chelating molecule of the family of aromatic hydrazones, was prepared by synthesis and used for the above purpose after the capacity of the product to enter cells had been ascertained. GSH-depleted mouse erythrocytes were incubated with the oxidant drug phenylhydrazine in order to produce iron release, lipid peroxidation, and hemolysis. FBPH at a concentration of 200 microM prevented lipid peroxidation and hemolysis in spite of equal values of iron release. FBPH was active even at a lower concentration (100 microM) when the erythrocytes were preincubated with it for 15 min. No preventive effect was seen when FBPH saturated with iron was used. Prolonged aerobic incubation (60 hr) of erythrocytes produced iron release and formation of SCA as determined by autologous immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding. The IgG binding was detected by using an anti-IgG antibody labeled with fluorescein and by examining the cells for fluorescence by confocal microscopy. FBPH prevented SCA formation in a dose-related manner. These results lend further support to the hypothesis that iron release is a key factor in erythrocyte ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferrali
- Department of Pathophysiology and Experimental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Masini A, Ceccarelli D, Giovannini F, Montosi G, Garuti C, Pietrangelo A. Iron-induced oxidant stress leads to irreversible mitochondrial dysfunctions and fibrosis in the liver of chronic iron-dosed gerbils. The effect of silybin. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2000; 32:175-82. [PMID: 11768750 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005512014280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic iron toxicity because of iron overload seems to be mediated by lipid peroxidation of biological membranes and the associated organelle dysfunctions. However, the basic mechanisms underlying this process in vivo are still little understood. Gerbils were dosed with weekly injections of iron-dextran alone or in combination with sylibin, a well-known antioxidant, by gavage for 8 weeks. A strict correlation was found between lipid peroxidation and the level of desferrioxamine chelatable iron pool. A consequent derangement in the mitochondrial energy-transducing capability, resulting from a reduction in the respiratory chain enzyme activities, occurred. These irreversible oxidative anomalies brought about a dramatic drop in tissue ATP level. The mitochondrial oxidative derangement was associated with the development of fibrosis in the hepatic tissue. Silybin administration significantly reduced both functional anomalies and the fibrotic process by chelating desferrioxamine chelatable iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Masini
- Sezione di Patologia Generale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Universita di Modena, Italy.
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19
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Ciccoli L, Ferrali M, Rossi V, Signorini C, Alessandrini C, Comporti M. Hemolytic drugs aniline and dapsone induce iron release in erythrocytes and increase the free iron pool in spleen and liver. Toxicol Lett 1999; 110:57-66. [PMID: 10593595 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of rat erythrocytes with the hydroxylated metabolites of aniline and dapsone (4-4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone), phenylhydroxylamine and dapsone hydroxylamine, respectively, induced marked release of iron and methemoglobin formation. On the contrary, no release of iron nor methemoglobin formation was seen when the erythrocytes were incubated with the parent compounds (aniline and dapsone). The acute intoxication of rats with aniline or dapsone induced a marked increase in the erythrocyte content of free iron and methemoglobin, indicating that the xenobiotics are effective only after biotransformation to toxic metabolites in vivo. Prolonged administration of aniline or dapsone to rats produced continuous release of iron from erythrocytes. Marked iron overload was seen in the spleen and in the liver Kupffer cells, as detected histochemically. The spleen weight in these subchronically treated animals was significantly increased. The free iron pool was markedly increased in the spleen and to a lower extent in the liver. The possible relationships between iron release in erythrocytes, oxidative damage seen in senescent cells, hemolysis, overwhelmed capacity of spleen and liver to keep iron in storage forms and subsequent increase in low molecular weight, catalitically active iron is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ciccoli
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università di Siena, Italy
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20
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Ciccoli L, Signorini C, Scarano C, Rossi V, Bambagioni S, Ferrali M, Comporti M. Iron release in erythrocytes from patients with beta-thalassemia. Free Radic Res 1999; 30:407-13. [PMID: 10342333 DOI: 10.1080/10715769900300441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that iron is released in a free (desferrioxamine-chelatable) form when erythrocytes undergo oxidative stress (incubation with oxidizing agents or aerobic incubation in buffer for 24-60 h (a model of rapid in vitro ageing)). The release is accompanied by oxidative alterations of membrane proteins as well as by the appearance of senescent antigen, a signal for termination of old erythrocytes. In hemolytic anemias by hereditary hemoglobin alterations an accelerated removal of erythrocytes occurs. An increased susceptibility to oxidative damage has been reported in beta-thalassemic erythrocytes. Therefore we have investigated whether an increased iron level and an increased susceptibility to iron release could be observed in the erythrocytes from patients with beta-thalassemia. Erythrocytes from subjects with thalassemia intermedia showed an extremely higher content (0 time value) of free iron and methemoglobin as compared to controls. An increase, although non-statistically-significant, was seen in erythrocytes from subjects with thalassemia major. Upon aerobic incubation for 24 h the release of iron in beta-thalassemic erythrocytes was by far greater than in controls, with the exception of thalassemia minor. When the individual values for free iron content (0 time) seen in thalassemia major and intermedia were plotted against the corresponding values for HbF, a positive correlation (P < 0.001) was observed. Also, a positive correlation (P < 0.01) was seen between the values for free iron release (24 h incubation) and the values for HbF. These results suggest that the presence of HbF is a condition favourable to iron release. Since in beta-thalassemia the persistance of HbF is related to the lack or deficiency of beta chains and therefore to the excess of alpha chains, the observed correlation between free iron and HbF, is consistent with the hypothesis by others that excess of alpha chains represents a prooxidant factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ciccoli
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università di Siena, Italy
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21
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Abstract
Most pathological processes include the production of activated oxygen species augmented or attenuated by transition metal ions catalyzing one electron transitions. Inhalation of airborne particles, infections, ingestion of toxins or liberation from endogenous stores represent biological pathways for the induction of pathogenic processes by these metal ions. In this short review basic reactions involving transition metal ions operating during oxidative stress in certain diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hippeli
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Labor für Angewandte Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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22
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23
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Ferrali M, Signorini C, Caciotti B, Sugherini L, Ciccoli L, Giachetti D, Comporti M. Protection against oxidative damage of erythrocyte membrane by the flavonoid quercetin and its relation to iron chelating activity. FEBS Lett 1997; 416:123-9. [PMID: 9369196 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of glutathione (GSH) depleted mouse erythrocytes with the oxidants phenylhydrazine, acrolein, divicine and isouramil resulted in the release of free iron and in lipid peroxidation and hemolysis. The addition of the flavonoid quercetin, which chelates iron and penetrates erythrocytes, resulted in remarkable protection against lipid peroxidation and hemolysis. The protection seems to be due to intracellular chelation of iron, since a semi-stoichiometric ratio between released iron and the amount of quercetin necessary to prevent lipid peroxidation and hemolysis was found. Incubation of GSH depleted human erythrocytes with divicine and isouramil did not induce lipid peroxidation and hemolysis in spite of a substantial release of iron. However, divicine and isouramil produced alterations of membrane proteins, such as spectrin and band 3, as well as formation of senescent cell antigen. The addition of quercetin prevented these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferrali
- Institute of General Pathology, University of Siena, Italy
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24
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Ferrali M, Signorini C, Sugherini L, Pompella A, Lodovici M, Caciotti B, Ciccoli L, Comporti M. Release of free, redox-active iron in the liver and DNA oxidative damage following phenylhydrazine intoxication. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 53:1743-51. [PMID: 9264328 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)82456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Following the subchronic intoxication of rats with phenylhydrazine, resulting in marked anemia, reticulocytosis, methemoglobinemia and increased hemocatheresis, the hepatic content of total iron was increased, as was hepatic ferritin and its saturation by iron. A striking increase (approximately 7-fold) was also observed in free iron which appeared to be redox-active. The increase in liver free iron involved the hepatocellular component of the liver. Since DNA is one of the cellular targets of redox active iron, liver DNA from phenylhydrazine-treated rats was analyzed by electrophoresis and found to be markedly fragmented. Experiments with isolated hepatocytes in culture or in suspension challenged with phenylhydrazine or Fe-nitrilotriacetate strongly suggested that the DNA damage was due to reactive iron rather than to the hepatic metabolism of phenylhydrazine. The levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo), a specific marker of oxidative DNA damage, were significantly higher in phenylhydrazine-treated rats as compared to untreated controls. The prolongation of phenylhydrazine treatment over a period of 6 weeks resulted in a persistent damage to DNA and in phenotypic changes such as an increase in hepatocyte gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT, EC 2.3.2.2) activity. Possible relationships between iron overload, iron release, DNA damage and tumor initiation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferrali
- Istituto di Patologia Generale dell'Università di Siena, Italy
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25
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Signorini C, Ferrali M, Ciccoli L, Sugherini L, Magnani A, Comporti M. Iron release, membrane protein oxidation and erythrocyte ageing. FEBS Lett 1995; 362:165-70. [PMID: 7720865 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aerobic incubation of erythrocytes in phosphate buffer for 24-60 h (a model of rapid in vitro ageing) induced progressive iron release and methemoglobin formation. Membrane proteins showed electrophoretic alterations and increase in carbonyl groups (as documented by IR spectroscopy). None of these phenomena were seen when the erythrocytes were incubated under anaerobic conditions. The membranes from aerobically incubated cells bound a much higher amount of autologous IgG than those from anaerobically incubated ones, suggesting that the aerobic incubation gives rise to the senescent antigen. The addition of ferrozine during the aerobic incubation prevented both the IgG binding and the protein alterations seen in the IR spectra, suggesting an intracellular chelation of the released iron by ferrozine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Signorini
- Institute of General Pathology, University of Siena, Italy
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26
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Ferrali M, Signorini C, Ciccoli L, Comporti M. Iron released from an erythrocyte lysate by oxidative stress is diffusible and in redox active form. FEBS Lett 1993; 319:40-4. [PMID: 8454059 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80033-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The incubation of a ghost-free erythrocyte lysate with the oxidizing agent phenylhydrazine resulted in both methemoglobin formation and release of iron in a desferrioxamine (DFO)-chelatable form. The released iron was diffusible, as shown by a dialysis carried out simultaneously with the incubation. When the dialysate was added to erythrocyte ghosts or to microsomes from liver or brain, lipid peroxidation developed in the membranes, indicating that the diffusible iron was in a redox active form. The addition of ATP to the lysate markedly increased both iron diffusion and lipid peroxidation in the membranes subsequently added to the dialysate. The possible implication of these data in some well known pathologies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferrali
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università di Siena, Italy
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27
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Kaler GV, Lyskova TI, Shadyro OI, Samoilenko SG, Edimecheva IP, Aksentsev SL, Konev SV. Effect of gamma-irradiated carbohydrates on isolated synaptic membranes. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 1993; 32:345-355. [PMID: 8310129 DOI: 10.1007/bf01225922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of gamma-irradiated solutions of carbohydrates, mainly glucose, upon Na+, K(+)-ATPase and lipid peroxidation in rat brain synaptosomal membranes was studied. The membrane damage by irradiated glucose was enhanced in the presence of Fe2+ and was diminished when a free-radical scavenger (BHT) or metal chelators (EDTA, EGTA) were present. It is suggested that a key element in the free-radical membrane damage by irradiated carbohydrates is an Fe(2+)-complex of some species of the radiolysis products. Participation of radiotoxins of carbohydrate origin in radiobiological effects is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Kaler
- Institute of Photobiology, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- B Halliwell
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, U.C. Davis Medical Center, Sacramento
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29
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Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Biologically relevant metal ion-dependent hydroxyl radical generation. An update. FEBS Lett 1992; 307:108-12. [PMID: 1322323 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal ions, especially iron, appear to be important mediators of oxidative damage in vivo. Iron(II) reacts with H2O2 to give more-reactive radicals. On the basis of ESR spin-trapping data with DMPO, supported by aromatic hydroxylation studies and patterns of DNA base modification, it is concluded that hydroxyl radical (OH.) is likely to be the major damaging species formed in Fenton Systems under biologically-relevant conditions (which include iron concentrations no higher than the micromolar range). Although reactive oxo-iron species (such as ferryl and perferryl) may also be important, direct chemical evidence for their formation and identity in biologically relevant Fenton systems is currently lacking. Studies at alkaline pH values show that iron(IV) and iron(V) species are highly oxidizing under those reaction conditions, with a pattern of reactivity different from that of OH..
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Affiliation(s)
- B Halliwell
- Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine, U.C. Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817
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30
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Ferrali M, Signorini C, Ciccoli L, Comporti M. Iron release and membrane damage in erythrocytes exposed to oxidizing agents, phenylhydrazine, divicine and isouramil. Biochem J 1992; 285 ( Pt 1):295-301. [PMID: 1637315 PMCID: PMC1132780 DOI: 10.1042/bj2850295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mouse erythrocytes were incubated with oxidizing agents, phenylhydrazine, divicine and isouramil. With all the oxidants a rapid release of iron in a desferrioxamine (DFO)-chelatable form was seen and it was accompanied by methaemoglobin formation. If the erythrocytes were depleted of GSH by a short preincubation with diethyl maleate, the release of iron was accompanied by lipid peroxidation and, subsequently, haemolysis. GSH depletion by itself did not induce iron release, methaemoglobin formation, lipid peroxidation or haemolysis. Rather, the fate of the cell in which iron is released depended on the intracellular availability of GSH. In addition, iron release was higher in depleted cells than in native ones, suggesting a role for GSH in preventing iron release when oxidative stress is imposed by the oxidants. Iron release preceded lipid peroxidation. The latter was prevented when the erythrocytes were preloaded with DFO in such a way (preincubation with 10 mM-DFO) that the intracellular concentration was equivalent to that of the released iron, but not when the intracellular DFO was lower (preincubation with 0.1 mM-DFO). Extracellular DFO did not affect lipid peroxidation and haemolysis, suggesting again that the observed events occur intracellularly (intracellular chelation of released iron). The relevance of iron release from iron complexes in the mechanisms of cellular damage induced by oxidative stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferrali
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università di Siena, Italy
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31
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Jaeschke H, Kleinwaechter C, Wendel A. NADH-dependent reductive stress and ferritin-bound iron in allyl alcohol-induced lipid peroxidation in vivo: the protective effect of vitamin E. Chem Biol Interact 1992; 81:57-68. [PMID: 1730148 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(92)90026-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of iron in allyl alcohol-induced lipid peroxidation and hepatic necrosis was investigated in male NMRI mice in vivo. Ferrous sulfate (0.36 mmol/kg) or a low dose of ally alcohol (0.6 mmol/kg) itself caused only minor lipid peroxidation and injury to the liver within 1 h. When FeSO4 was administered before allyl alcohol, lipid peroxidation and liver injury were potentiated 50-100-fold. Pretreatment with DL-tocopherol acetate 5 h before allyl alcohol protected dose-dependently against allyl alcohol-induced lipid peroxidation and liver injury in vivo. Products of allyl alcohol metabolism, i.e. NADH and acrolein, both mobilized trace amounts of iron from ferritin in vitro. Catalytic concentrations of FMN greatly facilitated the NADH-induced reductive release of ferritin-bound iron. NADH effectively reduced ferric iron in solution. Consequently, a mixture of NADH and Fe3+ or NADH and ferritin induced lipid peroxidation in mouse liver microsomes in vitro. Our results suggest that the reductive stress (excessive NADH formation) during allyl alcohol metabolism can release ferrous iron from ferritin and can reduce chelated ferric iron. These findings provide a rationale for the strict iron-dependency of allyl alcohol-induced lipid peroxidation and hepatotoxicity in mice in vivo and document iron mobilization and reduction as one of several essential steps in the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jaeschke
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany
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