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Binsuwaidan R, El-Masry TA, El-Sheekh M, Seadawy MG, Makhlof MEM, Aboukhatwa SM, El-Shitany NA, Elmorshedy KE, El-Nagar MMF, El-Bouseary MM. Prospective Antiviral Effect of Ulva lactuca Aqueous Extract against COVID-19 Infection. Mar Drugs 2023; 22:30. [PMID: 38248655 PMCID: PMC10817659 DOI: 10.3390/md22010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine algal extracts exhibit a potent inhibitory effect against several enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has several adverse effects, including an increased mortality rate. The anti-COVID-19 agents are still limited; this issue requires exploring novel, effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic approaches. This study investigated the antiviral activity of an aqueous extract of Ulva lactuca, which was collected from the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. The aqueous extract of Ulva lactuca was characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. According to the HPLC analysis, the extract comprises several sugars, mostly rhamnose (32.88%). The FTIR spectra showed numerous bands related to the functional groups. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of different elements, such as oxygen (O), carbon (C), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na), with different concentrations. The aqueous extract of U. lactuca (0.0312 mg/mL) exhibited potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity via virucidal activity, inhibition of viral replication, and interference with viral adsorption (% inhibitions of 64%, 33.3%, and 31.1%, respectively). Consequently, ulvan could be a promising compound for preclinical study in the drug development process to combat SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Binsuwaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Thanaa A. El-Masry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Mostafa El-Sheekh
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | | | - Mofida E. M. Makhlof
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Shaimaa M. Aboukhatwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Nagla A. El-Shitany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | | | - Maysa M. F. El-Nagar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Maisra M. El-Bouseary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
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Baghel RS, Choudhary B, Pandey S, Pathak PK, Patel MK, Mishra A. Rehashing Our Insight of Seaweeds as a Potential Source of Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Pharmaceuticals. Foods 2023; 12:3642. [PMID: 37835294 PMCID: PMC10573080 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In a few Southeast Asian nations, seaweeds have been a staple of the cuisine since prehistoric times. Seaweeds are currently becoming more and more popular around the world due to their superior nutritional value and medicinal properties. This is because of rising seaweed production on a global scale and substantial research on their composition and bioactivities over the past 20 years. By reviewing several articles in the literature, this review aimed to provide comprehensive information about the primary and secondary metabolites and various classes of bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, proteins, and essential fatty acids, along with their bioactivities, in a single article. This review also highlights the potential of seaweeds in the development of nutraceuticals, with a particular focus on their ability to enhance human health and overall well-being. In addition, we discuss the challenges and potential opportunities associated with the advancement of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals derived from seaweeds, as well as their incorporation into different industrial sectors. Furthermore, we find that many bioactive constituents found in seaweeds have demonstrated potential in terms of different therapeutic attributes, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and other properties. In conclusion, seaweed-based bioactive compounds have a huge potential to play an important role in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical sectors. However, future research should pay more attention to developing efficient techniques for the extraction and purification of compounds as well as their toxicity analysis, clinical efficacy, mode of action, and interactions with regular diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S. Baghel
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Panaji 403004, Goa, India;
| | - Babita Choudhary
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India;
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonika Pandey
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel;
| | - Pradeep Kumar Pathak
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Manish Kumar Patel
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Avinash Mishra
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India;
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Costa BB, Gianelli JLD, Moreira TA, Soares AR, Glauser BF, Mourão PAS, D Neto C, Barros CM, Cinelli LP. Partial characterization and anticoagulant activity of sulfated galactan from the green seaweed Halimeda opuntia. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20211002. [PMID: 36820761 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320211002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of deaths associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) increases every year, leading to an intense search for new compounds that may be employed as anticoagulants. One of the classes of bioprospected molecules comprises sulfated polysaccharides (SP) from seaweed, as heparin displays many adverse effects associated with its use. The present study aimed to characterize and evaluate the anticoagulant potential of SP extracted from the green algae Halimeda opuntia. Four PS-rich fractions, F23, F44, F60 and F75, were obtained by proteolytic digestion in papain followed by ethanol precipitation. The presence of SP was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis, revealing different populations in each fraction. The F44 fraction is noteworthy compared to the other fractions, presenting a 5% yield compared to the initial algae weight and anticoagulant activity revealed by the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) assay (intrinsic/common coagulation pathway). Surprisingly, F44 purification (SP peak P1F44) resulted in prothrombin time (PT) activity (extrinsic coagulation pathway) at a 160 µg/mL, in addition to enhanced APTT activity. The P1F44 anticoagulant activity mechanism was shown to be dependent on two coagulations factors, IIa and Xa, more potent via IIa. Future assessments will be performed to assess this fraction in the medical clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca B Costa
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Grupo de Glicofármacos, Laboratório Integrado de Prospecção em Produtos Bioativos, Estrada Aderson Ferreira Filho, s/n, Cidade Nova, 27949-100 Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jessica L D Gianelli
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Grupo de Glicofármacos, Laboratório Integrado de Prospecção em Produtos Bioativos, Estrada Aderson Ferreira Filho, s/n, Cidade Nova, 27949-100 Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thamyris A Moreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Grupo de Glicofármacos, Laboratório Integrado de Prospecção em Produtos Bioativos, Estrada Aderson Ferreira Filho, s/n, Cidade Nova, 27949-100 Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Angelica R Soares
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos (GPNOA), Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Av. São José do Barreto, 764, São José do Barreto, 27965-045 Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bianca F Glauser
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Rua Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo A S Mourão
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Rua Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Chaquip D Neto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Química Organica, Av. Aluizio da Silva Gomes, 50, Novo Cavaleiros, 27930-560 Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cinthia M Barros
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Biociências Translacionais, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Av. São José do Barreto, 764, São José do Barreto, 27965-045 Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo P Cinelli
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Grupo de Glicofármacos, Laboratório Integrado de Prospecção em Produtos Bioativos, Estrada Aderson Ferreira Filho, s/n, Cidade Nova, 27949-100 Macaé, RJ, Brazil
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Rautela I, Thapliyal P, Sahni S, Rayal R, Sharma MD. Potential of seaweeds in preventing cancer and HIV infection in humans. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Carpena M, Garcia-Perez P, Garcia-Oliveira P, Chamorro F, Otero P, Lourenço-Lopes C, Cao H, Simal-Gandara J, Prieto MA. Biological properties and potential of compounds extracted from red seaweeds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2022; 22:1-32. [PMID: 35791430 PMCID: PMC9247959 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-022-09826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgae have been recently used for different applications in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry since they do not compete for land and freshwater against other resources. Moreover, they have been highlighted as a potential source of bioactive compounds. Red algae (Rhodophyta) are the largest group of seaweeds, including around 6000 different species, thus it can be hypothesized that they are a potential source of bioactive compounds. Sulfated polysaccharides, mainly agar and carrageenans, are the most relevant and exploited compounds of red algae. Other potential molecules are essential fatty acids, phycobiliproteins, vitamins, minerals, and other secondary metabolites. All these compounds have been demonstrated to exert several biological activities, among which antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antimicrobial properties can be highlighted. Nevertheless, these properties need to be further tested on in vivo experiments and go in-depth in the study of the mechanism of action of the specific molecules and the understanding of the structure-activity relation. At last, the extraction technologies are essential for the correct isolation of the molecules, in a cost-effective way, to facilitate the scale-up of the processes and their further application by the industry. This manuscript is aimed at describing the fundamental composition of red algae and their most studied biological properties to pave the way to the utilization of this underused resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carpena
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - P. Garcia-Perez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - P. Garcia-Oliveira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - F. Chamorro
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Paz Otero
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - C. Lourenço-Lopes
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Hui Cao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - J. Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - M. A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Sulfated Polysaccharides from Seaweed Strandings as Renewable Source for Potential Antivirals against Herpes simplex Virus 1. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020116. [PMID: 35200645 PMCID: PMC8878361 DOI: 10.3390/md20020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) remains a prominent health concern widespread all over the world. The increasing genital infections by HSV-1 that might facilitate acquisition and transmission of HIV-1, the cumulative evidence that HSV-1 promotes neurodegenerative disorders, and the emergence of drug resistance signify the need for new antiviral agents. In this study, the in vitro anti-herpetic activity of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) extracted by enzyme or hot water from seaweeds collected in France and Mexico from stranding events, were evaluated. The anti-herpetic activity evaluation of the semi-refined-polysaccharides (sr-SPs) and different ion exchange purified fractions showed a wide range of antiviral activity. Among them, the sr-SPs from the Rhodophyta Halymenia floresii showed stronger activity EC50 0.68 μg/mL with SI 1470, without cytotoxicity. Further, the antiviral activity of the sr-SPs evaluated at different treatment schemes showed a high EC50 of 0.38 μg/mL during the viral adsorption assays when the polysaccharide and the virus were added simultaneously, whilst the protection on Vero cell during the post-infection assay was effective up to 1 h. The chemical composition, FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic, and molecular weights of the sr-SPs from H. floresii were determined and discussed based on the anti-herpetic activity. The potential utilization of seaweed stranding as a source of antiviral compounds is addressed.
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7
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Arunkumar M, Mahalakshmi M, Ashokkumar V, Aravind MK, Gunaseelan S, Mohankumar V, Ashokkumar B, Varalakshmi P. Evaluation of seaweed sulfated polysaccharides as natural antagonists targeting Salmonella typhi OmpF: molecular docking and pharmacokinetic profiling. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Salmonella belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family, a gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, motile, and pathogenic bacteria that transmit through unhygienic conditions. It is estimated that 21 million new infections arise every year, resulting in approximately 200,000 deaths. It is more prevalent among children, the old aged, and immunocompromised individuals. The frequent usage of classical antimicrobials has begun the increasing emergence of various drug-resistant pathogenic bacterial strains. Hence, this study was intended to evaluate the bioactive seaweed sulfated polysaccharides (SSPs) against the ompF (outer membrane porin F) protein target of Salmonella typhi. SSP is the sulfated compound with a wide range of biological activities, such as anti-microbial, anti-allergy, anti-cancer, anti-coagulant, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, and anti-viral.
Results
In this study, eleven compounds were targeted against S. typhi OmpF by the molecular docking approach and were compared with two commercially available typhoid medications. The SSP showed good binding affinity compared to commercial drugs, particularly carrageenan/MIV-150, carrageenan lambda, fucoidan, and 3-phenyllactate, ranked as top antagonists against OmpF. Further, pharmacokinetics and toxicology (ADMET) studies corroborated that SSP possessed drug-likeness and highly progressed in all parameters.
Conclusions
AutoDockTools and Schrodinger's QikProp module results suggest that SSP could be a promising drug for extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. typhi. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on in silico analysis of SSP against S. typhi OmpF, thus implying the capabilities of SSPs especially compounds like carrageenans, as a potential anti-microbial agent against Salmonella typhi infections. Eventually, advanced studies could corroborate SSPs to the next level of application in the crisis of XDR microbial diseases.
Graphical Abstract
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Quitério E, Soares C, Ferraz R, Delerue-Matos C, Grosso C. Marine Health-Promoting Compounds: Recent Trends for Their Characterization and Human Applications. Foods 2021; 10:3100. [PMID: 34945651 PMCID: PMC8702156 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds represent a rich source of biologically active compounds with several applications, especially in the food, cosmetics, and medical fields. The beneficial effects of marine compounds on health have been increasingly explored, making them an excellent choice for the design of functional foods. When studying marine compounds, several aspects must be considered: extraction, identification and quantification methods, purification steps, and processes to increase their stability. Advanced green techniques have been used to extract these valuable compounds, and chromatographic methods have been developed to identify and quantify them. However, apart from the beneficial effects of seaweeds for human health, these natural sources of bioactive compounds can also accumulate undesirable toxic elements with potential health risks. Applying purification techniques of extracts from seaweeds may mitigate the amount of excessive toxic components, ensuring healthy and safer products for commercialization. Furthermore, limitations such as stability and bioavailability problems, chemical degradation reactions during storage, and sensitivity to oxidation and photo-oxidation, need to be overcome using, for example, nanoencapsulation techniques. Here we summarize recent advances in all steps of marine products identification and purification and highlight selected human applications, including food and feed applications, cosmetic, human health, and fertilizers, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Quitério
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas/CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde—Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Doutor António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (E.Q.); (R.F.)
| | - Cristina Soares
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Doutor António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (C.D.-M.); (C.G.)
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas/CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde—Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Doutor António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (E.Q.); (R.F.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Doutor António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (C.D.-M.); (C.G.)
| | - Clara Grosso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Doutor António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (C.D.-M.); (C.G.)
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9
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Seaweed as a Source of Natural Antioxidants: Therapeutic Activity and Food Applications. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5753391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Seaweed is a valuable source of bioactive compounds, polysaccharides, antioxidants, minerals, and essential nutrients such as fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins that could be used as a functional ingredient. The variation in the composition of biologically active compounds in seaweeds depends on the environmental growth factors that make seaweed of the same species compositionally different across the globe. Nevertheless, all seaweeds exhibit extraordinary antioxidant potential which can be harnessed for a broad variety of food applications such as in preparation of soups, pasta, salads, noodles, and other country specific dishes. This review highlights the nutritional and bioactive compounds occurring in different classes of seaweeds while focusing on their therapeutic activities including but not limited to blood cell aggregation, antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The review also explores the existing and potential application of seaweeds as a source of natural antioxidant in food products. Seaweed-derived compounds have great potential for being used as a supplement in functional foods due to their high stability as well as consumer demand for antioxidant-rich foods.
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Jabeen M, Dutot M, Fagon R, Verrier B, Monge C. Seaweed Sulfated Polysaccharides against Respiratory Viral Infections. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:733. [PMID: 34065660 PMCID: PMC8156470 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections have been a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite massive advancements in the virology field, no specific treatment exists for most respiratory viral infections. Approved therapies against respiratory viruses rely almost exclusively on synthetic drugs that have potential side effects, restricting their use. This review aims to present natural marine sulfated polysaccharides possessing promising antiviral activity against respiratory viruses that could be a safe alternative to synthetic broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. The antiviral properties of marine sulfated polysaccharides are presented according to their mechanism of action on different types and strains of respiratory viruses, and the potential limits of their use are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Jabeen
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, UMR5305 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, CEDEX 07, 69367 Lyon, France;
| | - Mélody Dutot
- Recherche & Développement, Yslab, 29000 Quimper, France; (M.D.); (R.F.)
| | - Roxane Fagon
- Recherche & Développement, Yslab, 29000 Quimper, France; (M.D.); (R.F.)
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, UMR5305 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, CEDEX 07, 69367 Lyon, France;
| | - Claire Monge
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, UMR5305 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, CEDEX 07, 69367 Lyon, France;
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11
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Bianculli RH, Mase JD, Schulz MD. Antiviral Polymers: Past Approaches and Future Possibilities. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. Bianculli
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Mase
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Michael D. Schulz
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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12
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Stojković D, Kostić M, Smiljković M, Aleksić M, Vasiljević P, Nikolić M, Soković M. Linking Antimicrobial Potential of Natural Products Derived from Aquatic Organisms and Microbes Involved in Alzheimer's Disease - A Review. Curr Med Chem 2020. [PMID: 29521212 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180309103645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The following review is oriented towards microbes linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and antimicrobial effect of compounds and extracts derived from aquatic organisms against specific bacteria, fungi and viruses which were found previously in patients suffering from AD. Major group of microbes linked to AD include bacteria: Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Actinomyces naeslundii, spirochete group; fungi: Candida sp., Cryptococcus sp., Saccharomyces sp., Malassezia sp., Botrytis sp., and viruses: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Human cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis C virus (HCV). In the light of that fact, this review is the first to link antimicrobial potential of aquatic organisms against these sorts of microbes. This literature review might serve as a starting platform to develop novel supportive therapy for patients suffering from AD and to possibly prevent escalation of the disease in patients already having high-risk factors for AD occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Stojković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Kostić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Smiljković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Aleksić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Nis, Visegradska 33, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Perica Vasiljević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Nis, Visegradska 33, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Miloš Nikolić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Soković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Liu ZH, Niu FJ, Xie YX, Xie SM, Liu YN, Yang YY, Zhou CZ, Wan XH. A review: Natural polysaccharides from medicinal plants and microorganisms and their anti-herpetic mechanism. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Seca AML, Pinto DCGA, Michalak I, Trincone A, Mishra AP, Nigam M, Zam W, Martins N. Current Trends on Seaweeds: Looking at Chemical Composition, Phytopharmacology, and Cosmetic Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:E4182. [PMID: 31752200 PMCID: PMC6891420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds have received huge interest in recent years given their promising potentialities. Their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hypolipemic, and anticoagulant effects are among the most renowned and studied bioactivities so far, and these effects have been increasingly associated with their content and richness in both primary and secondary metabolites. Although primary metabolites have a pivotal importance such as their content in polysaccharides (fucoidans, agars, carragenans, ulvans, alginates, and laminarin), recent data have shown that the content in some secondary metabolites largely determines the effective bioactive potential of seaweeds. Among these secondary metabolites, phenolic compounds feature prominently. The present review provides the most remarkable insights into seaweed research, specifically addressing its chemical composition, phytopharmacology, and cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 4340847, Iran;
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615-585, Iran
| | - Ana M. L. Seca
- cE3c- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group & University of Azores, Rua Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal;
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Diana C. G. A. Pinto
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Antonio Trincone
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy;
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal-246174, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal-246174, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Wissam Zam
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Andalus University for Medical Sciences, Tartous, Syria
| | - Natália Martins
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Li YT, Chen BJ, Wu WD, Ge K, Wei XY, Kong LM, Xie YY, Gu JP, Zhang JC, Zhou T. Antioxidant and antimicrobial evaluation of carboxymethylated and hydroxamated degraded polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1550-1557. [PMID: 29981327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the bioactivity of the polysaccharide from Sargassum fusiforme (PSF), the degraded polysaccharide (DPSF) was modified by carboxymethylation, yielding carboxymethylated degraded polysaccharides (CDPSF), which were further modified to generate hydroxamated derivatives (HCDPSF). Both CDPSF and HCDPSF were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The molecular weight of CDPSF and HCDPSF was found to be 354 kDa and 375 kDa, respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity of CDPSF and HCDPSF was evaluated by determining the radical scavenging ability and total antioxidant activity. The results indicated that the antioxidant activity of CDPSF and HCDPSF was significantly improved when compared to those of DPSF. Antimicrobial assays indicated that both CDPSF and HCDPSF possessed a marked antimicrobial ability, while DPSF did not exhibit such effects under the same conditions. Such polysaccharide derivatives have potentials in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ting Li
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Street, Xiasha, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR China
| | - Bing-Jie Chen
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Street, Xiasha, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR China; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Wei-Du Wu
- Institute of Food Science, Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co., Ltd., Avenue 14, Xiasha, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR China
| | - Kun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yi Wei
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Hospitality Management, Shanghai Business School, Shanghai 200235, PR China
| | - Li-Min Kong
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Street, Xiasha, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China
| | - Jin-Ping Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China
| | - Jin-Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Street, Xiasha, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR China.
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Abstract
There remains today a critical need for new antiviral agents, particularly in view of the alarming increase in drug resistance and associated issues. The marine environment has been a prolific contributor towards the identification of novel therapeutic agents in the recent few decades. Added to this, glycans (or carbohydrate- or sugar-based compounds) have in very recent decades made outstanding contributions to the development of novel therapeutics. This review brings together these significant facets of modern drug discovery by presenting the reported literature on glycans derived from marine organisms that possess antiviral activity.The glycans have been grouped together based on the marine organism they were isolated from, namely, (1) bacteria, (2) chromists, (3) plants and (4) animals. For chromists, glycans are further subsectioned into Ochrophyta (brown algae), Miozoa (according to www.algaebase.org ; also called Myzozoa according to WoRMS, www.marinespecies.org ) (dinoflagellates) and Bacillariophyta (diatoms). For plants, glycans are further subsectioned into Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Tracheophyta. Glycans isolated to date are reported as alginates, chitosan, extracellular polysaccharides, fucans (e.g. fucoidans), galactans (e.g. carrageenans), glycolipids, glycosaminoglycans, glycosides, glycosylated haemocyanin, laminarans, mannans, polysaccharides (not defined), rhamnans and xylomannans. Interestingly, many of the glycans displaying antiviral properties are sulfated.Reports indicate that marine-sourced glycans have exhibited antiviral activity against African swine fever virus, cytomegalovirus, dengue virus, Epstein-Barr virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex virus, human cytomegalovirus, human papilloma virus, human rhino virus, influenza virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, murine leukaemia virus, murine sarcoma virus, Newcastle disease virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Semliki Forest virus, tobacco mosaic virus, vaccinia virus, varicella zoster virus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. Selected representative glycan structures are presented in Fig. 20.1.
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de Jesus Raposo MF, de Morais AMB, de Morais RMSC. Marine polysaccharides from algae with potential biomedical applications. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2967-3028. [PMID: 25988519 PMCID: PMC4446615 DOI: 10.3390/md13052967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a current tendency towards bioactive natural products with applications in various industries, such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetics and food. This has put some emphasis in research on marine organisms, including macroalgae and microalgae, among others. Polysaccharides with marine origin constitute one type of these biochemical compounds that have already proved to have several important properties, such as anticoagulant and/or antithrombotic, immunomodulatory ability, antitumor and cancer preventive, antilipidaemic and hypoglycaemic, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, making them promising bioactive products and biomaterials with a wide range of applications. Their properties are mainly due to their structure and physicochemical characteristics, which depend on the organism they are produced by. In the biomedical field, the polysaccharides from algae can be used in controlled drug delivery, wound management, and regenerative medicine. This review will focus on the biomedical applications of marine polysaccharides from algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Filomena de Jesus Raposo
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alcina Maria Bernardo de Morais
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Manuel Santos Costa de Morais
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
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Cao F, Shao CL, Chen M, Zhang MQ, Xu KX, Meng H, Wang CY. Antiviral C-25 epimers of 26-acetoxy steroids from the South China Sea gorgonian Echinogorgia rebekka. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1488-1493. [PMID: 24882250 DOI: 10.1021/np500252q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Four new steroids with an acetoxy linked at the end of the side chain, echrebsteroids A-D (1-4) were obtained from the South China Sea gorgonian Echinogorgia rebekka. The absolute configurations of 1-3 were determined using the modified Mosher's method on the hydrolysis products. The isolation of the pair of epimers (2 and 3) represents the first reported separation of C-25 epimers of 26-acetoxy steroids. The (25R)-epimer (3) exhibited promising antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus with an IC50 value of 0.19 μM and a comparatively higher therapeutic ratio (TC50/IC50 = 128).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
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Sulfated galactans isolated from the red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri target the envelope proteins of white spot syndrome virus and protect against viral infection in shrimp haemocytes. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1126-1134. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.062919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at evaluating an underlying mechanism of the antiviral activity of the sulfated galactans (SG) isolated from the red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in haemocytes of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Primary culture of haemocytes from Penaeus monodon was performed and inoculated with WSSV, after which the cytopathic effect (CPE), cell viability and viral load were determined. Haemocytes treated with WSSV-SG pre-mix showed decreased CPE, viral load and cell mortality from the viral infection. Solid-phase virus-binding assays revealed that SG bound to WSSV in a dose-related manner. Far Western blotting analysis indicated that SG bound to VP 26 and VP 28 proteins of WSSV. In contrast to the native SG, desulfated SG did not reduce CPE and cell mortality, and showed low binding activity with WSSV. The current study suggests that SG from Gracilaria fisheri elicits its anti-WSSV activity by binding to viral proteins that are important for the process of viral attachment to the host cells. It is anticipated that the sulfate groups of SG are important for viral binding.
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Algal Polysaccharides and Health. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_24-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Song X, Yin Z, Zhao X, Cheng A, Jia R, Yuan G, Xu J, Fan Q, Dai S, Lu H, Lv C, Liang X, He C, Su G, Zhao L, Ye G, Shi F. Antiviral activity of sulfated Chuanmingshen violaceum polysaccharide against Newcastle disease virus. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2164-2174. [PMID: 23884364 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.054270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a member of Paramyxovirinae subfamily and can infect most species of birds causing severe economic losses. The current control measure is vaccination, but infections cannot be completely prevented. It remains a constant threat to the poultry industry and new control measures are urgently needed. This study demonstrates that sulfated Chuanmingshen violaceum polysaccharides (sCVPSs) were potent inhibitors of NDV, with 50 % inhibitory concentrations (IC50) ranging from 62.55 to 76.31 µg ml(-1) in Baby hamster kidney fibroblasts clone 21 (BHK-21) and from 101.57 to 125.90 µg ml(-1) in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). sCVPS is more effective than heparan sulfate (HS; as a positive control) with IC50 values of 99.28 µg ml(-1) in BHK-21 and 118.79 µg ml(-1) in CEF. sCVPSs and HS exhibit anti-NDV activity by prevention of the early stages of viral life. The mechanism of action study indicated that virus adsorption in BHK-21, and both virus adsorption and penetration in CEF were inhibited by sCVPSs. When the number of viruses was increased to an m.o.i. of 0.1 in the immunofluorescence study and to an m.o.i. of 1 in the fluorescent quantitative PCR study, viral infection was also significantly suppressed; the antiviral activity of sCVPSs was independent of the m.o.i. sCVPSs also prevented the cell-to-cell spread of NDV. In vivo tests carried out on specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens showed that sCVPSs also inhibited virus multiplication in heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney. These results indicated that sCVPSs perform more effectively than HS as antiviral agents against NDV, and can be further examined for their potential as an alternative control measure for NDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Guiping Yuan
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jiao Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Qiaojia Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - ShuJun Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Hongke Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Changliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Gang Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Gang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Fei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
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Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been achieved for the development of novel anti-viral drugs. These newly developed drugs belong to three groups of compounds, nucleoside analogues, thymidine kinase-dependent nucleotide analogues and specific viral enzyme inhibitors. It has been found that the natural products, like plant-derived compounds (phytochemicals) as well as traditional medicines, like traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), Ayurvedic medicines and so on, are the important sources for potential and novel anti-viral drugs. In this chapter, the history of natural products as antiviral drugs, the approaches to discover potential lead compounds, and the anti-viral properties of phytochemicals with different action mechanisms are discussed. The key conclusion is that natural products are most important sources for novel anti-viral drugs.
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Mišurcová L, Škrovánková S, Samek D, Ambrožová J, Machů L. Health benefits of algal polysaccharides in human nutrition. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 66:75-145. [PMID: 22909979 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394597-6.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The interest in functional food, both freshwater and marine algal products with their possible promotional health effects, increases also in regions where algae are considered as rather exotic food. Increased attention about algae as an abundant source of many nutrients and dietary fiber from the nutrition point of view, as well as from the scientific approaches to explore new nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, is based on the presence of many bioactive compounds including polysaccharides extracted from algal matter. Diverse chemical composition of dietary fiber polysaccharides is responsible for their different physicochemical properties, such as their ability to be fermented by the human colonic microbiota resulted in health benefit effects. Fundamental seaweed polysaccharides are presented by alginates, agars, carrageenans, ulvanes, and fucoidans, which are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry and also in other branches of industry. Moreover, freshwater algae and seaweed polysaccharides have emerged as an important source of bioactive natural compounds which are responsible for their possible physiological effects. Especially, sulfate polysaccharides exhibit immunomodulatory, antitumor, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities including anti-HIV infection, herpes, and hepatitis viruses. Generally, biological activity of sulfate polysaccharides is related to their different composition and mainly to the extent of the sulfation of their molecules. Significant attention has been recently focused on the use of both freshwater algae and seaweed for developing functional food by reason of a great variety of nutrients that are essential for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislava Mišurcová
- Department of Food Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Polysaccharides are ubiquitous in animals and plant cells where they play a significant role in a number of physiological situations e.g. hydration, mechanical properties of cell walls and ionic regulation. This review concentrates on heparin-like entities from marine procaryotes and eukaryotes. Carbohydrates from marine prokaryotes offer a significant structural chemodiversity with novel material and biological properties. Cyanobacteria are Gram-negative photosynthetic prokaryotes considered as a rich source of novel molecules, and marine bacteria are a rich source of polysaccharides with novel structures, which may be a good starting point from which to synthesise heparinoid molecules. For example, some sulphated polysaccharides have been isolated from gamma-proteobacteria such as Alteromonas and Pseudoalteromonas sp. In contrast to marine bacteria, all marine algae contain sulphated wall polysaccharides, whereas such polymers are not found in terrestrial plants. In their native form, or after chemical modifications, a range of polysaccharides isolated from marine organisms have been described that have anticoagulant, anti-thrombotic, anti-tumour, anti-proliferative, anti-viral or anti-inflammatory activities.In spite of the enormous potential of sulphated oligosaccharides from marine sources, their technical and pharmaceutical usage is still limited because of the high complexity of these molecules. Thus, the production of tailor-made oligo- and polysaccharidic structures by biocatalysis is also a growing field of interest in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Colliec-Jouault
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Molécules Marines, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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de Sousa AAS, Benevides NMB, de Freitas Pires A, Fiúza FP, Queiroz MGR, Morais TMF, Pereira MG, Assreuy AMS. A report of a galactan from marine alga Gelidium crinale with in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 27:173-80. [PMID: 22017538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.01001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The sulfated galactan of the red marine alga Gelidium crinale (SG-Gc) was purified by ion exchange chromatography and tested by intravenous (i.v.) route in rodent experimental models of inflammation and nociception. The anti-inflammatory activity of SG-Gc (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg) was evaluated in the model of rat paw edema induced by different inflammatory stimuli, while SG-Gc (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg) antinociceptive effect was assessed in models of nociception/hyperalgesia elicited by chemical (formalin test), thermal (hot plate), and mechanical (von Frey) stimuli in mice. In addition, the toxicity was evaluated after rat treatment with SG-Gc (1 mg/kg; i.v.) during 10 days, followed by analysis of the wet weight of animal's body/organs and hematological/biochemical parameters. Sulfated galactan of G. crinale inhibited the time course of dextran-induced paw edema, at all doses, showing maximal effect at 1 mg/kg (42%) and that induced by carrageenan at 0.01 (18%) and 1 mg/kg (20%), but was ineffective on the edema elicited by zymosan. At the highest dose, SG-Gc also inhibited the paw edema induced by histamine (49%), compound 48/80 (32%), and phospholipase A(2) (44%). Sulfated galactan of G. crinale inhibited both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of the formalin test, at all doses, and at 10 mg/kg, the animals flinch reaction in the von Frey test in the 1st and 3rd h by 19 and 26%, respectively. Additionally, SG-Gc treatment was well tolerated by animals. In conclusion, SG-Gc presents anti-inflammatory effect involving the inhibition of histamine and arachidonic acid metabolites and also antinociceptive activity, especially the inflammatory pain with participation of the opioid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertina A S de Sousa
- Laboratório de Fisio-Farmacologia da Inflamação-LAFFIN, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Paranjana, 1700, 60740-000 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
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Vo TS, Ngo DH, Ta QV, Kim SK. Marine organisms as a therapeutic source against herpes simplex virus infection. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Siqueira RCL, da Silva MSJ, de Alencar DB, Pires ADF, de Alencar NMN, Pereira MG, Cavada BS, Sampaio AH, Farias WRL, Assreuy AMS. In vivo anti-inflammatory effect of a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the marine brown algae Lobophora variegata. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:167-74. [PMID: 20942613 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.505605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lobophora variegata J.V. Lamouroux (Dictyotaceae) is a brown marine alga widely encountered in the Brazilian sea coast that presents high content of fucans. Anti-inflammatory effects of fucans are reported mostly in models in vitro, but little is known about its effects in vivo. OBJECTIVE To investigate vascular and cellular effects of a sulfated polysaccharide from the brown marine algae L. variegata (SP-Lv) in acute inflammatory models. MATERIALS AND METHODS SP-Lv was isolated by DEAE-cellulose and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and evaluated for its inhibitory effect on paw edema, vascular permeability, leukocyte migration and peritoneal nitrite content induced by zymosan in Wistar rats. Anticoagulant activities and possible systemic toxicity were also evaluated. RESULTS SP-Lv inhibited the paw edema (120 min: 1.42 ± 0.11 vs. 0.95 ± 0.05 mL), plasma exudation (21.53 ± 0.62 vs. 11.96 ± 0.68 μg/g), nitrite content (4.42 ± 0.33 vs. 2.86 ± 0.003 μM) and leukocyte migration (5.15 ± 1.21 vs. 1.99 ± 0.16 cells/10(3) mL) induced by zymosan. SP-Lv and L-NAME reduced the paw edema (60-120 min) elicited by L-arginine. However, at 180 min SP-Lv effect was more accentuated and sustained until 240 min, while that of L-NAME was abolished. Similarly to indomethacin, SP-Lv inhibited the entire edema time-course induced by phospholipase A(2), except for the time of 60 min. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The anti-edematogenic effect of SP-Lv seems to occur via inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase activities. These results suggest a potential applicability of polysaccharides from alga origin in acute inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rômmulo C L Siqueira
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Potential application of marine algae as antiviral agents in medicinal foods. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2011; 64:245-54. [PMID: 22054952 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387669-0.00019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases, caused by pathogenic virus infections, are still the leading cause of death in humans worldwide. Although many antiviral agents have been developed and are used for treatment of infectious diseases, emergence of drug resistance, side effects, and the necessity for extensive clinical use are the main reasons for failure of antiviral therapy. Therefore, the development of new antiviral agents with diverse kinds of antiviral actions is required. The search for new antiviral agents focuses on not only synthetic compounds but also natural products such as plants, insects, animal organs, and their components. Recently, a great deal of interest has been expressed regarding marine algae as potential antiviral agents. This contribution focuses on antiherpes virus therapeutic agents derived from marine algae which are considered as novel functional ingredients in antiherpes virus therapy.
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Wang H, Ooi VEC, Ang PO. Anti-herpesviral property and mode of action of a polysaccharide from brown seaweed (Hydroclathrus clathratus). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mendes GDS, Soares AR, Martins FO, Albuquerque MCMD, Costa SS, Yoneshigue-Valentin Y, Gestinari LMDS, Santos N, Romanos MTV. Antiviral activity of the green marine alga Ulva fasciata on the replication of human metapneumovirus. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2010; 52:3-10. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652010000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the antiviral activity of the marine alga, Ulva fasciata, collected from Rasa beach and Forno beach, Búzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on the replication of human metapneumovirus (HMPV). The algae extracts were prepared using three different methodologies to compare the activity of different groups of chemical composites obtained through these different methodologies. Four out of the six extracts inhibited nearly 100% of viral replication. The results demonstrated that the majority of the extracts (five out of six) possess virucidal activity and therefore have the ability to interact with the extracellular viral particles and prevent the infection. On the other hand, only two extracts (from Forno beach, obtained by maceration and maceration of the decoction) were able to interact with cell receptors, hindering the viral entry. Finally, only the extract of algae collected at Forno beach, obtained by maceration presented intracellular activity. To our knowledge, this is a pioneer study on antiviral activity of marine algae against HMPV. It is also the first on antiviral activity against HMPV ever done in Brazil. The study also shows the effect of different environment factors and different chemical procedures used to obtain the extract on its biological properties.
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Isolation of a sulphated polysaccharide from a recently discovered sponge species (Celtodoryx girardae) and determination of its anti-herpetic activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2009; 44:286-93. [PMID: 19263508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) were extracted from a sponge, Celtodoryx girardae recently discovered in the Golfe du Morbihan in 2000. Sponge samples were collected monthly from November 2007 to May 2008. SEC analysis of EPS samples showed that they exhibit a unique molecular weight of approximately 800 kDa. However, infrared analysis revealed that structural seasonal variations occur. EPS fractions also exhibit significant sulphate contents and were screened in vitro for a potential antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The best result was obtained with a sample collected in January which exhibits an EC(50) of 5.9 microg/mL without cytotoxicity on the Vero cell line. Experiments carried out to elucidate the mechanism of the EPS showed that the sulphated groups of EPS interact with the glycoproteins on the surface of the virus' membrane.
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Wang H, Ooi EV, Ang PO. Antiviral activities of extracts from Hong Kong seaweeds. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2009; 9:969-76. [PMID: 19067465 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0820154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We extracted six Hong Kong brown seaweed species with hot water for their antiviral properties. The cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of these extracts were tested by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenlytetrezolium bromide] method, cytopathic effect reduction assay, and plaque reduction assay. The antiviral effect was further determined by flow cytometric analysis. The results showed that most of these extracts inhibited the propagation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) standard strains with very low cytotoxicity to the host cells. The extracts of Hydroclathrus clathratus and Lobophora variegata showed more potential anti-HSV activities than the extracts of the other four seaweeds. They also had moderate anti- respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activities but could not inhibit influenza A virus. Hydroclathrus clathratus was further extracted by diluted acid and alkali and the antiviral effects of the extracts were also detected. The result showed that the hot water extract contained the main carbohydrate components that exhibited the antiviral activities against various strains of HSV, including the acyclovir-resistant strain. HI-3, a compound fractionated from this hot water extract, showed a dose-dependent anti-HSV activity in flow cytometric analysis and plaque reduction assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Mandal P, Pujol CA, Carlucci MJ, Chattopadhyay K, Damonte EB, Ray B. Anti-herpetic activity of a sulfated xylomannan from Scinaia hatei. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2193-9. [PMID: 18572208 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses display affinity for cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans with biological relevance in virus entry. This raises the possibility of the application of sulfated polysaccharides in antiviral therapy. In this study we have analyzed polysaccharide fractions isolated from Scinaia hatei. The crude water extract (ShWE) as well as one fraction (F1) obtained by size exclusion chromatography had potent anti-HSV activity. Their inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) values ranging from 0.5 to 4.6 microg/ml were much lower than the cytotoxic concentration 50% (CC50) values (1000 microg/ml). These fractions had very low anticoagulant activity. Furthermore, they had a weak inactivating effect on virions in a virucidal assay at concentrations in the range of 60-100 microg/ml. Chemical, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods showed that the major polysaccharide, which had 0.4 sulfate group per monomer unit and an apparent molecular mass of 160 kDa, contained a backbone of alpha-(1-->3)-linked D-mannopyranosyl residues substituted at C-6, C-4 and C-2 with single stub of beta-d-xylopyranosyl residues. Sulfate groups, when present, are located at C-4 of alpha-(1-->3)-linked D-mannopyranosyl units, and appeared to be very important for the anti-herpetic activity of this polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Mandal
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713 104, India
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Lam C, Grage A, Schulz D, Schulte A, Harder T. Extracts of North Sea macroalgae reveal specific activity patterns against attachment and proliferation of benthic diatoms: a laboratory study. BIOFOULING 2008; 24:59-66. [PMID: 18092216 DOI: 10.1080/08927010701827646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A variety of macroalgae (Ceramium rubrum, Corallina officinalis, Palmaria palmata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Fucus vesiculosus, Cladophora rupestris, Ulva sp.) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy to visualize epiphytic colonizers. The macroalgae differed in terms of their epiphytic coverage of bacteria, fungi and diatoms. Macroalgae, largely devoid of epiphytic diatoms, were hypothesized to employ effective antifouling means to reduce epiphytic coverage, whilst heavily fouled macroalgae were proposed to lack antifouling strategies. To test these hypotheses from an allelochemical perspective with regard to fouling diatoms, dichloromethane-methanol (1:1) crude extracts of macroalgae were concentrated in dimethylsulfoxide and investigated in diatom attachment and proliferation assays using four benthic diatoms (Nitzschia sp., Navicula phyllepta, Navicula arenaria and Amphora sp.). Algal extracts exhibited a distinct pattern of activity against the test diatoms, suggesting a targeted and selective effect of macroalgal metabolites on individual fouling diatoms. The main outcome of this study was that visual inspection and quantitative categorization of epiphytic colonizers on macroalgal thalli could not be used to predict reliably whether macroalgae employed a chemical defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lam
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Freile-Pelegrín Y, Madera-Santana T, Robledo D, Veleva L, Quintana P, Azamar J. Degradation of agar films in a humid tropical climate: Thermal, mechanical, morphological and structural changes. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hayashi K, Mori J, Saito H, Hayashi T. Antiviral targets of a chromene derivative from Sargassum micracanthum in the replication of human cytomegalovirus. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1843-7. [PMID: 16946496 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A chromene derivative (1) obtained from a brown alga, Sargassum micracanthum, has been proved to be a potent inhibitor of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). In the present study, we evaluated its mode of action by various experimental assays. Time-of-addition experiments revealed that 1 was active if applied to cells before viral DNA synthesis, indicating that it inhibited early events of virus replication including virus adsorption and penetration, and a step immediately after viral internalization. Virus attachment and penetration studies suggested that one of the targets for anti-HCMV action of 1 was virus adsorption to cells and to a lesser extent, virus internalization was delayed in the presence of the compound. Pretreatment of virus particles with 1 showed that the compound exerted dose-dependent virucidal action. The chromene derivative and ganciclovir (GCV), an anti-HCMV drug, were synergistic inhibitors when used in combination. The synergistic effect could be explained by inhibition of different steps in HCMV replication cycle produced by 1 and GCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyoma, Japan.
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Gonçalves AG, Noseda MD, Duarte MER, Grindley TB. Regioselective synthesis of long-chain ethers and their sulfates derived from methyl beta-D-galactopyranoside and derivatives via dibutylstannylene acetal intermediates. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:2245-50. [PMID: 16084504 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of different conditions were investigated for the alkylation of the dibutylstannylene acetals of methyl beta-d-galactopyranoside with long-chain primary alkyl bromides, decyl, dodecyl, and tetradecyl bromide. The best yields of the major products, the 3-O-alkyl ethers, were obtained by reaction of the alkyl bromide with the monodibutylstannylene acetal in DMF in the presence of cesium fluoride for extended periods of time at moderate temperatures (65 degrees C). These products were always accompanied by minor amounts of the 3,6-di-O-alkyl derivative. Performing the reaction with excess alkyl halide on the bis(dibutylstannylene) acetal resulted in more of the 3,6-di-O-alkyl derivative, particularly for the shorter alkyl bromides, but this product was never predominant. Sulfation of the dibutylstannylene acetal of methyl 3-O-tetradecyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside resulted in the 6-sulfate in 96% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4J3
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Martinez MJA, Olmo LMBD, Benito PB. Antiviral Activities of Polysaccharides from Natural Sources. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2005. [PMCID: PMC7172397 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The ever increasing resistance of human pathogens to current anti-infective agents is a serious medical problem, leading to the need to develop novel antibiotic prototype molecules. In the case of viruses, the search for antiviral agents involves additional difficulties, particularly due to the nature of the infectious viral agents. Thus, many compounds that may cause the death of viruses are also very likely to injure the host cell that harbours them. Natural products are increasingly appreciated as leads for drug discovery and development. Screening studies have been carried out in order to find antiviral agents from natural sources, and the occurrence of antiviral activity in extracts of plants, marine organisms and fungi is frequent. The evidence indicates that there may be numerous potentially useful antiviral phytochemicals in nature, waiting to be evaluated and exploited. In addition, other plants, not previously utilized medicinally, may also reveal antivirals. Among natural antiviral agents, recent investigations have reconsidered the interest of phyto-polysaccharides, which act as potent inhibitors of different viruses. This chapter will illustrate a variety of antiviral polysaccharides from natural sources since 1990, with the aim of making this matter more accessible to drug development
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Zhu W, Chiu LCM, Ooi VEC, Chan PKS, Ang PO. Antiviral property and mode of action of a sulphated polysaccharide from Sargassum patens against herpes simplex virus type 2. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004; 24:279-83. [PMID: 15325432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2004] [Accepted: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A sulphated polysaccharide (SP2) was isolated from the brown alga Sargassum patens. SP2 inhibited the replication of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) dose-dependently by 38.5-96.1% of the control level, after incubations with 0.78-12.5 microg/ml of the polysaccharide. SP2 exhibited extracellular virucidal activity only in high concentrations (>/=12.5 microg/ml) but significantly inhibited the virus attachment to its host cells by 45.1%, at concentration as low as 1 microg/ml. All the results from this study suggested that the antiviral mode of action of SP2 could be ascribed to the inhibition of virus adsorption, which is different from that of the current drug of choice acyclovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhu
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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41
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Romanos M, Andrada-Serpa MJ, dos S, Ribeiro A, Yoneshigue-Valentin Y, Costa SS, Wigg MD. Inhibitory effect of extracts of Brazilian marine algae on human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-induced syncytium formation in vitro. Cancer Invest 2002; 20:46-54. [PMID: 11853002 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-120000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Extracts from four species of Brazilian marine algae collected from the Rio de Janeiro State coast were screened to determine the inhibitory effect on HTLV-1-induced syncytium formation. Before performing the syncytium inhibition assay the 50% cytotoxic dose (CyD50) of the algal extracts was evaluated. The antiviral test was carried out in HeLa cells co-cultured with HTLV-I infected T-cell line (C91/PL cells) in the presence of marine algal extracts in the concentration inferior to that corresponding to the CyD50. It was observed that co-cultured cells exposed to Ulva fasciata extract showed 60.2% syncytium inhibition at a concentration of 2.5%. At 5% concentration, Sargassum vulgare and Vidalia obtusiloba extracts presented 78.8 and 76% syncytium inhibition, respectively. The best inhibitory activity was observed with Laminaria abyssalis that presented 100% syncytium inhibition at a concentration of 2.5%. This work shows that extracts of marine algae, mainly L. abyssalis extract, are able to inhibit the cell-to-cell contact essential for the spreading of the virus and could be useful to prevent the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- MariaTeresaVillela Romanos
- Departamento de Virologia do Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Duarte ME, Noseda DG, Noseda MD, Tulio S, Pujol CA, Damonte EB. Inhibitory effect of sulfated galactans from the marine alga Bostrychia montagnei on herpes simplex virus replication in vitro. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2001; 8:53-58. [PMID: 11292240 DOI: 10.1078/0944-7113-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides exhibit many biological properties such as antiviral and anticoagulant activities. Herein, we report the antiviral activity of sulfated galactans extracted from the red sea-weed Bostrychia montagnei against herpes simplex virus types 1 (strain F and the thymidine kinase-deficient strains Field and B2006) and 2 (strain G). Two crude extracts obtained with cold and hot water as well as some fractions obtained by anion exchange chromatography, inhibited significantly the replication of the different strains of herpesviruses as determined by plaque reduction assays. The inhibitory effect of the compounds studied here took place only when they were added during the adsorption period. They were found to be highly selective antiviral substances, causing no impairment of Vero cell viability. Furthermore, they had no direct inactivating effect on virions by incubation in a virucidal assay. The antiviral activity could be correlated with the molecular weight and sulfate content of the polysaccharides. Although sulfated polysaccharides are generally endowed with anticoagulant properties, the results of the activated partial thromboplastin time and the thrombine time assays indicated that the natural sulfated polysaccharides from Bostrychia montagnei have very low anticoagulant activity, confirming that there is no relation between the antiviral and anticoagulant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Duarte
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Brasil
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Abstract
A large variety of natural products have been described as anti-HIV agents, and for a portion thereof the target of interaction has been identified. Cyanovirin-N, a 11-kDa protein from Cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) irreversibly inactivates HIV and also aborts cell-to-cell fusion and transmission of HIV, due to its high-affinity interaction with gp120. Various sulfated polysaccharides extracted from seaweeds (i.e., Nothogenia fastigiata, Aghardhiella tenera) inhibit the virus adsorption process. Ingenol derivatives may inhibit virus adsorption at least in part through down-regulation of CD4 molecules on the host cells. Inhibition of virus adsorption by flavanoids such as (-)epicatechin and its 3-O-gallate has been attributed to an irreversible interaction with gp120 (although these compounds are also known as reverse transcriptase inhibitors). For the triterpene glycyrrhizin (extracted from the licorice root Glycyrrhiza radix) the mode of anti-HIV action may at least in part be attributed to interference with virus-cell binding. The mannose-specific plant lectins from Galanthus, Hippeastrum, Narcissus, Epipac tis helleborine, and Listera ovata, and the N-acetylgl ucosamine-specific lectin from Urtica dioica would primarily be targeted at the virus-cell fusion process. Various other natural products seem to qualify as HIV-cell fusion inhibitors: the siamycins [siamycin I (BMY-29304), siamycin II (RP 71955, BMY 29303), and NP-06 (FR901724)] which are tricyclic 21-amino-acid peptides isolated from Streptomyces spp that differ from one another only at position 4 or 17 (valine or isoleucine in each case); the betulinic acid derivative RPR 103611, and the peptides tachyplesin and polyphemusin which are highly abundant in hemocyte debris of the horseshoe crabs Tachypleus tridentatus and Limulus polyphemus, i.e., the 18-amino-acid peptide T22 from which T134 has been derived. Both T22 and T134 have been shown to block T-tropic X4 HIV-1 strains through a specific antagonism with the HIV corecept or CXCR4. A number of natural products have been reported to interact with the reverse transcriptase, i.e., baicalin, avarol, avarone, psychotrine, phloroglucinol derivatives, and, in particular, calanolides (from the tropical rainforest tree, Calophyllum lanigerum) and inophyllums (from the Malaysian tree, Calophyllum inophyllum). The natural marine substance illimaquinone would be targeted at the RNase H function of the reverse transcriptase. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane, from turmeric, the roots/rhizomes of Curcuma spp), dicaffeoylquinic and dicaffeoylt artaric acids, L-chicoric acid, and a number of fungal metabolites (equisetin, phomasetin, oteromycin, and integric acid) have all been proposed as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Yet, we have recently shown that L-c hicoric acid owes its anti-HIV activity to a specific interaction with the viral envelope gp120 rather than integrase. A number of compounds would be able to inhibit HIV-1 gene expression at the transcription level: the flavonoid chrysin (through inhibition of casein kinase II, the antibacter ial peptides melittin (from bee venom) and cecropin, and EM2487, a novel substance produced by Streptomyces. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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44
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Schaeffer DJ, Krylov VS. Anti-HIV activity of extracts and compounds from algae and cyanobacteria. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2000; 45:208-27. [PMID: 10702339 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1999.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the retrovirus that causes the acquired immune deficiency disease syndrome (AIDS). This review discusses the anti-HIV activity of extracts and compounds isolated from freshwater and marine algae, and cyanobacteria (formerly called "blue-green algae"). Compounds and extracts with anti-HIV activity are also active against other retroviruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), but the amount of antiviral activity varies with the compound and the virus. Most of the research has focused on sulfated homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides. Sulfoglycolipids, carrageenans, fucoidan, sesquiterpene hydroquinones, and other classes of compounds with anti-HIV activity that have been isolated from algae have received less attention. Most studies have used in vitro test systems, but a few in vivo studies have been carried out using compounds isolated from algae or analogs produced synthetically or isolated from other natural sources. Sulfated homopolysaccharides are more potent than sulfated heteropolysaccharides. The presence of the sulfate group is necessary for anti-HIV activity, and potency increases with the degree of sulfation. Studies using nonsulfated and sulfated homo- and heteropolysaccharides isolated from algae or other natural sources, or synthesized, have revealed the mechanisms of binding of drugs to the virion, and the mechanisms of viral binding to host cells. However, given the few classes of compounds investigated, most of the pharmacopeia of compounds in algae and cyanobacteria with antiretroviral activity is probably not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Schaeffer
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
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45
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Carlucci MJ, Ciancia M, Matulewicz MC, Cerezo AS, Damonte EB. Antiherpetic activity and mode of action of natural carrageenans of diverse structural types. Antiviral Res 1999; 43:93-102. [PMID: 10517311 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(99)00038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The lambda-carrageenan 1T1, the kappa/iota-carrageenan 1C1 and the mu/nu-type 1C3, isolated from the red seaweed Gigartina skottsbergii, proved to be potent and selective inhibitors of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2. The antiviral IC50 values determined by virus yield inhibition assay in different cell lines ranged from 0.4 to 3.3 microg/ml, and no cytotoxic effects, measured by trypan blue exclusion on stationary or proliferating cells, tetrazolium salt method or cell protein synthesis, were observed. Time of addition and attachment studies suggested that the main target for antiviral action of the three carrageenans was virus adsorption, whereas no effect on virus internalization, or early or late protein synthesis was detected. However, the lambda-carrageenan 1T1 was still significantly inhibitory when added any time after adsorption. The pretreatment of virions with the carrageenans showed that 1C1 and 1C3 lacked direct inactivating effect at concentrations near the antiviral IC50 but 1T1 exerted virucidal action. The cyclization of 1T1 to afford the derivative 1T1T1 maintained the antiviral activity but eliminated the virucidal properties. Thus, the structure of 1T1 seems to be responsible for its differential behavior from 1C1 and 1C3, probably allowing a more stable binding to HSV, leading to virion inactivation. In contrast, 1C1 and 1C3 fail to bind with high affinity to virus alone, but are able to interfere with the interaction between HSV particles and the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Carlucci
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina
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van den Belt M, Deutsch L, Jansson Å. A consensus-based simulation model for management in the Patagonia coastal zone. Ecol Modell 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3800(98)00043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Witvrouw M, De Clercq E. Sulfated polysaccharides extracted from sea algae as potential antiviral drugs. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1997; 29:497-511. [PMID: 9352294 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(96)00563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of polyanionic substances on the replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and other viruses were reported almost four decades ago. However, these observations did not generate much interest, because the antiviral action of the compounds was considered to be largely nonspecific. Shortly after the identification of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the causative agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1984, heparin and other sulfated polysaccharides were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of HIV-1 replication in cell culture. Since 1988, the activity spectrum of the sulfated polysaccharides has been shown to extend to various enveloped viruses, including viruses that emerge as opportunistic pathogens (e.g., herpes simplex virus [HSV] and cytomegalovirus [CMV]) in immunosuppressed (e.g., AIDS) patients. As potential anti-HIV drug candidates, sulfated polysaccharides offer a number of promising features. They are able to block HIV replication in cell culture at concentrations as low as 0.1 to 0.01 microgram ml-1 without toxicity to the host cells at concentrations up to 2.5 mg ml-1. We noted that some polysulfates show a differential inhibitory activity against different HIV strains, suggesting that marked differences exist in the target molecules with which polysulfates interact. They not only inhibit the cytopathic effect of HIV, but also prevent HIV-induced syncytium (giant cell) formation. Furthermore, experiments carried out with dextran sulfate samples of increasing molecular weight and with sulfated cyclodextrins of different degrees of sulfation have shown that antiviral activity increases with increasing molecular weight and degree of sulfation. A sugar backbone is not strictly needed for the anti-HIV activity of polysulfates because sulfated polymers composed of a carbon-carbon backbone have also proved to be highly efficient anti-HIV agents in vitro. Other, yet to be defined, structural features may also play an important role. Sulfated polysaccharides may act synergistically with other anti-HIV drugs (e.g., azidothymidine [AZT]). They are known to lead very slowly to virus-drug resistance development and they show activity against HIV mutants that have become resistant to reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as AZT, tetrahydro-imidazo [4,5,l-jk] [1,4]-benzodiazepin-2(1H)-thione (TIBO) and others. From studies on their mechanism of action we concluded that polysulfates exert their anti-HIV activity by shielding off the positively charged sites in the V3 loop of the viral envelope glycoprotein (gp120). The V3 loop is necessary for virus attachment to cell surface heparan sulfate, a primary binding site, before more specific binding occurs to the CD4 receptor of CD4+ cells. This general mechanism also explains the broad antiviral activity of polysulfates against enveloped viruses. Variations in the viral envelope glycoprotein region may result in differences in the susceptibility of different enveloped viruses to compounds that interact with their envelope glycoproteins. The efficacy of polysulfates in the therapy and/or prophylaxis of retroviral infections and opportunistic infections remains to be demonstrated both in animal models and humans. It is important to consider not only treatment of patients who are already infected with HIV, but also prophylaxis and protection from HIV and/or other virus infections. Because (i) sexual transmission is responsible for the large majority of HIV infections worldwide; (ii) this transmission is mostly mediated via mononuclear cells that infect epithelial cells of the genital tract; and because (iii) polysulfates effectively inhibit cell-cell adhesion, polysulfates may be considered as potentially effective in a vaginal formulation to protect against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Witvrouw
- Rega institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Perspectives for the chemotherapy of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1996; 7:193-202. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(96)00319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/1996] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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De Clercq E. Chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: anti-HIV agents targeted at early stages in the virus replicative cycle. Biomed Pharmacother 1996; 50:207-15. [PMID: 8949401 DOI: 10.1016/0753-3322(96)87660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several compounds have been identified that inhibit an early stage in the replicative cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): i) virus adsorption: polysulfates, polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, polyphosphates, and polyoxometalates; or ii) virus-cell fusion: plant lectins, negatively charged albumins and betulinic acid derivatives; iii) virus fusion/uncoating: bicyclam derivatives; iv) reverse transcription: dideoxynucleoside analogues, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. In principle, HIV may develop resistance to any of these specific anti-HIV agents. However, virus breakthrough can be completely prevented if these agents, alone or in combination, are added to the HIV-infected cells from the beginning at sufficiently high ('knock-out') concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Kolender AA, Matulewicz MC, Cerezo AS. Structural analysis of antiviral sulfated alpha-D-(1-->3)-linked mannans. Carbohydr Res 1995; 273:179-85. [PMID: 8565005 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The structures of two alpha-(1-->3)-alpha-D-xylo-mannans were determined. The different antiviral activity of the xylo-mannans from Nothogenia fastigiata was explained on the basis of a flexible backbone, molecular size, content and distribution of sulfate groups and of the single stubs of beta-(1-->2)-linked D-xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kolender
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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