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Kastin AJ, Pan W. Concepts for biologically active peptides. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 16:3390-400. [PMID: 20726835 DOI: 10.2174/138161210793563491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we review a unique aspect of CNS research on biologically active peptides that started against a background of prevalent dogmas but ended by exerting considerable influence on the field. During the course of refuting some doctrines, we introduced several concepts that were unconventional and paradigm-shifting at the time. We showed that (1) hypothalamic peptides can act 'up' on the brain as well as 'down' on the pituitary, (2) peripheral peptides can affect the brain, (3) peptides can cross the blood-brain barrier, (4) the actions of peptides can persist longer than their half-lives in blood, (5) perinatal administration of peptides can exert actions persisting into adulthood, (6) a single peptide can have more than one action, (7) dose-response relationships of peptides need not be linear, (8) the brain produces antiopiate as well as opiate peptides, (9) there is a selective high affinity endogenous peptide ligand for the mu-opiate receptor, (10) a peptide's name does not restrict its effects, and (11) astrocytes assume an active role in response to metabolic disturbance and hyperleptinemia. The evolving questions in our laboratories reflect the diligent effort of the neuropeptide community to identify the roles of peptides in the CNS. The next decade is expected to see greater progress in the following areas: (a) interactions of peptides with other molecules in the CNS; (b) peptide involvement in cell-cell interactions; and (c) peptides in neuropsychiatric, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. The development of peptidomics and gene silencing approaches will expedite the formation of many new concepts in a new era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abba J Kastin
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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2
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Banks WA. Gut-brain communications: not the same at all ages. Endocrinology 2010; 151:852-4. [PMID: 20172973 PMCID: PMC3213759 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis and Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63106, USA.
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3
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Erchegyi J, Kastin AJ, Zadina JE, Qiu XD. Isolation of a heptapeptide Val-Val-Tyr-Pro-Trp-Thr-Gln (valorphin) with some opiate activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 39:477-84. [PMID: 1356941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1992.tb00277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine hypothalamic tissue was extracted and purified by solid phase extraction and several reversed-phase HPLC steps. The amino acid sequence of the purified peptide was determined by Edman degradation to be Val-Val-Tyr-Pro-Trp-Thr-Gln. This was confirmed by comparison of its chromatographic behavior with that of the synthetic peptide, and mass spectrometric analysis resulted in a mass identical to the calculated mass for this peptide. This heptapeptide shows homology with residues 32-38 of the beta-chain of bovine hemoglobin. The peptide inhibited the electrically induced contractions of the guinea pig ileum muscle preparation; this inhibition was reversible by naloxone. It also inhibited the binding of 125I-DAMGO (selective for mu receptors) to rat brain with an IC50 of 10 microM and the binding of 3H-DPDPE (selective for sigma receptors) with an IC50 of 185 microM. With two valines at the N-terminus and some opiate activity, valorphin seems a suitable name for this newly isolated peptide.
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4
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Pan W, Kastin AJ. From MIF-1 to endomorphin: the Tyr-MIF-1 family of peptides. Peptides 2007; 28:2411-34. [PMID: 17988762 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Tyr-MIF-1 family of small peptides has served a prototypic role in the introduction of several novel concepts into the peptide field of research. MIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH(2)) was the first hypothalamic peptide shown to act "up" on the brain, not just "down" on the pituitary. In several situations, including clinical depression, MIF-1 exhibits an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship in which increasing doses can result in decreasing effects. This tripeptide also can antagonize opiate actions, and the first report of such activity also correctly predicted the discovery of other endogenous antiopiate peptides. The tetrapeptide Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH(2)) not only shows antiopiate activity, but also considerable selectivity for the mu-opiate binding site. Tyr-W-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH(2)) is an even more selective ligand for the mu receptor, leading to the discovery of two more Tyr-Pro tetrapeptides that have the highest specificity and affinity for this site. These are the endomorphins: endomorphin-1 is Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH(2) and endomorphin-2 is Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2). Tyr-MIF-1 proved, contrary to the then prevailing dogma, that peptides can be saturably transported across the blood-brain barrier by a quantifiable transport system. Unexpectedly, the Tyr-MIF-1 transporter is shared with Met-enkephalin. In the era in which it was doubtful whether a peripheral peptide could exert CNS effects, the Tyr-MIF-1 family of peptides also explicitly showed that they can exert more than one central action that persists longer than their half-lives in blood. These peptides clearly illustrate that the name of a peptide restricts neither its actions nor its conceptual implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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5
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Sandman CA, Glynn L, Wadhwa PD, Chicz-DeMet A, Porto M, Garite T. Maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal disregulation during the third trimester influences human fetal responses. Dev Neurosci 2003; 25:41-9. [PMID: 12876430 DOI: 10.1159/000071467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2002] [Accepted: 02/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal peptides from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis rise during human pregnancy. The effects of circulating maternal adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and beta-endorphin (BE) on human fetal behavior was determined in 135 women during their 32nd week of gestation. Fetal behavior was measured by assessing heart rate habituation to a series of repeated vibroacoustic stimuli. Individual differences in habituation were determined by computing the number of consecutive responses above the standard deviation during a control period. There was no significant relation between levels of ACTH, BE and the rate of fetal heart rate habituation. However, an index of HPA disregulation (uncoupling of ACTH and BE) was related significantly to fetal behavior. Fetal exposure to high levels of maternal BE relative to ACTH was associated with significantly lower rates of habituation. Results indicate that maternal stress and stress-related peptides influence fetal response patterns. It is possible that this influence persists over the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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6
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Sternberg WF, Mogil JS, Kest B, Page GG, Leong Y, Yam V, Liebeskind JC. Neonatal testosterone exposure influences neurochemistry of non-opioid swim stress-induced analgesia in adult mice. Pain 1995; 63:321-326. [PMID: 8719532 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of neonatal hormone manipulations on swim stress-induced analgesia (SSIA) magnitude and neurochemical quality were examined in Swiss-Webster mice of both sexes. Previous research has indicated that non-opioid SSIA mechanisms in adult Swiss-Webster mice are sexually dimorphic. Male mice exhibit non-opioid SSIA following a 3-min swim in cold (15 degrees C) water that is antagonized by the non-competitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine; 0.075 mg/kg), whereas female mice do not display NMDA-mediated analgesia in the presence of estrogen. Since male and female mice show equipotent magnitudes of SSIA, it was concluded that female mice display a neurochemically distinct, estrogen-dependent SSIA mechanism specific to their gender. In the present study, female mice exposed to testosterone during the neonatal period display NMDA-mediated analgesia even in the presence of estrogen in adulthood. Thus, expression of the female-specific, estrogen-dependent SSIA mechanism previously described may be dependent on the absence of testosterone during early ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy F Sternberg
- Department of Psychology and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA Research Service (151W), VA Medical Center and Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97211 USA Department of Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021 USA College of Nursing, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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7
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Abstract
A review of research on the Tyr-MIF-1 family of peptides is presented with emphasis on Tyr-MIF-1 and its structure, passage through the blood-brain barrier, and both opiate antagonist and agonist properties. Family members MIF-1, Tyr-W-MIF-1 and Tyr-K-MIF-1 are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Reed
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, LA 70148
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kastin
- VA Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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9
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Abstract
Peptides like Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) that are administered during the neonatal period can result in biological effects persisting into the adult period. The possibility that Tyr-MIF-1 might have a prolonged half-life in neonatal blood was investigated by HPLC of plasma obtained from 4-day-old rat pups. More than half (65%) of the tritiated Tyr-MIF-1 incubated with neonatal rat plasma at 37 degrees C remained in intact form at 30 min compared with less than a quarter of the Tyr-MIF-1 incubated with adult rat plasma. The calculated half-life of the tetrapeptide incubated in neonatal plasma was 50.2 min, compared with 13.8 min for adult plasma (p < 0.01). The simultaneous addition of Tyr-MIF-1 tritiated on the Tyr and Tyr-MIF-1 tritiated on the Pro showed the formation of equal amounts of the free amino acids Tyr and Pro; this indicates that Tyr-MIF-1 is not a precursor of MIF-1 in neonatal rat plasma. The results show that the degradation of Tyr-MIF-1 is significantly delayed in plasma from neonatal rats, suggesting the possibility that the metabolism of other peptides and different types of compounds also may be delayed during the perinatal period.
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Gergen KA, Chang SL, Niu YF, Kastin AJ, Zadina JE. Expression of the FOS proto-oncogene protein in brain after ICV administration of Tyr-W-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH2). Peptides 1994; 15:1505-11. [PMID: 7700853 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(94)90130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tyr-W-MIF-1 is a tetrapeptide recently isolated from brain that has opiate modulating activity. In this study, we used immunocytochemical (ICC) detection of FOS proto-oncogene protein to map brain areas activated by an ICV injection of Tyr-W-MIF-1 (200 micrograms). The analgesic effect of the peptide, which lasted 1 h, was confirmed in each rat with the tail flick test. FOS was activated in several limbic structures, including the cingulate and infralimbic cortex, nucleus accumbens, and central nucleus of the amygdala. FOS activation also occurred in several diencephalic nuclei, including the supraoptic, paraventricular, and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Several activated areas contained mu-opiate receptors. However, despite the known selectivity of Tyr-W-MIF-1 for mu receptors, FOS immunoreactivity was also induced in nuclei of the amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus, where concentrations of kappa receptors were high but those of mu and delta receptors were not detected. The results show that Tyr-W-MIF-1 induces FOS activation in several brain areas, including but not limited to, areas associated with nociception and stress-induced analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Gergen
- VA Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70146
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11
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Harrison LM, Zadina JE, Banks WA, Kastin AJ. Effects of neonatal treatment with Tyr-MIF-1, morphiceptin, and morphine on development, tail flick, and blood-brain barrier transport. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1993; 75:207-12. [PMID: 7903224 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(93)90025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Morphine and endogenous peptides can alter developmental processes, inducing changes that can endure into adulthood. Morphiceptin binds to mu opiate receptors and to non-opiate sites labeled by Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2), an endogenous brain peptide known to modulate opiate effects. Morphine, morphiceptin, Tyr-MIF-1, morphine + Tyr-MIF-1, and morphiceptin+Tyr-MIF-1 (50 micrograms, s.c.) were given to rats during their first week of life. Animals given morphine alone or in combination with Tyr-MIF-1 had significantly lower body weights for the first 3 weeks of life and delayed eye opening on day 16. Rats given morphine had hypersensitive tail flick responses on day 9 while those given morphine + Tyr-MIF-1 were hypersensitive on days 3, 8, and 9. Locomotor, passive avoidance, and rotorod behaviors were not altered by the neonatal treatments. Transport of [125I]Tyr-MIF-1 out of the brain was tested on day 23 and found to be increased by neonatal morphine, an effect that was significantly potentiated by neonatal Tyr-MIF-1. The results indicate that neonatal administration of peptides and opiates can affect later peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier as well as selected developmental characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Harrison
- VA Medical Center, Research Service (151), New Orleans, LA 70146
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12
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Zadina JE, Kastin AJ, Kersh D, Wyatt A. Tyr-MIF-1 and hemorphin can act as opiate agonists as well as antagonists in the guinea pig ileum. Life Sci 1992; 51:869-85. [PMID: 1355851 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(92)90615-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The brain peptide Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) was tested for its effects on electrically stimulated contractions in the guinea pig ileum assay. Tyr-MIF-1 acted as an opiate agonist in reducing these contractions. Its IC50 was about 9 microM, and its effects were reversed by naloxone and CTOP. The ability of Tyr-MIF-1 also to antagonize the inhibitory effects of opiates on electrically stimulated contractions was more evident in the ileum removed from a guinea pig tolerant to morphine or after partial inactivation of opiate receptors with beta-CNA. Similar results were observed with hemorphin. The endogenous peptide Tyr-MIF-1 and the blood-derived peptide hemorphin, therefore, can act as agonists as well as antagonists in the guinea pig ileum. The effects as antagonists are best observed in preparations of ileum with reduced receptor reserve (tolerant or beta-CNA treated) and are consistent with the idea that properties of endogenous peptides as opiate antagonists are enhanced in the tolerant state.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-
- Enkephalins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Guinea Pigs
- Hemoglobins/pharmacology
- Ileum/drug effects
- Ileum/physiology
- In Vitro Techniques
- MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone/analogs & derivatives
- MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone/pharmacology
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Morphine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa
- Receptors, Opioid, mu
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Zadina
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, New Orleans, LA 70146
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13
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Wiertelak EP, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Cholecystokinin Antianalgesia: Safety Cues Abolish Morphine Analgesia. Science 1992. [DOI: 10.1126/science.256.5058.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven F. Maier
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Linda R. Watkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
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14
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d'Amore A, Pieretti S, Chiarotti F, Loizzo A. Chronic treatment with MIF-1 prevents the painful stimuli threshold elevation induced by neonatal handling in mice. Peptides 1991; 12:1291-4. [PMID: 1687709 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(91)90209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic postnatal stressful handling results in a hyposensitivity to thermal nociceptive stimuli. This phenomenon is strongly affected by manipulations of the opioid system. In the present experiment, we report that chronic treatment with MIF-1 during the neonatal period prevents the behavioral alterations induced by handling while it is completely ineffective if injected acutely before antinociceptive testing by the tail flick test at 45 days of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A d'Amore
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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15
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Krowicki ZK. Dopamine receptor antagonists block the effect of Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) on the opiate form of footshock-induced analgesia. Neuropeptides 1991; 19:281-5. [PMID: 1681456 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4179(91)90095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that some of CNS actions of an endogenous peptide Tyr-MIF-1, are mediated by dopamine (DA) receptors. To study the effect of DA receptor blockade on the antiopiate properties of Tyr-MIF-1, the opiate form of footshock-induced analgesia was elicited in the rat. The nociceptive responses were determined using the hot-plate test (52.5 degrees C). Intraperitoneal pre-treatment with haloperidol (500 micrograms/kg), SCH 23390 (150 micrograms/kg), or spiroperidol (150 micrograms/kg) potentiated the antinociceptive effect of the footshock and blocked the antagonistic action of Tyr-MIF-1 (200 micrograms/kg and 2.0 mg/kg). A dose of haloperidol too small to potentiate the antinociceptive effect of the footshock (100 micrograms/kg) was still able to block the action of Tyr-MIF-1 (200 micrograms/kg). The results suggest that activation of DA receptors mediates the antagonizing effect of Tyr-MIF-1 on the opiate form of footshock-induced analgesia in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K Krowicki
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70146
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Sandman CA, Barron JL, Chicz-DeMet A, DeMet EM. Brief report: plasma beta-endorphin and cortisol levels in autistic patients. J Autism Dev Disord 1991; 21:83-7. [PMID: 2037552 DOI: 10.1007/bf02207000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Sandman
- State Developmental Research Institute-Fairview, Costa Mesa, California 92626
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17
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Krowicki ZK. Cimetidine does not change the effect of Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) on the opiate form of footshock-induced analgesia. Life Sci 1991; 49:1163-8. [PMID: 1680211 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90563-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that cimetidine blocks the effect of naloxone on footshock-induced analgesia. To study the effect of cimetidine on the antiopiate properties of an endogenous peptide Tyr-MIF-1, the opiate form of intermittent footshock-induced analgesia was elicited in the rat. The nociceptive responses were determined using the hot-plate test (52.5 degrees C). Intraperitoneal pretreatment with cimetidine (100 mg/kg) or chlorpheniramine maleate (20 mg/kg) did not affect the footshock-induced analgesia, and did not change the antagonizing effect of Tyr-MIF-1 (0.2 mg/kg) on this model of antinociception. It is concluded that cimetidine and chlorpheniramine maleate do not change the antagonizing effect of Tyr-MIF-1 on the opiate form of intermittent footshock-induced analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K Krowicki
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70146
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18
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Krowicki ZK, Kastin AJ. Effects of Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) on GH, LH, prolactin, FSH, and TSH secretion in rats with and without morphine. Neuropeptides 1991; 18:41-7. [PMID: 1675454 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4179(91)90162-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasma concentrations of GH, LH, prolactin, FSH, and TSH were evaluated in adult rats after administration of Tyr-MIF-1. Male rats were killed 0, 15, 30, and 60 min after Tyr-MIF-1 (0.02, 0.2 and 2.0 mg/kg) and ovariectomized females 15 min after injection of the peptide (0.2 and 2.0 mg/kg). The effect of Tyr-MIF-1 on pituitary hormonal secretion in morphine-treated ovariectomized rats also was studied. After 15 min, Tyr-MIF-1 (0.2 mg/kg) increased plasma concentrations of LH in males (p less than 0.05) and, at 2.0 mg/kg, in ovariectomized rats (p less than 0.05). Tyr-MIF-1 (0.2 mg/kg) decreased plasma concentrations of GH as compared with diluent at 15 min in males (p less than 0.05) but was ineffective in ovariectomized females not receiving morphine. Plasma concentrations of prolactin, FSH, and TSH remained unchanged both in males and in ovariectomized females by any of the administered doses of the peptide at any of the times tested. When administered to ovariectomized rats injected earlier with morphine sulfate, Tyr-MIF-1 (0.2 and 2.0 mg/kg) reduced (p less than 0.05) the effect of morphine (5 mg/kg) on GH secretion and tended (p = 0.061) to partially inhibit the effect of morphine (10 mg/kg) on prolactin secretion at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg. The decrease in plasma concentrations of TSH after morphine at a dose of 10 mg/kg (p less than 0.001) remained unaffected by any of administered doses of Tyr-MIF-1. The results suggest that Tyr-MIF-1 may affect the regulation of the secretion of some anterior pituitary hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K Krowicki
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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d'Amore A, Pieretti S, Palazzesi S, Pezzini G, Chiarotti F, Scorza T, Loizzo A. MIF-1 can accelerate neuromotor, EEG and behavioral development in mice. Peptides 1990; 11:527-32. [PMID: 1974348 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(90)90054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Newborn mice were injected SC daily with 1 mg/kg of MIF-1 or saline during the first 19 days of life. The progress of each pup was monitored for physical (body weight, eye and ear opening), neurobehavioral (reflexes) and neurophysiological (EEG) development until the weaning stage. In early adulthood (40 days of age) mice were tested on a maze learning task. Results indicate that MIF-1 can accelerate neurologic (days 3-9), somatic (days 10-14) and electroencephalographic (days 16-19) parameters, and that the effects of treatment last into the early adult stage with increased learning abilities in an appetitive task.
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Affiliation(s)
- A d'Amore
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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20
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Zadina JE, Kastin AJ, Ge LJ. Tyr-MIF-1 binding in brain is not altered by ligands selective for the GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor. Neurosci Lett 1990; 110:143-7. [PMID: 1970141 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90802-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Binding of benzodiazepines to the benzodiazepine gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-chloride channel complex has been shown to be altered by Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2). This raised the possibility of allosteric binding interactions between Tyr-MIF-1 sites and the GABAA receptor complex. We tested this possibility in rat brain by examining the binding of Tyr-MIF-1 to brain membranes in the presence of clonazepam, GABA, a combination of clonazepam and GABA, RO15788, or picrotoxinin. None of the tested substances affected Tyr-MIF-1 binding. We also tested mouse cortex for changes in Tyr-MIF-1 binding in the presence of ligands that bind to the GABA/benzodiazepine/chloride channel complex. Clonazepam, flunitrazepam, RO15788, and picrotoxinin at concentrations ranging from 10(-13) to 10(-5) M, each in the absence or presence of GABA at concentrations ranging from 10(-9) to 10(-5) M, each in the absence or presence of GABA at concentrations ranging from 10(-9) to 10(-6) M, did not significantly alter the binding of Tyr-MIF-1. The results indicate that simple bidirectional allosteric interactions between Tyr-MIF-1 binding sites and benzodiazepine, GABA or chloride channel binding sites are not likely to be the mechanism by which Tyr-MIF-1 affects binding at this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Zadina
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, New Orleans, LA
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21
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Abstract
The last decade has seen rapid growth in research with neuropeptides. During this time, we have been actively developing several concepts including the highly controversial one that peptides can cross the blood-brain barrier in intact form. One of the endogenous brain peptides used as a prototype for that concept, Tyr-MIF-1, also was used for the concept of the existence of endogenous antiopiate neuropeptides. As has been true for most novel developments in science, these concepts, as well as some older ones, were met with a great deal of skepticism when first suggested. Eventually, however, amnesia concerning the difficulties initially encountered with the introduction of new concepts occurs, with their subsequent "rediscovery" made easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kastin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of New Orleans, Louisiana
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22
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Hemorphins, cytochrophins, and human beta-casomorphins bind to antiopiate (TYR-MIE-1) as well as opiate binding sites in rat brain. Life Sci 1990; 47:PL25-30. [PMID: 1976197 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(90)90632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel peptides with opiate activity, derived from endogenous sources (human and bovine casomorphins from milk, hemorphins from hemoglobin, and cytochrophins from mitochondrial cytochrome b), were tested for their ability to inhibit binding of the brain peptide Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) to its high affinity sites in rat brain. The order of potency in inhibiting binding of 125I-Tyr-MIF-1 was: hemorphin and bovine casomorphins greater than Tyr-MIF-1 greater than cytochrophins greater than human casomorphins. Naloxone and DAMGO were ineffective at inhibiting Tyr-MIF-1 binding. The results provide evidence that, in addition to their ability to bind to mu opiate receptors, these novel endogenous peptides with opiate activity and a peptide (Tyr-MIF-1) with antiopiate properties also bind to a non-opiate site labeled by Tyr-MIF-1. These sites could be involved in a balance between opiate and antiopiate peptides.
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23
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Abstract
Our previous report showed that the brain peptide Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) blocks the inhibitory effect of morphine sulfate on E-rosette formation by human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). In this study, additional in vitro effects of Tyr-MIF-1 on human PBL were studied. The percentages of positive cells for CD 2, a sheep erythrocyte receptor, CD 4 and CD 8 were unchanged after incubation of PBL with morphine or morphine plus Tyr-MIF-1. Tyr-MIF-1 was not mitogenic by itself. The addition of Tyr-MIF-1 did not increase the proliferative response of PBL to Con A, although morphine did. Tyr-MIF-1 did not activate PBL to produce IL 2 nor did it affect the production of IL 2 by Con A-stimulated PBL. The results suggest that Tyr-MIF-1 does not directly modulate CD 2, CD 4 and CD 8 expression, does not alter the proliferative response of PBL, and does not affect the production of IL 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Chi
- Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614
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24
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Zagon IS, Zagon E, McLaughlin PJ. Opioids and the developing organism: a comprehensive bibliography, 1984-1988. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1989; 13:207-35. [PMID: 2691928 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(89)80055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive bibliography of the literature concerned with opioids and the developing organism for 1984-1988 is presented. Utilized with companion papers (Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 6:439-479; 1982; 8:387-403; 1984), these articles cover the clinical and laboratory references beginning in 1875. For the years 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988, a total of 877 citations were recorded. A series of indexes accompanies the citations in order to make the literature more accessible. These indexes are divided into clinical and laboratory topics, and subdivided into such topics as the type of opioid explored and the general area of biological interest (e.g., physiology).
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Zagon
- Department of Anatomy, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey 17033
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25
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Zadina JE, Kastin AJ, Ge LJ, Gulden H, Bungart KJ. Chronic, but not acute, administration of morphine alters antiopiate (Tyr-MIF-1) binding sites in rat brain. Life Sci 1989; 44:555-61. [PMID: 2564620 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Opiate addiction could involve a change in the binding of endogenous antiopiates. A candidate for such a role is Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2), a brain peptide that can antagonize exogenous and endogenous opiates and bind to opiate receptors. Its primary action, however, may be through its own binding site in brain, which we now report is altered by chronic administration of morphine. Rats given morphine pellets had reduced binding of both iodinated and tritiated Tyr-MIF-1 on day 5, when substantial tolerance is evident. In contrast, mu and delta opiate receptors were increased. Acute injection of an analgesic dose of morphine did not reduce Tyr-MIF-1 binding, indicating that chronic administration is required for the change. These findings open new approaches to the study of addiction by focusing on antiopiate activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Zadina
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, New Orleans, LA
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26
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Arjune D, Bodnar RJ. Post-natal morphine differentially affects opiate and stress analgesia in adult rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989; 98:512-7. [PMID: 2505292 DOI: 10.1007/bf00441951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in nociceptive reactivity, opiate receptor binding, and other behavioral responses occur in rats exposed to morphine either in utero or post-natally. The present study examined whether post-natal morphine (0, 1 or 20 micrograms, days 1-7) altered analgesia on the tail-flick and jump tests induced by nonopioid-mediated continuous cold-water swims (CCWS), opioid-mediated intermittent cold-water swims (ICWS) or morphine (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, SC) in adult male and female rats. Changes in body weight, developmental signs (e.g., eye opening), basal pain thresholds, and both CCWS and ICWS hypothermia were also assessed. Previously-reported gender differences occurred for all forms of analgesia in control rats. Post-natal morphine treatment transiently increased ICWS analgesia and hypothermia, and transiently decreased CCWS analgesia and hypothermia, suggesting that these effects were not specific to pain inhibition. Post-natal morphine treatment significantly increased the magnitude of morphine analgesia on both tests in females, and significantly decreased the magnitude of morphine analgesia on both tests in males, thereby acting to vitiate the observed gender differences in morphine analgesia. Such effects could not be explained by concomitant changes in other measures. These data indicate that post-natal morphine treatment exerts highly selective effects upon specific analgesic responses which are gender sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Arjune
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing 11367
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27
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Abstract
E-rosette formation by human lymphocytes incubated with sheep red blood cells (sRBC) is inhibited by morphine. We studied the ability of the opiate antagonists naloxone and Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) to block this action. Active E-rosette formation by lymphocytes incubated with morphine was reduced from the control of 35.7 +/- 1.7% to 23.7 +/- 1.5% (p less than 0.001). Similarly, total E-rosette formation was reduced by morphine from the control of 65.8 +/- 1.3% to 53.2 +/- 2.9% (p less than 0.001). These effects were blocked by co-incubation of the lymphocytes with either Tyr-MIF-1 or naloxone (p less than 0.05). Tyr-MIF-1 was active (p less than 0.05) at concentrations as dilute as 10(-13) M. These results indicate that the neuropeptide Tyr-MIF-1 exerts an antiopiate effect at the human T-lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Strimas
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans
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28
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Kastin AJ, Ehrensing RH, Banks WA, Zadina JE. Possible therapeutic implications of the effects of some peptides on the brain. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1987; 72:223-34. [PMID: 3615900 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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