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Granger SJ, May V, Hammack SE, Akman E, Jobson SA, Olson EA, Pernia CD, Daskalakis NP, Ravichandran C, Carlezon WA, Ressler KJ, Rauch SL, Rosso IM. Circulating PACAP levels are associated with altered imaging measures of entorhinal cortex neurite density in posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2335793. [PMID: 38590134 PMCID: PMC11005872 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2335793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) regulates plasticity in brain systems underlying arousal and memory and is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research in animal models suggests that PACAP modulates entorhinal cortex (EC) input to the hippocampus, contributing to impaired contextual fear conditioning. In PTSD, PACAP is associated with higher activity of the amygdala to threat stimuli and lower functional connectivity of the amygdala and hippocampus. However, PACAP-affiliated structural alterations of these regions have not been investigated in PTSD. Here, we examined whether peripheral PACAP levels were associated with neuronal morphology of the amygdala and hippocampus (primary analyses), and EC (secondary) using Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging.Methods: Sixty-four (44 female) adults (19 to 54 years old) with DSM-5 Criterion A trauma exposure completed the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5), a blood draw, and magnetic resonance imaging. PACAP38 radioimmunoassay was performed and T1-weighted and multi-shell diffusion-weighted images were acquired. Neurite Density Index (NDI) and Orientation Dispersion Index (ODI) were quantified in the amygdala, hippocampus, and EC. CAPS-5 total score and anxious arousal score were used to test for clinical associations with brain structure.Results: Higher PACAP levels were associated with greater EC NDI (β = 0.0099, q = 0.032) and lower EC ODI (β = -0.0073, q = 0.047), and not hippocampal or amygdala measures. Neither EC NDI nor ODI was associated with clinical measures.Conclusions: Circulating PACAP levels were associated with altered neuronal density of the EC but not the hippocampus or amygdala. These findings strengthen evidence that PACAP may impact arousal-associated memory circuits in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Granger
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor May
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Eylül Akman
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Sydney A. Jobson
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Olson
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cameron D. Pernia
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nikos P. Daskalakis
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Ravichandran
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - William A. Carlezon
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerry J. Ressler
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott L. Rauch
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabelle M. Rosso
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Obara EAA, Georg B, Hannibal J. Development of a New Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Measuring the Content of PACAP in Mammalian Tissue and Plasma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15102. [PMID: 37894782 PMCID: PMC10606438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a naturally occurring neuropeptide found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems of vertebrates. Recent studies have revealed the presence of PACAP and its corresponding receptors, namely, the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor (PAC1R), vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 (VIPR1), and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VIPR2), in various structures implicated in migraine pathophysiology, including sensory trigeminal neurons. Human studies have demonstrated that when infused, PACAP can cause dilation of cranial vessels and result in delayed migraine-like attacks. In light of this, we present a novel ELISA assay that has been validated for quantifying PACAP in tissue extracts and human plasma. Using two well characterized antibodies specifically targeting PACAP, we successfully developed a sandwich ELISA assay, capable of detecting and accurately quantifying PACAP without any cross-reactivity to closely related peptides. The quantification range was between 5.2 pmol/L and 400 pmol/L. The recovery in plasma ranged from 98.2% to 100%. The increasing evidence pointing to the crucial role of PACAP in migraine pathophysiology necessitates the availability of tools capable of detecting changes in the circulatory levels of PACAP and its potential application as a reliable biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Anne Adanma Obara
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 4, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Georg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 4, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 4, 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
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3
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Rajbhandari AK, Barson JR, Gilmartin MR, Hammack SE, Chen BK. The functional heterogeneity of PACAP: Stress, learning, and pathology. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 203:107792. [PMID: 37369343 PMCID: PMC10527199 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a highly conserved and widely expressed neuropeptide that has emerged as a key regulator of multiple neural and behavioral processes. PACAP systems, including the various PACAP receptor subtypes, have been implicated in neural circuits of learning and memory, stress, emotion, feeding, and pain. Dysregulation within these PACAP systems may play key roles in the etiology of pathological states associated with these circuits, and PACAP function has been implicated in stress-related psychopathology, feeding and metabolic disorders, and migraine. Accordingly, central PACAP systems may represent important therapeutic targets; however, substantial heterogeneity in PACAP systems related to the distribution of multiple PACAP isoforms across multiple brain regions, as well as multiple receptor subtypes with several isoforms, signaling pathways, and brain distributions, provides both challenges and opportunities for the development of new clinically-relevant strategies to target the PACAP system in health and disease. Here we review the heterogeneity of central PACAP systems, as well as the data implicating PACAP systems in clinically-relevant behavioral processes, with a particular focus on the considerable evidence implicating a role of PACAP in stress responding and learning and memory. We also review data suggesting that there are sex differences in PACAP function and its interactions with sex hormones. Finally, we discuss both the challenges and promise of harnessing the PACAP system in the development of new therapeutic avenues and highlight PACAP systems for their critical role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica R Barson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marieke R Gilmartin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sayamwong E Hammack
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Briana K Chen
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. (RFMH) / New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, United States.
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4
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Fehér M, Márton Z, Szabó Á, Kocsa J, Kormos V, Hunyady Á, Kovács LÁ, Ujvári B, Berta G, Farkas J, Füredi N, Gaszner T, Pytel B, Reglődi D, Gaszner B. Downregulation of PACAP and the PAC1 Receptor in the Basal Ganglia, Substantia Nigra and Centrally Projecting Edinger-Westphal Nucleus in the Rotenone model of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11843. [PMID: 37511603 PMCID: PMC10380602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease (PD) demonstrate that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) conveys its strong neuroprotective actions mainly via its specific PAC1 receptor (PAC1R) in models of PD. We recently described the decrease in PAC1R protein content in the basal ganglia of macaques in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD that was partially reversed by levodopa therapy. In this work, we tested whether these observations occur also in the rotenone model of PD in the rat. The rotarod test revealed motor skill deterioration upon rotenone administration, which was reversed by benserazide/levodopa (B/L) treatment. The sucrose preference test suggested increased depression level while the open field test showed increased anxiety in rats rendered parkinsonian, regardless of the received B/L therapy. Reduced dopaminergic cell count in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) diminished the dopaminergic fiber density in the caudate-putamen (CPu) and decreased the peptidergic cell count in the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp), supporting the efficacy of rotenone treatment. RNAscope in situ hybridization revealed decreased PACAP mRNA (Adcyap1) and PAC1R mRNA (Adcyap1r1) expression in the CPu, globus pallidus, dopaminergic SNpc and peptidergic EWcp of rotenone-treated rats, but no remarkable downregulation occurred in the insular cortex. In the entopeduncular nucleus, only the Adcyap1r1 mRNA was downregulated in parkinsonian animals. B/L therapy attenuated the downregulation of Adcyap1 in the CPu only. Our current results further support the evolutionarily conserved role of the PACAP/PAC1R system in neuroprotection and its recruitment in the development/progression of neurodegenerative states such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Fehér
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, Tallián Gy. u. 20-32, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Márton
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ákos Szabó
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - János Kocsa
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kormos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Hunyady
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Ákos Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Ujvári
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Berta
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Farkas
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nóra Füredi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bence Pytel
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Slabe Z, Pechler GA, van Heerikhuize J, Samuels BA, Živin M, Zorović M, Swaab DF. Increased pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in the central bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in mood disorders in men. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106191. [PMID: 37290577 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mood disorders major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are highly prevalent worldwide. Women are more vulnerable to these psychopathologies than men. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), the amygdala and the hypothalamus are the crucial interconnected structures involved in the stress response. In mood disorders, stress systems in the brain are put into a higher gear. The BNST is implicated in mood, anxiety, and depression. The stress-related neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is highly abundant in the central BNST (cBNST). In this study, we investigated alterations in PACAP in the cBNST of patients with mood disorders. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of PACAP and in situ hybridization (ISH) of PACAP mRNA were performed on the cBNST of post-mortem human brain samples. Quantitative IHC revealed elevated PACAP levels in the cBNST in both mood disorders, MDD and BD, but only in men, not in women. The PACAP ISH was negative, indicating that PACAP is not produced in the cBNST. The results support the possibility that PACAP innervation of the cBNST plays a role in mood disorder pathophysiology in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zala Slabe
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Korytkova ulica 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gwyneth A Pechler
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Korytkova ulica 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joop van Heerikhuize
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marko Živin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Zorović
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Korytkova ulica 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Exploring the Tryptophan Metabolic Pathways in Migraine-Related Mechanisms. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233795. [PMID: 36497053 PMCID: PMC9736455 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a complex neurovascular disorder, which causes intense socioeconomic problems worldwide. The pathophysiology of disease is enigmatic; accordingly, therapy is not sufficient. In recent years, migraine research focused on tryptophan, which is metabolized via two main pathways, the serotonin and kynurenine pathways, both of which produce neuroactive molecules that influence pain processing and stress response by disturbing neural and brain hypersensitivity and by interacting with molecules that control vascular and inflammatory actions. Serotonin has a role in trigeminal pain processing, and melatonin, which is another product of this pathway, also has a role in these processes. One of the end products of the kynurenine pathway is kynurenic acid (KYNA), which can decrease the overexpression of migraine-related neuropeptides in experimental conditions. However, the ability of KYNA to cross the blood-brain barrier is minimal, necessitating the development of synthetic analogs with potentially better pharmacokinetic properties to exploit its therapeutic potential. This review summarizes the main translational and clinical findings on tryptophan metabolism and certain neuropeptides, as well as therapeutic options that may be useful in the prevention and treatment of migraine.
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Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 1 receptor within the nucleus accumbens core mediates excessive alcohol drinking in alcohol-preferring rats. Neuropharmacology 2022; 212:109063. [PMID: 35460713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUD) have a strong component of heritability; however, the neurobiological mechanisms mediating the propensity to consume excessive amounts of alcohol are still not well understood. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a highly conserved neuropeptide which exerts its effects mainly through the PAC1 receptor (PAC1R), has been suggested to be one of the mediators of the effects of drugs of abuse and alcohol. Here, we investigated the role of the PACAP/PAC1R system in excessive alcohol drinking in alcohol-preferring rats, an established animal model of AUD. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of the PAC1R antagonist PACAP(6-38) blocked excessive alcohol drinking and motivation to drink in Sardinian alcohol-preferring (Scr:sP) rats, without affecting water, saccharin, or sucrose intake. Notably, PACAP(6-38) did not affect ethanol responding in outbred Wistar rats. PACAP(6-38) also significantly reduced alcohol-seeking behavior under a second-order schedule of reinforcement. Using immunohistochemistry, a significant increase in the number of PAC1R positive cells was observed selectively in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) Core of Scr:sP rats, compared to Wistar rats following alcohol drinking. Finally, excessive drinking in Scr:sP rats was suppressed by intra-NAcc Core, but not intra-NAcc Shell, PACAP(6-38), as well as by virally-mediated PAC1R knockdown in the NAcc Core. The present study shows that hyperactivity of the PACAP/PAC1R system specifically in the NAcc Core mediates excessive drinking of alcohol-preferring rats, and indicates that this system may represent a novel target for the treatment of AUD.
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Simonetta I, Riolo R, Todaro F, Tuttolomondo A. New Insights on Metabolic and Genetic Basis of Migraine: Novel Impact on Management and Therapeutical Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063018. [PMID: 35328439 PMCID: PMC8955051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a hereditary disease, usually one-sided, sometimes bilateral. It is characterized by moderate to severe pain, which worsens with physical activity and may be associated with nausea and vomiting, may be accompanied by photophobia and phonophobia. The disorder can occur at any time of the day and can last from 4 to 72 h, with and without aura. The pathogenic mechanism is unclear, but extensive preclinical and clinical studies are ongoing. According to electrophysiology and imaging studies, many brain areas are involved, such as cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem. The activation of the trigeminovascular system has a key role in the headache phase. There also appears to be a genetic basis behind the development of migraine. Numerous alterations have been identified, and in addition to the genetic cause, there is also a close association with the surrounding environment, as if on the one hand, the genetic alterations may be responsible for the onset of migraine, on the other, the environmental factors seem to be more strongly associated with exacerbations. This review is an analysis of neurophysiological mechanisms, neuropeptide activity, and genetic alterations that play a fundamental role in choosing the best therapeutic strategy. To date, the goal is to create a therapy that is as personalized as possible, and for this reason, steps forward have been made in the pharmacological field in order to identify new therapeutic strategies for both acute treatment and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Simonetta
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D’Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (I.S.); (R.R.); (F.T.)
- Molecular and Clinical Medicine PhD Programme, University of Palermo, P.zza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Renata Riolo
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D’Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (I.S.); (R.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Federica Todaro
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D’Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (I.S.); (R.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D’Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (I.S.); (R.R.); (F.T.)
- Molecular and Clinical Medicine PhD Programme, University of Palermo, P.zza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Koppan M, Nagy Z, Bosnyak I, Reglodi D. Female reproductive functions of the neuropeptide PACAP. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:982551. [PMID: 36204113 PMCID: PMC9531758 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.982551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide originally isolated as a hypothalamic peptide. It has a widespread distribution in the body and has a diverse spectrum of actions. Among other processes, PACAP has been shown to be involved in reproduction. In this review we summarize findings related to the entire spectrum of female reproduction. PACAP is a regulatory factor in gonadal hormone production, influences follicular development and plays a role in fertilization and embryonic/placental development. Furthermore, PACAP is involved in hormonal changes during and after birth and affects maternal behavior. Although most data come from cell cultures and animal experiments, increasing number of evidence suggests that similar effects of PACAP can be found in humans. Among other instances, PACAP levels show changes in the serum during pregnancy and birth. PACAP is also present in the human follicular and amniotic fluids and in the milk. Levels of PACAP in follicular fluid correlate with the number of retrieved oocytes in hyperstimulated women. Human milk contains very high levels of PACAP compared to plasma levels, with colostrum showing the highest concentration, remaining steady thereafter for the first 7 months of lactation. All these data imply that PACAP has important functions in reproduction both under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zsuzsanna Nagy
- Department of Physiology, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Inez Bosnyak
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Group and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Group and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Dora Reglodi,
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Minnig MA, Park T, Echeveste Sanchez M, Cottone P, Sabino V. Viral-Mediated Knockdown of Nucleus Accumbens Shell PAC1 Receptor Promotes Excessive Alcohol Drinking in Alcohol-Preferring Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:787362. [PMID: 34924973 PMCID: PMC8678417 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.787362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing disorder whose genetic and environmental susceptibility components are not fully understood. Neuropeptidergic signaling has been repeatedly implicated in modulating excessive alcohol drinking, especially within sub-regions of the striatum. Here, we investigated the potential involvement of the selective receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), PAC1R, in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcc Shell) in excessive alcohol drinking in alcohol-preferring rats, an established animal model of the genetic propensity for alcoholism. Scr:sP alcohol-preferring rats were trained to operantly self-administer alcohol and then either an AAV virus short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeted to knockdown PAC1R, or an AAV control virus were microinfused into the NAcc Shell. NAcc Shell PAC1R shRNA knockdown virus was confirmed to significantly decrease PAC1R levels in the NAcc Shell. The effects of NAcc Shell PAC1R shRNA knockdown on ethanol self-administration were investigated using a Fixed Ratio (FR) 1 and a Progressive Ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. The effect of PAC1R knockdown on self-administration of an alternative reinforcer, saccharin, was also assessed. The results showed that the reduction in PAC1R in the NAcc Shell led to excessive ethanol drinking, increased preference for ethanol, and higher motivation to drink. NAcc Shell PAC1R shRNA knockdown did not comparably increase saccharin self-administration, suggesting selectivity of action. These data suggest that NAcc Shell PAC1R may serves as a "brake" on alcohol drinking, and thereby the loss of function of PAC1R leads to excessive alcohol consumption. Therefore, the PACAP/PAC1R system may represent a novel target for the treatment of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Valentina Sabino
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine is a common and disabling neurological disorder. A greater understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying migraine has led to the availability of specific new drugs targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The success of the CGRP inhibitors validates research efforts into migraine-specific therapies. AREAS COVERED There are additional promising therapeutic targets that will be covered in this paper, focusing on the pain phase. They include pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), the orexinergic system, the nitric oxide signaling pathway specifically neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (nNOSi), and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5). EXPERT OPINION Based on currently available research; the targets discussed in this paper are all on equal footing with each other in terms of their potential as effective novel migraine therapies. There is a need for more clinical trials to pinpoint which of these potential drug targets will be effective for migraine preventio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyindamola Ogunlaja
- NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College, London, UK
| | - Nazia Karsan
- NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College, London, UK
| | - Peter Goadsby
- NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ponomareva OY, Ressler KJ. Genomic factors underlying sex differences in trauma-related disorders. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100330. [PMID: 33997155 PMCID: PMC8102626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a devastating illness with treatment that is effective in only approximately half of the population. This limited rate of response highlights the necessity for research into underlying individual biological mechanisms that mediate development and progression of this disease, allowing for identification of patient-specific treatments. PTSD has clear sex differences in both risk and symptom patterns. Thus, one approach is to characterize trauma-related changes between men and women who exhibit differences in treatment efficacy and response to trauma. Recent technological advances in sequencing have identified several genomic loci and transcriptional changes that are associated with post-trauma symptomatology. However, although the diagnosis of PTSD is more prevalent in women, the genetic factors underlying sex differences remain poorly understood. Here, we review recent work that highlights current understanding and limitations in the field of sex differences in PTSD and related symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Y Ponomareva
- Neuropsychiatry Translational Research Fellowship Program, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
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Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) modulates dependence-induced alcohol drinking and anxiety-like behavior in male rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:509-518. [PMID: 33191400 PMCID: PMC8027820 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a devastating illness defined by periods of heavy drinking and withdrawal, often leading to a chronic relapsing course. Initially, alcohol is consumed for its positive reinforcing effects, but later stages of AUD are characterized by drinking to alleviate withdrawal-induced negative emotional states. Brain stress response systems in the extended amygdala are recruited by excessive alcohol intake, sensitized by repeated withdrawal, and contribute to the development of addiction. In this study, we investigated one such brain stress response system, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), and its cognate receptor, PAC1R, in alcohol withdrawal-induced behaviors. During acute withdrawal, rats exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol vapor (ethanol-dependent) displayed a significant increase in PACAP levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a brain area within the extended amygdala critically involved in both stress and withdrawal. No changes in PACAP levels were observed in the central nucleus of the amygdala. Site-specific microinfusion of the PAC1R antagonist PACAP(6-38) into the BNST dose-dependently blocked excessive alcohol intake in ethanol-dependent rats without affecting water intake overall or basal ethanol intake in control, nondependent rats. Intra-BNST PACAP(6-38) also reversed ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior in ethanol-dependent rats, but did not affect this measure in control rats. Our findings show that chronic intermittent exposure to ethanol recruits the PACAP/PAC1R system of the BNST and that these neuroadaptations mediate the heightened alcohol drinking and anxiety-like behavior observed during withdrawal, suggesting that this system represents a major brain stress element responsible for the negative reinforcement associated with the "dark side" of alcohol addiction.
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14
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Jungling A, Reglodi D, Maasz G, Zrinyi Z, Schmidt J, Rivnyak A, Horvath G, Pirger Z, Tamas A. Alterations of Nigral Dopamine Levels in Parkinson's Disease after Environmental Enrichment and PACAP Treatment in Aging Rats. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010035. [PMID: 33429934 PMCID: PMC7827131 DOI: 10.3390/life11010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of environmental enrichment and PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) are well-described in Parkinson’s disease. The aim of our study is to investigate the beneficial effects of these factors in aging parkinsonian rats. Newborn Wistar rats were divided into standard and enriched groups according to their environmental conditions. Standard animals were raised under regular conditions. During the first five postnatal weeks, enriched pups were placed in larger cages with different objects. Aging animals received (1) saline, (2) 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA), or (3) 6-OHDA + PACAP injections into the left substantia nigra (s.n.). On the seventh postoperative day, the left and right s.n. were collected. The s.n. of young and aging unoperated animals were also examined in our experiment. We determined the dopamine (DA) levels by the HPLC-MS technique, while the sandwich ELISA method was used to measure the Parkinson disease protein 7 (PARK7) protein levels. In healthy animals, we found an age-related decrease of DA levels. In aging parkinsonian-enriched rats, the operation did not result in a significant DA loss. PACAP treatment could prevent the DA loss in both the standard and enriched groups. All injured PACAP-treated rats showed remarkably higher protective PARK7 levels. The protective effect of PACAP correlated with the increase of the DA and PARK7 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Jungling
- MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (A.J.); (D.R.); (A.R.); (G.H.)
| | - Dora Reglodi
- MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (A.J.); (D.R.); (A.R.); (G.H.)
| | - Gabor Maasz
- MTA-OK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-CER, 8237 Tihany, Hungary; (G.M.); (Z.Z.); (Z.P.)
| | - Zita Zrinyi
- MTA-OK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-CER, 8237 Tihany, Hungary; (G.M.); (Z.Z.); (Z.P.)
| | - Janos Schmidt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Adam Rivnyak
- MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (A.J.); (D.R.); (A.R.); (G.H.)
| | - Gabor Horvath
- MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (A.J.); (D.R.); (A.R.); (G.H.)
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- MTA-OK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-CER, 8237 Tihany, Hungary; (G.M.); (Z.Z.); (Z.P.)
| | - Andrea Tamas
- MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (A.J.); (D.R.); (A.R.); (G.H.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +36-72-536-001 (ext. 36421)
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Hammack SE, Braas KM, May V. Chemoarchitecture of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: Neurophenotypic diversity and function. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 179:385-402. [PMID: 34225977 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a compact but neurophenotypically complex structure in the ventral forebrain that is structurally and functionally linked to other limbic structures, including the amygdala nuclear complex, hypothalamic nuclei, hippocampus, and related midbrain structures, to participate in a wide range of functions, especially emotion, emotional learning, stress-related responses, and sexual behaviors. From a variety of sensory inputs, the BNST acts as a node for signal integration and coordination for information relay to downstream central neuroendocrine and autonomic centers for appropriate homeostatic physiological and behavioral responses. In contrast to the role of the amygdala in fear, the BNST has gained wide interest from work suggesting that it has main roles in mediating sustained responses to diffuse, unpredictable and/or long-duration threats that are typically associated with anxiety-related responses. Further, some BNST subregions are highly sexually dimorphic which appear contributory to the differential stress and social interactive behaviors, including reproductive responses, between males and females. Notably, maladaptive BNST neuroplasticity and function have been implicated in chronic pain, depression, anxiety-related abnormalities, and other psychopathologies including posttraumatic stress disorders. The BNST circuits are predominantly GABAergic-the glutaminergic neurons represent a minor population-but the complexity of the system results from an overlay of diverse neuropeptide coexpression in these neurons. More than a dozen neuropeptides may be differentially coexpressed in BNST neurons, and from variable G protein-coupled receptor signaling, may inhibit or activate downstream circuit activities. The mechanisms and roles of these peptides in modulating intrinsic BNST neurocircuit signaling and BNST long-distance target cell projections are still not well understood. Nevertheless, an understanding of some of the principal players may allow assembly of the circuit interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayamwong E Hammack
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Karen M Braas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States.
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16
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Gurel NZ, Jiao Y, Wittbrodt MT, Ko YA, Hankus A, Driggers EG, Ladd SL, Shallenberger L, Murrah N, Huang M, Haffar A, Alkhalaf M, Levantsevych O, Nye JA, Vaccarino V, Shah AJ, Inan OT, Bremner JD, Pearce BD. Effect of transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation on the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) response to stress: A randomized, sham controlled, double blind pilot study. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2020; 4:100012. [PMID: 35755625 PMCID: PMC9216713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that plays a key role in the neurobiology of the stress response, and prior studies suggest that its function is dysregulated in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (tcVNS) acts through PACAP and other neurobiological systems to modulate stress responses and/or symptoms of PTSD. In this pilot study, we examined the effects of tcVNS on PACAP in a three day chronic stress laboratory paradigm involving serial traumatic and mental stress exposures in healthy individuals with a history of exposure to psychological trauma (n = 18) and patients with PTSD (n = 12). Methods A total of 30 subjects with a history of exposure to psychological trauma experience were recruited (12 with PTSD diagnosis) for a three-day randomized double-blinded study of tcVNS or sham stimulation. Subjects underwent a protocol that included both personalized trauma recall and non-personalized mental stressors (public speaking, mental arithmetic) paired to tcVNS or sham stimulation over three days. Blood was collected at baseline and multiple time points after exposure to stressors. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess changes in PACAP over time (in response to stressors) and its relation to active tcVNS or sham stimulation. Results PACAP blood levels increased over the course of three days for both active tcVNS and sham groups. This increase was statistically-significant in the sham group at the end of the second (Cohen’s drm = 0.35, p = 0.04), and third days (drm = 0.41, p = 0.04), but not in the active tcVNS group (drm = 0.21, drm = 0.18, and p > 0.20). Conclusion These pilot findings suggest tcVNS may attenuate this neurobiological stress-response. Larger studies are needed to investigate gender and interaction effects. We examined the effects of tcVNS on PACAP in a three day chronic stress paradigm involving traumatic and mental stress. PACAP levels increased over the course of three days for both groups, the elevation of PACAP was larger in the sham group. These findings suggest that tcVNS may be a potential intervention for stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Z. Gurel
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yunshen Jiao
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew T. Wittbrodt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allison Hankus
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily G. Driggers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stacy L. Ladd
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lucy Shallenberger
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nancy Murrah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Minxuan Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ammer Haffar
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mhmtjamil Alkhalaf
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Oleksiy Levantsevych
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathon A. Nye
- Department of Radiology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amit J. Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Omer T. Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Coulter Department of Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J. Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Bradley D. Pearce
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Barloese M, Chitgar M, Hannibal J, Møller S. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide: Potential roles in the pathophysiology and complications of cirrhosis. Liver Int 2020; 40:2578-2589. [PMID: 32654367 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a ubiquitous neuropeptide with diverse functions throughout the organism. Most abundantly investigated for its role in several neurological disorders as well as in circadian rhythms, other fields of medicine, including cardiology, have recently shown interest in the role of PACAP and its potential as a biomarker. Timely diagnosis and treatment of cirrhosis and its complications is a considerable challenge for health services world-wide and development of new areas of research is warranted. Direct and indirect evidence exists of PACAP involvement in the cascade of pathological events and processes ultimately leading to cirrhosis and its complications, but its exact role remains to be determined. Studies have documented PACAP involvement in immune function, metabolism, local vasoconstriction and dilatation and systemic vascular decompensation and there is ongoing research of a possible role in liver reperfusion injury. Considering these reports, PACAP could theoretically exude influence on the disease course of cirrhosis through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, chronic inflammation, fibrogenesis, vasodilation and reduced vascular resistance. The paucity of literature on the specific topic of PACAP and cirrhosis reflects complex mechanisms and difficulty in accurate measurements and sample taking. This does not detract from the need to further characterize and elucidate the role PACAP plays in the underdiagnosed and undertreated condition of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Barloese
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Mohammadnavid Chitgar
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Rustichelli C, Lo Castro F, Baraldi C, Ferrari A. Targeting pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) with monoclonal antibodies in migraine prevention: a brief review. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1269-1275. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1811966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rustichelli
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Flavia Lo Castro
- School of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Baraldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrari
- Unit of Medical Toxicology, Headache Centre and Drug Abuse; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Circulating PACAP peptide and PAC1R genotype as possible transdiagnostic biomarkers for anxiety disorders in women: a preliminary study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1125-1133. [PMID: 31910434 PMCID: PMC7235237 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP, gene Adcyap1) is a neuropeptide and hormone thought to play a critical role in stress response (Stroth et al., Ann NY Acad Sci 1220:49-59, 2011; Hashimoto et al., Curr Pharm Des 17:985-989, 2011). Research in humans implicates PACAP as a useful biomarker for the severity of psychiatric symptoms in response to psychological stressors, and work in rodent models suggests that PACAP manipulation exerts downstream effects on peripheral hormones and behaviors linked to the stress response, providing a potential therapeutic target. Prior work has also suggested a potential sex difference in PACAP effects due to differential estrogen regulation of this pathway. Therefore, we examined serum PACAP and associated PAC1R genotype in a cohort of males and females with a primary diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and nonpsychiatric controls. We found that, while circulating hormone levels were not associated with a GAD diagnosis overall (p = 0.19, g = 0.25), PACAP may be associated with GAD in females (p = 0.04, g = 0.33). Additionally, among patients with GAD, the risk genotype identified in the PTSD literature (rs2267735, CC genotype) was associated with higher somatic anxiety symptom severity in females but lower somatic anxiety symptom severity in males (-3.27, 95%CI [-5.76, -0.77], adjusted p = 0.03). Taken together, the associations between the risk genotype, circulating PACAP, and somatic anxiety severity were stronger among females than males. These results indicate a potential underlying biological etiology for sex differences in stress-related anxiety disorders that warrants further study.
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20
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Swaab DF, Bao AM. Sex differences in stress-related disorders: Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 175:335-358. [PMID: 33008536 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stress-related disorders, such as mood disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are more common in women than in men. This sex difference is at least partly due to the organizing effect of sex steroids during intrauterine development, while activating or inhibiting effects of circulating sex hormones in the postnatal period and adulthood also play a role. Such effects result in structural and functional changes in neuronal networks, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides, which make the arousal- and stress-related brain systems more vulnerable to environmental stressful events in women. Certain brainstem nuclei, the amygdala, habenula, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus are important hubs in the stress-related neuronal network. Various hypothalamic nuclei play a central role in this sexually dimorphic network. This concerns not only the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis), which integrates the neuro-endocrine-immune responses to stress, but also other hypothalamic nuclei and systems that play a key role in the symptoms of mood disorders, such as disordered day-night rhythm, lack of reward feelings, disturbed eating and sex, and disturbed cognitive functions. The present chapter focuses on the structural and functional sex differences that are present in the stress-related brain systems in mood disorders and PTSD, placing the HPA-axis in the center. The individual differences in the vulnerability of the discussed systems, caused by genetic and epigenetic developmental factors warrant further research to develop tailor-made therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ai-Min Bao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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21
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Fulop DB, Humli V, Szepesy J, Ott V, Reglodi D, Gaszner B, Nemeth A, Szirmai A, Tamas L, Hashimoto H, Zelles T, Tamas A. Hearing impairment and associated morphological changes in pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)-deficient mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14598. [PMID: 31601840 PMCID: PMC6787024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a regulatory and cytoprotective neuropeptide, its deficiency implies accelerated aging in mice. It is present in the auditory system having antiapoptotic effects. Expression of Ca2+-binding proteins and its PAC1 receptor differs in the inner ear of PACAP-deficient (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Our aim was to elucidate the functional role of PACAP in the auditory system. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) tests found higher hearing thresholds in KO mice at click and low frequency burst stimuli. Hearing impairment at higher frequencies showed as reduced ABR wave amplitudes and latencies in KO animals. Increase in neuronal activity, demonstrated by c-Fos immunolabeling, was lower in KO mice after noise exposure in the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei. Noise induced neuronal activation was similar in further relay nuclei of the auditory pathway of WT and KO mice. Based on the similar inflammatory and angiogenic protein profile data from cochlear duct lysates, neither inflammation nor disturbed angiogenesis, as potential pathological components in sensorineural hearing losses, seem to be involved in the pathomechanism of the presented functional and morphological changes in PACAP KO mice. The hearing impairment is probably concomitant with the markedly accelerated aging processes in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Balazs Fulop
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Humli
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Szepesy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Virag Ott
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Nemeth
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Agnes Szirmai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Tamas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tibor Zelles
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary.
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Tseng A, Singh P, Marquez P, Hamid A, Lutfy K. The role of endogenous pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in nicotine self-administration, reward and aversion. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 181:46-52. [PMID: 31028757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2) are localized in brain regions implicated in stress response, reward seeking and aversive responses, raising the possibility that PACAP may be involved in motivational effects of nicotine. To test this hypothesis, we used two-bottle choice (TBC) and place conditioning paradigms and assessed if nicotine preference or conditioned place preference (CPP) or aversion (CPA) induced by nicotine would be altered in mice lacking PACAP compared to their wild-type controls. In the TBC paradigm, mice had access to two water bottles during the first week and then one of the water bottles was switched to nicotine solution (20, 40 and then 80 μg/mL). The volume of water and nicotine consumed was measured every day. In the place conditioning paradigm, mice were tested for baseline place preference on day 1, received conditioning with saline versus a low (0.25) or high (1 mg/kg) dose nicotine and, respectively, tested for CPP or CPA 24 h following the last conditioning. We discovered that mice lacking PACAP compared to their wild-type controls exhibited more preference for nicotine over water in the TBC paradigm, particularly at the two higher concentrations of nicotine. While the rewarding action of the low dose nicotine was not altered in mice lacking PACAP, the aversive effect of the high dose nicotine was blunted in these mice compared to their wild-type controls. The present results suggest that endogenous PACAP may play a functional role in nicotine preference and its aversive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Tseng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA 91766, United States of America
| | - Prableen Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA 91766, United States of America
| | - Paul Marquez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA 91766, United States of America
| | - Abdul Hamid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA 91766, United States of America
| | - Kabirullah Lutfy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA 91766, United States of America.
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23
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Pałasz A, Bogus K, Suszka-Świtek A, Kaśkosz A, Saint-Remy S, Piwowarczyk-Nowak A, Filipczyk Ł, Worthington JJ, Mordecka-Chamera K, Kostro K, Bajor G, Wiaderkiewicz R. The first identification of nesfatin-1-expressing neurons in the human bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:349-355. [PMID: 30770997 PMCID: PMC6449486 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-01984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are involved in various brain activities being able to control a wide spectrum of higher mental functions. The purpose of this concise structural investigation was to detect the possible immunoreactivity of the novel multifunctional neuropeptide nesfatin-1 within the human bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). The BNST is involved in the mechanism of fear learning, integration of stress and reward circuits, and pathogenesis of addiction. Nesfatin-1-expressing neurons were identified for the first time in several regions of the BNST using both immunohistochemical and fluorescent methods. This may implicate a potential contribution of this neuropeptide to the BNST-related mechanisms of stress/reward responses in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Bogus
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kaśkosz
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Shirley Saint-Remy
- American Medical Student Association (AMSA), School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aneta Piwowarczyk-Nowak
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Filipczyk
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - John J Worthington
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kinga Mordecka-Chamera
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Karol Kostro
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bajor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ryszard Wiaderkiewicz
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
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24
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Lambru G, Andreou AP, Guglielmetti M, Martelletti P. Emerging drugs for migraine treatment: an update. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2018; 23:301-318. [PMID: 30484333 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2018.1552939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Migraine is a very frequent and disabling neurological disorder. The current treatment options are old, generally poorly tolerated and not migraine-specific, reflecting the low priority of migraine research and highlighting the vast unmet need in its management. Areas covered: Advancement in the understanding of migraine pathophysiological mechanisms and identification of novel potentially meaningful targets have resulted in a multitude of emerging acute and preventive treatments. Here we review the known putative migraine pathophysiological mechanisms in order to understand the rationale of the most promising novel treatments targeting the Calcitonin-Gene-Related Peptide receptor and ligand and the 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1F receptor. Key findings on the phase II and phase III clinical trials on these treatments will be summarized. Furthermore, a critical analysis on failed trials of potentially meaningful targets such the nitric oxide and the orexinergic pathways will be conducted. Future perspective will be outlined. Expert opinion: The recent approval of Erenumab and Fremanezumab is a major milestone in the therapy of migraine since the approval of triptans. Several more studies are needed to fully understand the clinical potential, long-term safety and cost-effectiveness of these therapies. This paramount achievement should stimulate the development of further research in the migraine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Lambru
- a The Headache Centre, Pain Management and Neuromodulation , Guy's and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK.,b The Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience , King's College London , London , UK
| | - Anna P Andreou
- a The Headache Centre, Pain Management and Neuromodulation , Guy's and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK.,b The Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience , King's College London , London , UK
| | - Martina Guglielmetti
- c Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine , Sapienza" University, "Sant'Andrea" Hospital, Regional Referral Headache Centre , Rome , Italy
| | - Paolo Martelletti
- c Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine , Sapienza" University, "Sant'Andrea" Hospital, Regional Referral Headache Centre , Rome , Italy
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25
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Hirabayashi T, Nakamachi T, Shioda S. Discovery of PACAP and its receptors in the brain. J Headache Pain 2018; 19:28. [PMID: 29619773 PMCID: PMC5884755 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate-cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a 27- or 38-amino acid neuropeptide, which belongs to the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)/glucagon/secretin family. PACAP shows particularly high homology (~ 68%) to VIP. Because of the high homology of the amino acid sequences of PACAP and VIP, these peptides share three class B-G-protein coupled receptors: the PAC1-Receptor (PAC1-R), the VPAC1-Receptor (VPAC1-R) and VPAC2-Receptor (VPAC2-R). These receptors have high homology to each other, and their high homology is utilized for these discoveries. This review provides mainly an overview of the history of the discovery of PACAP and its three receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hirabayashi
- Peptide Drug Innovation, Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakamachi
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Peptide Drug Innovation, Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
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26
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Vollesen ALH, Amin FM, Ashina M. Targeted Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide Therapies for Migraine. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:371-376. [PMID: 29464574 PMCID: PMC5935633 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide-38 (PACAP38) in migraine pathophysiology and data implicating PAC1 receptor as a future drug target in migraine. Much remains to be fully elucidated about migraine pathophysiology, but recent attention has focused on signaling molecule PACAP38, a vasodilator able to induce migraine attacks in patients who experience migraine without aura. PACAP38, with marked and sustained effect, dilates extracerebral arteries but not the middle cerebral artery. The selective affinity of PACAP38 to the PAC1 receptor makes this receptor a highly interesting and potential novel target for migraine treatment. Efficacy of antagonism of this receptor should be investigated in randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Luise Haulund Vollesen
- Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2600, Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Faisal Mohammad Amin
- Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2600, Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Messoud Ashina
- Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2600, Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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27
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Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide implicated in a wide range of functions, such as nociception and in primary headaches. Regarding its localization, PACAP has been observed in the sensory trigeminal ganglion (TG), in the parasympathetic sphenopalatine (SPG) and otic ganglia (OTG), and in the brainstem trigeminocervical complex. Immunohistochemistry has shown PACAP-38 in numerous cell bodies of SPG/OTG, co-stored with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and, to a minor degree, with choline acetyltransferase. PACAP has in addition been found in a subpopulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive cells in the trigeminal system. The PACAP/VIP receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2) are present in sensory neurons and in vascular smooth muscle related to the trigeminovascular system. It is postulated that PACAP is involved in nociception. In support, abolishment of PACAP synthesis or reception leads to diminished pain responses, whereas systemic PACAP-38 infusion triggers pain behavior in animals and delayed migraine-like attacks in migraine patients without marked vasodilatory effects. In addition, increased plasma levels have been documented in acute migraine attacks and in cluster headache, in accordance with findings in experimental models of trigeminal activation. This suggest that the activation of the trigeminal system may result in elevated venous levels of PACAP, a change that can be reduced when headache is treated. The data presented in this review indicate that PACAP and its receptors may be promising targets for migraine therapeutics.
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28
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Körtési T, Tuka B, Tajti J, Bagoly T, Fülöp F, Helyes Z, Vécsei L. Kynurenic Acid Inhibits the Electrical Stimulation Induced Elevated Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Expression in the TNC. Front Neurol 2018; 8:745. [PMID: 29387039 PMCID: PMC5775965 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Migraine is a primary headache of imprecisely known mechanism, but activation of the trigeminovascular system (TS) appears to be essential during the attack. Intensive research has recently focused on pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and the kynurenine systems as potential pathogenic factors. Aim We investigated the link between these important mediators and the effects of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and its synthetic analog (KYNA-a) on PACAP expression in the rat trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) in a TS stimulation model related to migraine mechanisms. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with KYNA, KYNA-a, the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801, or saline (vehicle). Next, the trigeminal ganglion (TRG) was electrically stimulated, the animals were transcardially perfused following 180 min, and the TNC was removed. In the TNC samples, 38 amino acid form of PACAP (PACAP1–38)-like radioimmunoactivity was measured by radioimmunoassay, the relative optical density of preproPACAP was assessed by Western blot analysis, and PACAP1–38 mRNA was detected by real-time PCR. Results and conclusion Electrical TRG stimulation resulted in significant increases of PACAP1–38-LI, preproPACAP, and PACAP1–38 mRNA in the TNC. These increases were prevented by the pretreatments with KYNA, KYNA-a, and MK-801. This is the first study to provide evidence for a direct link between PACAP and the kynurenine system during TS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Körtési
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Tuka
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Tajti
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Teréz Bagoly
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA-PTE NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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29
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Alteration of the PAC1 Receptor Expression in the Basal Ganglia of MPTP-Induced Parkinsonian Macaque Monkeys. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:702-715. [PMID: 29230633 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a well-known neuropeptide with strong neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. PACAP exerts its protective actions via three G protein-coupled receptors: the specific Pac1 receptor (Pac1R) and the Vpac1/Vpac2 receptors, the neuroprotective effects being mainly mediated by the Pac1R. The protective role of PACAP in models of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases is now well-established in both in vitro and in vivo studies. PACAP and its receptors occur in the mammalian brain, including regions associated with Parkinson's disease. PACAP receptor upregulation or downregulation has been reported in several injury models or human diseases, but no data are available on alterations of receptor expression in Parkinson's disease. The model closest to the human disease is the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced macaque model. Therefore, our present aim was to evaluate changes in Pac1R expression in basal ganglia related to Parkinson's disease in a macaque model. Monkeys were rendered parkinsonian with MPTP, and striatum, pallidum, and cortex were evaluated for Pac1R immunostaining. We found that Pac1R immunosignal was markedly reduced in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and internal and external parts of the globus pallidus, while the immunoreactivity remained unchanged in the cortex of MPTP-treated parkinsonian monkey brains. This decrease was attenuated in some brain areas in monkeys treated with L-DOPA. The strong, specific decrease of the PACAP receptor immunosignal in the basal ganglia of parkinsonian macaque monkey brains suggests that the PACAP/Pac1R system may play an important role in the development/progression of the disease.
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30
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Okragly AJ, Morin SM, DeRosa D, Martin AP, Johnson KW, Johnson MP, Benschop RJ. Human mast cells release the migraine-inducing factor pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). Cephalalgia 2017; 38:1564-1574. [PMID: 29103295 DOI: 10.1177/0333102417740563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Many patients with migraines suffer from allergies and vice versa, suggesting a relationship between biological mechanisms of allergy and migraine. It was proposed many years ago that mast cells may be involved in the pathophysiology of migraines. We set out to investigate the relationship between mast cell activation and known neurogenic peptides related to migraine. Methods Cultured human mast cells were assayed for the presence of neuropeptides and their receptors at the RNA and protein level. Immunohistochemistry analyses were performed on tissue resident and cultured mast cells. Mast cell degranulation assays were performed and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) activity was measured with a bioassay. Results We found that cultured and tissue resident human mast cells contain PACAP in cytoplasmic granules. No other neurogenic peptide known to be involved in migraine was detected, nor did mast cells express the receptors for PACAP or other neurogenic peptides. Furthermore, mast cell degranulation through classic IgE-mediated allergic mechanisms led to the release of PACAP. The PACAP released from mast cells was biologically active, as demonstrated using PACAP receptor reporter cell lines. We confirmed existing literature that mast cell degranulation can also be induced by several neurogenic peptides, which also resulted in PACAP release. Conclusion Our data provides a potential biological explanation for the association between allergy and migraine by demonstrating the release of biologically active PACAP from mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Okragly
- 1 Immunology Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S Michelle Morin
- 2 Neuroscience Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David DeRosa
- 1 Immunology Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrea P Martin
- 1 Immunology Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kirk W Johnson
- 2 Neuroscience Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael P Johnson
- 2 Neuroscience Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert J Benschop
- 1 Immunology Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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31
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Novel tactics for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease: Role of antibiotics, polyphenols and neuropeptides. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:120-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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32
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Huang J, Waters KA, Machaalani R. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptor 1 (PAC1) in the human infant brain and changes in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Neurobiol Dis 2017; 103:70-77. [PMID: 28392470 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its complementary receptor, PAC1, are crucial in central respiratory control. PACAP Knockout (KO) mice exhibit a SIDS-like phenotype, with an inability to overcome noxious insults, compression of baseline ventilation, and death in the early post-neonatal period. PAC1 KO demonstrate similar attributes to PACAP-null mice, but with the addition of increased pulmonary artery pressure, consequently leading to heart failure and death. This study establishes a detailed interpretation of the neuroanatomical distribution and localization of both PACAP and PAC1 in the human infant brainstem and hippocampus, to determine whether any changes in expression are evident in infants who died of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and any relationships to risk factors of SIDS including smoke exposure and sleep related parameters. Immunohistochemistry for PACAP and PAC1 was performed on formalin fixed and paraffin embedded human infant brain tissue of SIDS (n=32) and non-SIDS (n=12). The highest expression of PACAP was found in the hypoglossal (XII) of the brainstem medulla and lowest expression in the subiculum of the hippocampus. Highest expression of PAC1 was also found in XII of the medulla and lowest in the midbrain dorsal raphe (MBDR) and inferior colliculus. SIDS compared to non-SIDS had higher PACAP in the MBDR (p<0.05) and lower PAC1 in the medulla arcuate nucleus (p<0.001). Correlations were found between PACAP and PAC1 with the risk factors of smoke exposure, bed sharing, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and seasonal temperatures. The findings of this study show for the first time that some abnormalities of the PACAP system are evident in the SIDS brain and could contribute to the mechanisms of infants succumbing to SIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huang
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; BOSCH Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K A Waters
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children's Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - R Machaalani
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; BOSCH Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children's Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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33
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Maasz G, Zrinyi Z, Reglodi D, Petrovics D, Rivnyak A, Kiss T, Jungling A, Tamas A, Pirger Z. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has a neuroprotective function in dopamine-based neurodegeneration in rat and snail parkinsonian models. Dis Model Mech 2016; 10:127-139. [PMID: 28067625 PMCID: PMC5312006 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) rescues dopaminergic neurons from neurodegeneration and improves motor changes induced by 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) in rat parkinsonian models. Recently, we investigated the molecular background of the neuroprotective effect of PACAP in dopamine (DA)-based neurodegeneration using rotenone-induced snail and 6-OHDA-induced rat models of Parkinson's disease. Behavioural activity, monoamine (DA and serotonin), metabolic enzyme (S-COMT, MB-COMT and MAO-B) and PARK7 protein concentrations were measured before and after PACAP treatment in both models. Locomotion and feeding activity were decreased in rotenone-treated snails, which corresponded well to findings obtained in 6-OHDA-induced rat experiments. PACAP was able to prevent the behavioural malfunctions caused by the toxins. Monoamine levels decreased in both models and the decreased DA level induced by toxins was attenuated by ∼50% in the PACAP-treated animals. In contrast, PACAP had no effect on the decreased serotonin (5HT) levels. S-COMT metabolic enzyme was also reduced but a protective effect of PACAP was not observed in either of the models. Following toxin treatment, a significant increase in MB-COMT was observed in both models and was restored to normal levels by PACAP. A decrease in PARK7 was also observed in both toxin-induced models; however, PACAP had a beneficial effect only on 6-OHDA-treated animals. The neuroprotective effect of PACAP in different animal models of Parkinson's disease is thus well correlated with neurotransmitter, enzyme and protein levels. The models successfully mimic several, but not all etiological properties of the disease, allowing us to study the mechanisms of neurodegeneration as well as testing new drugs. The rotenone and 6-OHDA rat and snail in vivo parkinsonian models offer an alternative method for investigation of the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective agents, including PACAP. Summary: PACAP has a neuroprotective effect in different toxin-induced rat and snail parkinsonian models, acting partially through the same mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Maasz
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-CER, 8237 Tihany, Hungary.,Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zita Zrinyi
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-CER, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Petrovics
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Adam Rivnyak
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kiss
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-CER, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Adel Jungling
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-CER, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
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Neuroendocrine Underpinnings of Increased Risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 103:53-83. [PMID: 28061976 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Women are particularly vulnerable to the effects of psychological trauma and the development of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related mental illnesses such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the current chapter, we examine the female hormonal systems that interact with psychobiological stress response systems to elicit maladaptive behavior and mental disease states in traumatized female populations. In addition, we provide a contemporary translational example of a stress vulnerability genomic profile (coding for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) that may underlie the specific susceptibilities observed in women. Translational scientific investigations such as those described herein may lead to the identification of risk and resilience factors for PTSD as well as enhanced clinical interventions for treating excessive fear and anxiety.
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Tuka B, Szabó N, Tóth E, Kincses ZT, Párdutz Á, Szok D, Körtési T, Bagoly T, Helyes Z, Edvinsson L, Vécsei L, Tajti J. Release of PACAP-38 in episodic cluster headache patients - an exploratory study. J Headache Pain 2016; 17:69. [PMID: 27475101 PMCID: PMC4967416 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-016-0660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of the trigeminal-autonomic reflex, involving the trigeminal ganglion, the superior salivatory nucleus and the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) is crucial in the pathophysiology of cluster headache (CH). Since pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP-38) is present both in the SPG and the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and its role in migraine has been described, our aim was to determine the plasma PACAP-38 levels in different phases of episodic CH (ECH). Peripheral cubital fossa blood samples were taken during the ictal and inter-bout periods of male ECH patients and from age-matched healthy controls (n = 9). Plasma PACAP-38-like immunoreactivity (LI) was measured with specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay. Findings Significantly lower plasma PACAP-38-LI was detected in the inter-bout period of ECH patients than in healthy controls. However, PACAP-38 was significantly elevated in the plasma during CH attacks as compared to the inter-bout phase in the same subjects (n = 5). Conclusions This exploratory study suggests that PACAP-38 may be released during the attacks of ECH. Further patients and long-term follow-up are necessary to reveal its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Tuka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Eszter Tóth
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Zsigmond Tamás Kincses
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Árpád Párdutz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Délia Szok
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Tamás Körtési
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Teréz Bagoly
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.,MTA-PTE NAP B Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, BMC A13, Lund, 22184, Sweden
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - János Tajti
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary.
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Tajti J, Szok D, Majláth Z, Tuka B, Csáti A, Vécsei L. Migraine and neuropeptides. Neuropeptides 2015; 52:19-30. [PMID: 26094101 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a common disabling neurovascular primary headache disorder. The pathomechanism is not clear, but extensive preclinical and clinical studies are ongoing. The structural basis of the leading hypothesis is the trigeminovascular system, which includes the trigeminal ganglion, the meningeal vasculature, and the distinct nuclei of the brainstem, the thalamus and the somatosensory cortex. This review covers the effects of sensory (calcitonin gene-related peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and substance P), sympathetic (neuropeptide Y) and parasympathetic (vasoactive intestinal peptide) migraine-related neuropeptides and the functions of somatostatin, nociceptin and the orexins in the trigeminovascular system. These neuropeptides may take part in neurogenic inflammation (plasma protein extravasation and vasodilatation) of the intracranial vasculature and peripheral and central sensitization of the trigeminal system. The results of human clinical studies are discussed with regard to the alterations in these neuropeptides in the plasma, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid during or between migraine attacks, and the therapeutic possibilities involving migraine-related neuropeptides in the acute and prophylactic treatment of migraine headache are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Tajti
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary.
| | - Délia Szok
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Majláth
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Tuka
- MTA - SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
| | - Anett Csáti
- MTA - SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary; MTA - SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
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Kash TL, Pleil KE, Marcinkiewcz CA, Lowery-Gionta EG, Crowley N, Mazzone C, Sugam J, Hardaway JA, McElligott ZA. Neuropeptide regulation of signaling and behavior in the BNST. Mol Cells 2015; 38:1-13. [PMID: 25475545 PMCID: PMC4314126 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technical developments have transformed how neuroscientists can probe brain function. What was once thought to be difficult and perhaps impossible, stimulating a single set of long range inputs among many, is now relatively straight-forward using optogenetic approaches. This has provided an avalanche of data demonstrating causal roles for circuits in a variety of behaviors. However, despite the critical role that neuropeptide signaling plays in the regulation of behavior and physiology of the brain, there have been remarkably few studies demonstrating how peptide release is causally linked to behaviors. This is likely due to both the different time scale by which peptides act on and the modulatory nature of their actions. For example, while glutamate release can effectively transmit information between synapses in milliseconds, peptide release is potentially slower [See the excellent review by Van Den Pol on the time scales and mechanisms of release (van den Pol, 2012)] and it can only tune the existing signals via modulation. And while there have been some studies exploring mechanisms of release, it is still not as clearly known what is required for efficient peptide release. Furthermore, this analysis could be complicated by the fact that there are multiple peptides released, some of which may act in contrast. Despite these limitations, there are a number of groups making progress in this area. The goal of this review is to explore the role of peptide signaling in one specific structure, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, that has proven to be a fertile ground for peptide action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Kash
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - Kristen E. Pleil
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - Catherine A. Marcinkiewcz
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - Emily G. Lowery-Gionta
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - Nicole Crowley
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - Christopher Mazzone
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - Jonathan Sugam
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - J. Andrew Hardaway
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - Zoe A. McElligott
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
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Banki E, Pakai E, Gaszner B, Zsiboras C, Czett A, Bhuddi PRP, Hashimoto H, Toth G, Tamas A, Reglodi D, Garami A. Characterization of the thermoregulatory response to pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in rodents. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:543-54. [PMID: 24994541 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Administration of the long form (38 amino acids) of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP38) into the central nervous system causes hyperthermia, suggesting that PACAP38 plays a role in the regulation of deep body temperature (T b). In this study, we investigated the thermoregulatory role of PACAP38 in details. First, we infused PACAP38 intracerebroventricularly to rats and measured their T b and autonomic thermoeffector responses. We found that central PACAP38 infusion caused dose-dependent hyperthermia, which was brought about by increased thermogenesis and tail skin vasoconstriction. Compared to intracerebroventricular administration, systemic (intravenous) infusion of the same dose of PACAP38 caused significantly smaller hyperthermia, indicating a central site of action. We then investigated the thermoregulatory phenotype of mice lacking the Pacap gene (Pacap (-/-)). Freely moving Pacap (-/-) mice had higher locomotor activity throughout the day and elevated deep T b during the light phase. When the Pacap (-/-) mice were loosely restrained, their metabolic rate and T b were lower compared to their wild-type littermates. We conclude that PACAP38 causes hyperthermia via activation of the autonomic cold-defense thermoeffectors through central targets. Pacap (-/-) mice express hyperkinesis, which is presumably a compensatory mechanism, because under restrained conditions, these mice are hypometabolic and hypothermic compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Banki
- Department of Anatomy PTE-MTA "Lendulet" PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Reglodi D, Gyarmati J, Ertl T, Borzsei R, Bodis J, Tamas A, Kiss P, Csanaky K, Banki E, Bay C, Nemeth J, Helyes Z. Alterations of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the human plasma during pregnancy and after birth. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:443-5. [PMID: 20671407 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since its discovery, several distinct effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) have been established - predominantly in animal studies - in the nervous system, various peripheral organs as well as in the endocrine regulation. It is unknown whether PACAP has any effect on human pregnancy regarding either utero-maternal or perinatal aspects of the gestation. AIM We investigated alterations of PACAP38-like immunoreactivity (PACAP38-LI) in the human plasma throughout normal pregnancy, during and after delivery, and its level in the umbilical vessels, as well as in the peripheral blood of term healthy newborns. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 2 ml blood sample was used for each test, PACAP38-LI was determined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS In the 2nd and 3rd trimester significant elevation was observed in the PACAP38-LI compared to the earlier gestation and non-pregnant conditions. During delivery its level significantly decreased and returned to the original values 3 days after birth. In the neonates PACAP38-LI level of the peripheral blood was similar to that of healthy adults, but umbilical arteries and veins contained significantly lower concentrations of PACAP38-LI. Besides, the levels were lower in the umbilical vein compared to the artery. CONCLUSIONS PACAP38-LI levels show sensitive change during normal pregnancy and delivery. Our findings suggest that the fetal organs actively synthesize PACAP. Further investigations are required to elucidate the physiological importance of the alterations observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary.
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Vaudry D, Falluel-Morel A, Bourgault S, Basille M, Burel D, Wurtz O, Fournier A, Chow BKC, Hashimoto H, Galas L, Vaudry H. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Its Receptors: 20 Years after the Discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:283-357. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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The role of endogenous PACAP in motor stimulation and conditioned place preference induced by morphine in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 204:457-63. [PMID: 19199096 PMCID: PMC4429892 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The neuropeptide pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and its receptors (PAC1 and VPAC2) are expressed in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, raising the possibility that PACAP could be a potential modulator of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to determine if PACAP plays a role in acute motor stimulatory and rewarding actions of morphine. METHODS The effect of intracerebroventricular PACAP administration (0, 0.03, 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 microg/3 microL) was studied on basal motor activity as well as on morphine (5 mg/kg)-stimulated motor activity. Motor stimulation and conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by morphine (5 or 10 mg/kg) were also determined in mice lacking PACAP and their wild-type controls. RESULTS Intracerebroventricular PACAP dose-dependently suppressed basal motor activity and PACAP-deficient mice exhibited higher basal motor activity than control mice, providing evidence that the action of endogenous PACAP on basal motor activity is inhibitory. Paradoxically, low doses of PACAP which did not alter basal motor activity were found to enhance the motor stimulatory action of morphine. Furthermore, morphine-induced motor stimulation was blunted in PACAP-deficient mice. Additionally, morphine-induced CPP following a single, but not repeated, alternate-day saline/morphine (10 mg/kg) conditioning was blunted in PACAP-deficient mice compared to their wild-type littermates/controls. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that endogenous PACAP, at low doses, positively modulates the acute motor stimulatory and rewarding actions of morphine.
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Jolivel V, Basille M, Aubert N, de Jouffrey S, Ancian P, Le Bigot JF, Noack P, Massonneau M, Fournier A, Vaudry H, Gonzalez BJ, Vaudry D. Distribution and functional characterization of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptors in the brain of non-human primates. Neuroscience 2009; 160:434-51. [PMID: 19236905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and density of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) binding sites have been investigated in the brain of the primates Jacchus callithrix (marmoset) and Macaca fascicularis (macaque) using [(125)I]-PACAP27 as a radioligand. PACAP binding sites were widely expressed in the brain of these two species with particularly high densities in the septum, hypothalamus and habenula. A moderate density of recognition sites was seen in all subdivisions of the cerebral cortex with a heterogenous distribution, the highest concentrations occurring in layers I and VI while the underlying white matter was almost devoid of binding sites. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed intense expression of the mRNAs encoding the short and hop-1 variants of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-specific receptor (PAC1-R) in the cortex of both marmoset and macaque, whereas vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide mutual receptor, subtype 1 (VPAC1-R) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide mutual receptor, subtype 2 (VPAC2-R) mRNAs were expressed at a much lower level. In situ hybridization histochemistry showed intense expression of PAC1-R and weak expression of VPAC1-R mRNAs in layer IV of the cerebral cortex. Incubation of cortical tissue slices with PACAP induced a dose-dependent stimulation of cyclic AMP formation, indicating that PACAP binding sites correspond to functional receptors. Moreover, treatment of primate cortical slices with 100 nM PACAP significantly reduced the activity of caspase-3, a key enzyme of the apoptotic cascade. The present results indicate that PACAP should exert the same neuroprotective effect in the brain of primates as in rodents and suggest that PAC1-R agonists may have a therapeutic value to prevent neuronal cell death after stroke or in specific neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jolivel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U413), EA 4310, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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van Kuyck K, Gabriëls L, Nuttin B. Electrical Brain Stimulation in Treatment-Resistant Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder. Neuromodulation 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374248-3.00056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Wilson RJ, Cummings KJ. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide is vital for neonatal survival and the neuronal control of breathing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 164:168-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Mönkkönen KS, Hirst RA, Laitinen JT, O'Callaghan C. PACAP27 regulates ciliary function in primary cultures of rat brain ependymal cells. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:633-40. [PMID: 18986701 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ependymal cells line the brain ventricles and separate the CSF from the underlying neuronal tissue. The function of ependymal cilia is largely unclear however they are reported to be involved in the regulation of CSF homeostasis and host defence against pathogens. Here we present data that implicates a role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the inhibition of ependymal ciliary function, and also that the PACAP effects are not entirely dependent on adenylyl cyclase activation. Primary ependymal cultures were treated with increasing doses of PACAP27 or adenylyl cyclase toxin (ACT), and ciliary beating was recorded using high-speed digital video imaging. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and amplitude were determined from the videos. Ependymal CBF and ciliary amplitude were attenuated by PACAP27 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The peptide antagonist PACAP6-27 blocked PACAP27-induced decreases in amplitude and CBF. Treatment with ACT caused a decrease in amplitude but had no effect on CBF, this suggests that the inhibition of CBF and amplitude seen with PACAP27 may not be completely explained by G(s)-AC-cAMP pathway. We present here the first observational study to show that activation of PAC1 receptors with PACAP27 has an important role to play in the regulation of ependymal ciliary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Mönkkönen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio FIN 70211, Finland.
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Németh J, Jakab B, Józsa R, Hollósy T, Tamás A, Lubics A, Lengvári I, Kiss P, Oberritter Z, Horváth B, Szilvássy Z, Reglődi D. PACAP-27 radioimmunoassay: Description and application of a novel method. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-007-6862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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van Landeghem FKH, Weiss T, Oehmichen M, von Deimling A. Cellular localization of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) following traumatic brain injury in humans. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 113:683-93. [PMID: 17431645 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is involved in many processes of the developing and mature central nervous system, such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, neurotransmission, inflammation and neuroprotection. Alternative posttranslational processing of PACAP results in two biologically active, amidated 27- and 38-amino acid peptides termed PACAP27 and PACAP38. In the present study, we examined whether traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects cellular immunopositivity for PACAP27 and PACAP38. Patients (n = 55) were classified into three groups dependent on their survival time (under 24 h, between 24 h and 7 days and between 7 days and 99 days postinjury). PACAP27 and PACAP38 were expressed by neurons and glial cells in normal human neocortex (n = 10). Following TBI, the total number of PACAP27- and PACAP38-positive cells was significantly decreased for a prolonged survival period within the traumatized neocortex. In the pericontusional cortex, the number of cells expressing PACAP27 and PACAP38 was significantly increased at all survival times examined. Triple immunofluorescence examinations revealed a significant increase in the absolute numbers of GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes as well as a decrease in the CNP-positive oligodendrocytes, each coexpressing PACAP27 or PACAP38 in the contusional and pericontusional cortex. We hypothesize that the increase of glial PACAP immunoreactivity may be interpreted as part of a complex endogenous neuroprotective response in the pericontusional regions, but the precise role of PACAP following TBI is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank K H van Landeghem
- Institute of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CVK, Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Mo B, Callegari E, Telefont M, Renner KJ. Proteomic analysis of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (pars lateralis) in the female rat. Proteomics 2007; 6:6066-74. [PMID: 17051637 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of proteomics to study changes in the expression of CNS proteins, which may underlie the regulation of physiological and/or behavioral responses, represents an emerging application of this technology. In the current study, the Palkovits' microdissection method was evaluated as a means of obtaining proteomic data from discrete brain nuclei. The pars lateralis of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) was chosen for the initial studies because of its established role in the expression of gonadal hormone dependent female sexual behavior. The VMN from ovariectomized rats was microdissected from 300 microm frozen brain sections using a 500 microm punch. Total proteins were separated using 2-DE. A group consensus of 432 protein spots, visualized by SYPRO Ruby stain, was obtained from gels from four independent VMN samples. A low mean CV and high gel-to-gel correlation coefficients indicate that reproducible 2-DE gels can be generated from microdissected tissue samples. Proteins from the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) were also separated on 2-DE gels. Evaluation of the 2-DE maps from the VMN and the MBH revealed different protein profiles, and indicates that microdissection improves the detection of low-abundance proteins, and reduces the relative occurrence of abundant proteins on 2-DE maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Mo
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience Group, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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Basille M, Falluel-Morel A, Vaudry D, Aubert N, Fournier A, Fréger P, Gallo-Payet N, Vaudry H, Gonzalez B. Ontogeny of PACAP receptors in the human cerebellum: Perspectives of therapeutic applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 137:27-33. [PMID: 16963135 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exerts anti-apoptotic and pro-differentiating actions during development of the rodent cerebellum. Cell signaling involved in the neurotrophic effects of PACAP has been precisely investigated. In particular, PACAP is a potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through an ERK- and PKA-dependent mechanism. However, transposition of the neurodevelopmental activities of PACAP to the human cerebellum remains speculative, essentially because of the lack of data concerning the PACAP-ergic system. The present review is based on recent results that provide the first molecular, pharmacological and anatomical characterizations of PACAP receptors in the developing human cerebellum. It is now clearly established that the distribution pattern of PAC1-R and VPAC1-R mRNA in the human cerebellum is very similar to that already described in rodents. [(125)I]PACAP27 binding sites are closely associated with germinative neuroepithelia in fetal stages and with mature granule cells in infants and adults. Pharmacological characterization revealed that, in fetuses, PACAP binding sites exhibit a PAC1-R profile while, in adult patients, they correspond to a heterogeneous population of PAC1-R and VPAC(1/2)-R. Altogether, these data provide the first evidence that PACAP may exert neurodevelopmental functions in the human cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Basille
- INSERM U413, IFRMP 23, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
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