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Mosier DE, Subbarao B. Thymus-independent antigens: complexity of B-lymphocyte activation revealed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3:217-22. [PMID: 25289853 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(82)90095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D E Mosier
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, U.S.A
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Morgan BP, Marchbank KJ, Longhi MP, Harris CL, Gallimore AM. Complement: central to innate immunity and bridging to adaptive responses. Immunol Lett 2004; 97:171-9. [PMID: 15752555 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/07/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The complement system, a pillar of innate immunity, has belatedly become recognised as a key modulator of adaptive immunity, acting to direct, modulate and modify the responses of lymphocytes to stimuli. These effects are mediated by interactions between complement components or activation-derived fragments and specific binding proteins--complement receptors and regulators--on the target cells. This review will describe the current state of knowledge in this swiftly moving field. It is hoped that the recognition of these properties will help to establish complement in the role it richly deserves as the lynchpin of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Paul Morgan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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4
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Abstract
Antigen receptors on lymphocytes play a central role in immune regulation by transmitting signals that positively or negatively regulate lymphocyte survival, migration, growth, and differentiation. This review focuses on how opposing positive or negative cellular responses are brought about by antigen receptor signaling. Four types of extracellular inputs shape the response to antigen: (a) the concentration of antigen; (b) the avidity with which antigen is bound; (c) the timing and duration of antigen encounter; and (d) the association of antigen with costimuli from pathogens, the innate immune system, or other lymphocytes. Intracellular signaling by antigen receptors is not an all-or-none event, and these external variables alter both the quantity and quality of signaling. Recent findings in B lymphocytes have clearly illustrated that these external inputs affect the magnitude and duration of the intracellular calcium response, which in turn contributes to differential triggering of the transcriptional regulators NF kappa B, JNK, NFAT, and ERK. The regulation of calcium responses involves a network of tyrosine kinases (e.g. lyn, syk), tyrosine or lipid phosphatases (CD45, SHP-1, SHIP), and accessory molecules (CD21/CD19, CD22, FcR gamma 2b). Understanding the biochemistry and logic behind these integrative processes will allow development of more selective and efficient pharmaceuticals that suppress, modify, or augment immune responses in autoimmunity, transplantation, allergy, vaccines, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Healy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA.
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Tedder TF, Inaoki M, Sato S. The CD19-CD21 complex regulates signal transduction thresholds governing humoral immunity and autoimmunity. Immunity 1997; 6:107-18. [PMID: 9047233 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T F Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Abstract
There are many descriptions of bacterial agents that can suppress different phases of specific immunity. Bacterial agents are frequently employed as tools to modulate the immune system in experimental models or clinical therapy. Little attention has been given to the implications of such immunoregulating properties for infectious processes or for the natural role of the microbial flora in the normal regulation of the immune system. There are very few studies attempting to investigate directly the possible role of bacterial immunosuppressant factors in acute infection. Several examples of natural and experimental chronic infections have been described in which progressive uncontrolled infection is associated with a depressed cell mediated immunity, but a causal relation is unproven. This depression is usually not antigenically specific and there is some evidence that it may be initiated and maintained by persistent cell-wall components of the microorganisms. The bacteria implicated in suppression are all facultative or obligate intracellular parasites that can multiply and survive in the monocyte/macrophage. Bacterial immunosuppressants may have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of progressive chronic inflammation that occurs after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Heyman
- Department of Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Goodnow CC. Balancing immunity and tolerance: deleting and tuning lymphocyte repertoires. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:2264-71. [PMID: 8637861 PMCID: PMC39784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.6.2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological self-tolerance is ensured by eliminating or inhibiting self-reactive lymphocyte clones, creating physical or functional holes in the B- and T-lymphocyte antigen receptor repertoires. The nature and size of these gaps in our immune defenses must be balanced against the necessity of mounting rapid immune responses to an everchanging array of foreign pathogens. To achieve this balance, only a fraction of particularly hazardous self-reactive clones appears to be physically eliminated from the repertoire in a manner that fully prevents their recruitment into an antimicrobial immune response. Many self-reactive cells are retained with a variety of conditional and potentially flexible restraints: (i) their ability to be triggered by antigen is diminished by mechanisms that tune down signaling by their antigen receptors, (ii) their ability to carry out inflammatory effector functions can be inhibited, and (iii) their capacity to migrate and persist is constrained. This balance between tolerance and immunity can be shifted, altering susceptibility to autoimmune disease and to infection by genetic or environmental differences either in the way antigens are presented, in the tuning molecules that adjust triggering set points for lymphocyte responses to antigen, or in the effector molecules that eliminate, retain, or expand particular clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Goodnow
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5428, USA
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Van den Berg TK, Yoshida K, Dijkstra CD. Mechanism of immune complex trapping by follicular dendritic cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995; 201:49-67. [PMID: 7587352 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-79603-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T K Van den Berg
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Van den Berg TK, Döpp EA, Daha MR, Kraal G, Dijkstra CD. Selective inhibition of immune complex trapping by follicular dendritic cells with monoclonal antibodies against rat C3. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:957-62. [PMID: 1551408 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of complement component C3 in the trapping of immune complexes by follicular dendritic cells (FDC) was studied in the rat, by means of the C3-specific monoclonal antibody ED11. Immunocytochemistry revealed the presence of C3 on FDC, where it co-localized with trapped peroxidase anti-peroxidase complexes. Furthermore, C3 was detected on reticular cells occupying the T cell areas of peripheral lymphoid organs, which are not involved in the handling of immune complexes. The in vivo administration of anti-C3 abolished the trapping of immune complexes in splenic follicles, but was unable to release preexisting complexes from the FDC. Trapping of immune complexes was also prevented by treatment of rats with cobra venom factor (CoVF). While CoVF caused massive depletion of C3 from serum, ED11 treatment had no such effect. The effect of anti-C3 appeared at least in part to be due to an inhibition of complement activation by immune complexes. We also analyzed earlier stages of the trapping process, with respect to their C3 dependence. Upon systemic injection immune complexes are initially observed in the marginal zone. Administration of anti-C3 reduced this localization, indicating a role for C3 in the entry of immune complexes into the spleen. Our results confirm experiments in CoVF-treated animals and extend the evidence for a role of C3 in the follicular trapping process using anti-C3 in vivo. The mechanism of immune complex trapping and the role of complement therein is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Van den Berg
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Wiersma EJ, Kinoshita T, Heyman B. Inhibition of immunological memory and T-independent humoral responses by monoclonal antibodies specific for murine complement receptors. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21:2501-6. [PMID: 1717285 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830211029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the complement system for mounting an antibody response in vivo was investigated by down-regulating and blocking the complement receptors (CR) in mice with three different monoclonal rat antibodies (mAb): mAb 8C12 recognized the C3b-binding site of CR1, mAb 7G6 recognized another site of CR1 and the C3d-binding site of CR2 and mAb 7E9 again recognized other epitopes on CR1 and CR2. We have earlier shown that 7G6, is the only mAb that completely suppresses the primary antibody response to horse erythrocytes. This antibody was also shown to suppress induction of immunological memory and a secondary antibody response. In contrast to what seems to be the case for thymus-dependent antibody responses, all three mAb could inhibit the antibody response to a thymus-independent antigen, dextran B 1355S.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antibody Formation
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Antigens, T-Independent/immunology
- Dextrans/immunology
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunologic Memory
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Nude
- Receptors, Complement/physiology
- Receptors, Complement 3b
- Receptors, Complement 3d
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Wiersma
- Department of Immunology, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
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Beukelman CJ, van Dijk H, Aerts PC, Rademaker PM, Berrens L, Willers JM. House dust extracts contain potent immunological adjuvants. Immunol Lett 1987; 16:59-64. [PMID: 3428932 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(87)90062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A crude aqueous extract of house dust and two house dust subfractions were tested for adjuvant activity in a sensitivity assay performed in mice. Evidence is presented that house dust contains at least two potent immunological adjuvants. One of these, present in both subfractions, was probably endotoxin and acted in a complement-independent way. The immunostimulatory effect of the other adjuvant was abrogated by prior complement depletion of the animals. This apparently complement-dependent adjuvant needs further identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Beukelman
- Immunology Section of the Laboratory of Microbiology, State University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Lernhardt W, Karasuyama H, Rolink A, Melchers F. Control of the cell cycle of murine B lymphocytes: the nature of alpha- and beta-B-cell growth factors and of B-cell maturation factors. Immunol Rev 1987; 99:241-62. [PMID: 3315969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1987.tb01179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Lernhardt
- La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, California
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14
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Hatzfeld J, Charriaut-Marlangue C, Levesque JP, Barel M, Stancou R, Krikorian L, Hatzfeld A, Frade R. [C3 stimulates the proliferation of human pre-B Raji cells]. ANNALES DE L'INSTITUT PASTEUR. IMMUNOLOGY 1987; 138:451-5. [PMID: 3498498 DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2625(87)80055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In a defined medium in which transferrin (3 micrograms/ml) was the only source of exogenous proteins, Raji cells of the human pre-B lymphoblastoid cell line died within 48 h after forming polykaryons. The simple addition of purified C3 at a concentration equal to or higher than 3 micrograms/ml allowed Raji cells to divide. This preliminary report provides a defined system for studying the mitogenic effect of human C3 or C3 fragments upon proliferation of human B-cells lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hatzfeld
- UA 041163, ICIG, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Villejuif, France
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15
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Melchers F, Erdei A, Corbel C, Leptin M, Schulz T, Dierich MP. Cell cycle control of activated, synchronized murine B lymphocytes--roles of macrophages and complement C3. Mol Immunol 1986; 23:1173-6. [PMID: 2950314 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(86)90148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Three restriction points control the cell cycle of activated murine B lymphocytes in a synergistic way. The first is controlled by the occupancy of surface immunoglobulin either by antigen- or by immunoglobulin-specific antibodies. The second is controlled by the complement C3d receptor CR2 which can be occupied by cross-linked C3b or C3d to stimulate the entry into S phase, or by soluble C3d or a C3 alpha-chain peptide, binding to the CR2 receptor, which inhibit the entry into S phase. Macrophages produce so-called alpha factors which also control the B-cell cycle at the same point. Thus, it is suspected that macrophages produce components of the early pathway of complement activation which finally lead to cross-linking of CR2 receptors on B cells. The third restriction point is controlled by unknown receptors that recognize so-called beta factors produced by helper T lymphocytes.
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Dalmasso AP. Complement in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of human diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1986; 24:123-83. [PMID: 2971510 DOI: 10.3109/10408368609110272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Complement is a humoral effector system composed of 21 plasma proteins that was identified initially because of its cytolytic effects. In addition to cytolysis, complement has a number of different functions related to inflammatory and other host defense processes. The description of the reaction mechanism includes: (1) activation of the classical pathway through recognition of IgG and IgM antibodies by C1q, (2) activation of the alternative pathway which is usually achieved without participation of immunoglobulins, (3) generation of proteolytic enzymes composed of heteropolymers that cleave certain precursor proteins, (4) formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), and (5) participation of control mechanisms. Methodologies for studying protein concentration and functional activities of complement components include not only the classical hemolytic techniques but also the extremely sensitive new radioimmunoassays and enzyme immunoassays for measuring the products of complement activation that are generated in vivo. Examples of genetically controlled complement deficiencies have been published for most complement components. The symptomatology of some of these patients serves to emphasize the protective role of complement. Acquired deficiencies are significant not only as laboratory aids in diagnosis and to evaluate the course of certain diseases, but also to indicate possible pathogenic disease mechanisms. Recently, it has been recognized that the complement proteins with genes located in the HLA region are polymorphic. Certain variants of proteins C2, C4, and factor B occur with higher frequencies in certain diseases than in the general population, which appears to be of great practical importance in laboratory medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Dalmasso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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Melchers F, Erdei A, Schulz T, Dierich MP. Growth control of activated, synchronized murine B cells by the C3d fragment of human complement. Nature 1985; 317:264-7. [PMID: 3876511 DOI: 10.1038/317264a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Three restriction points control the cell cycle of activated B lymphocytes. The first occurs directly after mitosis and is controlled by the occupancy of surface-bound immunoglobulin. The second is observed approximately 4 h after mitosis in the G1 phase of the cycle, that is, before DNA replication, and is controlled by growth factors that are produced by macrophages which we have previously classified as alpha-type factors. The third restriction point occurs in the G2 phase, 2-4 h before mitosis, and is controlled by beta-type growth factors probably produced by helper T lymphocytes. The third component of complement, C3, has long been implicated in the control of B-cell responses. C3 is secreted by monocytes and macrophages. We have found recently that crosslinked, but not soluble, human C3 stimulates activated, but not resting, murine B cells to thymidine uptake. Here we investigate the role of C3b and C3d in the progression of the cell cycle of activated, synchronized murine B cells. We find that crosslinked C3d replaces the action of alpha-factors within the cell cycle of these cells and allows entry into S phase. In contrast, soluble C3d inhibits the action of alpha-factors. This implies that a C3d-specific receptor, probably the murine analogue to the human complement receptor CR2, is a growth factor receptor on activated B cells that will give the cell a growth-positive signal when it is crosslinked, while occupancy by the soluble form of C3d will result in inhibition of the action of alpha-factors or of crosslinked C3b or C3d. A stretch of weak homology between the cDNA sequence of murine C3d and those of murine growth factors indicates that an insulin-like growth factor could be the active principle of C3d that controls the cell cycle of activated B cells.
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Erdei A, Melchers F, Schulz T, Dierich M. The action of human C3 in soluble or cross-linked form with resting and activated murine B lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1985; 15:184-8. [PMID: 3871700 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830150214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The third component of complement C3 has been implied in the stimulation of B lymphocytes to proliferation and maturation for Ig secretion. We have reinvestigated the extent of this activation with either activated or resting murine splenic lymphocytes in serum-substituted cultures. Human C3 was used in either soluble or cross-linked form. Soluble as well as Sepharose-bound or glutaraldehyde-cross-linked C3, over a range of concentrations, was inactive with resting splenic lymphocytes of (C57BL/6J X DBA/2)F1, C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J nu/nu mice. However, lipopolysaccharide-activated spleen cells, enriched for B cell blasts, were stimulated by immobilized and cross-linked C3, while they did not respond to soluble C3. The extent of restimulation was comparable to that induced by lipopolysaccharide and resulted in both increased proliferation and maturation to Ig-secreting cells. The stimulation of the blast cells appears to be C3 specific, since it can be inhibited by free C3.
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20
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Cooper PD. Complement and cancer: activation of the alternative pathway as a theoretical base for immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN IMMUNITY AND CANCER THERAPY 1985; 1:125-66. [PMID: 3916662 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5068-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the APC is pointed out as the common factor in all sufficiently studied cancer treatments employing nonspecific, active immunotherapy. This chapter outlines the molecular biology of both APC and classical pathway of complement, summarizes the alternative pathway's biologic activities especially in relation to the C3/C5 convertase C3b,Bb, and its implications in the mechanism of host defense against malignancies, particularly relating to the activated macrophage. The many involvements of the APC in the various agents used for nonspecific active immunotherapy are reviewed, and possible clinical implications outlined. It is concluded that activation of the APC can be proposed as the specific theoretical basis so far lacking for this treatment modality and that it is accordingly feasible to attempt to monitor clinical application of this principle by fine-tuning of APC activation in cases of human cancer.
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Frade R, Crevon MC, Barel M, Vazquez A, Krikorian L, Charriaut C, Galanaud P. Enhancement of human B cell proliferation by an antibody to the C3d receptor, the gp 140 molecule. Eur J Immunol 1985; 15:73-6. [PMID: 3155687 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830150114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The C3d receptor is a specific marker of B lymphocytes. Recently we have shown that C3d receptor activity is carried by a gp 140 membrane antigen. A polyclonal antibody has been prepared by immunizing a rabbit with highly purified gp 140 molecule isolated from membranes of the human B lymphoblastoid cell line Raji and its high specificity was previously demonstrated. We tested the effect of this antibody to the C3d receptor on the B cell proliferative response. Purified B cells from human blood were induced to proliferate by a B cell growth factor (BCGF)-containing partially purified supernatant from activated T cells. The anti-C3d receptor F(ab')2 enhanced the BCGF-dependent B cell proliferation. This effect was dose dependent, was observed in the presence of different concentrations of BCGF and did not correspond to a change in the time course of the response. The anti-C3d receptor F(ab')2 had no mitogenic effect in the absence of T cell supernatant. In contrast the undigested anti-C3d receptor IgG suppressed the BCGF-dependent B cell proliferation. These results emphasize the potentialities of anti-gp 140 F(ab')2 to explore the involvement of the C3d receptor in the regulation of B cell response to T cell products.
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22
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Weigle WO, Goodman MG, Morgan EL, Hugli TE. Regulation of immune response by components of the complement cascade and their activated fragments. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1983; 6:173-94. [PMID: 6356429 DOI: 10.1007/bf00205872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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23
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Reading CL. Theory and methods for immunization in culture and monoclonal antibody production. J Immunol Methods 1982; 53:261-91. [PMID: 6754815 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(82)90175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Lobo PI, Burge JJ. In vitro studies on the immune regulatory role of complement receptors (C3) present on human B lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1982; 12:682-6. [PMID: 6982817 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830120811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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Bykowsky MJ, Gilbert R, Stout RD. The presence of a receptor for complement on T lymphocytes. Restriction of the complement receptor to Fc-receptor-bearing T lymphocytes. Immunobiology 1982; 162:307-18. [PMID: 6813251 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Using rhodaminated guinea pig anti-ovalbumin:ovalbumin:complement complexes, a fluoresceinated monoclonal anti-Thy 1 antibody and a FACS-II equipped with dual fluorescence detection channels, we find that 25-30% of Thy 1+ splenocytes express a receptor for complement. That a receptor for complement is involved in binding the guinea-pig AgAb:C' complexes is supported by the observations that: a) guinea-pig complexes, which were not treated with a serum source of complement or which were treated with either fresh serum in the presence of EDTA or with heat-inactivated serum, do not bind to the T lymphocytes, and b) heat-aggregated human gamma globulin, which effectively inhibits binding of mouse AgAb complexes to the aFcR gamma, has no effect on the binding of guinea-pig AgAb:C' complexes to the T lymphocytes. By analyzing cell subpopulations isolated by cell sorting, it is demonstrated that the C'R-positive T lymphocyte clearly delineates a major subpopulation of aFcR gamma-positive T lymphocytes, whereas no cells are found bearing a C'R, while lacking the aFcR gamma. The implications of the presence of a C'R in immunoregulation are discussed.
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26
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Sela MN, Ginsburg I, Dishon T, Duchan Z, Garfunkel AA. Modulation of human lymphocyte transformation by bacterial products and leukocyte lysates. Inflammation 1982; 6:31-8. [PMID: 7085043 DOI: 10.1007/bf00910717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Blast transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by PHA is shown to be modulated by lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Streptococcus mutans, by a cell-sensitizing factor of Actinomyces viscosus, as well as by a frozen and thawed extract of human leukocytes (LE). While small amounts of LE (5-50 micrograms/10(6) cells) significantly enhanced PHA-induced transformation, higher amounts showed a lesser effect on the blastogenic response. Both LTA and the A. viscosus extract did not cause any lymphocyte blastogenic effect when used alone. On the other hand LTA had an inhibitory effect and the A. viscosus extract had an enhancing effect when lymphocytes were pretreated by these agents and then exposed to PHA.
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27
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Hammann KP, Raile A, Schmitt M, Mussel HH, Peters H, Scheiner O, Dierich MP. beta 1H stimulates mouse-spleen B lymphocytes as demonstrated by increased thymidine incorporation and formation of B cell blasts. Immunobiology 1981; 160:289-301. [PMID: 6459990 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(81)80055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Schrier RD, Kao MY, Hattori M, Moorhead JW. Anti-immunoglobulin stimulation of murine lymphocytes. VI. Differential responses of complement receptor positive (CR+) and CR- B-cell subsets to anti-IgM antibodies. Cell Immunol 1981; 62:324-33. [PMID: 6974606 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(81)90333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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29
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Morrison DC, Rudbach JA. Endotoxin-cell-membrane interactions leading to transmembrane signaling. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY 1981; 8:187-218. [PMID: 7018829 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3917-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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30
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Sedlacek HH. Pathopysiological aspects of immune complex diseases. Part II. Phagocytosis, exocytosis, and pathogenic depositions. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1980; 58:593-605. [PMID: 6447230 DOI: 10.1007/bf01477835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Elimination of IC by the phagocytic system occurs mainly by macrophages and contrarotates to the pathogenic effect. Decisive to prevent systemic IC disease is the capacity of the phagocytic system. In the case of its saturation, the danger of the occurrence of IC disease is greatly enhanced. Conclusive evidence seems to exist that IC of extremely small or extremely high lattice structure (precipitates) are less pathogenic than soluble IC of medium network. Small IC in extreme antigen and antibody excess or precipitates exhibit a reduced complement activating potency. Small IC in extreme antigen or antibody excess hardly interact in vitro with membrane receptors and do not induce IC disease when injected or formed in vivo. Highly lattices IC, especially precipitates, are eliminated extremely quickly from the circulation, mainly by macrophages and there deposition in the kidney is significantly reduced. Thus, lack of quality of the antibody to precipitate the antigen and a reduced capacity and effectivity of the phagocytic system to eliminate the IC may be extremely important in the generation of IC diseases. Facing the overwhelming and partly even inconsistant data of this topic, one may doubt whether IC diseases may be regarded to be a defined and coherent disease. Too many variables and questions exist concerning the nature of the antigen, especially in tumor and autoimmune diseases, concerning the quality of the antibody and the characteristics of the pathogenic IC and concerning localization and the elimination process. Nevertheless, common pathophysiological pathways of IC diseases may be recognized.
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Ishizaka S, Otani S, Morisawa S. Thymus-independent anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-casein and DNP-gelatin. Microbiol Immunol 1979; 23:471-80. [PMID: 315025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1979.tb00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although studies on the molecular nature of thymus-independent antigens suggested that the polymeric structure with repeated antigenic determinants and slow metabolism are responsible for thymus-independence, we found that anti-DNP antibody responses to DNP-casein and DNP-gelatin were thymus-independent as well as macrophage-independent. These antibody responses were not affected by in vivo treatment with carrageenan or anti-thymocyte serum. In addition, responses of athymic nude mice to both antigens did not show any significant differences when compared with heterologous nu/+ mice. The findings were confirmed by in vitro experiments; non-adherent spleen cells or T cell-depleted spleen cells responded well to both antigens to the same extent as normal spleen cells. Since both casein and gelatin are polyclonal B cell activators and are not presumed to be high polymer or slow-metabolizing substances, we suggest that thymus-independence in many kinds of antibody response should be reconsidered.
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Walia AS, Andersson B, Fuson EW, Lamon EW. The enrichment of thymocytes bearing C3 receptors following cortisone involution. Cell Immunol 1979; 43:176-84. [PMID: 313843 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(79)90160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Minta JO, Movat HZ. The complement system and inflammation. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1979; 68:135-78. [PMID: 487857 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67311-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Present evidence indicates that the precursors of B- and T-cells can be found in the extra-embryonic tissues four days after implantation (day 5) and that by the following day (day 10) certain of the B-cell precursors have differentiated to the stage of the antigen-binding cell. Cells able to secrete antibody are not detected, however, until the later stages of pregnancy. B-cell differentiation has been shown to advance in a stepwise manner through several compartments, and the early stages of maturation are independent of thymic or T-cell regulation. The thymic rudiment appears by the 12th day of pregnancy and the reticuloepithelial tissue is quickly colonized by T-stem cells which migrate from the fetal liver. Within 4 days these cells respond to PHA, recognize and respond to allogeneic antigens, and begin to seed to the peripheral lymphoid tissues. During the latter stages of pregnancy and until about the sixth week after birth T-cell mediated suppressor activity predominates. T-cell killer function can be detected in the neonatal thymus shortly after birth, but this activity increases slowly in the peripheral lymphoid tissues. T-cell helper activity increases slowly after birth as suppressor activity declines. The adult levels of helper-suppressor function are approached about six to eight weeks after birth.
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Smith CI, Hammarström LL, Persson UC. Macrophage-dependence of mitogen responsiveness: macrophages exposed to zymosan enhance the response to polyanions. Cell Immunol 1978; 41:134-49. [PMID: 309802 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(78)80033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Baum LL, Miller HC. Development of C3 receptors on B lymphocytes derived from normal and memory marrow cells. Cell Immunol 1978; 35:124-33. [PMID: 304380 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(78)90132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Logue GL, Cohen HJ. Human lymphocyte complement receptors. Quantitative requirements for C3 of normal and chronic lymphocyte leukemia lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 1977; 60:1159-64. [PMID: 908758 PMCID: PMC372469 DOI: 10.1172/jci108868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytes coated with varying amounts of human complement were used to detect lymphocytes with complement receptors from normal subjects and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The relationship between the percentage of lymphocytes rosetting and the quantity of C3 present on complement-coated erythrocytes were studied. Small quantities of C3 (less than 5 fg/erythrocyte) caused maximal rosetting of normal lymphocytes. Maximal rosetting with chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes was not reached until much greater amounts of C3 were used to coat the erythrocytes. This difference in sensitivity to erythrocyte-bound complement was not due to an increased fraction of complement receptor-bearing cells in the leukemic patients. This loss of sensitivity of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocyte for complement may play a role in the immune deficiency present in this disease.
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Logue GL, Huang AT. Human lymphocyte complement receptors. Stimulation of lymphocyte RNA synthesis by complement-coated human red cells. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1977; 8:161-70. [PMID: 902436 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(77)90106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rosén A, Gergely P, Jondal M, Klein G, Britton S. Polyclonal Ig production after Epstein-Barr virus infection of human lymphocytes in vitro. Nature 1977; 267:52-4. [PMID: 193041 DOI: 10.1038/267052a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Eidinger D, Gery I, Elleman C. The inhibition of murine lymphocyte mitotic responses by human and mouse sera. I. Evidence for a role of antibody-independent activation of the alternative complement pathway. Cell Immunol 1977; 30:82-91. [PMID: 862035 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(77)90049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rozing J, Brons NH, Benner R. B-Lymphocyte differentiation in lethally irradiated and reconstituted mice. II. Recovery of humoral immune responsiveness. Cell Immunol 1977; 29:37-53. [PMID: 321137 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(77)90273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ishikawa H, Narimatsu H, Saito K. Mechanisms of the adjuvant effect of nystatin on in vitro antibody response of mouse spleen cells: indication of nystatin as a B-cell mitogen and as a stimulant for polyclonal antibody synthesis in B cells. Microbiol Immunol 1977; 21:137-52. [PMID: 327215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1977.tb00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvanticity of nystatin, one of the polyenic antifungal antibiotics having as its primary target the membrane sterol of eukaryotic cells, was investigated by examining its effect on several functions of mouse spleen cells relevant to immunological phenomena in vitro. Nystatin was found to stimulate significantly DNA synthesis in thymus-independent (B) cells but not in thymus-dependent (T) cells. Like the other B-cell mitogens such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), nystatin elicited nonspecifically polyclonal antibody synthesis in mouse spleen cell cultures, and also restored antibody response of T cell-deficient spleen cells of congenitally athymic nude mice to heterologous erythrocytes (RBC; thymus-dependent antigen). Thus, nystatin and LPS appeared to cause similar changes in the functions of spleen cells relevant to immunological events. However, antagonism but no additive effect in the adjuvanticity was revealed between the two adjuvants. As an interesting finding, the polyclonal generation of anti-RBC antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen cell cultures by stimulation with B-cell mitogen, i.e., either nystatin or LPS, was not inhibited at all by inclusion of any anti-RBC antiserum, whereas, as is well known, the generation of AFC by stimulation with the antigen was specifically suppressed by the corresponding antiserum, indicating a difference in the genesis between the mitogen-induced AFC and the antigen-induced AFC.
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Curry RA, Dierich MP, Pellegrino MA, Hoch JA. Evidence for linkage between HLA antigens and receptors for complement components C3b and C3d in human-mouse hybrids. Immunogenetics 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01576975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hart DA, Streilein JS. Effect of protease inhibitors on mitogen stimulation of hamster lymphoid cells. Exp Cell Res 1976; 102:253-63. [PMID: 987913 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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