1
|
Huang M, Cha Z, Liu R, Lin M, Gafoor NA, Kong T, Ge F, Chen W. Enhancing immunotherapy outcomes by targeted remodeling of the tumor microenvironment via combined cGAS-STING pathway strategies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1399926. [PMID: 38817608 PMCID: PMC11137211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1399926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a groundbreaking advance in the treatment of malignancies such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer, showcasing substantial therapeutic benefits. Nonetheless, the efficacy of ICIs is limited to a small subset of patients, primarily benefiting those with "hot" tumors characterized by significant immune infiltration. The challenge of converting "cold" tumors, which exhibit minimal immune activity, into "hot" tumors to enhance their responsiveness to ICIs is a critical and complex area of current research. Central to this endeavor is the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, a pivotal nexus between innate and adaptive immunity. This pathway's activation promotes the production of type I interferon (IFN) and the recruitment of CD8+ T cells, thereby transforming the tumor microenvironment (TME) from "cold" to "hot". This review comprehensively explores the cGAS-STING pathway's role in reconditioning the TME, detailing the underlying mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity and highlighting the contributions of various immune cells to tumor immunity. Furthermore, we delve into the latest clinical research on STING agonists and their potential in combination therapies, targeting this pathway. The discussion concludes with an examination of the challenges facing the advancement of promising STING agonists in clinical trials and the pressing issues within the cGAS-STING signaling pathway research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingqing Huang
- Third Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuocen Cha
- Third Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, China
- Guizhou Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guizhou, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Mengping Lin
- Third Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Naif Abdul Gafoor
- International Education School of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Tong Kong
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Ge
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenlin Chen
- Third Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feng N, Zhong F, Cai G, Zheng W, Zou H, Gu J, Yuan Y, Zhu G, Liu Z, Bian J. Fusarium Mycotoxins Zearalenone and Deoxynivalenol Reduce Hepatocyte Innate Immune Response after the Listeria monocytogenes Infection by Inhibiting the TLR2/NFκB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119664. [PMID: 37298614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are two common mycotoxins produced by the genus Fusarium and have potential immunotoxic effects that may lead to a weak immune response against bacterial infections. Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), a food-borne pathogenic microorganism ubiquitous in the environment, actively multiplies in the liver, where hepatocytes are capable of resistance through mediated innate immune responses. At present, it is not clear if ZEA and DON affect hepatocyte immune responses to L. monocytogenes infection or the mechanisms involved. Therefore, in this study, in vivo and in vitro models were used to investigate the effects of ZEA and DON on the innate immune responses of hepatocytes and related molecules after L. monocytogenes infection. In vivo studies revealed that ZEA and DON inhibited the toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) pathway in the liver tissue of L. monocytogenes-infected mice, downregulating the expression levels of Nitric oxide (NO), in the liver and repressing the immune response. In addition, ZEA and DON inhibited Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced expression of TLR2 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in Buffalo Rat Liver (BRL 3A) cells in vitro, downregulating the TLR2/NFκB signaling pathway and resulting in the decreased expression levels of NO, causing immunosuppressive effects. In summary, ZEA and DON can negatively regulate NO levels through TLR2/NFκB, inhibiting the innate immune responses of the liver, and aggravate L. monocytogenes infections in mouse livers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fang Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guodong Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang J, Xie T, Ullah I, Mi Y, Li X, Gong Y, He P, Liu Y, Li F, Li J, Lu Z, Zhu B. A VLP-Based Vaccine Displaying HBHA and MTP Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Protective Immune Responses in M. tuberculosis H37Ra Infected Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:941. [PMID: 37243045 PMCID: PMC10224509 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) and M. tuberculosis pili (MTP) are important antigens on the surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To display these antigens effectively, the fusion protein HBHA-MTP with a molecular weight of 20 kD (L20) was inserted into the receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA) fragment of influenza virus and was expressed along with matrix protein M1 in Sf9 insect cells to generate influenza virus-like particles (LV20 in short). The results showed that the insertion of L20 into the envelope of the influenza virus did not affect the self-assembly and morphology of LV20 VLPs. The expression of L20 was successfully verified by transmission electron microscopy. Importantly, it did not interfere with the immunogenicity reactivity of LV20 VLPs. We demonstrated that LV20 combined with the adjuvant composed of DDA and Poly I: C (DP) elicited significantly higher antigen-specific antibodies and CD4+/CD8+ T cell responses than PBS and BCG vaccination in mice. It suggests that the insect cell expression system is an excellent protein production system, and LV20 VLPs could be a novel tuberculosis vaccine candidate for further evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Tao Xie
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Inayat Ullah
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Youjun Mi
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- Institute of Pathogenic Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Respiratory Department of Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Gong
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Pu He
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Fei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Jixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Zengjun Lu
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Olive AJ, Smith CM, Baer CE, Coers J, Sassetti CM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Evasion of Guanylate Binding Protein-Mediated Host Defense in Mice Requires the ESX1 Secretion System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2861. [PMID: 36769182 PMCID: PMC9917499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-intrinsic immune mechanisms control intracellular pathogens that infect eukaryotes. The intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) evolved to withstand cell-autonomous immunity to cause persistent infections and disease. A potent inducer of cell-autonomous immunity is the lymphocyte-derived cytokine IFNγ. While the production of IFNγ by T cells is essential to protect against Mtb, it is not capable of fully eradicating Mtb infection. This suggests that Mtb evades a subset of IFNγ-mediated antimicrobial responses, yet what mechanisms Mtb resists remains unclear. The IFNγ-inducible Guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) are key host defense proteins able to control infections with intracellular pathogens. GBPs were previously shown to directly restrict Mycobacterium bovis BCG yet their role during Mtb infection has remained unknown. Here, we examine the importance of a cluster of five GBPs on mouse chromosome 3 in controlling Mycobacterial infection. While M. bovis BCG is directly restricted by GBPs, we find that the GBPs on chromosome 3 do not contribute to the control of Mtb replication or the associated host response to infection. The differential effects of GBPs during Mtb versus M. bovis BCG infection is at least partially explained by the absence of the ESX1 secretion system from M. bovis BCG, since Mtb mutants lacking the ESX1 secretion system become similarly susceptible to GBP-mediated immune defense. Therefore, this specific genetic interaction between the murine host and Mycobacteria reveals a novel function for the ESX1 virulence system in the evasion of GBP-mediated immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Olive
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Clare M. Smith
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 22710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christina E. Baer
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01650, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 22710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 22710, USA
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01650, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ncube P, Bagheri B, Goosen WJ, Miller MA, Sampson SL. Evidence, Challenges, and Knowledge Gaps Regarding Latent Tuberculosis in Animals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091845. [PMID: 36144447 PMCID: PMC9503773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) pathogens that cause domestic animal and wildlife tuberculosis have received considerably less attention than M. tuberculosis, the primary cause of human tuberculosis (TB). Human TB studies have shown that different stages of infection can exist, driven by host–pathogen interactions. This results in the emergence of heterogeneous subpopulations of mycobacteria in different phenotypic states, which range from actively replicating (AR) cells to viable but slowly or non-replicating (VBNR), viable but non-culturable (VBNC), and dormant mycobacteria. The VBNR, VBNC, and dormant subpopulations are believed to underlie latent tuberculosis (LTB) in humans; however, it is unclear if a similar phenomenon could be happening in animals. This review discusses the evidence, challenges, and knowledge gaps regarding LTB in animals, and possible host–pathogen differences in the MTBC strains M. tuberculosis and M. bovis during infection. We further consider models that might be adapted from human TB research to investigate how the different phenotypic states of bacteria could influence TB stages in animals. In addition, we explore potential host biomarkers and mycobacterial changes in the DosR regulon, transcriptional sigma factors, and resuscitation-promoting factors that may influence the development of LTB.
Collapse
|
6
|
Signori D, Magliocca A, Hayashida K, Graw JA, Malhotra R, Bellani G, Berra L, Rezoagli E. Inhaled nitric oxide: role in the pathophysiology of cardio-cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases. Intensive Care Med Exp 2022; 10:28. [PMID: 35754072 PMCID: PMC9234017 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-022-00455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key molecule in the biology of human life. NO is involved in the physiology of organ viability and in the pathophysiology of organ dysfunction, respectively. In this narrative review, we aimed at elucidating the mechanisms behind the role of NO in the respiratory and cardio-cerebrovascular systems, in the presence of a healthy or dysfunctional endothelium. NO is a key player in maintaining multiorgan viability with adequate organ blood perfusion. We report on its physiological endogenous production and effects in the circulation and within the lungs, as well as the pathophysiological implication of its disturbances related to NO depletion and excess. The review covers from preclinical information about endogenous NO produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to the potential therapeutic role of exogenous NO (inhaled nitric oxide, iNO). Moreover, the importance of NO in several clinical conditions in critically ill patients such as hypoxemia, pulmonary hypertension, hemolysis, cerebrovascular events and ischemia-reperfusion syndrome is evaluated in preclinical and clinical settings. Accordingly, the mechanism behind the beneficial iNO treatment in hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension is investigated. Furthermore, investigating the pathophysiology of brain injury, cardiopulmonary bypass, and red blood cell and artificial hemoglobin transfusion provides a focus on the potential role of NO as a protective molecule in multiorgan dysfunction. Finally, the preclinical toxicology of iNO and the antimicrobial role of NO-including its recent investigation on its role against the Sars-CoV2 infection during the COVID-19 pandemic-are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Signori
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Aurora Magliocca
- Department of Medical Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Kei Hayashida
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jan A Graw
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, CCM/CVK Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- ARDS/ECMO Centrum Charité, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giacomo Bellani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Berra
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Respiratory Care Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
When breaks get hot: inflammatory signaling in BRCA1/2-mutant cancers. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:174-189. [PMID: 35000881 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability and inflammation are intricately connected hallmark features of cancer. DNA repair defects due to BRCA1/2 mutation instigate immune signaling through the cGAS/STING pathway. The subsequent inflammatory signaling provides both tumor-suppressive as well as tumor-promoting traits. To prevent clearance by the immune system, genomically instable cancer cells need to adapt to escape immune surveillance. Currently, it is unclear how genomically unstable cancers, including BRCA1/2-mutant tumors, are rewired to escape immune clearance. Here, we summarize the mechanisms by which genomic instability triggers inflammatory signaling and describe adaptive mechanisms by which cancer cells can 'fly under the radar' of the immune system. Additionally, we discuss how therapeutic activation of the immune system may improve treatment of genomically instable cancers.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yan Z, Wang H, Mu L, Hu ZD, Zheng WQ. Regulatory roles of extracellular vesicles in immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:7311-7318. [PMID: 34616797 PMCID: PMC8464473 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i25.7311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cystic vesicles naturally released by most mammalian cells and bacteria. EV contents include proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. EVs can act as messengers to transmit a variety of molecules to recipient cells and thus play important regulatory roles in intercellular signal transduction. EVs, released by either a host cell or a pathogen, can carry pathogen-associated antigens and thus act as modulators of immune responses. EVs derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected cells can regulate the innate immune response through various pathways, such as regulating the release of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, EVs can mediate antigen presentation and regulate the adaptive immune response by transmitting immunoregulatory molecules to T helper cells. In this review, we summarize the regulatory roles of EVs in the immune response against Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lan Mu
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhi-De Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wen-Qi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
McKell MC, Crowther RR, Schmidt SM, Robillard MC, Cantrell R, Lehn MA, Janssen EM, Qualls JE. Promotion of Anti-Tuberculosis Macrophage Activity by L-Arginine in the Absence of Nitric Oxide. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653571. [PMID: 34054815 PMCID: PMC8160513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are indispensable immune cells tasked at eliminating intracellular pathogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), one of the most virulent intracellular bacterial pathogens known to man, infects and resides within macrophages. While macrophages can be provoked by extracellular stimuli to inhibit and kill Mtb bacilli, these host defense mechanisms can be blocked by limiting nutritional metabolites, such as amino acids. The amino acid L-arginine has been well described to enhance immune function, especially in the context of driving macrophage nitric oxide (NO) production in mice. In this study, we aimed to establish the necessity of L-arginine on anti-Mtb macrophage function independent of NO. Utilizing an in vitro system, we identified that macrophages relied on NO for only half of their L-arginine-mediated host defenses and this L-arginine-mediated defense in the absence of NO was associated with enhanced macrophage numbers and viability. Additionally, we observed macrophage glycolysis to be driven by both L-arginine and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and inhibition of glycolysis or mTOR reduced macrophage control of Mtb as well as macrophage number and viability in the presence of L-arginine. Our data underscore L-arginine as an essential nutrient for macrophage function, not only by fueling anti-mycobacterial NO production, but also as a central regulator of macrophage metabolism and additional host defense mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C McKell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rebecca R Crowther
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Stephanie M Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michelle C Robillard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rachel Cantrell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Maria A Lehn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Parveen S, Lun S, Urbanowski ME, Cardin M, Shen J, Murphy JR, Bishai WR. Effective host-directed therapy for tuberculosis by targeted depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and related cells using a diphtheria toxin-based fusion protein. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1962-1972. [PMID: 33955457 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are present in elevated numbers in TB patients and have been found to be permissive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proliferation. To determine whether depletion of MDSCs may improve host control of TB, we used a novel diphtheria toxin-based fusion protein known as DABIL-4 that targets and depletes IL-4-receptor positive cells. We show that DABIL-4 depletes both PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSC, increases IFNγ + T-cells, and reduces the lung bacillary burden in the mouse TB model. These results indicate that MDSC-depleting therapies targeting the IL-4 receptor are beneficial in TB and offer an avenue towards host-directed TB therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadiya Parveen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The United States of America
| | - Shichun Lun
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The United States of America
| | - Michael E Urbanowski
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The United States of America
| | - Mitchell Cardin
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The United States of America
| | - Jessica Shen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The United States of America
| | - John R Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The United States of America
| | - William R Bishai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gautam K, Negi S, Saini V. Targeting endogenous gaseous signaling molecules as novel host-directed therapies against tuberculosis infection. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:655-670. [PMID: 33641567 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1892091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the complexity of disease and its continuous global spread, there is an urgent need to improvise the strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The current anti-TB regimen lasts for months and warrants strict compliance to clear infection and to minimize the risk of development of multi drug-resistant tuberculosis. This underscores the need to have new and improved therapeutics for TB treatment. Several studies have highlighted the unique ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to exploit host factors to support its survival inside the intracellular environment. One of the key players to mycobacterial disease susceptibility and infection are endogenous gases such as oxygen, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide as the physiological gaseous messengers are considered important to the outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The role of hydrogen sulfide in human tuberculosis is yet not fully elucidated, but this gas has been shown to play a significant role in bacterial respiration, growth and pathogenesis. This review will focus on the host factors majorly endogenous gaseous signaling molecules which contributes to Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival inside the intracellular environment and highlight the potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamini Gautam
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Sheetal Negi
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Vikram Saini
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Updating NO •/HNO interconversion under physiological conditions: A biological implication overview. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 216:111333. [PMID: 33385637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Azanone (HNO/NO-), also called nitroxyl, is a highly reactive compound whose biological role is still a matter of debate. A key issue that remains to be clarified regarding HNO and its biological activity is that of its endogenous formation. Given the overlap of the molecular targets and reactivity of nitric oxide (NO•) and HNO, its chemical biology was perceived to be similar to that of NO• as a biological signaling agent. However, despite their closely related reactivity, NO• and HNO's biochemical pathways are quite different. Moreover, the reduction of nitric oxide to azanone is possible but necessarily coupled to other reactions, which drive the reaction forward, overcoming the unfavorable thermodynamic barrier. The mechanism of this NO•/HNO interplay and its downstream effects in different contexts were studied recently, showing that more than fifteen moderate reducing agents react with NO• producing HNO. Particularly, it is known that the reaction between nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produces HNO. However, this rate constant was not reported yet. In this work, firstly the NO•/H2S effective rate constant was measured as a function of the pH. Then, the implications of these chemical (non-enzymatic), biologically compatible, routes to endogenous HNO formation was discussed. There is no doubt that HNO could be (is?) a new endogenously produced messenger that mediates specific physiological responses, many of which were attributed yet to direct NO• effects.
Collapse
|
13
|
Madhvi A, Mishra H, Chegou NN, Tromp G, Van Heerden CJ, Pietersen RD, Leisching G, Baker B. Distinct host-immune response toward species related intracellular mycobacterial killing: A transcriptomic study. Virulence 2020; 11:170-182. [PMID: 32052695 PMCID: PMC7051142 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1726561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The comparison of the host immune response when challenged with pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of mycobacteria can provide answers to the unresolved question of how pathogens subvert or inhibit an effective response. We infected human monocyte derived macrophages (hMDMs) with different species of mycobacteria, in increasing order of pathogenicity, i.e. M. smegmatis, M. bovis BCG, and M. tuberculosis R179 that had been cultured in the absence of detergents. RNA was isolated post-infection and transcriptomic analysis using amplicons (Ampliseq) revealed 274 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across three species, out of which we selected 19 DEGs for further validation. We used qRT-PCR to confirm the differential expression of 19 DEGs. We studied biological network through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis® (IPA) which revealed up-regulated pathways of the interferon and interleukin family related to the killing of M. smegmatis. Apart from interferon and interleukin family, we found one up-regulated (EIF2AK2) and two down-regulated (MT1A and TRIB3) genes as unique potential targets found by Ampliseq and qRT-PCR which may be involved in the intracellular mycobacterial killing. The roles of these genes have not previously been described in tuberculosis. Multiplex ELISA of culture supernatants showed increased host immune response toward M. smegmatis as compared to M. bovis BCG and M.tb R179. These results enhance our understanding of host immune response against M.tb infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Madhvi
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hridesh Mishra
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Novel N. Chegou
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerard Tromp
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative (SATBBI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carel J. Van Heerden
- DNA Sequencing Unit, Central Analytical Facility (CAF), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - R. D. Pietersen
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gina Leisching
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bienyameen Baker
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chauhan P, Dandapat J, Sarkar A, Saha B. March of Mycobacterium: miRNAs intercept host cell CD40 signalling. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1179. [PMID: 33072321 PMCID: PMC7541823 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease tuberculosis is fatal if untreated. It is caused by the acid‐fast bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium resides and replicates within the alveolar macrophages, causing inflammation and granuloma, wherein macrophage‐T cell interactions enhance the inflammation‐causing pulmonary caseous lesions. The first interactions between Mycobacterium and the receptors on macrophages decide the fate of Mycobacterium because of phagolysosomal impairments and the expression of several miRNAs, which may regulate CD40 expression on macrophages. While the altered phagolysosomal functions impede antigen presentation to the T cell‐expressed antigen receptor, the interactions between the macrophage‐expressed CD40 and the T cell‐expressed CD40‐ligand (CD40L or CD154) provide signals to T cells and Mycobacterium‐infected macrophages. These two functions significantly influence the resolution or persistence of Mycobacterium infection. CD40 controls T‐cell polarisation and host‐protective immunity by eliciting interleukin‐12p40, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species and IFN‐γ production. Indeed, CD40‐deficient mice succumb to low‐dose aerosol infection with Mycobacterium because of deficient interleukin (IL)‐12 production leading to impaired IFN‐γ‐secreting T‐cell response. In contrast, despite generating fewer granulomas, the CD40L‐deficient mice developed anti‐mycobacterial T‐cell responses to the levels observed in the wild‐type mice. These host‐protective responses are significantly subdued by the Mycobacterium‐infected macrophage produced TGF‐β and IL‐10, which promote pro‐mycobacterial T‐cell responses. The CD40‐CD40L‐induced counteractive immune responses against Mycobacterium thus present a conundrum that we explain here with a reconciliatory hypothesis. Experimental validation of the hypothesis will provide a rationale for designing anti‐tubercular immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology Bhubaneswar India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS) Pune India.,Trident Academy of Creative Technology Bhubaneswar India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rizvi A, Shankar A, Chatterjee A, More TH, Bose T, Dutta A, Balakrishnan K, Madugulla L, Rapole S, Mande SS, Banerjee S, Mande SC. Rewiring of Metabolic Network in Mycobacterium tuberculosis During Adaptation to Different Stresses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2417. [PMID: 31736886 PMCID: PMC6828651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) to microbicidal intracellular environment of host macrophages is fundamental to its pathogenicity. However, an in-depth understanding of metabolic adjustments through key reaction pathways and networks is limited. To understand how such changes occur, we measured the cellular metabolome of M. tuberculosis subjected to four microbicidal stresses using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric multiple reactions monitoring (LC-MRM/MS). Overall, 87 metabolites were identified. The metabolites best describing the separation between stresses were identified through multivariate analysis. The coupling of the metabolite measurements with existing genome-scale metabolic model, and using constraint-based simulation led to several new concepts and unreported observations in M. tuberculosis; such as (i) the high levels of released ammonia as an adaptive response to acidic stress was due to increased flux through L-asparaginase rather than urease activity; (ii) nutrient starvation-induced anaplerotic pathway for generation of TCA intermediates from phosphoenolpyruvate using phosphoenolpyruvate kinase; (iii) quenching of protons through GABA shunt pathway or sugar alcohols as possible mechanisms of early adaptation to acidic and oxidative stresses; and (iv) usage of alternate cofactors by the same enzyme as a possible mechanism of rewiring metabolic pathways to overcome stresses. Besides providing new leads and important nodes that can be used for designing intervention strategies, the study advocates the strength of applying flux balance analyses coupled with metabolomics to get a global picture of complex metabolic adjustments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Rizvi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arvind Shankar
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India
| | | | | | - Tungadri Bose
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Kannan Balakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lavanya Madugulla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Sharmila S Mande
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Q, Han W, Niu J, Sun B, Dong W, Li G. Prognostic value of serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels in pulmonary tuberculosis. Respir Res 2019; 20:50. [PMID: 30841876 PMCID: PMC6402089 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) makes chemokine-like functions and plays critical roles in various inflammatory diseases. This study was designed to explore the significance of MIF serum levels in predicting the prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) following anti-TB treatment. Methods Patients diagnosed with culture-confirmed PTB without treatment were included and the serum was collected. Levels of MIF in serum were quantified with immunoassay, and the levels of established biomarkers were also determined, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6). The outcome was estimated with all-cause mortality, with the mortality in 12 months as the primary outcome and the mortality in 3, 6, 9 months as other outcomes. The prognostic value of MIF and other factors in PTB were tested. Results Two hundred eighty-seven PTB patients were included. The median MIF levels in patients with advanced disease, disseminated and drug-resistant TB were significantly higher than that observed in mild -to- moderate disease, non-disseminated and drug-sensitive TB. MIF levels in patients with the outcome of death were higher than those survived [28.0 ng/ml (Inter-quartile range [IQR]: 24.2–33.1) vs. 22.3 ng/ml (IQR: 18.7–26.5); P < 0.001]. Multivariate model analysis was performed for comparing the highest quartiles to the lowest quartile of MIF levels. MIF levels were related to the mortality, with an elevated mortality risk of 236% [Odds ratio (OR) = 3.36; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.21–15.14; P = 0.012]. The model was re-analysis after combing MIF with currently established risk indicators. The obtained Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (±standard error) was elevated from 0.81 (±0.035) to 0.84 (±0.031), with a significant difference before and after adding the MIF (difference, 0.03[0.004]; P = 0.03). Conclusion Serum level of MIF was a better biomarker than CRP or IL-6 for predicting death in HIV-negative PTB patients, and increased MIF serum levels were related to higher mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiang Wang
- Department of Tuberculosis, The first affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No.88, Jiankang road, Weihui, Xinxiang, 453100, China.
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Tuberculosis, The first affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No.88, Jiankang road, Weihui, Xinxiang, 453100, China
| | - Junmei Niu
- Department of Tuberculosis, The first affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No.88, Jiankang road, Weihui, Xinxiang, 453100, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Tuberculosis, The first affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No.88, Jiankang road, Weihui, Xinxiang, 453100, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Tuberculosis, The first affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No.88, Jiankang road, Weihui, Xinxiang, 453100, China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- Department of Tuberculosis, The first affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No.88, Jiankang road, Weihui, Xinxiang, 453100, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Banks DA, Ahlbrand SE, Hughitt VK, Shah S, Mayer-Barber KD, Vogel SN, El-Sayed NM, Briken V. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibits Autocrine Type I IFN Signaling to Increase Intracellular Survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2348-2359. [PMID: 30833347 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The type I IFNs (IFN-α and -β) are important for host defense against viral infections. In contrast, their role in defense against nonviral pathogens is more ambiguous. In this article, we report that IFN-β signaling in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages has a cell-intrinsic protective capacity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis via the increased production of NO. The antimycobacterial effects of type I IFNs were mediated by direct signaling through the IFN-α/β-receptor (IFNAR), as Ab-mediated blocking of IFNAR1 prevented the production of NO. Furthermore, M. tuberculosis is able to inhibit IFNAR-mediated cell signaling and the subsequent transcription of 309 IFN-β-stimulated genes in a dose-dependent way. The molecular mechanism of inhibition by M. tuberculosis involves reduced phosphorylation of the IFNAR-associated protein kinases JAK1 and TYK2, leading to reduced phosphorylation of the downstream targets STAT1 and STAT2. Transwell experiments demonstrated that the M. tuberculosis-mediated inhibition of type I IFN signaling was restricted to infected cells. Overall, our study supports the novel concept that M. tuberculosis evolved to inhibit autocrine type I IFN signaling to evade host defense mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dallas A Banks
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Sarah E Ahlbrand
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - V Keith Hughitt
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Swati Shah
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814; and
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Najib M El-Sayed
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
McNeill E, Stylianou E, Crabtree MJ, Harrington-Kandt R, Kolb AL, Diotallevi M, Hale AB, Bettencourt P, Tanner R, O'Shea MK, Matsumiya M, Lockstone H, Müller J, Fletcher HA, Greaves DR, McShane H, Channon KM. Regulation of mycobacterial infection by macrophage Gch1 and tetrahydrobiopterin. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5409. [PMID: 30573728 PMCID: PMC6302098 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a crucial role in controlling growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), presumably via nitric oxide (NO) mediated killing. Here we show that leukocyte-specific deficiency of NO production, through targeted loss of the iNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), results in enhanced control of M.tb infection; by contrast, loss of iNOS renders mice susceptible to M.tb. By comparing two complementary NO-deficient models, Nos2-/- mice and BH4 deficient Gch1fl/flTie2cre mice, we uncover NO-independent mechanisms of anti-mycobacterial immunity. In both murine and human leukocytes, decreased Gch1 expression correlates with enhanced cell-intrinsic control of mycobacterial infection in vitro. Gene expression analysis reveals that Gch1 deficient macrophages have altered inflammatory response, lysosomal function, cell survival and cellular metabolism, thereby enhancing the control of bacterial infection. Our data thus highlight the importance of the NO-independent functions of Nos2 and Gch1 in mycobacterial control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen McNeill
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
| | | | - Mark J Crabtree
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Anna-Lena Kolb
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Marina Diotallevi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ashley B Hale
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Rachel Tanner
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | | | - Helen Lockstone
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Julius Müller
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Helen A Fletcher
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Keith M Channon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Beccaria C, Silvestrini P, Renna MS, Ortega HH, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE, Baravalle C. Panax ginseng extract reduces Staphylococcus aureus internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells but does not affect macrophages phagocytic activity. Microb Pathog 2018; 122:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
20
|
Ahmed A, Dolasia K, Mukhopadhyay S. Mycobacterium tuberculosisPPE18 Protein Reduces Inflammation and Increases Survival in Animal Model of Sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3587-3598. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
21
|
Ramachandran RA, Lupfer C, Zaki H. The Inflammasome: Regulation of Nitric Oxide and Antimicrobial Host Defence. Adv Microb Physiol 2018; 72:65-115. [PMID: 29778217 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signalling molecule that plays diverse physiological functions including antimicrobial host defence. During microbial infection, NO is synthesized by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which is expressed by host immune cells through the recognition of microbial pattern molecules. Therefore, sensing pathogens or their pattern molecules by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are located at the cell surface, endosomal and phagosomal compartment, or in the cytosol, is key in inducing iNOS and eliciting antimicrobial host defence. A group of cytosolic PRRs is involved in inducing NO and other antimicrobial molecules by forming a molecular complex called the inflammasome. Assembled inflammasomes activate inflammatory caspases, such as caspase-1 and caspase-11, which in turn process proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 into their mature forms and induce pyroptotic cell death. IL-1β and IL-18 play a central role in immunity against microbial infection through activation and recruitment of immune cells, induction of inflammatory molecules, and regulation of antimicrobial mediators including NO. Interestingly, NO can also regulate inflammasome activity in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Here, we discuss molecular mechanisms of inflammasome formation and the inflammasome-mediated regulation of host defence responses during microbial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hasan Zaki
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gormley E, Corner LAL. Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium bovis Infection: the Badger Model As a Paradigm for Understanding Tuberculosis in Animals. Front Vet Sci 2018; 4:247. [PMID: 29379792 PMCID: PMC5775213 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis in animals is caused principally by infection with Mycobacterium bovis and the potential for transmission of infection to humans is often the fundamental driver for surveillance of disease in livestock and wild animals. However, with such a vast array of species susceptible to infection, it is often extremely difficult to gain a detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of infection--a key component of the epidemiology in all affected species. This is important because the development of disease control strategies in animals is determined chiefly by an understanding of the epidemiology of the disease. The most revealing data from which to formulate theories on pathogenesis are that observed in susceptible hosts infected by natural transmission. These data are gathered from detailed studies of the distribution of gross and histological lesions, and the presence and distribution of infection as determined by highly sensitive bacteriology procedures. The information can also be used to establish the baseline for evaluating experimental model systems. The European badger (Meles meles) is one of a very small number of wild animal hosts where detailed knowledge of the pathogenesis of M. bovis infection has been generated from observations in natural-infected animals. By drawing parallels from other animal species, an experimental badger infection model has also been established where infection of the lower respiratory tract mimics infection and the disease observed in natural-infected badgers. This has facilitated the development of diagnostic tests and testing of vaccines that have the potential to control the disease in badgers. In this review, we highlight the fundamental principles of how detailed knowledge of pathogenesis can be used to evaluate specific intervention strategies, and how the badger model may be a paradigm for understanding pathogenesis of tuberculosis in any affected wild animal species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leigh A L Corner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shang ZB, Wang J, Kuai SG, Zhang YY, Ou QF, Pei H, Huang LH. Serum Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor as a Biomarker of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Ann Lab Med 2018; 38:9-16. [PMID: 29071813 PMCID: PMC5700157 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2018.38.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine with chemokine-like functions, has been shown to play a central role in several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, limited information is available regarding the use of MIF as an inflammatory pathway marker in patients with tuberculosis. This study aimed to investigate the association of MIF with IFN-γ and TNF-α in active pulmonary tuberculosis (APTB) following anti-tuberculosis treatment. METHODS The MIF, TNF-α, and IFN-γ serum levels were determined in 47 patients with APTB by cytokine-specific ELISA at four phases: prior to anti-tuberculosis drug treatment (baseline), and following 2, 4, and 6 months of treatment. In addition, we measured the MIF, TNF-α, and IFN-γ serum levels in 50 health controls. RESULTS MIF serum levels were significantly elevated (P<0.05) in patients with APTB prior to treatment compared with that in control subjects, and TNF-α ≥449.7 pg/mL was associated with high MIF levels (≥13.1 ng/mL). MIF levels were significantly reduced (P<0.01) following 2, 4, and 6 months of treatment, with variations in TNF-α and IFN-γ serum levels. MIF levels were positively correlated with the paired TNF-α level at baseline (r=0.1103, P=0.0316) and following 6 months of treatment (r=0.09569, P=0.0364). CONCLUSIONS A reduction in the MIF serum levels in patients with APTB following anti-tuberculosis treatment may positively affect host immune protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Thus, serum MIF levels may constitute a useful marker for assessing therapy effectiveness in patients with APTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Bo Shang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi Huishan People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shou Gang Kuai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi Huishan People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yin Yin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Fang Ou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Hua Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hop HT, Arayan LT, Reyes AWB, Huy TXN, Min W, Lee HJ, Son JS, Kim S. Simultaneous RNA-seq based transcriptional profiling of intracellular Brucella abortus and B. abortus-infected murine macrophages. Microb Pathog 2017; 113:57-67. [PMID: 29054743 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brucella is a zoonotic pathogen that survives within macrophages; however the replicative mechanisms involved are not fully understood. We describe the isolation of sufficient Brucella abortus RNA from primary host cell environment using modified reported methods for RNA-seq analysis, and simultaneously characterize the transcriptional profiles of intracellular B. abortus and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) from BALB/c mice at 24 h (replicative phase) post-infection. Our results revealed that 25.12% (801/3190) and 16.16% (515/3190) of the total B. abortus genes were up-regulated and down-regulated at >2-fold, respectively as compared to the free-living B. abortus. Among >5-fold differentially expressed genes, the up-regulated genes are mostly involved in DNA, RNA manipulations as well as protein biosynthesis and secretion while the down-regulated genes are mainly involved in energy production and metabolism. On the other hand, the host responses during B. abortus infection revealed that 14.01% (6071/43,346) of BMM genes were reproducibly transcribed at >5-fold during infection. Transcription of cytokines, chemokines and transcriptional factors, such as tumor necrosis factor (Tnf), interleukin-1α (Il1α), interleukin-1β (Il1β), interleukin-6 (Il6), interleukin-12 (Il12), chemokine C-X-C motif (CXCL) family, nuclear factor kappa B (Nf-κb), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1), that may contribute to host defense were markedly induced while transcription of various genes involved in cell proliferation and metabolism were suppressed upon B. abortus infection. In conclusion, these data suggest that Brucella modulates gene expression in hostile intracellular environment while simultaneously alters the host pathways that may lead to the pathogen's intracellular survival and infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Tan Hop
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Lauren Togonon Arayan
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tran Xuan Ngoc Huy
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - WonGi Min
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Jang Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Soo Son
- iNtRON Biotechnology, Inc., Room 903, JungAng Induspia, 137, Sagimakgol-ro, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13202, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea; Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jamaati H, Mortaz E, Pajouhi Z, Folkerts G, Movassaghi M, Moloudizargari M, Adcock IM, Garssen J. Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2008. [PMID: 29085351 PMCID: PMC5649180 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is globally known as one of the most important human pathogens. Mtb is estimated to infect nearly one third of the world's population with many subjects having a latent infection. Thus, from an estimated 2 billion people infected with Mtb, less than 10% may develop symptomatic TB. This indicates that the host immune system may constrain pathogen replication in most infected individuals. On entering the lungs of the host, Mtb initially encounters resident alveolar macrophages which can engulf and subsequently eliminate intracellular microbes via a plethora of bactericidal mechanisms including the generation of free radicals such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Nitric oxide (NO), a key anti-mycobacterial molecule, is detected in the exhaled breath of patients infected with Mtb. Recent knowledge regarding the regulatory role of NO in airway function and Mtb proliferation paves the way of exploiting the beneficial effects of this molecule for the treatment of airway diseases. Here, we discuss the importance of NO in the pathogenesis of TB, the diagnostic use of exhaled and urinary NO in Mtb infection and the potential of NO-based treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic Respiratory Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Zeinab Pajouhi
- Chronic Respiratory Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mehrnaz Movassaghi
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Milad Moloudizargari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article summarizes current data regarding the accuracy of pleural fluid tests assisting the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis (TBP). RECENT FINDINGS No pleural fluid test reliably rules-in TBP in settings with low TBP prevalence. Interferon-γ) alone or in combination with adenosine deaminase (ADA) is more reliable than ADA for this purpose in nonlow prevalences. ADA can reliably rule-out TBP in prevalences of less than 40% although in higher prevalences the product of interleukin-27 and ADA is the most accurate rule-out test. SUMMARY The definite diagnosis of TBP requires the isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from pleural fluid or biopsies. Because of the low sensitivity of pleural fluid cultures and the invasiveness of pleural biopsy techniques, the concept of a pleural fluid test that accurately establishes or excludes TBP diagnosis has been proposed. Numerous pleural fluid tests have been evaluated for this purpose with ADA being the most widely accepted one. During the last years, it has been demonstrated that the ability of ADA to rule-in or rule-out TBP is affected by the prevalence of TBP in the setting where the test is used. The complementary use of interferon-γ or interleukin-27 increases the ability of ADA to rule-in or rule-out the disease, respectively.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
In this article, we have described several cellular pathological effects caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESX-1. The effects include induction of necrosis, NOD2 signaling, type I interferon production, and autophagy. We then attempted to suggest that these pathological effects are mediated by the cytosolic access of M. tuberculosis-derived materials as a result of the phagosome-disrupting activity of the major ESX-1 substrate ESAT-6. Such activity of ESAT-6 is most likely due to its pore-forming activity at the membrane. The amyloidogenic characteristic of ESAT-6 is reviewed here as a potential mechanism of membrane pore formation. In addition to ESAT-6, the ESX-1 substrate EspB interferes with membrane-mediated innate immune mechanisms such as efferocytosis and autophagy, most likely through its ability to bind phospholipids. Overall, the M. tuberculosis ESX-1 secretion system appears to be a specialized system for the deployment of host membrane-targeting proteins, whose primary function is to interrupt key steps in innate immune mechanisms against pathogens. Inhibitors that block the ESX-1 system or block host factors critical for ESX-1 toxicity have been identified and should represent attractive potential new antituberculosis drugs.
Collapse
|
28
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE44 (Rv2770c) is involved in response to multiple stresses and promotes the macrophage expression of IL-12 p40 and IL-6 via the p38, ERK, and NF-κB signaling axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:319-329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
29
|
Ogawa M, Satoh M, Kataoka M, Ando S, Saijo M. Nitric oxide enhanced the growth of an obligated intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi in murine macrophages. Microb Pathog 2017; 107:335-340. [PMID: 28412201 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Orientia tsutsugamushi is the causative agent of scrub typhus. It is an obligate intracellular bacterium that grows only in eukaryotic cells. Macrophages play an important role in innate immunity by surveilling the human body for pathogens. In present study, it was demonstrated that O. tsutsugamushi propagated well in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages, but not in non-activated macrophages. In LPS-activated macrophages, the expression of Nos2, which encodes the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), was highly upregulated compared to those in non-activated macrophages. Parallel to this upregulation, high NO production was observed in LPS-activated macrophages. Transmissible electron microscopy showed that O. tsutsugamushi replicated in the cytosol of macrophages. Thus, O. tsutsugamushi was thought to escape the phagosomes at an early stage of phagosome maturation to avoid the bactericidal effect of NO. Furthermore, O. tsutsugamushi growth was enhanced in NO donor-supplied RAW 264.7 macrophages, as well as in LPS-activated, but not in non-activated macrophages. Consequently, these results suggested that NO was rather essential for enhancing the replication of O. tsutsugamushi in RAW 264.7 macrophages, despite the typically detrimental effects of NO against intracellular pathogens. In the present study, NO was suggested to activate specific pathways to enhance the growth of O. tsutsugamushi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motohiko Ogawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Satoh
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shuji Ando
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Moreira-Teixeira L, Sousa J, McNab FW, Torrado E, Cardoso F, Machado H, Castro F, Cardoso V, Gaifem J, Wu X, Appelberg R, Castro AG, O'Garra A, Saraiva M. Type I IFN Inhibits Alternative Macrophage Activation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Leads to Enhanced Protection in the Absence of IFN-γ Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4714-4726. [PMID: 27849167 PMCID: PMC5133670 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis causes ∼1.5 million deaths every year, thus remaining a leading cause of death from infectious diseases in the world. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that type I IFN plays a detrimental role in tuberculosis pathogenesis, likely by interfering with IFN-γ–dependent immunity. In this article, we reveal a novel mechanism by which type I IFN may confer protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the absence of IFN-γ signaling. We show that production of type I IFN by M. tuberculosis–infected macrophages induced NO synthase 2 and inhibited arginase 1 gene expression. In vivo, absence of both type I and type II IFN receptors led to strikingly increased levels of arginase 1 gene expression and protein activity in infected lungs, characteristic of alternatively activated macrophages. This correlated with increased lung bacterial burden and pathology and decreased survival compared with mice deficient in either receptor. Increased expression of other genes associated with alternatively activated macrophages, as well as increased expression of Th2-associated cytokines and decreased TNF expression, were also observed. Thus, in the absence of IFN-γ signaling, type I IFN suppressed the switching of macrophages from a more protective classically activated phenotype to a more permissive alternatively activated phenotype. Together, our data support a model in which suppression of alternative macrophage activation by type I IFN during M. tuberculosis infection, in the absence of IFN-γ signaling, contributes to host protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia Moreira-Teixeira
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; .,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Sousa
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Finlay W McNab
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Egídio Torrado
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipa Cardoso
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Henrique Machado
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Flávia Castro
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Vânia Cardoso
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Gaifem
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Xuemei Wu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Gil Castro
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6NP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, and Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Batista-Silva LR, Rodrigues LS, Vivarini ADC, Costa FDMR, Mattos KAD, Costa MRSN, Rosa PS, Toledo-Pinto TG, Dias AA, Moura DF, Sarno EN, Lopes UG, Pessolani MCV. Mycobacterium leprae-induced Insulin-like Growth Factor I attenuates antimicrobial mechanisms, promoting bacterial survival in macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27632. [PMID: 27282338 PMCID: PMC4901318 DOI: 10.1038/srep27632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae (ML), the etiologic agent of leprosy, can subvert macrophage antimicrobial activity by mechanisms that remain only partially understood. In the present study, the participation of hormone insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in this phenomenum was investigated. Macrophages from the dermal lesions of the disseminated multibacillary lepromatous form (LL) of leprosy expressed higher levels of IGF-I than those from the self-limited paucibacillary tuberculoid form (BT). Higher levels of IGF-I secretion by ML-infected macrophages were confirmed in ex vivo and in vitro studies. Of note, the dampening of IGF-I signaling reverted the capacity of ML-infected human and murine macrophages to produce antimicrobial molecules and promoted bacterial killing. Moreover, IGF-I was shown to inhibit the JAK/STAT1-dependent signaling pathways triggered by both mycobacteria and IFN-γ most probably through its capacity to induce the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3). Finally, these in vitro findings were corroborated by in vivo observations in which higher SOCS3 expression and lower phosphorylation of STAT1 levels were found in LL versus BT dermal lesions. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that IGF-I contributes to the maintenance of a functional program in infected macrophages that suits ML persistence in the host, reinforcing a key role for IGF-I in leprosy pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L R Batista-Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aislan de Carvalho Vivarini
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 21940-590, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - T G Toledo-Pinto
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Alves Dias
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 21940-590, RJ, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SHE. Versatile myeloid cell subsets contribute to tuberculosis-associated inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2191-202. [PMID: 26140356 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), typically affects the lung and causes profound morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Recent advances in cellular immunology emphasize the complexity of myeloid cell subsets controlling TB inflammation. The specialization of myeloid cell subsets for particular immune processes has tailored their roles in protection and pathology. Among myeloid cells, dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the induction of adaptive immunity, macrophages predominantly harbor Mtb within TB granulomas and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) orchestrate lung damage. However, within each myeloid cell population, diverse phenotypes with unique functions are currently recognized, differentially influencing TB pneumonia and granuloma functionality. More recently, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been identified at the site of Mtb infection. Along with PMNs, MDSCs accumulate within the inflamed lung, interact with granuloma-residing cells and contribute to exuberant inflammation. In this review, we discuss the contribution of different myeloid cell subsets to inflammation in TB by highlighting their interactions with Mtb and their role in lung pathology. Uncovering the manifold nature of myeloid cells in TB pathogenesis will inform the development of future immune therapies aimed at tipping the inflammation balance to the benefit of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Maggio S, Takeda K, Stark F, Meierovics AI, Yabe I, Cowley SC. Control of Francisella tularensis Intracellular Growth by Pulmonary Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138565. [PMID: 26379269 PMCID: PMC4575024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulence of F. tularensis is often associated with its ability to grow in macrophages, although recent studies show that Francisella proliferates in multiple host cell types, including pulmonary epithelial cells. Thus far little is known about the requirements for killing of F. tularensis in the non-macrophage host cell types that support replication of this organism. Here we sought to address this question through the use of a murine lung epithelial cell line (TC-1 cells). Our data show that combinations of the cytokines IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-17A activated murine pulmonary epithelial cells to inhibit the intracellular growth of the F. tularensis Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) and the highly virulent F. tularensis Schu S4 strain. Although paired combinations of IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-17A all significantly controlled LVS growth, simultaneous treatment with all three cytokines had the greatest effect on LVS growth inhibition. In contrast, Schu S4 was more resistant to cytokine-induced growth effects, exhibiting significant growth inhibition only in response to all three cytokines. Since one of the main antimicrobial mechanisms of activated macrophages is the release of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) via the activity of iNOS, we investigated the role of RNI and iNOS in Francisella growth control by pulmonary epithelial cells. NOS2 gene expression was significantly up-regulated in infected, cytokine-treated pulmonary epithelial cells in a manner that correlated with LVS and Schu S4 growth control. Treatment of LVS-infected cells with an iNOS inhibitor significantly reversed LVS killing in cytokine-treated cultures. Further, we found that mouse pulmonary epithelial cells produced iNOS during in vivo respiratory LVS infection. Overall, these data demonstrate that lung epithelial cells produce iNOS both in vitro and in vivo, and can inhibit Francisella intracellular growth via reactive nitrogen intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Maggio
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Felicity Stark
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anda I. Meierovics
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Idalia Yabe
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Siobhan C. Cowley
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Macedo AA, Silva APC, Mol JPS, Costa LF, Garcia LNN, Araújo MS, Martins Filho OA, Paixão TA, Santos RL. The abcEDCBA-Encoded ABC Transporter and the virB Operon-Encoded Type IV Secretion System of Brucella ovis Are Critical for Intracellular Trafficking and Survival in Ovine Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138131. [PMID: 26366863 PMCID: PMC4569489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella ovis infection is associated with epididymitis, orchitis and infertility in rams. Most of the information available on B. ovis and host cell interaction has been generated using murine macrophages or epithelial cell lines, but the interaction between B. ovis and primary ovine macrophages has not been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the B. ovis abcEDCBA-encoded ABC transporter and the virB operon-encoded Type IV Secretion System (T4SS) during intracellular survival of B. ovis in ovine peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages. ΔabcBA and ΔvirB2 mutant strains were unable to survive in the intracellular environment when compared to the WT B. ovis at 48 hours post infection (hpi). In addition, these mutant strains cannot exclude the lysosomal marker LAMP1 from its vacuolar membrane, and their vacuoles do not acquire the endoplasmic reticulum marker calreticulin, which takes place in the WT B. ovis containing vacuole. Higher levels of nitric oxide production were observed in macrophages infected with WT B. ovis at 48 hpi when compared to macrophages infected with the ΔabcBA or ΔvirB2 mutant strains. Conversely, higher levels of reactive oxygen species were detected in macrophages infected with the ΔabcBA or ΔvirB2 mutant strains at 48 hpi when compared to macrophages infected with the WT strain. Our results demonstrate that B. ovis is able to persist and multiply in ovine macrophages, while ΔabcBA and ΔvirB2 mutations prevent intracellular multiplication, favor phagolysosome fusion, and impair maturation of the B. ovis vacuole towards an endoplasmic reticulum-derived compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Auricelio A. Macedo
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana P. C. Silva
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. S. Mol
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana F. Costa
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luize N. N. Garcia
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcio S. Araújo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiane A. Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato L. Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hampel A, Huber C, Geffers R, Spona-Friedl M, Eisenreich W, Bange FC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is a Natural Ornithine Aminotransferase (rocD) Mutant and Depends on Rv2323c for Growth on Arginine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136914. [PMID: 26368558 PMCID: PMC4569260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) possesses a genetic repertoire for metabolic pathways, which are specific and fit to its intracellular life style. Under in vitro conditions, Mtb is known to use arginine as a nitrogen source, but the metabolic pathways for arginine utilization have not been identified. Here we show that, in the presence of arginine, Mtb upregulates a gene cluster which includes an ornithine aminotransferase (rocD) and Rv2323c, a gene of unknown function. Isotopologue analysis by using 13C- or 15N-arginine revealed that in Mtb arginine is not only used as nitrogen source but also as carbon source for the formation of amino acids, in particular of proline. Surprisingly, rocD, which is widespread in other bacteria and is part of the classical arginase pathway turned out to be naturally deleted in Mtb, but not in non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Mtb lacking Rv2323c showed a growth defect on arginine, did not produce proline from arginine, and incorporated less nitrogen derived from arginine in its core nitrogen metabolism. We conclude that the highly induced pathway for arginine utilization in Mtb differs from that of other bacteria including non-tuberculous mycobacteria, probably reflecting a specific metabolic feature of intracellular Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Hampel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical School Hannover, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Research Group Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Franz-Christoph Bange
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical School Hannover, 30625 Hanover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
George R, Cavalcante R, Jr CC, Marques E, Waugh JB, Unlap MT. Use of siRNA molecular beacons to detect and attenuate mycobacterial infection in macrophages. World J Exp Med 2015; 5:164-181. [PMID: 26309818 PMCID: PMC4543811 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i3.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the leading infectious diseases plaguing mankind and is mediated by the facultative pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Once the pathogen enters the body, it subverts the host immune defenses and thrives for extended periods of time within the host macrophages in the lung granulomas, a condition called latent tuberculosis (LTB). Persons with LTB are prone to reactivation of the disease when the body’s immunity is compromised. Currently there are no reliable and effective diagnosis and treatment options for LTB, which necessitates new research in this area. The mycobacterial proteins and genes mediating the adaptive responses inside the macrophage is largely yet to be determined. Recently, it has been shown that the mce operon genes are critical for host cell invasion by the mycobacterium and for establishing a persistent infection in both in vitro and in mouse models of tuberculosis. The YrbE and Mce proteins which are encoded by the MTB mce operons display high degrees of homology to the permeases and the surface binding protein of the ABC transports, respectively. Similarities in structure and cell surface location impute a role in cell invasion at cholesterol rich regions and immunomodulation. The mce4 operon is also thought to encode a cholesterol transport system that enables the mycobacterium to derive both energy and carbon from the host membrane lipids and possibly generating virulence mediating metabolites, thus enabling the bacteria in its long term survival within the granuloma. Various deletion mutation studies involving individual or whole mce operon genes have shown to be conferring varying degrees of attenuation of infectivity or at times hypervirulence to the host MTB, with the deletion of mce4A operon gene conferring the greatest degree of attenuation of virulence. Antisense technology using synthetic siRNAs has been used in knocking down genes in bacteria and over the years this has evolved into a powerful tool for elucidating the roles of various genes mediating infectivity and survival in mycobacteria. Molecular beacons are a newer class of antisense RNA tagged with a fluorophore/quencher pair and their use for in vivo detection and knockdown of mRNA is rapidly gaining popularity.
Collapse
|
37
|
Correlates of Vaccine-Induced Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Revealed in Comparative Analyses of Lymphocyte Populations. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:1096-108. [PMID: 26269537 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00301-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A critical hindrance to the development of a novel vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a lack of understanding of protective correlates of immunity and of host factors involved in a successful adaptive immune response. Studies from our group and others have used a mouse-based in vitro model system to assess correlates of protection. Here, using this coculture system and a panel of whole-cell vaccines with varied efficacy, we developed a comprehensive approach to understand correlates of protection. We compared the gene and protein expression profiles of vaccine-generated immune peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) to the profiles found in immune splenocytes. PBLs not only represent a clinically relevant cell population, but comparing the expression in these populations gave insight into compartmentally specific mechanisms of protection. Additionally, we performed a direct comparison of host responses induced when immune cells were cocultured with either the vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG or virulent M. tuberculosis. These comparisons revealed host-specific and bacterium-specific factors involved in protection against virulent M. tuberculosis. Most significantly, we identified a set of 13 core molecules induced in the most protective vaccines under all of the conditions tested. Further validation of this panel of mediators as a predictor of vaccine efficacy will facilitate vaccine development, and determining how each promotes adaptive immunity will advance our understanding of antimycobacterial immune responses.
Collapse
|
38
|
Luo H, Zeng J, Huang Q, Liu M, Abdalla AE, Xie L, Wang H, Xie J. Mycobacterium tuberculosisRv1265 promotes mycobacterial intracellular survival and alters cytokine profile of the infected macrophage. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:585-99. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1046935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
39
|
Pedruzzi G, Rao KV, Chatterjee S. Mathematical model of mycobacterium–host interaction describes physiology of persistence. J Theor Biol 2015; 376:105-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
40
|
Silva-Sánchez A, Meza-Pérez S, Flores-Langarica A, Donis-Maturano L, Estrada-García I, Calderón-Amador J, Hernández-Pando R, Idoyaga J, Steinman RM, Flores-Romo L. ESAT-6 Targeting to DEC205+ Antigen Presenting Cells Induces Specific-T Cell Responses against ESAT-6 and Reduces Pulmonary Infection with Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124828. [PMID: 25915045 PMCID: PMC4411092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Airways infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is contained mostly by T cell responses, however, Mtb has developed evasion mechanisms which affect antigen presenting cell (APC) maturation/recruitment delaying the onset of Ag-specific T cell responses. Hypothetically, bypassing the natural infection routes by delivering antigens directly to APCs may overcome the pathogen's naturally evolved evasion mechanisms, thus facilitating the induction of protective immune responses. We generated a murine monoclonal fusion antibody (α-DEC-ESAT) to deliver Early Secretory Antigen Target (ESAT)-6 directly to DEC205+ APCs and to assess its in vivo effects on protection associated responses (IFN-γ production, in vivo CTL killing, and pulmonary mycobacterial load). Treatment with α-DEC-ESAT alone induced ESAT-6-specific IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells and prime-boost immunization prior to Mtb infection resulted in early influx (d14 post-infection) and increased IFN-γ+ production by specific T cells in the lungs, compared to scarce IFN-γ production in control mice. In vivo CTL killing was quantified in relevant tissues upon transferring target cells loaded with mycobacterial antigens. During infection, α-DEC-ESAT-treated mice showed increased target cell killing in the lungs, where histology revealed cellular infiltrate and considerably reduced bacterial burden. Targeting the mycobacterial antigen ESAT-6 to DEC205+ APCs before infection expands specific T cell clones responsible for early T cell responses (IFN-γ production and CTL activity) and substantially reduces lung bacterial burden. Delivering mycobacterial antigens directly to APCs provides a unique approach to study in vivo the role of APCs and specific T cell responses to assess their potential anti-mycobacterial functions.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Bacterial Load
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunization
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Peptides/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Silva-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Cinvestav-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Department of Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Selene Meza-Pérez
- Department of Cell Biology, Cinvestav-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Department of Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Flores-Langarica
- Physiology and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Physiology and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ralph M. Steinman
- Physiology and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kedzierska K, Paukovics G, Handley A, Hewish M, Hocking J, Cameron PU, Crowe SM. Interferon-gamma Therapy Activates Human Monocytes for Enhanced Phagocytosis ofMycobacterium aviumComplex in HIV-Infected Individuals. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2015; 5:80-5. [PMID: 15116283 DOI: 10.1310/t4r0-wbpl-q2q6-tu49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Defective immunological function of cells of the macrophage lineage contributes to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Because monocyte/macrophage function is enhanced by cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), the use of this immunomodulator is of potential clinical interest as adjunctive immunotherapy in immunosuppressed individuals. In this study, we show that adjunctive IFN-gamma treatment in an HIV-infected individual with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection increased phagocytosis of MAC by blood monocytes when compared to cells from an HIV-infected patient who was receiving standard chemotherapy alone. Enhanced phagocytic efficiency resulting from IFN-gamma therapy was associated with increased surface expression of MHC II (HLA-DR), a phagocytic receptor (CD16), and the activation marker (CD69), although the levels of activation markers were dissimilar at baseline in the two participants. These results imply that IFN-gamma may be useful in restoring antimycobacterial function in immunosuppressed patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Kedzierska
- AIDS Pathogenesis Research Unit, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, and Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
McNab FW, Ewbank J, Howes A, Moreira-Teixeira L, Martirosyan A, Ghilardi N, Saraiva M, O'Garra A. Type I IFN induces IL-10 production in an IL-27-independent manner and blocks responsiveness to IFN-γ for production of IL-12 and bacterial killing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3600-12. [PMID: 25187652 PMCID: PMC4170673 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by the intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, currently causes ∼1.4 million deaths per year, and it therefore remains a leading global health problem. The immune response during tuberculosis remains incompletely understood, particularly regarding immune factors that are harmful rather than protective to the host. Overproduction of the type I IFN family of cytokines is associated with exacerbated tuberculosis in both mouse models and in humans, although the mechanisms by which type I IFN promotes disease are not well understood. We have investigated the effect of type I IFN on M. tuberculosis–infected macrophages and found that production of host-protective cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-1β is inhibited by exogenous type I IFN, whereas production of immunosuppressive IL-10 is promoted in an IL-27–independent manner. Furthermore, much of the ability of type I IFN to inhibit cytokine production was mediated by IL-10. Additionally, type I IFN compromised macrophage activation by the lymphoid immune response through severely disrupting responsiveness to IFN-γ, including M. tuberculosis killing. These findings describe important mechanisms by which type I IFN inhibits the immune response during tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finlay W McNab
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom;
| | - John Ewbank
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Ashleigh Howes
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Moreira-Teixeira
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute and Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group, Portugal Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; and
| | - Anna Martirosyan
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute and Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group, Portugal Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; and
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vrba-Pech A, Fol M, Krawczyk M, Kowalewicz-Kulbat M, Kwiatkowska S. Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from the population of Łódź, Poland stimulated macrophages to the lower production of IL-12 and NO when compared to the virulent H37Rv strain. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:383-8. [PMID: 24888865 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The course of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and the outcome of clinically active tuberculosis depend on the complex interactions between the host immune system and M. tuberculosis properties. The objective of the study was to examine the virulence of local Mtb isolates from the population of Łódź in Poland. Thirty six local Mtb strains of total 234 with known transmission in the local community were randomly selected for the study. The production of IL-12 and NO by murine macrophages stimulated with Mtb isolates was assessed and compared to that of virulent H37Rv strain. It was found that only 3 strains generated significantly higher level of NO production comparing with H37Rv strain, while 21 clinical isolates (58% of total) stimulated murine macrophages to lower (p < 0.05) NO production. As many as ten Mtb isolates did not induced IL-12 production at all, and only four clinical strains induced significantly greater amounts of IL-12 than H37Rv strain. No correlation between IL-12 and NO production by Mtb isolates was found. There were no differences between clustered and non-clustered strains. Low macrophages activation by local Mtb isolates may indicate their high virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Vrba-Pech
- Department of Pulmonology and Allergology, Medical University of Łódź, Kopcińskiego Str. 22, 90-153 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Marek Fol
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, University of Łódź, Banacha Str. 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Michał Krawczyk
- Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Center of Lung Disease Treatment and Rehabilitation in Łódź, Okólna Str. 181, 91-520 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kowalewicz-Kulbat
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, University of Łódź, Banacha Str. 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Kwiatkowska
- Department of Pulmonology and Allergology, Medical University of Łódź, Kopcińskiego Str. 22, 90-153 Łódź, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Novais FO, Nguyen BT, Beiting DP, Carvalho LP, Glennie ND, Passos S, Carvalho EM, Scott P. Human classical monocytes control the intracellular stage of Leishmania braziliensis by reactive oxygen species. J Infect Dis 2014; 209:1288-96. [PMID: 24403561 PMCID: PMC3969552 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis are intracellular parasites that cause unique clinical forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Previous studies with other leishmania species demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) control promastigotes, the infective stage of the parasite, but not the amastigote form that exists in the mammalian host. Here we show that ROS inhibits growth of L. braziliensis amastigotes in resting monocytes, and that classical monocytes are primarily responsible for this control. ROS, but not nitric oxide, also contributed to killing of L. braziliensis by IFN-γ activated monocytes. Furthermore, by gene expression profiling of human lesions we found greater expression of genes associated with ROS, but not nitric oxide, compared to normal skin. This study shows that ROS are important for control of L. braziliensis both at the initial stages of infection, as well as at later time points, and highlights that monocyte subsets may play different roles during leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O. Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ba T. Nguyen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel P. Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais-INCT-DT(CNPq/MCT), Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Nelson D. Glennie
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sara Passos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais-INCT-DT(CNPq/MCT), Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais-INCT-DT(CNPq/MCT), Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
|
47
|
da Silva MV, Figueiredo AA, Machado JR, Castellano LC, Alexandre PBD, Oliveira RF, Faria GEL, Pereira SAL, Rodrigues DBR, Rodrigues V. T Cell Activation and Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Clinically Cured Tuberculosis Are Time-Dependent and Accompanied by Upregulation of IL-10. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65492. [PMID: 23824716 PMCID: PMC3688829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Th1 cytokines are essential for the control of M. tuberculosis infection. The role of IL-10 in tuberculosis is controversial and there is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that the relationship between Th1 cytokines and IL-10 is not as antagonistic as it was first believed, and that these cytokines may complement each other in infectious diseases. Methods The present study evaluated the activating capacity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell repertoire in response to antigen stimulation through the expression of CD69 using Flow Cytometry, as well as the functionality of PBMCs by determining the cytokine profile in patients with active tuberculosis and in clinically cured patients after in vitro stimulation using ELISA. Treated patients were subdivided according to time after clinical cure (<12 months or >12 months post-treatment). Results We observed that T cell activation was higher in TB-treated patients, especially CD8+ T cell activation in TB-Treated >1 year. Th1 cytokines were significantly higher in TB-Treated, and the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α increased continuously after clinical cure. Moreover, IL-10 production was significantly higher in cured patients and it was also enhanced in cured patients over time after treatment. Th17, Th2 and Th22 cytokines showed no statistically significant differences between Healthy Donors, Active-TB and TB-Treated. Conclusions This study describes a scenario in which potentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation and increased Th1 cytokine production are associated with the clinical cure of tuberculosis in the absence of significant changes in Th2 cytokine production and is accompanied by increased production of IL-10. In contrast to other infections with intracellular microorganisms, this response occurs later after the end of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Vinícius da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wong KW, Jacobs WR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits human interferon γ to stimulate macrophage extracellular trap formation and necrosis. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:109-19. [PMID: 23475311 PMCID: PMC3666134 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils form extracellular traps during M. tuberculosis infection, but a similar phenomenon has not been reported in human macrophages. Here we demonstrate that M. tuberculosis induces release of extracellular traps from human macrophages. This process is regulated by elastase activity, previously shown to regulate formation of extracellular traps by neutrophils. Interestingly, formation of extracellular traps by macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection is inducible by interferon γ (IFN-γ). These traps are mainly produced by heavily infected macrophages. Accordingly, IFN-γ is found to stimulate M. tuberculosis aggregation in macrophages. Both IFN-γ–inducible events, extracellular trap formation and mycobacterial aggregation, require the ESX-1 secretion system. In addition, IFN-γ is found to enhance ESX-1–mediated macrophage necrosis. In the absence of ESX-1, IFN-γ does not restore any extracellular trap formation, mycobacterial aggregation, or macrophage necrosis. Thus, initial characterization of macrophage extracellular trap formation due to M. tuberculosis infection led to the uncovering of a novel role for IFN-γ in amplifying multiple effects of the mycobacterial ESX-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Wing Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hart BE, Tapping RI. Differential trafficking of TLR1 I602S underlies host protection against pathogenic mycobacteria. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:5347-55. [PMID: 23105135 PMCID: PMC3504178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We recently identified I602S as a frequent single-nucleotide polymorphism of human TLR1 that greatly inhibits cell surface trafficking, confers hyporesponsiveness to TLR1 agonists, and protects against the mycobacterial diseases leprosy and tuberculosis. Because mycobacteria are known to manipulate the TLR system to their advantage, we hypothesize that the hyporesponsive 602S variant may confer protection by enabling the host to overcome this immune subversion. We report that primary human monocytes and macrophages from homozygous TLR1 602S individuals are resistant to mycobacterial-induced downregulation of macrophage MHC class II, CD64, and IFN-γ responses compared with individuals who harbor the TLR1 602I variant. Additionally, when challenged with mycobacterial agonists, macrophages from TLR1 602S/S individuals resist induction of host arginase-1, an enzyme that depletes cellular arginine stores required for the production of antimicrobial reactive nitrogen intermediates. The differences in cell activation mediated by TLR1 602S and TLR1 602I are observed upon stimulation with soluble mycobacterial-derived agonists but not with whole mycobacterial cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the TLR1 602S variant protects against mycobacterial disease by preventing soluble mycobacterial products, perhaps released from granulomas, from disarming myeloid cells prior to their encounter with whole mycobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E. Hart
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Richard I. Tapping
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Li W, Deng G, Li M, Liu X, Wang Y. Roles of Mucosal Immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Tuberc Res Treat 2012; 2012:791728. [PMID: 23213508 PMCID: PMC3504404 DOI: 10.1155/2012/791728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is one of the world's leading infectious causes of morbidity and mortality. As a mucosal-transmitted pathogen, Mtb infects humans and animals mainly through the mucosal tissue of the respiratory tract. Apart from providing a physical barrier against the invasion of pathogen, the major function of the respiratory mucosa may be to serve as the inductive sites to initiate mucosal immune responses and sequentially provide the first line of defense for the host to defend against this pathogen. A large body of studies in the animals and humans have demonstrated that the mucosal immune system, rather than the systemic immune system, plays fundamental roles in the host's defense against Mtb infection. Therefore, the development of new vaccines and novel delivery routes capable of directly inducing respiratory mucosal immunity is emphasized for achieving enhanced protection from Mtb infection. In this paper, we outline the current state of knowledge regarding the mucosal immunity against Mtb infection, including the development of TB vaccines, and respiratory delivery routes to enhance mucosal immunity are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, 539 W. Helanshan Road, Xixia District, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Guangcun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, 539 W. Helanshan Road, Xixia District, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, 539 W. Helanshan Road, Xixia District, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, 539 W. Helanshan Road, Xixia District, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, 539 W. Helanshan Road, Xixia District, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| |
Collapse
|