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Méndez García M, García de Llasera MP, Lara Ruiz ME, Sevilla Agustín CU. Benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene removal by microalgae in the presence of triazine herbicides: Matrix solid-phase dispersion and solid-phase extraction (MSPD/SPE) for HPLC-UV analysis of the different culture components. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1731:465194. [PMID: 39047443 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decade, human activities in the industrial and agricultural sectors have significantly increased the concentration of persistent and harmful pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. The use of microorganisms is a green strategy for the bio-removal of certain contaminants. However, other pollutants in the same ecosystems can reduce their degrading activity and even affect their survival. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) and benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) removal by Selenastrum capricornutum in the presence of triazine herbicides, compounds mainly used in broadleaf weeds. The interest of this work focused on identifying in which of the microalgal components the degrading activity is best evidenced and affected. For this purpose, the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction procedures and HPLC-UV analysis allowed the BbF and BkF trace quantification in biomass, liquid medium, and cell lysate separately from cultures exposed to these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) alone or with herbicides. The recovery percentages were between 78 and 94 %, good linearity (r2 ≈ 0.99), precision values measured as RSD < 15 %, and limits of detection (LOQs) at levels of ng mL-1 and ng mg-1 were obtained. The individual PAH amounts measured in the components of microalgae cultures show similar removal kinetics (removal percentages: 82-89 %). Likewise, the analysis demonstrated that the removal of PAHs is not affected in the presence of triazine herbicides (atrazine and cyanazine) and with similar removal percentages (79-86 %) compared to those cultures exposed to individual PAHs (74-83 %). These results support the possible real-world applications of PAH removal by extracts from S. capricornutum in aquatic environments contaminated with PAHs and near agriculture areas where triazine herbicides are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Méndez García
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F., 04510, Mexico.
| | - Martha Patricia García de Llasera
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F., 04510, Mexico
| | - María Elena Lara Ruiz
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Carlos Uriel Sevilla Agustín
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F., 04510, Mexico
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Méndez García M, García de Llasera MP. Benzo(k)fluoranthene and benzo(b)fluoranthene degradation by Selenastrum capricornutum and identification of metabolites using HPLC-FD and HPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133444. [PMID: 38237438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Selenastrum capricornutum efficiently degrades high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW PAHs). Until now, there are few studies on the benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) and benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) biodegradation by this microalga. For this reason, in the present work, extracts obtained from cultures of S. capricornutum were incubated with BkF and BbF individually, and analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence and different mass spectrometry detection modes: i) the HPLC-ESI(+)-MS/MS (MRM mode) analysis that confirmed the formation of monohydroxylated and dihydrodiol metabolites indicating that these PAHs could be simultaneously degraded through the monooxygenase and dioxygenase; ii) HPLC-ESI(+)-MS (full scan mode) that showed the formation of key metabolites containing four and two aromatic rings possibly resulting from aromatic ring-opening oxygenases, not known until now in microalgae; iii) HPLC-FD analysis that confirmed the individual BkF and BbF degradation occurring in extra- and intra-cellular extracts, indicating that an oxygenase enzyme complex is released by microalgae cells to the external environment to perform HMW PAHs biodegradation. So, this work presents new insights into the metabolic pathways of BkF and BbF biodegradation by S. capricornutum; likewise, the intra- and extra-cellular extracts of this microalgae have great potential to be applied in environmental procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Méndez García
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Patricia García de Llasera
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF04510, Mexico.
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Banerjee S, Gupta N, Pramanik K, Gope M, GhoshThakur R, Karmakar A, Gogoi N, Hoque RR, Mandal NC, Balachandran S. Microbes and microbial strategies in carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons remediation: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:1811-1840. [PMID: 38063960 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Degradation, detoxification, or removal of the omnipresent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the ecosphere as well as their prevention from entering into food chain has never appeared simple. In this context, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable solutions like microbe-mediated strategies have been adopted worldwide. With this connection, measures have been taken by multifarious modes of microbial remedial strategies, i.e., enzymatic degradation, biofilm and biosurfactant production, application of biochar-immobilized microbes, lactic acid bacteria, rhizospheric-phyllospheric-endophytic microorganisms, genetically engineered microorganisms, and bioelectrochemical techniques like microbial fuel cell. In this review, a nine-way directional approach which is based on the microbial resources reported over the last couple of decades has been described. Fungi were found to be the most dominant taxa among the CPAH-degrading microbial community constituting 52.2%, while bacteria, algae, and yeasts occupied 37.4%, 9.1%, and 1.3%, respectively. In addition to these, category-wise CPAH degrading efficiencies of each microbial taxon, consortium-based applications, CPAH degradation-related molecular tools, and factors affecting CPAH degradation are the other important aspects of this review in light of their appropriate selection and application in the PAH-contaminated environment for better human-health management in order to achieve a sustainable ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Banerjee
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Nitu Gupta
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Krishnendu Pramanik
- Microbiology and Microbial Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Botany, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Panchanan Nagar, Vivekananda Street, Cooch Behar, 736101, West Bengal, India
| | - Manash Gope
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Richik GhoshThakur
- Department of Environmental Studies, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Animesh Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Nayanmoni Gogoi
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Raza Rafiqul Hoque
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Narayan Chandra Mandal
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Srinivasan Balachandran
- Department of Environmental Studies, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India.
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Chen Q, Li Z, Li Y, Liu M, Wu Y, Chen Z, Zhu B. Biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene by a marine Chlorella vulgaris LH-1 with heterotrophic ability. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115848. [PMID: 38029673 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a microalga, Chlorella vulgaris LH-1, with heterotrophic ability to degrade BaP was explored. The effect of BaP concentration on microalga growth was investigated, and the possible biodegradation mechanism of BaP was proposed. Results showed that low BaP concentration (<5 mg/L) had less negative influence on the growth of this microalga under mixotrophic condition, but high BaP concentration (>5 mg/L) had a significant inhibitory effect on its growth. During heterotrophic cultivation, low BaP concentration (<20 mg/L) promoted the growth of C. vulgaris LH-1, whereas high BaP concentration (>20 mg/L) inhibited its growth significantly. The degradation rates of mixotrophic and heterotrophic C. vulgaris LH-1 were 62.56 %-74.13 % and 52.07 %-71.67 %, respectively, when the BaP concentration ranged from 0.5 mg/L to 2 mg/L. The expression of functional enzyme genes of C. vulgaris LH-1 such as phenol 2-monooxygenase activity, protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase activity, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity, styrene degradation, and benzoate degradation were upregulated in the process of BaP degradation. C. vulgaris LH-1 may degrade BaP by monooxygenase and dioxygenase simultaneously. The degradation of BaP by this microalga under mixotrophic condition goes through the degradation pathway of phthalic acid, whereas it goes through the degradation pathway of benzoic acid under heterotrophic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Control, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, PR China; National & local Joint Engineering Research Center of Harbor Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Control, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, PR China; School of Marine Science & Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, PR China
| | - Yijing Li
- School of Marine Science & Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, PR China
| | - Mei Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Control, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, PR China; National & local Joint Engineering Research Center of Harbor Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
| | - Yingqi Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Control, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, PR China; National & local Joint Engineering Research Center of Harbor Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Computer Sciences, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H3G1M8, Canada
| | - Baikang Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Control, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, PR China; National & local Joint Engineering Research Center of Harbor Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
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Satpati GG, Gupta S, Biswas RK, Choudhury AK, Kim JW, Davoodbasha M. Microalgae mediated bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Strategies, advancement and regulations. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140337. [PMID: 37797901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are pervasive in the atmosphere and are one of the emerging pollutants that cause harmful effects in living systems. There are some natural and anthropogenic sources that can produce PAHs in an uncontrolled way. Several health hazards associated with PAHs like abnormality in the reproductive system, endocrine system as well as immune system have been explained. The mutagenic or carcinogenic effects of hydrocarbons in living systems including algae, vertebrates and invertebrates have been discussed. For controlling PAHs, biodegradation has been suggested as an effective and eco-friendly process. Microalgae-based biosorption and biodegradation resulted in the removal of toxic contaminants. Microalgae both in unialgal form and in consortium (with bacteria or fungi) performed good results in bioaccumulation and biodegradation. In the present review, we highlighted the general information about the PAHs, conventional versus advanced technology for removal. In addition microalgae based removal and toxicity is discussed. Furthermore this work provides an idea on modern scientific applications like genetic and metabolic engineering, nanomaterials-based technologies, artificial neural network (ANN), machine learning (ML) etc. As rapid and effective methods for bioremediation of PAHs. With several pros and cons, biological treatments using microalgae are found to be better for PAH removal than any other conventional technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gour Gopal Satpati
- Department of Botany, Bangabasi Evening College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata- 700009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Shalini Gupta
- University School of Environment and Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, Delhi- 110078, India
| | - Rohan Kr Biswas
- Phycology Lab, Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata-700118, India
| | - Avik Kumar Choudhury
- Phycology Lab, Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata-700118, India
| | - Jung-Wan Kim
- Research Centre for Bio Material and Process Development, Incheon National Univeristy, Republic of Korea; Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - MubarakAli Davoodbasha
- Research Centre for Bio Material and Process Development, Incheon National Univeristy, Republic of Korea; Centre for Surface Technology and Applications, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang, 10540, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600048, India.
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Li H, Meng F. Efficiency, mechanism, influencing factors, and integrated technology of biodegradation for aromatic compounds by microalgae: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122248. [PMID: 37490964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds have received widespread attention because of their threat to ecosystem and human health. However, traditional physical and chemical methods are criticized due to secondary pollution and high cost. As a result of ecological security and the ability of carbon sequestration, biodegradation approach based on microalgae has emerged as a promising alternative treatment for aromatic pollutants. In light of the current researches, the degradation efficiency of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phenolic compounds by microalgae was reviewed in this study. We summarized the degradation pathways and metabolites of p-xylene, benzo [a]pyrene, fluorene, phenol, bisphenol A, and nonylphenol by microalgae. The influence factors on the degradation of aromatic compounds by microalgae were also discussed. The integrated technologies based on microalgae for degradation of aromatic compounds were reviewed. Finally, this study discussed the limitations and future research needs of the degradation of these compounds by microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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García MM, García de Llasera MP. Electrophoretic characterization of cellular and extracellular proteins from Selenastrum capricornutum cultures degrading benzo(a)pyrene and their identification by UPLC-ESI-TOF mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139284. [PMID: 37348613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Selenastrum capricornutum efficiently degrades benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) but few proteins related to BaP degradation have been identified in this microalgae. So far, it has only been suggested that it could degrade BaP via the monooxygenase and/or dioxygenase pathways. To know more about this fact, in this work, cultures of S. capricornutum incubated with BaP were used to obtain the molecular weights (MWs) of proteins existing in its extra- and cellular extracts by electrophoresis and UPLC-ESI(+)-TOF MS analysis. The results of this proteomic approach indicated that BaP markedly induces the MWs: 6-20, 30, 45, and 65 kDa in cells; 6-20, 30.3, 38-45, and 55 kDa in liquid medium. So, these proteins could be related to BaP biodegradation. An identified protein with monooxygenase activity and rubredoxins (Rds) show to be related to BaP degradation: Rds could participate, together with the monooxygenase in the electron transfer during the formation of monohydroxylated-BaP metabolites. Rds may be also associated with a dioxygenase system that degrades BaP to form dihydrodiol-BaP metabolites. A multi-pass membrane protein was identified too, and it can regulate the transport of molecules like enzymes from inside the cell to the outside environment. At the same time, the presence of a dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase validated the stress caused by the exposure to BaP. It is noteworthy that these findings provide valuable and original information on the characterization of the proteins of S. capricornutum cultures degrading BaP, whose enzymes have so far not been known. It is important to highlight that the functions of the identified proteins can help in understanding the metabolic and environmental behavior of this microalgae, and the extracts containing the degrading enzymes could be utilized in bioremediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Méndez García
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D. F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Patricia García de Llasera
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D. F., 04510, Mexico.
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Wiśniewska KA, Lewandowska AU, Śliwińska-Wilczewska S, Staniszewska M, Budzałek G. The Ability of Airborne Microalgae and Cyanobacteria to Survive and Transfer the Carcinogenic Benzo(a)pyrene in Coastal Regions. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071073. [PMID: 37048146 PMCID: PMC10093748 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution has been a significant problem threatening human health for years. One commonly reported air pollutant is benzo(a)pyrene, a dangerous compound with carcinogenic properties. Values which exceed normative values for benzo(a)pyrene concentration in the air are often noted in many regions of the world. Studies on the worldwide spread of COVID-19 since 2020, as well as avian flu, measles, and SARS, have proven that viruses and bacteria are more dangerous to human health when they occur in polluted air. Regarding cyanobacteria and microalgae, little is known about their relationship with benzo(a)pyrene. The question is whether these microorganisms can pose a threat when present in poor quality air. We initially assessed whether cyanobacteria and microalgae isolated from the atmosphere are sensitive to changes in PAH concentrations and whether they can accumulate or degrade PAHs. The presence of B(a)P has significantly affected both the quantity of cyanobacteria and microalgae cells as well as their chlorophyll a (chl a) content and their ability to fluorescence. For many cyanobacteria and microalgae, an increase in cell numbers was observed after the addition of B(a)P. Therefore, even slight air pollution with benzo(a)pyrene is likely to facilitate the growth of airborne cyanobacteria and microalgae. The results provided an assessment of the organisms that are most susceptible to cellular stress following exposure to benzo(a)pyrene, as well as the potential consequences for the environment. Additionally, the results indicated that green algae have the greatest potential for degrading PAHs, making their use a promising bioremediation approach. Kirchneriella sp. demonstrated the highest average degradation of B(a)P, with the above-mentioned research indicating it can even degrade up to 80% of B(a)P. The other studied green algae exhibited a lower, yet still significant, B(a)P degradation rate exceeding 50% when compared to cyanobacteria and diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga A. Wiśniewska
- Institute of Oceanography, Department of Chemical Oceanography and Marine Geology, University of Gdansk, Av. M. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Anita U. Lewandowska
- Institute of Oceanography, Department of Chemical Oceanography and Marine Geology, University of Gdansk, Av. M. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Sylwia Śliwińska-Wilczewska
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, 62 York St., Sackville, NB E4L 1E2, Canada
- Institute of Oceanography, Division of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, University of Gdansk, Al. M. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Marta Staniszewska
- Institute of Oceanography, Department of Chemical Oceanography and Marine Geology, University of Gdansk, Av. M. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Gracjana Budzałek
- Institute of Oceanography, Division of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, University of Gdansk, Al. M. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
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Ben Othman H, Pick FR, Sakka Hlaili A, Leboulanger C. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on marine and freshwater microalgae - A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129869. [PMID: 36063709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The first synthetic review of the PAHs effects on microalgae in experimental studies and aquatic ecosystems is provided. Phytoplankton and phytobenthos from marine and freshwaters show a wide range of sensitivities to PAHs, and can accumulate, transfer and degrade PAHs. Different toxicological endpoints including growth, chlorophyll a, in vivo fluorescence yield, membrane integrity, lipid content, anti-oxidant responses and gene expression are reported for both freshwater and marine microalgal species exposed to PAHs in culture and in natural assemblages. Photosynthesis, the key process carried out by microalgae appears to be the most impacted by PAH exposure. The effect of PAHs is both dose- and species-dependent and influenced by environmental factors such as UV radiation, temperature, and salinity. Under natural conditions, PAHs are typically present in mixtures and the toxic effects induced by single PAHs are not necessarily extrapolated to mixtures. Natural microalgal communities appear more sensitive to PAH contamination than microalgae in monospecific culture. To further refine the ecological risks linked to PAH exposure, species-sensitivity distributions (SSD) were analyzed based on published EC50s (half-maximal effective concentrations during exposure). HC5 (harmful concentration for 5% of the species assessed) was derived from SSD to provide a toxicity ranking for each of nine PAHs. The most water-soluble PAHs naphthalene (HC5 = 650 µg/L), acenaphthene (HC5 = 274 µg/L), and fluorene (HC5 = 76.8 µg/L) are the least toxic to microalgae, whereas benzo[a]pyrene (HC5 = 0.834 µg/L) appeared as the more toxic. No relationship between EC50 and cell biovolume was established, which does not support assumptions that larger microalgal cells are less sensitive to PAHs, and calls for further experimental evidence. The global PAHs HC5 for marine species was on average higher than for freshwater species (26.3 and 1.09 µg/L, respectively), suggesting a greater tolerance of marine phytoplankton towards PAHs. Nevertheless, an important number of experimental exposure concentrations and reported toxicity thresholds are above known PAHs solubility in water. The precise and accurate assessment of PAHs toxicity to microalgae will continue to benefit from more rigorously designed experimental studies, including control of exposure duration and biometric data on test microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Ben Othman
- Laboratoire de Phytoplanctonologie, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna, 7021 Bizerte, Tunisia; MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Ifremer, CNRS, Sète, France
| | - Frances R Pick
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Asma Sakka Hlaili
- Laboratoire de Phytoplanctonologie, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna, 7021 Bizerte, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, LR18ES41 Sciences de l'Environnement, Biologie et Physiologie des Organismes Aquatiques, Tunis, Tunisia
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Becerril Mercado JE, García de Llasera MP, Méndez García M. Size Exclusion Chromatography Protein Profile of Selenastrum capricornutum Culture Extracts Degrading Benzo( a)Pyrene. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2159987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Becerril Mercado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, México
| | - Martha Patricia García de Llasera
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, México
| | - Manuel Méndez García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, México
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Lee N, Woo S, Lee N, Jo Y, Yamindago A, Yum S. Transcriptome dynamics in benzo[a]pyrene exposed Hydra. Mol Cell Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-021-00203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Méndez García M, García de Llasera MP. A review on the enzymes and metabolites identified by mass spectrometry from bacteria and microalgae involved in the degradation of high molecular weight PAHs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149035. [PMID: 34303250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight PAHs (HMW PAHs) are dangerous pollutants widely distributed in the environment. The use of microorganisms represents an important tool for HMW PAHs bioremediation, so, the understanding of their biochemical pathways facilitates the development of biodegradation strategies. For this reason, the potential role of species of microalgae, bacteria, and microalga-bacteria consortia in the degradation of HMW PAHs is discussed. The identification of their metabolites, mostly by GC-MS and LC-MS, allows a better approach to the enzymes involved in the key steps of the metabolic pathways of HMW PAHs biodegradation. So, this review intends to address the proteomic research on enzyme activities and their involvement in regulating essential biochemical functions that help bacteria and microalgae in the biodegradation processes of HMW PAHs. It is noteworthy that, given that to the best of our knowledge, this is the first review focused on the mass spectrometry identification of the HMW PAHs metabolites; whereby and due to the great concern of the presence of HMW PAHs in the environment, this material could help the urgency of developing new bioremediation methods. The elucidation of the metabolic pathways of persistent pollutant degrading microorganisms should lead to a better knowledge of the enzymes involved, which could contribute to a very ecological route to the control of environmental contamination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Méndez García
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D. F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Patricia García de Llasera
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D. F. 04510, Mexico.
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Semi-continuous monitoring of HMWPAH in microalgae cultures by PT-SPE/HPLC/FD-UV: Estimation of the degradation constant. Anal Biochem 2021; 633:114415. [PMID: 34666019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A degradation study has been performed with Selenastrum capricornutum incubated with benzo[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene at 50, 100 and 266 ng mL-1 in liquid cultures. After incubation, these high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW PAH) were extracted from both, the medium and biomass in a single step, and then quantified by a sensitive and validated analytical methodology based on pipette-tip SPE and HPLC with fluorescence and UV detection (PT-SPE/HPLC/FD-UV). The methodology presented good linearity r2 > 0.99, LOD of 0.9 and 0.7 ng mL-1 for BaA and BaP, respectively. A fast and semi-continuous appreciation of the degradation behavior was achieved. The pollutants were monitored at different times (0.5-18 h) in the same culture flask, with sampling volume of 1 mL. Biodegradation percentages close to-90% were observed at 18 h. The degradation curves were fitted to the first order reaction (r2 > 0.95) and the degradation rate constants were similar in all bioassays (0.1 h-1) and independent of concentration and compound. The degradation pathways of HMW PAH by microalgae and their enzyme are poorly known but the hypothesis of the degrading enzyme proportionally activated according to the PAH concentration is supported by this result. The early emergence dihydrodiol-type metabolites were detected.
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Sonwani RK, Kim KH, Zhang M, Tsang YF, Lee SS, Giri BS, Singh RS, Rai BN. Construction of biotreatment platforms for aromatic hydrocarbons and their future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125968. [PMID: 34492879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic hydrocarbons (AHCs) are one of the major environmental pollutants introduced from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Many AHCs are well known for their toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic impact on human health and ecological systems. Biodegradation is an eco-friendly and cost-effective option as microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and algae) can efficiently breakdown or transform such pollutants into less harmful and simple metabolites (e.g., carbon dioxide (aerobic), methane (anaerobic), water, and inorganic salts). This paper is organized to offer a state-of-the-art review on the biodegradation of AHCs (monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) and associated mechanisms. The recent progress in biological treatment using suspended and attached growth bioreactors for the biodegradation of AHCs is also discussed. In addition, various substrate growth and inhibition models are introduced along with the key factors governing their biodegradation kinetics. The growth and inhibition models have helped gain a better understanding of substrate inhibition in biodegradation. Techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) aspects are also described to assess the technical, economical, and environmental impacts of the biological treatment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Sonwani
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Balendu Shekher Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Sharan Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Birendra Nath Rai
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chen X, Cheng X, Meng H, Selvaraj KK, Li H, He H, Du W, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L. Past, present, and future perspectives on the assessment of bioavailability/bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A 20-year systemic review based on scientific econometrics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145585. [PMID: 33607432 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility/bioavailability (bioac-bioav) is an important criterion in the risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially in the restoration of contaminated sites. Although, the bioac-bioav concept is widely employed in PAH risk assessment for both humans and wildlife, their growth and integration in risk assessment models are seldom discussed. Consequently, the relevant literature listed on Web of Science (WOS)™ was retrieved and analyzed using the bibliometric software Citespace in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of this issue. Due to the limitations of the literature search software, we manually searched the articles about PAHs bioac-bioav that were published before 2000. This stage focuses on research on the distribution coefficient of PAHs between different environmental phases and laid the foundation for the adsorption-desorption of PAHs in subsequent studies of the bioac-bioav of PAHs. The research progress on PAH bioac-bioav from 2000 to the present was evaluated using the Citespace software based on country- and discipline-wise publication volumes and research hotspots. The development stages of PAH bioac-bioav after 2000 were divided into four time segments. The first three segments (2000-2005, 2006-2010, and 2011-2015) focused on the degradation of PAHs and their in vivo (bioavailability)-in vitro (bioaccessibility) evaluation method and risk assessment. Meanwhile, the current (2016-present) research focuses on the establishment of analytical methods for assessing PAH derivatives at environmental concentrations and the optimization of various in vitro digestion methods, including chemical optimization (sorptive sink) and biological optimization (Caco-2 cell). The contents are aimed at supplying researchers with a deeper understanding of the development of PAH bioac-bioav.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Han Meng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Kumar Krishna Selvaraj
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Huiming Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, Fujian 354300, PR China.
| | - Wenchao Du
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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González A, Vidal C, Espinoza D, Moenne A. Anthracene induces oxidative stress and activation of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes in Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta). Sci Rep 2021; 11:7748. [PMID: 33833321 PMCID: PMC8032757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to analyze whether the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca can absorb and metabolize anthracene (ANT), the alga was cultivated with 5 µM ANT for 0-72 h, and the level of ANT was detected in the culture medium, and in the alga. The level of ANT rapidly decreased in the culture medium reaching a minimal level at 6 h, and rapidly increased in the alga reaching a maximal level at 12 h and then decreased to reach a minimal level at 48 h of culture. In addition, ANT induced an increase in hydrogen peroxide that remained until 72 h and a higher increase in superoxide anions that reach a maximal level at 24 h and remained unchanged until 72 h, indicating that ANT induced an oxidative stress condition. ANT induced an increase in lipoperoxides that reached a maximal level at 24 h and decreased at 48 h indicating that oxidative stress caused membrane damage. The activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, AP, GR and GP increased in the alga treated with ANT whereas DHAR remained unchanged. The level of transcripts encoding these antioxidant enzymes increased and those encoding DHAR did not change. Inhibitors of monooxygenases, dioxygenases, polyphenol oxidases, glutathione-S-transferases and sulfotransferases induced an increase in the level of ANT in the alga cultivated for 24 h. These results strongly suggest that ANT is rapidly absorbed and metabolized in U. lactuca and the latter involves Phase I and II metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto González
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Vidal
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Espinoza
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Moenne
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
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Tomar RS, Jajoo A. Enzymatic pathway involved in the degradation of fluoranthene by microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:268-276. [PMID: 33443715 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the potential of a microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, was assessed for the bioremediation of fluoranthene (FLT), a four ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). With an initial cell density of C. vulgaris (OD680 = 0.100), 54-58% of 25 μM FLT was removed from the growth medium within 3 days and almost 90-94% after 7 days of incubation. Enzymatic studies confirmed that the enzyme involved in FLT metabolism was catechol 2,3, dioxygenase (C2,3D) which increased almost 2 times in 5 μM FLT and 2.4 times in 25 μM FLT inoculated culture. Activity of dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly reduced, while peroxidase (POD) activity was induced very prominently in FLT inoculated cultures. Changes in growth, physiological parameters and biochemical compositions of the algae with 5 μM and 25 μM FLT were also analyzed and compared to control. The analysis showed that parameters including growth rate, biomass, chlorophyll, carbohydrate and protein contents, were negatively affected by the higher concentration of FLT, whereas the lipid and carotenoids content significantly increased. To our knowledge, this is the first report to suggest the role of C2,3D pathway for the metabolism of FLT in a eukaryotic algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal Singh Tomar
- School of Life Science, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, M.P., 452017, India
| | - Anjana Jajoo
- School of Life Science, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, M.P., 452017, India.
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, M.P., 452017, India.
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18
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Kahla O, Melliti Ben Garali S, Karray F, Ben Abdallah M, Kallel N, Mhiri N, Zaghden H, Barhoumi B, Pringault O, Quéméneur M, Tedetti M, Sayadi S, Sakka Hlaili A. Efficiency of benthic diatom-associated bacteria in the removal of benzo(a)pyrene and fluoranthene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141399. [PMID: 32866829 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the efficiency of a benthic diatom-associated bacteria in removing benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and fluoranthene (Flt). The diatom, isolated from a PAH-contaminated sediment of the Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia), was exposed in axenic and non-axenic cultures to PAHs over 7 days. The diversity of the associated bacteria, both attached (AB) and free-living bacteria (FB), was analyzed by the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The diatom, which maintained continuous growth under PAH treatments, was able to accumulate BaP and Flt, with different efficiencies between axenic and non-axenic cultures. Biodegradation, which constituted the main process for PAH elimination, was enhanced in the presence of bacteria, indicating the co-metabolic synergy of microalgae and associated bacteria in removing BaP and Flt. Diatom and bacteria showed different capacities in the degradation of BaP and Flt. Nitzschia sp. harbored bacterial communities with a distinct composition between attached and free-living bacteria. The AB fraction exhibited higher diversity and abundance relative to FB, while the FB fraction contained genera with the known ability of PAH degradation, such as Marivita, Erythrobacter, and Alcaligenes. Moreover, strains of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus, isolated from the FB community, showed the capacity to grow in the presence of crude oil. These results suggest that a "benthic Nitzschia sp.-associated hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria" consortium can be applied in the bioremediation of PAH-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumayma Kahla
- Laboratoire of Phytoplanctonology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia; University El Manar of Tunis, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Environmental Sciences, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms LR18ES41, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sondes Melliti Ben Garali
- Laboratoire of Phytoplanctonology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia; University El Manar of Tunis, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Environmental Sciences, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms LR18ES41, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Karray
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Ben Abdallah
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Najwa Kallel
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Najla Mhiri
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Zaghden
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Olivier Pringault
- Aix Marseille Univ., University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Marianne Quéméneur
- Aix Marseille Univ., University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Aix Marseille Univ., University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Asma Sakka Hlaili
- Laboratoire of Phytoplanctonology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia; University El Manar of Tunis, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Environmental Sciences, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms LR18ES41, Tunis, Tunisia.
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19
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González A, Espinoza D, Vidal C, Moenne A. Benzopyrene induces oxidative stress and increases expression and activities of antioxidant enzymes, and CYP450 and GST metabolizing enzymes in Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta). PLANTA 2020; 252:107. [PMID: 33206238 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03508-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzopyrene is rapidly incorporated and metabolized, and induces oxidative stress and activation of antioxidant enzymes, and CYP450 and GST metabolizing enzymes in Ulva lactuca. To analyze absorption and metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in Ulva lactuca, the alga was cultivated with 5 µM of BaP for 72 h. In the culture medium, BaP level rapidly decreased reaching a minimal level at 12 h and, in the alga, BaP level increased until 6 h, remained stable until 24 h, and decreased until 72 h indicating that BaP is being metabolized in U. lactuca. In addition, BaP induced an initial increase in hydrogen peroxide decreasing until 24 h, superoxide anions level that remained high until 72 h, and lipoperoxides that initially increased and decreased until 72 h, showing that BaP induced oxidative stress. Activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (AP), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GP) were increased, whereas dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activity was unchanged. The level of transcripts encoding these antioxidant enzymes was increased, but transcripts encoding DHAR remained unchanged. Interestingly, the activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was also increased, and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and GST activities enhanced the level of BaP in algal tissue, suggesting that these enzymes participate in BaP metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto González
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Espinoza
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Vidal
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Moenne
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile.
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20
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Luo J, Deng J, Cui L, Chang P, Dai X, Yang C, Li N, Ren Z, Zhang X. The potential assessment of green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC-503 in the biodegradation of benz(a)anthracene and the related mechanism analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126097. [PMID: 32078851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Benz(a)anthracene (BaA) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), that belongs to a group of carcinogenic and mutagenic persistent organic pollutants found in a variety of ecological habitats. In this study, the efficient biodegradation of BaA by a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) CC-503 was investigated. The results showed that the growth of C. reinhardtii was hardly affected with an initial concentration of 10 mg/L, but was inhibited significantly under higher concentrations of BaA (>30 mg/L) (p < 0.05). We demonstrated that the relatively high concentration of 10 mg/L BaA was degraded completely in 11 days, which indicated that C. reinhardtii had an efficient degradation system. During the degradation, the intermediate metabolites were determined to be isomeric phenanthrene or anthracene, 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene, 1,3-diisopropylnaphthalene, 1,7-diisopropylnaphthalene, and cyclohexanol. The enzymes involved in the degradation included the homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD), the carboxymethylenebutenolidase, the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and the ubiquinol oxidase. The respective genes encoding these proteins were significantly up-regulated ranging from 3.17 fold to 13.03 fold and the activity of enzymes, such as HGD and Rubisco, was significantly induced up to 4.53 and 1.46 fold (p < 0.05), during the BaA metabolism. This efficient degradation ability suggests that the green alga C. reinhardtii CC-503 may be a sustainable candidate for PAHs remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Luo
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jinglin Deng
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lili Cui
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Ji'nan, PR China
| | - Peng Chang
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xianzhu Dai
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Caiyun Yang
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Nannan Li
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zongming Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Ji'nan, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, PR China.
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, PR China.
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21
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils and fatty foods: Occurrence, formation, analysis, change and control. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2020; 93:59-112. [PMID: 32711866 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that dozens of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mutagenic, genotoxic and strongly carcinogenic. PAHs are found to be widely present in foods contaminated through multiple paths. Due to their lipophilic nature, these compounds easily accumulate in edible oils and fatty foods where they can range from no detection to over 2000μg/kg. Compared to precursor PAHs, researchers have seldom studied the presence of PAH derivatives, especially in food matrices. This chapter includes the physical and chemical characteristics of PAHs and their types, occurrence, sample pretreatment and instrumental determination methods, and their formation, change and control in edible oils and fatty foods. The occurrence and formation of PAH derivatives in foods are much less investigated compared to those of their precursor PAHs. Although the removal of matrix effects and accuracy remain difficult for current rapid determination methods, a prospective research direction of PAH analysis for large-scale screening is in demand. To date, physical absorption, chemical oxidation and biodegradation have been widely used in PAH removal techniques. Specific types of bacteria, fungi, and algae have also been used to degrade PAHs into harmless compounds. However, most of them can only degrade a range of LPAHs, such as naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene. Their ability to degrade HPAHs requires further study. Moreover, it is still a great challenge to maintain food nutrition and flavor during the PAH removal process using these methods.
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Gabelova A. 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole: Metabolic pathways and toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 323:109077. [PMID: 32246921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC), a local and systemic carcinogen in animal studies, is a common environmental pollutant. It generally co-occurs in a variety of organic complex mixtures derived from incomplete combustion of organic matter. Despite high lipophilicity, DBC is more water-soluble and faster metabolized than the homocyclic aromatics. Moreover, greater polarity, high bioaccumulation potential, and persistence in the environment may imply DBC's higher biological significance and impact on human health, even at lower concentrations. The biotransformation pathways of DBC are incompletely known and the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite(s) are not clearly identified as yet. Structure-biological studies suggest two ways of activation: at the ring carbon atoms and at the pyrrole nitrogen. It is supposed that the particular pathway of biotransformation might be connected with the tissue/organ specificity of DBC. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of enzymes plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of DBC; though, the one-electron activation and the aldo-keto reductase-catalyzed oxidation are also involved in metabolic activation. Additionally, DBC can be photoactivated even at physiologically relevant doses of UVA light due to the extended aromatic ring system resulting in strong genotoxicity and oxidative stress. The goal of this review is to summarize current knowledge on mechanisms of DBC activation and possible implications for toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Gabelova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, University Science Park for Biomedicine, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Shukla H, Chitrakar R, Bibi HA, Gaje G, Koucheki A, Trush MA, Zhu H, Li YR, Jia Z. Reactive oxygen species production by BP-1,6-quinone and its effects on the endothelial dysfunction: Involvement of the mitochondria. Toxicol Lett 2020; 322:120-130. [PMID: 31953210 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Strong epidemiological evidence supports the association between increased air pollution and the risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the mechanism remains unclear. As an environmental air pollutant and benzo-a-pyrene (BP) metabolite, BP-1,6-quinone (BP-1,6-Q) is present in the particulate phase of air pollution. This study was undertaken to examine the redox activity of BP-1,6-Q and mechanisms associated with it using EA.hy926 endothelial cells. BP-1,6-Q at 0.01-1 μM significantly stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)·in intact cells and isolated mitochondria. Furthermore, BP-1,6-Q-induced ROS was altered by mitochondrial electron transport chain (METC) inhibitors of complex I (rotenone) and complex III (antimycin A), denoting the involvement of mitochondrial electron transport chain (METC) in BP-1,6-Q mediated ROS production. In METC deficient cells, interestingly, BP-1,6-Q-mediated ROS production was enhanced, suggesting that overproduction of ROS by BP-1,6-Q is not only produced from mitochondria but can also be from the cell outside of mitochondria (extramitochondrial). BP-1,6-Q also triggered endothelial-monocyte interaction and stimulated expression of vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). In conclusion, these results demonstrate that BP-1,6-Q can generate ROS within both mitochondria and outside of mitochondria, resulting in stimulation of adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells, a key event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley Shukla
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Rojin Chitrakar
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Humaira A Bibi
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Gabriella Gaje
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Ashkon Koucheki
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Michael A Trush
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hong Zhu
- Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, NC, United States
| | - Y Robert Li
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, United States; Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, NC, United States.
| | - Zhenquan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, United States.
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Dhar K, Subashchandrabose SR, Venkateswarlu K, Krishnan K, Megharaj M. Anaerobic Microbial Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Comprehensive Review. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 251:25-108. [PMID: 31011832 DOI: 10.1007/398_2019_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of hazardous organic contaminants that are widely distributed in nature, and many of them are potentially toxic to humans and other living organisms. Biodegradation is the major route of detoxification and removal of PAHs from the environment. Aerobic biodegradation of PAHs has been the subject of extensive research; however, reports on anaerobic biodegradation of PAHs are so far limited. Microbial degradation of PAHs under anaerobic conditions is difficult because of the slow growth rate of anaerobes and low energy yield in the metabolic processes. Despite the limitations, some anaerobic bacteria degrade PAHs under nitrate-reducing, sulfate-reducing, iron-reducing, and methanogenic conditions. Anaerobic biodegradation, though relatively slow, is a significant process of natural attenuation of PAHs from the impacted anoxic environments such as sediments, subsurface soils, and aquifers. This review is intended to provide comprehensive details on microbial degradation of PAHs under various reducing conditions, to describe the degradation mechanisms, and to identify the areas that should receive due attention in further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Dhar
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Suresh R Subashchandrabose
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu, India
| | - Kannan Krishnan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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Sharaf A, De Michele R, Sharma A, Fakhari S, Oborník M. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Roles of Detoxification Systems in Response to Mercury in Chromera velia. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E647. [PMID: 31653042 PMCID: PMC6920818 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is an increasing global concern. Among heavy metals, mercury (Hg) is especially dangerous because of its massive release into the environment and high toxicity, especially for aquatic organisms. The molecular response mechanisms of algae to Hg exposure are mostly unknown. Here, we combine physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analysis to provide, for the first time, a comprehensive view on the pathways activated in Chromera velia in response to toxic levels of Hg. Production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion, two reactive oxygen species (ROS), showed opposite patterns in response to Hg2+ while reactive nitrogen species (RNS) levels did not change. A deep RNA sequencing analysis generated a total of 307,738,790 high-quality reads assembled in 122,874 transcripts, representing 89,853 unigenes successfully annotated in databases. Detailed analysis of the differently expressed genes corroborates the biochemical results observed in ROS production and suggests novel putative molecular mechanisms in the algal response to Hg2+. Moreover, we indicated that important transcription factor (TF) families associated with stress responses differentially expressed in C. velia cultures under Hg stress. Our study presents the first in-depth transcriptomic analysis of C. velia, focusing on the expression of genes involved in different detoxification defense systems in response to heavy metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoallah Sharaf
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Genetic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11241, Egypt.
| | - Roberto De Michele
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Ayush Sharma
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Safieh Fakhari
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Miroslav Oborník
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Subashchandrabose SR, Venkateswarlu K, Venkidusamy K, Palanisami T, Naidu R, Megharaj M. Bioremediation of soil long-term contaminated with PAHs by algal-bacterial synergy of Chlorella sp. MM3 and Rhodococcus wratislaviensis strain 9 in slurry phase. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:724-731. [PMID: 31096402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of soil contaminated with pollutants using biological agents is more a sustainable and greener approach as compared to physico-chemical technologies. We recently confirmed that a microalga, Chlorella sp. MM3, and a bacterium, Rhodococcus wratislaviensis strain 9, can degrade high-molecular weight PAHs. In this study, an algal-bacterial system of these two strains was developed by long-term growth on a mixture of phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). In a soil spiked with 50 mg L-1 phenanthrene, 10 mg L-1 of pyrene and 10 mg L-1 of BaP, the algal-bacterial system degraded these PAHs almost completely in slurry phase within 30 days. Also, the algal-bacterial system was able to successfully remediate these three PAHs in a soil long-term contaminated with 245.1 mg kg-1 of 16 PAHs and several heavy metals under slurry phase in 21 days. Use of such appropriate assays as chlorophyll estimation for the microalga and semi-quantitative PCR for the bacterium confirmed survival of both the strains during soil bioremediation. Moreover, the residual toxicity test involving Escherichia coli DH5α that expresses green fluorescent protein indicated the successful bioremediation of PAHs-contaminated soil in slurry phase. For the first time, here we demonstrate the great potential of an algal-bacterial synergy in bioremediation of soil long-term contaminated with PAHs even in the presence of toxic heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh R Subashchandrabose
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur 515055, India
| | - Krishnaveni Venkidusamy
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia
| | - Thavamani Palanisami
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Żyszka-Haberecht B, Niemczyk E, Lipok J. Metabolic relation of cyanobacteria to aromatic compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:1167-1178. [PMID: 30580382 PMCID: PMC6394484 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green (micro)algae, are able to sustain many types of chemical stress because of metabolic adaptations that allow them to survive and successfully compete in a variety of ecosystems, including polluted ones. As photoautotrophic bacteria, these microorganisms synthesize aromatic amino acids, which are precursors for a large variety of substances that contain aromatic ring(s) and that are naturally formed in the cells of these organisms. Hence, the transformation of aromatic secondary metabolites by cyanobacteria is the result of the possession of a suitable "enzymatic apparatus" to carry out the biosynthesis of these compounds according to cellular requirements. Another crucial aspect that should be evaluated using varied criteria is the response of cyanobacteria to the presence of extracellular aromatic compounds. Some aspects of the relationship between aromatic compounds and cyanobacteria such as the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds, the influence of aromatic compounds on these organisms and the fate of aromatic substances inside microalgal cells are presented in this paper. The search for this information has suggested that there is a lack of knowledge about the regulation of the biosynthesis of aromatic substances and about the transport of these compounds into cyanobacterial cells. These aspects are of pivotal importance with regard to the biotransformation of aromatic compounds and understanding them may be the goals of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Żyszka-Haberecht
- Department of Analytical and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Emilia Niemczyk
- Department of Analytical and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Jacek Lipok
- Department of Analytical and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland.
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Brendel S, Polleichtner C, Behnke A, Jessel S, Hassold E, Jennemann C, Einhenkel-Arle D, Seidel A. Four selected high molecular weight heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Ecotoxicological hazard assessment, environmental relevance and regulatory needs under REACH. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:340-348. [PMID: 30059878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the ecotoxicity of heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NSO-HETs) to aquatic organisms. In the environment, NSO-HETs have been shown to occur in a strong association with their unsubstituted carbocyclic analogues, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), for which much more information is available. The present study addressed this issue by investigating the toxicity of four selected NSO-HETs in green algae (Desmodesmus subspicatus), daphnids (Daphnia magna) and fish embryos (Danio rerio). The four high molecular weight NSO-HETs dibenz[a,j]acridine (DBA), 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC), benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene (BNT) and benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]furan (BNF) were selected, based on the results of a previous research project, indicating a lack of toxicity data and a high potential for persistence and bioaccumulation. The solubilities of the NSO-HETs in the test media were determined and turned out to be comparatively low (2.7-317 µg/L) increasing in the following order: DBA < BNT « DBC « BNF. Exposure concentrations during the toxicity tests were quantified with GC-MS and decreased strongly possibly due to sorption or metabolising during the test periods (48-96 h). Therefore, the estimated effect concentrations were related to the mean measured concentrations, as endpoints related to nominal concentrations would have underestimated the toxicity many times over. Within the range of the substance solubilities, BNF affected all test organisms with fish embryos being the most sensitive (fish: EC50 6.7 µg/L, algae: EC10 17.8 µg/L, daphnids: EC50 55.8 µg/L). DBC affected daphnids (EC50 2.5 µg/L,) and algae (EC10 3.1 µg/L), but not fish embryos. The lowest toxicity endpoint was observed for BNT affecting only algae (NOEC 0.556 µg/L) and neither daphnids nor fish embryos. DBA did not show any effects on the tested organisms in the range of the water solubility. However, we would expect effects in long-term toxicity studies to fish and aquatic invertebrates for all substances at lower concentrations, which needs further investigation. All four NSO-HETs were identified in mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the German coasts, in green kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) and in freshwater harbor sediment in concentrations between 0.07 and 2 µg/kg, highlighting their relevance as environmental contaminants. There is a need to regulate the four NSO-HETs within the REACH regulation due to their intrinsic properties and their environmental relevance. However, acquisition of additional experimental data appears to be pivotal for a regulation under REACH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Behnke
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer Foundation, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
| | - Sönke Jessel
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer Foundation, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
| | | | - Christian Jennemann
- Berlin Office for Occupational Safety, Protection of Health and Technical Safety (LAGetSi), Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Albrecht Seidel
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer Foundation, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
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Luo L, Xiao Z, Chen B, Cai F, Fang L, Lin L, Luan T. Natural Porphyrins Accelerating the Phototransformation of Benzo[a]pyrene in Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3634-3641. [PMID: 29465995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phototransformation is one of the most important transformation pathways of organic contaminants in the water environment. However, how active compounds enable and accelerate the phototransformation of organic pollutants remains to be elucidated. In this study, the phototransformation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, the first class "human carcinogens") by various natural porphyrins under solar irradiation was investigated, including chlorophyll a, sodium copper chlorophyllin, hematin, cobalamin, and pheophorbide a. Transformation efficiency of BaP varied considerably with chemical stabilities of the porphyrins. Porphyrins with a lower stability displayed higher BaP transformation efficiencies. BaP transformation had a significant positive correlation with the production of singlet oxygen. Identical phototransformation products of BaP were observed for all investigated porphyrins, and the main products were identified as BaP-quinones, including BaP-1,6-dione, BaP-3,6-dione, and BaP-6,12-dione. The mechanism of natural porphyrins accelerating the BaP phototransformation in water was proposed to proceed via the photocatalytic generation of singlet oxygen resulting in the transformation of BaP to quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Science , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Zhengyu Xiao
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Baowei Chen
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Fengshan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Ling Fang
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Li Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
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Alegbeleye OO, Opeolu BO, Jackson VA. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Critical Review of Environmental Occurrence and Bioremediation. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 60:758-783. [PMID: 28573478 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-017-0896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The degree of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination of environmental matrices has increased over the last several years due to increase in industrial activities. Interest has surrounded the occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for many decades because they pose a serious threat to the health of humans and ecosystems. The importance of the need for sustainable abatement strategies to alleviate contamination therefore cannot be overemphasised, as daily human activities continue to create pollution from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and impact the natural environment. Globally, attempts have been made to design treatment schemes for the remediation and restoration of contaminated sites. Several techniques and technologies have been proposed and tested over time, the majority of which have significant limitations. This has necessitated research into environmentally friendly and cost-effective clean-up techniques. Bioremediation is an appealing option that has been extensively researched and adopted as it has been proven to be relatively cost-effective, environmentally friendly and is publicly accepted. In this review, the physicochemical properties of some priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as the pathways and mechanisms through which they enter the soil, river systems, drinking water, groundwater and food are succinctly examined. Their effects on human health, other living organisms, the aquatic ecosystem, as well as soil microbiota are also elucidated. The persistence and bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are discussed as well, as they are important factors that influence the rate, efficiency and overall success of remediation. Bioremediation (aerobic and anaerobic), use of biosurfactants and bioreactors, as well as the roles of biofilms in the biological treatment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadara Oluwaseun Alegbeleye
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Beatrice Oluwatoyin Opeolu
- Extended Curriculum Programmes, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Vanessa Angela Jackson
- Department of Biotechnology and Consumer Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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Subashchandrabose SR, Logeshwaran P, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R, Megharaj M. Pyrene degradation by Chlorella sp. MM3 in liquid medium and soil slurry: Possible role of dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase in pyrene biodegradation. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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García de Llasera MP, García-Cicourel AR. On-line SPE chromatography with spectrophotometric diode array detection as a simple and advantageous choice for the selective trace analysis of benzo(a)anthracene degradation products from microalgae. Talanta 2017; 165:584-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Trincone A. Enzymatic Processes in Marine Biotechnology. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E93. [PMID: 28346336 PMCID: PMC5408239 DOI: 10.3390/md15040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous review articles the attention of the biocatalytically oriented scientific community towards the marine environment as a source of biocatalysts focused on the habitat-related properties of marine enzymes. Updates have already appeared in the literature, including marine examples of oxidoreductases, hydrolases, transferases, isomerases, ligases, and lyases ready for food and pharmaceutical applications. Here a new approach for searching the literature and presenting a more refined analysis is adopted with respect to previous surveys, centering the attention on the enzymatic process rather than on a single novel activity. Fields of applications are easily individuated: (i) the biorefinery value-chain, where the provision of biomass is one of the most important aspects, with aquaculture as the prominent sector; (ii) the food industry, where the interest in the marine domain is similarly developed to deal with the enzymatic procedures adopted in food manipulation; (iii) the selective and easy extraction/modification of structurally complex marine molecules, where enzymatic treatments are a recognized tool to improve efficiency and selectivity; and (iv) marine biomarkers and derived applications (bioremediation) in pollution monitoring are also included in that these studies could be of high significance for the appreciation of marine bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Trincone
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
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Hernández Blanco FJ, García de Llasera MP. Monitoring dihydrodiol polyaromatic hydrocarbon metabolites produced by the freshwater microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 158:80-90. [PMID: 27258898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We found that microalgae exposed to a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) did not show growth inhibition. Thus, we assumed that they could metabolize these compounds. In this study, the dihydrodiol-type PAH metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) and benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) produced by the freshwater microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum were monitored and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) techniques. Exposure bioassays with S. capricornutum were performed using a 266 ng mL(-1) mixture of PAHs at different exposure times (0.75, 1, 3, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h) under controlled temperature (25 °C); the dihydrodiol metabolites formed in the liquid medium and the biomass were quantified. Metabolite identities were confirmed using HPLC-mass spectrometry; most of the metabolites formed were derived from BaA degradation. At 48 h after exposure 5,6-dBaA and 8,9-dBaA/10,11-dBaA were present in the liquid medium at 20% and 67% of the initial mass of BaA, respectively. Three metabolites of BaP were monitored in the liquid medium and biomass and, at 24 h, 4,5-dBaP accounted for 19%; , 7,8-dBaP, 5%; and 9,10-dBaP, 5% relative to the initial BaP mass. Microalgae exposed to BbF showed the presence of 1,2-dBbF and 9,10-dBbF (at 0.3% and 0.1% of the initial BbF mass, respectively) and those exposed to BkF produced 8,9-dBkF (6.5% of the initial BkF mass) in the liquid medium. Seven unknown compounds were formed after exposure; two compounds were identified as the metabolites of BaA and BaP. The results could facilitate the elucidation of the controversial biodegradation mechanism in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando José Hernández Blanco
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México. D. F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Patricia García de Llasera
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México. D. F., 04510, Mexico.
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Probing the interaction induced conformation transitions in acid phosphatase with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: Relation to inhibition and bio-activity of Chlorella vulgaris acid phosphatase. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:338-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ghosal D, Ghosh S, Dutta TK, Ahn Y. Current State of Knowledge in Microbial Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): A Review. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1369. [PMID: 27630626 PMCID: PMC5006600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) include a group of organic priority pollutants of critical environmental and public health concern due to their toxic, genotoxic, mutagenic and/or carcinogenic properties and their ubiquitous occurrence as well as recalcitrance. The increased awareness of their various adverse effects on ecosystem and human health has led to a dramatic increase in research aimed toward removing PAHs from the environment. PAHs may undergo adsorption, volatilization, photolysis, and chemical oxidation, although transformation by microorganisms is the major neutralization process of PAH-contaminated sites in an ecologically accepted manner. Microbial degradation of PAHs depends on various environmental conditions, such as nutrients, number and kind of the microorganisms, nature as well as chemical property of the PAH being degraded. A wide variety of bacterial, fungal and algal species have the potential to degrade/transform PAHs, among which bacteria and fungi mediated degradation has been studied most extensively. In last few decades microbial community analysis, biochemical pathway for PAHs degradation, gene organization, enzyme system, genetic regulation for PAH degradation have been explored in great detail. Although, xenobiotic-degrading microorganisms have incredible potential to restore contaminated environments inexpensively yet effectively, but new advancements are required to make such microbes effective and more powerful in removing those compounds, which were once thought to be recalcitrant. Recent analytical chemistry and genetic engineering tools might help to improve the efficiency of degradation of PAHs by microorganisms, and minimize uncertainties of successful bioremediation. However, appropriate implementation of the potential of naturally occurring microorganisms for field bioremediation could be considerably enhanced by optimizing certain factors such as bioavailability, adsorption and mass transfer of PAHs. The main purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge of bacteria, halophilic archaea, fungi and algae mediated degradation/transformation of PAHs. In addition, factors affecting PAHs degradation in the environment, recent advancement in genetic, genomic, proteomic and metabolomic techniques are also highlighted with an aim to facilitate the development of a new insight into the bioremediation of PAH in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Ghosal
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Shreya Ghosh
- Disasters Prevention Research Institute, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Tapan K. Dutta
- Department of Microbiology, Bose InstituteKolkata, India
| | - Youngho Ahn
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
- Disasters Prevention Research Institute, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
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Grung M, Ruus A, Schneider SC, Hjermann DØ, Borgå K. Toxicokinetics of pyrene in the freshwater alga Chara rudis. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 157:49-56. [PMID: 27208645 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chara has been suggested a good model to study uptake of xenobiotics into cytoplasm due to their large internode cells surrounded by a layer of cortex cells. We studied the uptake and elimination of pyrene (nominal concentration of 5 μg L(-1)) in the freshwater alga Chara rudis during 22 days in two treatments mimicking epilimnetic (warm and light) and hypolimnetic (cold and dark) conditions. The growth of Chara during the exposure was higher in epilimnetic conditions (40%) compared to both hypolimnetic pyrene exposed Chara and controls (epilimnetic and hypolimnetic, no pyrene). In the water, a more rapid dissipation of pyrene was observed in epilimnetic conditions, possibly as a result of the increased algal growth. In the cortex, pyrene, 1-OH-pyrene (minor metabolite) and an unknown hydrophobic major metabolite was measured. Pyrene amounts decreased over time, while amounts of the unknown metabolite increased. In internode cytoplasm, pyrene and 1-OH-pyrene showed initially increasing followed by decreasing trends, while the unknown metabolite was not detected. The total mass balance showed that we were able to account for the applied pyrene until 4 days of exposure. However, after this time, there was a significant decrease in amounts accounted for by fluorescence, suggesting that the metabolism of pyrene involves degradation of the ring structure. The degradation was larger in epilimnetic than hypolimnetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Grung
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anders Ruus
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Katrine Borgå
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Pb. 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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García de Llasera MP, Olmos-Espejel JDJ, Díaz-Flores G, Montaño-Montiel A. Biodegradation of benzo(a)pyrene by two freshwater microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum and Scenedesmus acutus: a comparative study useful for bioremediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3365-3375. [PMID: 26490911 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A comparative evaluation of the removal of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) by sorption and degradation by two microalgal species, Selenastrum capricornutum and Scenedesmus acutus was performed. The monitoring of the amount of BaP remaining in the liquid culture media and the biomass along with the appearance of three metabolites (4,5 dihydrodiol-BaP; 7,8-dihydrodiol-BaP; and 9,10 dihydrodiol-BaP) at short time periods (from 0.25 to 72 h) in cultures exposed to BaP was made by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and UV detection. Complete removal of BaP was achieved by the two live microalgal species: S. capricornutum at 15 h of exposure (99%) and S. acutus at 72 h of exposure (95%). Sorption is an important phenomenon for BaP removal by S. capricornutum but biodegradation is the principal means of removing BaP in live cells. The formation of metabolites by S. capricornutum is rapid and seems to be proportional to the amount of the BaP added to cultures. In contrast, in these bioassays, most of the BaP removal of S. acutus is due to sorption rather than degradation. The appearance of metabolites in the cultures is very slow and at a low amount compared to cultures of S. capricornutum. The similarities and differences existing between the two microalgae are important for the establishment of the conditions for bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Patricia García de Llasera
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Distrito Federal, 04510, Mexico.
| | - José de Jesús Olmos-Espejel
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Distrito Federal, 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Díaz-Flores
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Distrito Federal, 04510, Mexico
| | - Adriana Montaño-Montiel
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Distrito Federal, 04510, Mexico
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Chlorophyll catalyse the photo-transformation of carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene in water. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12776. [PMID: 26239357 PMCID: PMC4523946 DOI: 10.1038/srep12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Algal blooms cause great damage to water quality and aquaculture. However, this study showed that dead algal cells and chlorophyll could accelerate the photo-transformation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a ubiquitous and persistent pollutant with potently mutagenic and carcinogenic toxicities, under visible light irradiation. Chlorophyll was found to be the major active substance in dead algal cells, and generated a high level of singlet oxygen to catalyse the photo-transformation of BaP. According to various BaP metabolites formed, the degradation mechanism was proposed as that chlorophyll in dead algal cells photo-oxidized BaP to quinones via photocatalytic generation of singlet oxygen. The results provided a good insight into the role of chlorophyll in the photo-transformation of organic contaminants and could be a possible remediation strategy of organic pollutants in natural environment.
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Luo L, Wang P, Lin L, Luan T, Ke L, Tam NFY. Removal and transformation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water by live and dead microalgae. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Goff KL, Peru K, Wilson KE, Headley JV. Evaluation of biologically mediated changes in oil sands naphthenic acid composition by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using negative-ion electrospray orbitrap mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2014; 50:727-735. [PMID: 26988456 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Industrial activity associated with oil-sands extraction in Canada's Athabasca region produces a variety of contaminants of concern, including naphthenic acid fraction components (NAFCs). NAFCs are a complex mixture of organic compounds that are poorly understood both in terms of their chemical composition and effects on the environment. NAFC toxicity in the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P.A.Dangeard was correlated with the presence of the algal cell wall. It was suggested that the toxicity of NAFCs in C. reinhardtii was due to surfactant effects. Surfactant-cell wall interactions are specific and governed by the compound class and structure, and by the nature of the biological material. Here, we investigate the effects of wildtype (WT) C. reinhardtii and two cell-wall mutants on specific classes of NAFCs when growing cultures were treated with a 100 mg · L(-1) solution of NAFCs. Changes in the NAFC composition in the media were examined using high resolution mass spectrometry over a period of 4 d. Algal mediated changes in the NAFCs were limited to specific classes of NAFCs. In particular, the removal of large, classical naphthenic acids, with a double bond equivalent of 8, was observed in WT C. reinhardtii cultures. The observed algal mediated changes in NAFC composition would have been masked by low resolution mass spectrometry and highlight the importance of this tool in examining bioremediation of complex mixtures of NAFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L Goff
- Department of Biology and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5E2
| | - Kerry Peru
- Environment Canada, National Hydrology Research Centre, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 3H5
| | - Kenneth E Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5E2
| | - John V Headley
- Environment Canada, National Hydrology Research Centre, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 3H5
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Woo S, Lee A, Denis V, Chen CA, Yum S. Transcript response of soft coral (Scleronephthya gracillimum) on exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:901-910. [PMID: 23832774 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the most persistent organic pollutants in worldwide aquatic environments. The extensive isolation of genes responsive to PAH pollution in soft coral (Scleronephthya gracillimum) is described herein. Soft coral colonies were exposed to 100 μg/L of a standard mixture of PAHs. Gene candidates with transcript levels that changed in response to PAH exposure were identified by differential display polymerase chain reaction (DD-PCR). There were 37 types of candidate genes identified, of which 20 were upregulated in expression and 17 were downregulated. The functions of the genes identified included oxidative stress response, ribosomal structure maintenance, molecular chaperone activity, protein kinase activation and tumorigenesis, defense mechanisms, transcription, and other biological responses. mRNA quantification was carried out using real-time quantitative PCR in eight selected genes: cytosolic malate dehydrogenase, protein disulfide isomerase, ribosomal protein L6, ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator-like 1, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 4, peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) metallopeptidase protein, and eukaryotic initiation factor 4 gamma 3. Changes in transcript levels were consistent with DD-PCR results. The gene candidates isolated in this study were differentially expressed and therefore have potential as molecular biomarkers for understanding coral responses to environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonock Woo
- South Sea Environment Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 656-830, Republic of Korea
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43
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Olmos-Espejel JJ, García de Llasera MP, Velasco-Cruz M. Extraction and analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzo[a]pyrene metabolites in microalgae cultures by off-line/on-line methodology based on matrix solid-phase dispersion, solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1262:138-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ghasemi Y, Rasoul-Amini S, Fotooh-Abadi E. THE BIOTRANSFORMATION, BIODEGRADATION, AND BIOREMEDIATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY MICROALGAE(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2011; 47:969-80. [PMID: 27020178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Rapid growth in the biotechnological industry and production has put tremendous pressure on the biological methods that may be used according to the guidelines of green chemistry. However, despite continuing dramatic increases in published research on organic biotransformation by microorganisms, more research exists with microalgae. Our efforts in transforming chemicals such as organic compounds for the production of functionalized products help to lessen the environmental effects of organic synthesis. These biotransformations convert organic contaminants to obtain carbon or energy for growth or as cosubstrates. This review aims to focus on the potential of microalgae in transformation, conversion, remediation, accumulation, degradation, and synthesis of various organic compounds. However, these technologies have the ability to provide the most efficient and environmentally safe approach for inexpensive biotransforming of a variety of organic contaminants, which are most industrial residues. In addition, the recent advances in microalgal bioactivity were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-158, Shiraz, Iran Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-158, Shiraz, Iran Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, IranDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Rasoul-Amini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-158, Shiraz, Iran Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-158, Shiraz, Iran Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, IranDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Fotooh-Abadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-158, Shiraz, Iran Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-158, Shiraz, Iran Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, IranDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
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BEDNÁRIKOVÁ ALENA, SKLÁRŠOVÁ BOŽENA, KOLEK EMIL, POLOVKA MARTIN, ŠIMKO PETER. New Rapid HPLC Method for Separation and Determination of Benzo[A]Pyrene Hydroxyderivatives. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2011.621505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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46
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Kürsten D, Cao J, Funfak A, Müller P, Köhler JM. Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in microfluid segments and microtoxicological determination of their sensitivity against CuCl2 in the nanoliter range. Eng Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Kong Q, Zhu L, Shen X. The toxicity of naphthalene to marine Chlorella vulgaris under different nutrient conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 178:282-286. [PMID: 20133058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of naphthalene to Chlorella vulgaris was studied under nitrogen (N)-, phosphorus (P)-enriched and N,P-starved condition. Results showed that naphthalene was less toxic under N,P-starved condition. The inhibitory rates were less than 15.3% to C. vulgaris during 7 days exposure with the initial concentrations of naphthalene at 5, 10, 50, 100mg/L, respectively under N,P-starved condition, while they were 7.5-72.3% under N,P-enriched condition. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content indicated that there was no oxidative damage to algae when the initial concentration of naphthalene was less than 10mg/L, and oxidative damage exhibited to algae at 50-100mg/L of naphthalene under N,P-starved condition. Naphthalene induced oxidative damage to the algae at all tested concentrations (5-100mg/L) under N,P-enriched condition. The results indicated that there was a negative relationship between the special growth rate (SGR) and naphthalene concentration in the medium. Under N,P-enriched condition SGR of the control decreased slowly from 0.669 to 0.186. However, SGR of the naphthalene treated group decreased sharply during the first 2-3 days when the dissolved concentration of naphthalene was above 0.1mg/L, and then increased gradually with the evaporation of naphthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Kong
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310028, China
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48
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Jiang Z, Huang Y, Xu X, Liao Y, Shou L, Liu J, Chen Q, Zeng J. Advance in the toxic effects of petroleum water accommodated fraction on marine plankton. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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49
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Haritash AK, Kaushik CP. Biodegradation aspects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): a review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 169:1-15. [PMID: 19442441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1440] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PAHs are aromatic hydrocarbons with two or more fused benzene rings with natural as well as anthropogenic sources. They are widely distributed environmental contaminants that have detrimental biological effects, toxicity, mutagenecity and carcinogenicity. Due to their ubiquitous occurrence, recalcitrance, bioaccumulation potential and carcinogenic activity, the PAHs have gathered significant environmental concern. Although PAH may undergo adsorption, volatilization, photolysis, and chemical degradation, microbial degradation is the major degradation process. PAH degradation depends on the environmental conditions, number and type of the microorganisms, nature and chemical structure of the chemical compound being degraded. They are biodegraded/biotransformed into less complex metabolites, and through mineralization into inorganic minerals, H(2)O, CO(2) (aerobic) or CH(4) (anaerobic) and rate of biodegradation depends on pH, temperature, oxygen, microbial population, degree of acclimation, accessibility of nutrients, chemical structure of the compound, cellular transport properties, and chemical partitioning in growth medium. A number of bacterial species are known to degrade PAHs and most of them are isolated from contaminated soil or sediments. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomons fluoresens, Mycobacterium spp., Haemophilus spp., Rhodococcus spp., Paenibacillus spp. are some of the commonly studied PAH-degrading bacteria. Lignolytic fungi too have the property of PAH degradation. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Bjerkandera adusta, and Pleurotus ostreatus are the common PAH-degrading fungi. Enzymes involved in the degradation of PAHs are oxygenase, dehydrogenase and lignolytic enzymes. Fungal lignolytic enzymes are lignin peroxidase, laccase, and manganese peroxidase. They are extracellular and catalyze radical formation by oxidation to destabilize bonds in a molecule. The biodegradation of PAHs has been observed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions and the rate can be enhanced by physical/chemical pretreatment of contaminated soil. Addition of biosurfactant-producing bacteria and light oils can increase the bioavailability of PAHs and metabolic potential of the bacterial community. The supplementation of contaminated soils with compost materials can also enhance biodegradation without long-term accumulation of extractable polar and more available intermediates. Wetlands, too, have found an application in PAH removal from wastewater. The intensive biological activities in such an ecosystem lead to a high rate of autotrophic and heterotrophic processes. Aquatic weeds Typha spp. and Scirpus lacustris have been used in horizontal-vertical macrophyte based wetlands to treat PAHs. An integrated approach of physical, chemical, and biological degradation may be adopted to get synergistically enhanced removal rates and to treat/remediate the contaminated sites in an ecologically favorable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Haritash
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India.
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50
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Effect of copper on the activation of the acid phosphatase from the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Biometals 2009; 23:93-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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