1
|
Thiery JP, Sheng G, Shu X, Runyan R. How studies in developmental epithelial-mesenchymal transition and mesenchymal-epithelial transition inspired new research paradigms in biomedicine. Development 2024; 151:dev200128. [PMID: 38300897 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse mechanism, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), are evolutionarily conserved mechanisms initially identified in studies of early metazoan development. EMT may even have been established in choanoflagellates, the closest unicellular relative of Metazoa. These crucial morphological transitions operate during body plan formation and subsequently in organogenesis. These findings have prompted an increasing number of investigators in biomedicine to assess the importance of such mechanisms that drive epithelial cell plasticity in multiple diseases associated with congenital disabilities and fibrosis, and, most importantly, in the progression of carcinoma. EMT and MET also play crucial roles in regenerative medicine, notably by contributing epigenetic changes in somatic cells to initiate reprogramming into stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into distinct lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guojun Sheng
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Xiaodong Shu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Raymond Runyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cardiovascular risk in bipolar disorder - A case for the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis? J Affect Disord 2023; 324:410-417. [PMID: 36587906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with elevated mortality risk secondary to natural causes. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) constitutes the most prevalent underlying condition. Patients with BD display higher CVD-associated excess mortality than MDD patients. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume, a known predictor of premature CV morbidity and adrenal gland (AG) volume, an indicator for chronic hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, were compared in BD and MDD patients. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to assess EAT and AG volume in age-, gender-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched MDD (N = 27) and BD (N = 27) patients. Ten-year CV mortality risk and diabetes risk were assessed by PROCAM, ESC-SCORE, and FINDRISK, respectively; metabolic syndrome (MetS) was determined following NCEP/ATP III criteria. RESULTS Cardiometabolic risk scores and frequency of MetS were comparable, and scores of cardiometabolic risk indices did not significantly differ in both groups. After adjustment for age, BMI, and physical activity, EAT and AG volumes were significantly higher in BD compared to MDD. Partial correlation analyses showed a significant positive association of EAT and AG volumes in BD but not in the MDD. LIMITATIONS The modest sample size warrants confirmation in a larger cohort and the cross-sectional design does not allow for temporal or causal inferences. CONCLUSION Our study indicates increased EAT accumulation in BD patients. This was associated with HPA axis dysregulation. Therapeutic lifestyle interventions that reduce EAT volume should be considered in clinical BD management.
Collapse
|
3
|
Turkmen K, Ozer H, Kusztal M. The Relationship of Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease and Hemodialysis Patients. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051308. [PMID: 35268399 PMCID: PMC8911356 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), visceral fat depot of the heart, was found to be associated with coronary artery disease in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. Additionally, EAT has been proposed as a novel cardiovascular risk in the general population and in end-stage renal disease patients. It has also been shown that EAT, more than other subcutaneous adipose tissue deposits, acts as a highly active organ producing several bioactive adipokines, and proinflammatory and proatherogenic cytokines. Therefore, increased visceral adiposity is associated with proinflammatory activity, impaired insulin sensitivity, increased risk of atherosclerosis, and high morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. In the present review, we aimed to demonstrate the role of EAT in the pathophysiological mechanisms of increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kultigin Turkmen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Turkey;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-5384927877
| | - Hakan Ozer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Turkey;
| | - Mariusz Kusztal
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yakut K, Öcal DF, Sanhal Yaşar C, Halıcı Öztürk F, Şanlı C, Çelen Ş. Fetal epicardial fat thickness in fetal growth restriction; effects on fetal heart function and relationship with the severity of disease. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:6946-6952. [PMID: 34058950 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1931676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate fetal epicardial fat thickness (EFT) value in fetal growth restriction (FGR) and its relationship with clinical parameters, fetal modified myocardial index (Mod-MPI), and the Doppler parameters. MATERIAL METHODS Eighty-five pregnant women, with 30 diagnosed with FGR and 55 healthy pregnant women as control group participated in this prospective case-control study. FGR group was divided into 2 subgroups as early (n = 9) and late FGR (n = 21) groups. Demographic data were taken from the medical records. Amnion fluid value, fetal biometric measurements, and Doppler parameters were obtained. Fetal EFT and fetal Mod-MPI were measured by using the echocardiographic methods. The correlation tests were performed to assess the association between EFT and clinical and ultrasonographic parameters. p < .05 was interpreted as statistically significant. RESULTS EFT value was found statistically lower in the early and late FGR groups than the control group (p = .003). Higher umbilical artery pulsatility index (PI) and lower cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) values were found in the early and late FGR (p < .001, p = .001). The optimal EFT cutoff level to predict FGR disease was measured as 1.25 with 63.3% specificity and 77.4% sensitivity. Lower ejection time (ET) and higher Mod-MPI and isovolumetric contraction time (ICT) values were found in the group FGR with absent UAEDF than in the group FGR with no absent UAEDF (p = .001, p < .000, p < .000, respectively). Correlation tests showed statistically negative and weak correlations among EFT, umbilical artery PI, and mean Ut A-PI (p = .019, p = .019). Positive correlations were found in regard to gestational age, EFW, and EFT (p = .002, p < .000). CONCLUSION Our study showed that the measurement of EFT may contribute to predicting the diagnosis of FGR. Moreover, lower EFT values can be related to the severity of FGR. Future randomized control studies are needed to understand the effects and pathways of fetal EFT on fetal cardiac function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kadriye Yakut
- Perinatology Department, Turkish Ministry of Health, Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Doğa Fatma Öcal
- Perinatology Department, Turkish Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Filiz Halıcı Öztürk
- Perinatology Department, Turkish Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Şanlı
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Turkish Ministry of Health, Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Şevki Çelen
- Perinatology Department, Etlik Zübeyde Hanım Maternity and Women's Health Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
George RM, Firulli AB. Deletion of a Hand1 lncRNA-Containing Septum Transversum Enhancer Alters lncRNA Expression but Is Not Required for Hand1 Expression. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8050050. [PMID: 34064373 PMCID: PMC8147853 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8050050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified a Hand1 transcriptional enhancer that drives expression within the septum transversum, the origin of the cells that contribute to the epicardium. This enhancer directly overlaps a common exon of a predicted family of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) that are specific to mice. To interrogate the necessity of this Hand1 enhancer, as well as the importance of these novel lncRNAs, we deleted the enhancer sequences, including the common exon shared by these lncRNAs, using genome editing. Resultant homozygous Hand1 enhancer mutants (Hand1ΔST/ΔST) present with no observable phenotype. Assessment of lncRNA expression reveals that Hand1ΔST/ΔST mutants effectively eliminate detectable lncRNA expression. Expression analysis within Hand1ΔST/ΔST mutant hearts indicates higher levels of Hand1 than in controls. The generation of Hand1 compound heterozygous mutants with the Hand1LacZ null allele (Hand1ΔST/LacZ) also did not reveal any observable phenotypes. Together these data indicate that deletion of this Hand1 enhancer and by consequence a family of murine-specific lncRNAs does not impact embryonic development in observable ways.
Collapse
|
6
|
Muzurović EM, Vujošević S, Mikhailidis DP. Can We Decrease Epicardial and Pericardial Fat in Patients With Diabetes? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2021; 26:415-436. [PMID: 33844605 DOI: 10.1177/10742484211006997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and complex metabolic disorder and also an important cause of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD). Patients with type 2 DM (T2DM) and obesity show a greater propensity for visceral fat deposition (and excessive fat deposits elsewhere) and the link between adiposity and CVD risk is greater for visceral than for subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue (AT). There is growing evidence that epicardial AT (EAT) and pericardial AT (PAT) play a role in the development of DM-related atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation (AF), myocardial dysfunction, and heart failure (HF). In this review, we will highlight the importance of PAT and EAT in patients with DM. We also consider therapeutic interventions that could have a beneficial effect in terms of reducing the amount of AT and thus CV risk. EAT is biologically active and a likely determinant of CV morbidity and mortality in patients with DM, given its anatomical characteristics and proinflammatory secretory pattern. Consequently, modification of EAT/PAT may become a therapeutic target to reduce the CV burden. In patients with DM, a low calorie diet, exercise, antidiabetics and statins may change the quantity of EAT, PAT or both, alter the secretory pattern of EAT, improve the metabolic profile, and reduce inflammation. However, well-designed studies are needed to clearly define CV benefits and a therapeutic approach to EAT/PAT in patients with DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emir M Muzurović
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, 274294Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Snežana Vujošević
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, 274294Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, 9687Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), Pond Street, London, UK.,Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ni X, Jiao L, Zhang Y, Xu J, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Du Y, Sun Z, Wang S. Correlation Between the Distribution of Abdominal, Pericardial and Subcutaneous Fat and Muscle and Age and Gender in a Middle-Aged and Elderly Population. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2201-2208. [PMID: 34045873 PMCID: PMC8144844 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s299171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the relationships between the distribution of abdominal fat and muscle and age and gender in a middle-aged and elderly population. METHODS The levels of abdominal (visceral and subcutaneous) fat, pericardial fat, and psoas major muscle were measured in subjects who had physical examinations at the Health and Medical Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from July 2019 to June 2020. The relationship between fat in different areas (ie, different types of fat) and the relationship between different types of fat and the psoas major muscle were investigated in the context of different genders and ages. RESULTS The distribution of fat and muscle differed between males and females of the middle-aged and elderly study sample. Volumes of pericardial fat, total abdominal fat, and visceral fat were significantly lower in females than in males, and the area of the psoas major muscle was also significantly lower in females than in males. Levels of subcutaneous fat and total abdominal fat showed no significant correlation with age. The level of muscle showed a significant negative correlation with age. CONCLUSION 1) Within the middle-aged and elderly sample, male subjects had higher levels than females of all types of fat except for abdominal subcutaneous fat, and had higher levels of psoas muscle than females. 2) Pericardial fat increased with age, whereas levels of abdominal fat did not change significantly with age. 3) The area of psoas major muscle appears to be positively correlated with volumes of all types of fat: subjects with more fat tended to have higher levels of psoas major muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Ni
- Department of Healthcare, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Jiao
- Department of Healthcare, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Li Jiao Department of Healthcare, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 of Shuaifuyuan Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 10 69157229 Email
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Healthcare, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunqing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Du
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyong Sun
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shitian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Left Ventricular Function, Epicardial Adipose Tissue, and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Children and Adolescents With Vertical HIV Infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 82:462-467. [PMID: 31714424 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Life expectancy of HIV patients has increased considerably as a result of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and cardiovascular (CV) disease has emerged as an important late concern. People with HIV infection could have an impaired systolic function; however data on diastolic function and markers of CV risk, such as epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and intima-media thickness (IMT), are lacking. Aim of this study is to evaluate left ventricular function, EAT, and IMT in children and adolescents with vertically acquired HIV infection. METHODS We enrolled 29 subjects on ART (13, 45% men; median age of 13.0, and interquartile range 9-18), and 29 age-matched controls. All patients and controls underwent echocardiographic evaluation, with study of the systolic and diastolic function and measurement of the EAT, and a carotid ultrasound study for IMT measurement. RESULTS Comparing HIV-infected patients to healthy controls, we found a statistically significant increase of EAT and IMT (mean ± SD) (EAT: 3.16 ± 1.05 vs 1.24 ± 0.61 mm; P < 0.0001. IMT: 0.77 ± 0.15 vs 0.51 ± 0.11 mm; P < 0.0001), and a significant reduction of ejection fraction, evaluated with the biplane Simpson method (mean ± SD) (58.5% ± 6.66% vs 66% ± 4.24%; P = 0.029). These results are not related with age, gender, degree of lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinism, and ART duration or the use of single antiretroviral classes. CONCLUSIONS Vertically infected HIV children and adolescents show an increased thickness of EAT and IMT, expression of potentially increased CV risk. They also show an impaired systolic function.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chait A, den Hartigh LJ. Adipose Tissue Distribution, Inflammation and Its Metabolic Consequences, Including Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:22. [PMID: 32158768 PMCID: PMC7052117 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays essential roles in maintaining lipid and glucose homeostasis. To date several types of adipose tissue have been identified, namely white, brown, and beige, that reside in various specific anatomical locations throughout the body. The cellular composition, secretome, and location of these adipose depots define their function in health and metabolic disease. In obesity, adipose tissue becomes dysfunctional, promoting a pro-inflammatory, hyperlipidemic and insulin resistant environment that contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Concurrently, similar features that result from adipose tissue dysfunction also promote cardiovascular disease (CVD) by mechanisms that can be augmented by T2DM. The mechanisms by which dysfunctional adipose tissue simultaneously promote T2DM and CVD, focusing on adipose tissue depot-specific adipokines, inflammatory profiles, and metabolism, will be the focus of this review. The impact that various T2DM and CVD treatment strategies have on adipose tissue function and body weight also will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Chait
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Laura J den Hartigh
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Numaguchi R, Furuhashi M, Matsumoto M, Sato H, Yanase Y, Kuroda Y, Harada R, Ito T, Higashiura Y, Koyama M, Tanaka M, Moniwa N, Nakamura M, Doi H, Miura T, Kawaharada N. Differential Phenotypes in Perivascular Adipose Tissue Surrounding the Internal Thoracic Artery and Diseased Coronary Artery. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e011147. [PMID: 30638109 PMCID: PMC6497339 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.011147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is causally associated with vascular function and the pathogenesis of vascular disease in association with metabolically driven chronic inflammation called metaflammation. However, the difference in PVAT surrounding the coronary artery (CA‐PVAT) and that surrounding the internal thoracic artery (ITA‐PVAT), a vessel resistant to atherosclerosis, remains unclear. Herein, we investigated whether CA‐PVAT, ITA‐PVAT, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) have distinct phenotypes. Methods and Results Fat pads were sampled from 44 patients (men/women, 36:8; age, 67±13 years) with CA disease who underwent elective CA bypass grafting. Adipocyte size in ITA‐PVAT and that in CA‐PVAT were significantly smaller than that in SCAT. A greater extent of fibrosis and increased gene expression levels of fibrosis‐related molecules were observed in CA‐PVAT than those in SCAT and those in ITA‐PVAT. CA‐PVAT exhibited more pronounced metaflammation, as indicated by a significantly larger extent of CD68‐positive and CD11c‐positive M1 macrophages, a lower ratio of CD206‐positive M2 to CD11c‐positive M1 macrophages, a lower gene expression level of adiponectin, and higher gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and inflammasome‐ and endoplasmic reticulum stress–related molecules, than did ITA‐PVAT and SCAT. Expression patterns of adipocyte developmental and pattern‐forming genes were totally different among SCAT, ITA‐PVAT, and CA‐PVAT. Conclusions The phenotype of ITA‐PVAT is closer to that of SCAT than that of CA‐PVAT, which may result from inherent differences in adipocytes. ITA‐PVAT appears to be protected from metaflammation and consecutive adipose tissue remodeling, which may contribute to the decreased atherosclerotic plaque burden in the ITA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Numaguchi
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Masato Furuhashi
- 2 Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Megumi Matsumoto
- 2 Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Yosuke Yanase
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Yosuke Kuroda
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Ryo Harada
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Toshiro Ito
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Yukimura Higashiura
- 2 Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Masayuki Koyama
- 2 Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Marenao Tanaka
- 2 Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Norihito Moniwa
- 2 Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- 3 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Sapporo City General Hospital Sapporo Japan
| | - Hirosato Doi
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan.,4 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Sapporo Cardiovascular Clinic Sapporo Japan
| | - Tetsuji Miura
- 2 Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Kawaharada
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Monti CB, Codari M, De Cecco CN, Secchi F, Sardanelli F, Stillman AE. Novel imaging biomarkers: epicardial adipose tissue evaluation. Br J Radiol 2019; 93:20190770. [PMID: 31782934 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a metabolically activated beige adipose tissue, non-homogeneously surrounding the myocardium. Physiologically, EAT regulates toxic fatty acids, protects the coronary arteries against mechanical strain, regulates proinflammatory cytokines, stimulates the production of nitric oxide, reduces oxidative stress, and works as a thermogenic source against hypothermia. Conversely, EAT has pathologic paracrine interactions with the surrounded vessels, and might favour the onset of atrial fibrillation. In addition, initial atherosclerotic lesions can promote inflammation and trigger the EAT production of cytokines increasing vascular inflammation, which, in turn, may help the development of collateral vessels but also of self-stimulating, dysregulated inflammatory process, increasing coronary artery disease severity. Variations in EAT were also linked to metabolic syndrome. Echocardiography first estimated EAT measuring its thickness on the free wall of the right ventricle but does not allow accurate volumetric EAT estimates. Cardiac CT (CCT) and cardiac MR (CMR) allow for three-dimensional EAT estimates, the former showing higher spatial resolution and reproducibility but being limited by radiation exposure and long segmentation times, the latter being radiation-free but limited by lower spatial resolution and reproducibility, higher cost, and difficulties for obese patients. EAT radiodensity at CCT could to be related to underlying metabolic processes. The correlation between EAT and response to certain pharmacological therapies has also been investigated, showing promising results. In the future, semi-automatic or fully automatic techniques, machine/deep-learning methods, if validated, will facilitate research for various EAT measures and may find a place in CCT/CMR reporting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina B Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Codari
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Nicola De Cecco
- Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Francesco Secchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy
| | - Arthur E Stillman
- Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reinhardt M, Cushman TR, Thearle MS, Krakoff J. Epicardial adipose tissue is a predictor of decreased kidney function and coronary artery calcification in youth- and early adult onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:979-986. [PMID: 30674009 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-1011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association of epicardial and pericardial fat volume (EFV, PFV) with cardiovascular risk factors and kidney function in Native Americans of southwestern heritage with youth and early adult onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) versus healthy controls. METHODS Using computed tomography, we quantified EFV and PFV in 149 Native Americans (92 women, 57 men), 95 of which had T2DM (38 diagnosed prior to age 20 years). Duration of T2DM, mean carotid arterial mass (AM), coronary artery calcification (CAC), IL-6, and estimated glomerular filtration rate eGFRcr(CKD-EPI) were measured. RESULTS EFV and PFV were associated with BMI (r = 0.37, p < 0.0001; r = 0.26, p = 0.001) and did not differ between onset age-groups and controls (p > 0.05). EFV was associated with AM only in controls (r = 0.51, p < 0.0001). After adjustment for BMI, T2DM duration, HbA1C, age, and sex, EFV was a predictor of CAC and IL-6 concentrations in early adult onset T2DM (β = 0.05 ± 0.02 cm3, p = 0.03; β = 0.05 ± 0.01 pg/ml/cm3, p = 0.002). EFV and PFV were independent predictors of reduced eGFRcr(CKD-EPI) in the youth onset T2DM group (β = -0.3 ± 0.08 ml/min/cm3, p = 0.001; β = -0.25 ± 0.05 ml/min/cm3, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Epicardial fat volume may be a risk factor for heart disease in individuals with early adult onset T2DM and a predictor of decreased kidney function in individuals with youth onset T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Reinhardt
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4212 N. 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA.
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Liebigstraße 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - T R Cushman
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4212 N. 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| | - M S Thearle
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4212 N. 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| | - J Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4212 N. 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pennisi DJ. Towards Consensus on Coronary Vessel Development: Coronary Arterial Endothelial Cells Derive Primarily From the Sinus venosus During Embryogenesis. Circ Res 2019; 118:1861-2. [PMID: 27283527 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J Pennisi
- From the University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, St Lucia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Baloglu I, Turkmen K, Selcuk NY, Tonbul HZ, Ozcicek A, Hamur H, Iyısoy S, Akbas EM. The Relationship Between Visceral Adiposity Index and Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 129:390-395. [DOI: 10.1055/a-0892-4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction and aim Cardiovascular diseases remain the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), visceral fat depot of the heart, was found to be associated with coronary artery disease in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. Increased visceral adiposity is associated with proinflammatory activity, impaired insulin sensitivity, increased risk of atherosclerosis and high mortality. In the present study we aimed to investigate the relationship between EAT and visceral adiposity index (VAI) in patients with diabetes.
Methods This was a cross-sectional study involving 128 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (73 females, 55 males; mean age, 54.09+±+9.17 years) and 32 control subjects (23 females, 9 males; mean age, 50.09+±+7.81 years). EAT was measured by using a trans-thoracic echocardiograph. Parameters such as waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), triglyceride and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were used to calculate VAI.
Result EAT and VAI measurements were significantly higher in patients with diabetes when compared to control subjects. In the bivariate correlation analysis, VAI was positively correlated with uric acid level (r=0.214, p=0.015), white blood cell count (r= 0.262, p=0.003), platelet count (r=0.223, p=0.011) and total cholesterol levels (r= 0.363, p<0.001). Also, VAI was found to be the independent predictor of EAT.
Conclusion Simple calculation of VAI was found to be associated with increased EAT in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Baloglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Kultigin Turkmen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Nedim Yılmaz Selcuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Halil Zeki Tonbul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Adalet Ozcicek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erzincan University, Mengucek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Hamur
- Department of Cardiology, Erzincan University, Mengucek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Sinan Iyısoy
- Department of Statistics, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Emin Murat Akbas
- Department of Endocrinology, Erzincan University, Mengucek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vilches-Moure JG. Embryonic Chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus) as a Model of Cardiac Biology and Development. Comp Med 2019; 69:184-203. [PMID: 31182184 PMCID: PMC6591676 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains one of the top contributors to morbidity and mortality in the United States. Increasing evidence suggests that many processes, pathways, and programs observed during development and organogenesis are recapitulated in adults in the face of disease. Therefore, a heightened understanding of cardiac development and organogenesis will help increase our understanding of developmental defects and cardiovascular diseases in adults. Chicks have long served as a model system in which to study developmental problems. Detailed descriptions of morphogenesis, low cost, accessibility, ease of manipulation, and the optimization of genetic engineering techniques have made chicks a robust model for studying development and make it a powerful platform for cardiovascular research. This review summarizes the cardiac developmental milestones of embryonic chickens, practical considerations when working with chicken embryos, and techniques available for use in chicks (including tissue chimeras, genetic manipulations, and live imaging). In addition, this article highlights examples that accentuate the utility of the embryonic chicken as model system in which to study cardiac development, particularly epicardial development, and that underscore the importance of how studying development informs our understanding of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José G Vilches-Moure
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Madonna R, Massaro M, Scoditti E, Pescetelli I, De Caterina R. The epicardial adipose tissue and the coronary arteries: dangerous liaisons. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115:1013-1025. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Madonna
- Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI-Met), Institute of Cardiology, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University, Via L. Polacchi, Chieti Scalo (Chieti), Italy
| | - Marika Massaro
- National Research Council (CNR), Department of Biomedical sciences, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- National Research Council (CNR), Department of Biomedical sciences, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Irene Pescetelli
- Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI-Met), Institute of Cardiology, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University, Via L. Polacchi, Chieti Scalo (Chieti), Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Institute of Cardiology, University of Pisa, C/o Ospedale di Cisanello, Via Paradisa, 2, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Selthofer-Relatić K, Kibel A, Delić-Brkljačić D, Bošnjak I. Cardiac Obesity and Cardiac Cachexia: Is There a Pathophysiological Link? J Obes 2019; 2019:9854085. [PMID: 31565432 PMCID: PMC6745151 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9854085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for cardiometabolic and vascular diseases like arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidaemia, and atherosclerosis. A special role in obesity-related syndromes is played by cardiac visceral obesity, which includes epicardial adipose tissue and intramyocardial fat, leading to cardiac steatosis; hypertensive heart disease; atherosclerosis of epicardial coronary artery disease; and ischemic cardiomyopathy, cardiac microcirculatory dysfunction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and atrial fibrillation. Cardiac expression of these changes in any given patient is unique and multimodal, varying in clinical settings and level of expressed changes, with heart failure development depending on pathophysiological mechanisms with preserved, midrange, or reduced ejection fraction. Progressive heart failure with misbalanced metabolic and catabolic processes will change muscle, bone, and fat mass and function, with possible changes in the cardiac fat state from excessive accumulation to reduction and cardiac cachexia with a worse prognosis. The question we address is whether cardiac obesity or cardiac cachexia is to be more feared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Selthofer-Relatić
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - A. Kibel
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - D. Delić-Brkljačić
- Department for Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Hospital “Sestre Milosrdnice”, Vinogradska Cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I. Bošnjak
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Miyazawa I, Ohkubo T, Kadowaki S, Fujiyoshi A, Hisamatsu T, Kadota A, Arima H, Budoff M, Murata K, Miura K, Maegawa H, Ueshima H. Change in Pericardial Fat Volume and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a General Population of Japanese Men. Circ J 2018; 82:2542-2548. [PMID: 30047503 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-18-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pericardial fat volume (PFV), defined as the volume of ectopic fat in and around the heart, is associated with the atherosclerotic process in coronary arteries. The magnitude of change in PFV over time and the factors affecting this change in a general population, however, have not been investigated. Methods and Results: Cardiac computed tomography (CT) was carried out at baseline and at follow-up in 623 Japanese men aged 40-79 years without a history of cardiovascular disease who were selected randomly in Kusatsu (Shiga, Japan). PFV was measured on cardiac CT in a qualified laboratory. Age, heart rate, triglycerides, and obesity measurements (weight, body mass index, and waist circumference) were significantly and positively associated with PFV at baseline. Over an average interval of 4.7 years, median PFV increased significantly from 64.1 cm3 (IQR, 47.2-90.0 cm3) to 73.6 cm3 (IQR, 53.3-98.1 cm3; P<0.001). Current smoking and heart rate were significantly and independently associated with changes in PFV (B=3.336, P<0.001 and B=6.409, P=0.003, respectively). CONCLUSIONS PFV increased significantly over time in a population-based observational study of Japanese men. PFV change was significantly and independently associated with smoking status and heart rate, suggesting that quitting smoking might help reduce PFV, which could be expected to decrease the risk of coronary artery disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takayoshi Ohkubo
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science.,Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine
| | - Sayaka Kadowaki
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Akira Fujiyoshi
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Takashi Hisamatsu
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science.,Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University
| | - Aya Kadota
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science.,Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Hisatomi Arima
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University
| | - Matthew Budoff
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles
| | - Kiyoshi Murata
- Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science.,Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | | | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science.,Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Epicardial adipose tissue: new parameter for cardiovascular risk assessment in high risk populations. J Nephrol 2018; 31:847-853. [PMID: 29704210 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-018-0491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is localized between the myocardial surface and visceral layer of the pericardium. It is a metabolically active organ that secretes several cytokines which modulate cardiovascular morphology and function. EAT may interact locally with coronary arteries through paracrine secretion mechanisms. Cytokines from peri-adventitial EAT may pass through the coronary wall by diffusion from the outside to the inside, interacting with cells. An additional potential mechanism by which EAT interacts locally with coronary arteries may be the vasocrine secretion.EAT may play a significant role as a modulator of cardiac functions. In physiologic conditions, EAT has biochemical cardio-protective properties, secreting anti-atherosclerosis substances; in metabolic disease states, EAT secretes bioactive molecules that may play an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and cardiac arrhythmias by promoting atherosclerosis. EAT has been evaluated both in the general population and in metabolic disease states that are characterized by inflammation, such as cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease.This review focuses on the current state of knowledge on EAT as a reliable new parameter for cardiovascular risk stratification in high risk populations.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ramai D, Lai J, Monzidelis C, Reddy S. Coronary Artery Development: Origin, Malformations, and Translational Vascular Reparative Therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2018; 23:292-300. [PMID: 29642708 DOI: 10.1177/1074248418769633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After thickening of the cardiac chamber walls during embryogenesis, oxygen and nutrients can no longer be adequately supplied to cardiac cells via passive diffusion; therefore, a primitive vascular network develops to supply these vital structures. This plexus further matures into coronary arteries and veins, which ensures continued development of the heart. Various models have been proposed to account for the growth of the coronary arteries. However, lineage-tracing studies in the last decade have identified 3 major sources, namely, the proepicardium, the sinus venosus, and endocardium. Although the exact contribution of each source remains unknown, the emerging model depicts alternative pathways and progenitor cells, which ensure successful coronary angiogenesis. We aim to explore the current trends in coronary artery development, the cellular and molecular signals regulating heart vascularization, and its implications for heart disease and vascular regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Ramai
- Department of Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Academic Affiliate of The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Clinical Affiliate of The Mount Sinai Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Jonathan Lai
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Constantine Monzidelis
- Department of Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Academic Affiliate of The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Clinical Affiliate of The Mount Sinai Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sarath Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Academic Affiliate of The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Clinical Affiliate of The Mount Sinai Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Relation Between Epicardial Fat and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Individuals. J Thorac Imaging 2017; 32:378-382. [DOI: 10.1097/rti.0000000000000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
22
|
Li J, Miao L, Zhao C, Shaikh Qureshi WM, Shieh D, Guo H, Lu Y, Hu S, Huang A, Zhang L, Cai CL, Wan LQ, Xin H, Vincent P, Singer HA, Zheng Y, Cleaver O, Fan ZC, Wu M. CDC42 is required for epicardial and pro-epicardial development by mediating FGF receptor trafficking to the plasma membrane. Development 2017; 144:1635-1647. [PMID: 28465335 PMCID: PMC5450847 DOI: 10.1242/dev.147173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The epicardium contributes to multiple cardiac lineages and is essential for cardiac development and regeneration. However, the mechanism of epicardium formation is unclear. This study aimed to establish the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the dissociation of pro-epicardial cells (PECs) from the pro-epicardium (PE) and their subsequent translocation to the heart to form the epicardium. We used lineage tracing, conditional deletion, mosaic analysis and ligand stimulation in mice to determine that both villous protrusions and floating cysts contribute to PEC translocation to myocardium in a CDC42-dependent manner. We resolved a controversy by demonstrating that physical contact of the PE with the myocardium constitutes a third mechanism for PEC translocation to myocardium, and observed a fourth mechanism in which PECs migrate along the surface of the inflow tract to reach the ventricles. Epicardial-specific Cdc42 deletion disrupted epicardium formation, and Cdc42 null PECs proliferated less, lost polarity and failed to form villous protrusions and floating cysts. FGF signaling promotes epicardium formation in vivo, and biochemical studies demonstrated that CDC42 is involved in the trafficking of FGF receptors to the cell membrane to regulate epicardium formation. Highlighted article: During epicardial formation in mice, four different mechanisms of pro-epicardial cell translocation to the myocardium can be identified, with CDC42 playing a key role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Lianjie Miao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | | | - David Shieh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Yangyang Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Saiyang Hu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Alice Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chen-Leng Cai
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th street, Biotech 2147, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Hongbo Xin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Peter Vincent
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Harold A Singer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhen-Chuan Fan
- International Collaborative Research Center for Health Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Mingfu Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stojanovska J, Ibrahim ESH, Chughtai AR, Jackson EA, Gross BH, Jacobson JA, Tsodikov A, Daneshvar B, Long BD, Chenevert TL, Kazerooni EA. Intrathoracic Fat Measurements Using Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT): Feasibility and Reproducibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28626797 PMCID: PMC5472382 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2017.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Intrathoracic fat volume, more specifically, epicardial fat volume, is an emerging imaging biomarker of adverse cardiovascular events. The purpose of this work is to show the feasibility and reproducibility of intrathoracic fat volume measurement applied to contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography images. A retrospective cohort study of 62 subjects free of cardiovascular disease (55% females, age = 49 ± 11 years) conducted from 2008 to 2011 formed the study group. Intrathoracic fat volume was defined as all fat voxels measuring −50 to −250 Hounsfield Unit within the intrathoracic cavity from the level of the pulmonary artery bifurcation to the heart apex. The intrathoracic fat was separated into epicardial and extrapericardial fat by tracing the pericardium. The measurements were obtained by 2 readers and compared for interrater reproducibility. The fat volume measurements for the study group were 141 ± 72 cm3 for intrathoracic fat, 58 ± 27 cm3 for epicardial fat, and 84 ± 50 cm3 for extrapericardial fat. There was no statistically significant difference in intrathoracic fat volume measurements between the 2 readers, with correlation coefficients of 0.88 (P = .55) for intrathoracic fat volume and −0.12 (P = .33) for epicardial fat volume. Voxel-based measurement of intrathoracic fat, including the separation into epicardial and extrapericardial fat, is feasible and highly reproducible from multidetector computed tomography scans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aamer R Chughtai
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Barry H Gross
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jon A Jacobson
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Brian Daneshvar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Benjamin D Long
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Ella A Kazerooni
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ozcicek A, Ozcicek F, Yildiz G, Timuroglu A, Demirtas L, Buyuklu M, Kuyrukluyildiz U, Akbas EM, Topal E, Turkmen K. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a possible indicator of epicardial adipose tissue in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:118-123. [PMID: 28144263 PMCID: PMC5206352 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.50784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic inflammation is a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is the true visceral fat depot of the heart. The relationship between coronary artery disease and EAT was shown in healthy subjects and ESRD patients. In the present study we aimed to investigate the relationship between EAT and inflammation parameters including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-three HD patients (25 females, 18 males; mean age: 64.1 ±11.9 years) receiving HD and 30 healthy subjects (15 females, 15 males; mean age: 59.1 ±10.8 years) were enrolled in the study. Epicardial adipose tissue measurements were performed by echocardiography. RESULTS Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio levels were significantly higher in HD patients than in the healthy control group. Hemodialysis patients were separated into two groups according to their median value of NLR (group 1, NLR < 3.07 (n = 21) and group 2, NLR ≥ 3.07 (n = 22)). Group 2 patients had significantly higher EAT, C-reactive protein and ferritin levels, while albumin levels were significantly lower in this group. In the bivariate correlation analysis, EAT was positively correlated with NLR (r = 0.600, p < 0.001) and ferritin (r = 0.485, p = 0.001) levels. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was found to be an independent predictor of EAT in HD patients (odds ratio = 3.178; p = 0.008). We concluded that this relationship might be attributed to increased inflammation in uremic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adalet Ozcicek
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ozcicek
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Gursel Yildiz
- Department of Nephrology, Atatürk State Hospital, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Aysu Timuroglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Levent Demirtas
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Mutlu Buyuklu
- Department Cardiology, School of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Kuyrukluyildiz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Emin Murat Akbas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Ergun Topal
- Department Cardiology, School of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Kultigin Turkmen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tam WC, Lin YK, Chan WP, Huang JH, Hsieh MH, Chen SA, Chen YJ. Pericardial Fat Is Associated With the Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmia in Asian Patients. Circ J 2016; 80:1726-33. [PMID: 27301329 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pericardial fat is correlated with the occurrence of atrial fibrillation or coronary atherosclerosis. However, the role of pericardial fat in ventricular arrhythmia remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients who had undergone dual-source computed tomography and 24-h Holter ECG were retrospectively enrolled. Quantification of the volume of pericardial fat surrounding the ventricles was analyzed using threshold attenuation of dual-source CT. The volume of pericardial fat was significantly different among those without ventricular premature beats (VPBs) in 24 h (n=28), those with occasional VPBs (n=54) and those with frequent VPBs (n=34) (12.5±6.1 cm(3)vs. 14±8.9 cm(3)vs. 29.9±17.3 cm(3), P<0.001). In addition, the number of VPBs strongly correlated with the volume of total pericardial fat (R=0.501, P<0.001), right ventricular (RV) pericardial fat (R=0.539, P<0.001), and left ventricular pericardial fat (R=0.376, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that quartiles of RV localized pericardial fat significantly increased the risk of frequent VPBs (OR=3.2, P=0.047). Moreover, the number of VPBs in 24 h was significantly different among the patients with a fat volume within the 25th percentile, 25-75th percentile and 75th percentile. CONCLUSIONS Pericardial fat (especially RV pericardial fat) was associated with the frequency of VPBs, which suggests the arrhythmogenic potential of ventricular pericardial fat. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1726-1733).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weng-Chio Tam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Furuhashi M, Fuseya T, Murata M, Hoshina K, Ishimura S, Mita T, Watanabe Y, Omori A, Matsumoto M, Sugaya T, Oikawa T, Nishida J, Kokubu N, Tanaka M, Moniwa N, Yoshida H, Sawada N, Shimamoto K, Miura T. Local Production of Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 in Epicardial/Perivascular Fat and Macrophages Is Linked to Coronary Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:825-34. [PMID: 27013610 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) is expressed in adipocytes and macrophages, and elevated circulating FABP4 level is associated with obesity-mediated metabolic phenotype. We systematically investigated roles of FABP4 in the development of coronary artery atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS First, by immunohistochemical analyses, we found that FABP4 was expressed in macrophages within coronary atherosclerotic plaques and epicardial/perivascular fat in autopsy cases and macrophages within thrombi covering ruptured coronary plaques in thrombectomy samples from patients with acute myocardial infarction. Second, we confirmed that FABP4 was secreted from macrophages and adipocytes cultured in vitro. Third, we investigated the effect of exogenous FABP4 on macrophages and human coronary artery-derived smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells in vitro. Treatment of the cells with recombinant FABP4 significantly increased gene expression of inflammatory markers in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we measured serum FABP4 level in the aortic root (Ao-FABP4) and coronary sinus (CS-FABP4) of 34 patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease. Coronary stenosis score assessed by the modified Gensini score was weakly correlated with CS-FABP4 but was not correlated with Ao-FABP4. A stronger correlation (r=0.59, P<0.01) was observed for the relationship between coronary stenosis score and coronary veno-arterial difference in FABP4 level, (CS-Ao)-FABP4, indicating local production of FABP4 during coronary circulation in the heart. Multivariate analysis indicated that (CS-Ao)-FABP4 was an independent predictor of the severity of coronary stenosis after adjustment of conventional risk factors. CONCLUSIONS FABP4 locally produced by epicardial/perivascular fat and macrophages in vascular plaques contributes to the development of coronary atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Furuhashi
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.).
| | - Takahiro Fuseya
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Masaki Murata
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Kyoko Hoshina
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Shutaro Ishimura
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Tomohiro Mita
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Yuki Watanabe
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Akina Omori
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Megumi Matsumoto
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Takeshi Sugaya
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Oikawa
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Junichi Nishida
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Nobuaki Kokubu
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Marenao Tanaka
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Norihito Moniwa
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Hideaki Yoshida
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Norimasa Sawada
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Kazuaki Shimamoto
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| | - Tetsuji Miura
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine (M.F., T.F., K.H., S.I., T.M., Y.W., A.O., M.M., J.N., N.K., M.T., N.M., H.Y., T.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Pathology (M.M., N.S.), Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan (K.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan (S.I., T.M.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and CIMIC Co, Ltd, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., T.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Oda S, Utsunomiya D, Funama Y, Yuki H, Kidoh M, Nakaura T, Takaoka H, Matsumura M, Katahira K, Noda K, Oshima S, Tokuyasu S, Yamashita Y. Effect of iterative reconstruction on variability and reproducibility of epicardial fat volume quantification by cardiac CT. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2016; 10:150-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
28
|
MATLOCH Z, KOTULÁK T, HALUZÍK M. The Role of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Heart Disease. Physiol Res 2016; 65:23-32. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies focused on epicardial fat, formerly relatively neglected component of the heart, have elucidated some of its key roles. It possesses several properties that can distinguish it from other adipose tissue depots. Its unique anatomical location in the heart predisposes the epicardial fat to be an important player in the physiological and biochemical regulation of cardiac homeostasis. Obesity is associated with an increase in epicardial fat mass. Excess of cardiac fat can contribute to greater left ventricular mass and work, diastolic dysfunction and attenuated septal wall thickening. Imbalance in adipokines levels secreted in autocrine or paracrine fashion by epicardial fat can contribute to the activation of the key atherogenic pathways in the setting of metabolic syndrome. Epicardial fat has also been identified as an important source of pro-inflammatory mediators worsening endothelial dysfunction, eventually leading to coronary artery disease. Increased production of pro-inflammatory factors by epicardial fat can also contribute to systemic insulin resistance in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Here we review the most important roles of epicardial fat with respect to heart disease in the context of other underlying pathologies such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. HALUZÍK
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu CK, Tsai HY, Su MYM, Wu YF, Hwang JJ, Tseng WY, Lin JL, Lin LY. Pericardial fat is associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmia and mortality in patients with systolic heart failure. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:607-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
30
|
Aslan AN, Keleş T, Ayhan H, Kasapkara HA, Akçay M, Durmaz T, Sarı C, Baştuğ S, Çakır B, Bozkurt E. The Relationship between Epicardial Fat Thickness and Endothelial Dysfunction in Type I Diabetes Mellitus. Echocardiography 2015; 32:1745-53. [PMID: 25916257 DOI: 10.1111/echo.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a new independent marker of coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and endothelial dysfunction (ED) in patients with type I diabetes mellitus (TIDM). METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy-six type I diabetic patients (diabetes duration 11.7 ± 8,1 years, aged 30.6 ± 10 years; female/male: 38/38) and 36 healthy controls were enrolled into the study. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), lipid panel, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and fibrinogen levels were determined. EFT was measured via two-dimensional (2D) M-mode echocardiography. Endothelial function was assessed as flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) at the brachial artery using high-resolution ultrasound. EFT was significantly higher in patients compared to controls (3.56 ± 0.48 mm vs. 3.03 ± 0.48 mm, P < 0.001). In addition, significant differences were observed between the patient and control groups in terms of FMD (6.70% ± 1.63 vs. 9.99% ± 1.84, respectively, P < 0.001). EFT was shown to be correlated negatively with FMD (r: -0.94, P < 0.001) and positively with hsCRP (r: 0.41, P < 0.001) and fibrinogen (r: 0. 31, P = 0.007). Multiple regression analysis showed EFT to be an independent factor influencing the endothelial function. CONCLUSION There was inverse relationship between EFT and endothelial function in this study. EFT measured easily by transthoracic echocardiography may be a useful parameter in the assessment of patients with TIDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Nabi Aslan
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Telat Keleş
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Ayhan
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hacı Ahmet Kasapkara
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Akçay
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tahir Durmaz
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cenk Sarı
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serdal Baştuğ
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bekir Çakır
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Engin Bozkurt
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ulusal Okyay G, Okyay K, Polattaş Solak E, Sahinarslan A, Paşaoğlu Ö, Ayerden Ebinç F, Paşaoğlu H, Boztepe Derici Ü, Sindel Ş, Arınsoy T. Echocardiographic epicardial adipose tissue measurements provide information about cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int 2015; 19:452-62. [DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gülay Ulusal Okyay
- Nephrology Department; Gazi University Faculty of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | - Kaan Okyay
- Cardiology Department; Başkent University Faculty of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Asife Sahinarslan
- Cardiology Department; Gazi University Faculty of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | - Özge Paşaoğlu
- Biochemistry Department; Gazi University Faculty of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Hatice Paşaoğlu
- Biochemistry Department; Gazi University Faculty of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Şükrü Sindel
- Nephrology Department; Gazi University Faculty of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | - Turgay Arınsoy
- Nephrology Department; Gazi University Faculty of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Epicardial adipose tissue reflects the presence of coronary artery disease: comparison with abdominal visceral adipose tissue. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:483982. [PMID: 25692138 PMCID: PMC4323068 DOI: 10.1155/2015/483982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of visceral adipose tissue is associated with a risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to examine whether different types of adipose tissue depot may play differential roles in the progression of CAD. Consecutive 174 patients who underwent both computed tomography (CT) and echocardiography were analyzed. Cardiac and abdominal CT scans were performed to measure epicardial and abdominal visceral adipose tissue (EAT and abdominal VAT, resp.). Out of 174 patients, 109 and 113 patients, respectively, presented coronary calcification (CC) and coronary atheromatous plaque (CP). The EAT and abdominal VAT areas were larger in patients with CP compared to those without it. Interestingly, the EAT area was larger in patients with CC compared to those without CC, whereas no difference was observed in the abdominal VAT area between patients with CC and those without. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of echocardiographic EAT was an independent predictor of CP and CC, but the abdominal VAT area was not. These results suggest that EAT and abdominal VAT may play differential pathological roles in CAD. Given the importance of CC and CP, we should consider the precise assessment of CAD when echocardiographic EAT is detected.
Collapse
|
33
|
Talman AH, Psaltis PJ, Cameron JD, Meredith IT, Seneviratne SK, Wong DTL. Epicardial adipose tissue: far more than a fat depot. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2015; 4:416-29. [PMID: 25610800 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2014.11.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) refers to the fat depot that exists on the surface of the myocardium and is contained entirely beneath the pericardium, thus surrounding and in direct contact with the major coronary arteries and their branches. EAT is a biologically active organ that may play a role in the association between obesity and coronary artery disease (CAD). Given recent advances in non-invasive imaging modalities such a multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), EAT can be accurately measured and quantified. In this review, we focus on the evidence suggesting a role for EAT as a quantifiable risk marker in CAD, as well as describe the role EAT may play in the development and vulnerability of coronary artery plaque.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Talman
- 1 Monash Heart, Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre & Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia ; 2 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter J Psaltis
- 1 Monash Heart, Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre & Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia ; 2 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - James D Cameron
- 1 Monash Heart, Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre & Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia ; 2 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ian T Meredith
- 1 Monash Heart, Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre & Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia ; 2 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sujith K Seneviratne
- 1 Monash Heart, Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre & Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia ; 2 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dennis T L Wong
- 1 Monash Heart, Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre & Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia ; 2 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Niemann M, Alkadhi H, Gotschy A, Kozerke S, Manka R. [Epicardial fat: Imaging and implications for diseases of the cardiovascular system]. Herz 2014; 40 Suppl 3:282-90. [PMID: 25178875 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-014-4146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the obese (ob) gene product leptin, fat has been considered an endocrine organ. Especially epicardial fat has gained increasing attention in recent years. The epicardial fat plays a major role in fat metabolism; however, harmful properties have also been reported. Echocardiography, computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are the non-invasive tools used to measure epicardial fat volume. This review briefly introduces the basic physiological and pathophysiological considerations concerning epicardial fat. The main issue of this review is the presentation of non-invasive measurement techniques of epicardial fat using various imaging modalities and a literature overview of associations between epicardial fat and common cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Niemann
- Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, Universität und ETH Zürich, Gloriastr. 35, CH-8092, Zürich, Schweiz,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ulucan S, Kaya Z, Efe D, Keser A, Katlandur H, Aygun F, Ulgen MS, Avci A, Calapkorur B, Kaya MG. Epicardial Fat Tissue Predicts Increased Long-Term Major Adverse Cardiac Event in Patients With Moderate Cardiovascular Risk. Angiology 2014; 66:619-24. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319714548211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between epicardial fat volume (EFV) measured by multislice computed tomography (MDCT) and long-term major adverse cardiac events (MACEs). Consecutive patients (n = 564) were enrolled in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into tertiles according to EFV. Patients were followed up for an average of 18 months. Patients in each tertile were similar in terms of gender and risk factors. Patients with greater EFV in the third group were more likely to be overweight ( P = .001) and older ( P = .001). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were relatively lower in the third tertile (45 ± 9, 45 ± 11, and 43 ± 9 mg/dL, respectively; P = .018). The third group had a significantly higher rate of myocardial infarction (0.6%, 1.1%, and 3.7%, respectively; P = .043). The incidence of MACEs during the follow-up period was highest in the third group 15.9% (4.1%, 7.7%, and 15.9%, respectively; P = .001). Epicardial fat volume measured by MDCT was associated with increased long-term cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seref Ulucan
- Department of Cardiology, Mevlana University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Zeynettin Kaya
- Department of Cardiology, Mevlana University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Duran Efe
- Department of Radiology, Mevlana University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Keser
- Department of Cardiology, Mevlana University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Katlandur
- Department of Cardiology, Mevlana University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fatih Aygun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mevlana University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sıddık Ulgen
- Department of Cardiology, Mevlana University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Avci
- Department of Cardiology, Selcuk University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Bekir Calapkorur
- Department of Cardiology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet G. Kaya
- Department of Cardiology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
The epicardium signals the way towards heart regeneration. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:683-92. [PMID: 24933704 PMCID: PMC4241487 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
From historical studies of developing chick hearts to recent advances in regenerative injury models, the epicardium has arisen as a key player in heart genesis and repair. The epicardium provides paracrine signals to nurture growth of the developing heart from mid-gestation, and epicardium-derived cells act as progenitors of numerous cardiac cell types. Interference with either process is terminal for heart development and embryogenesis. In adulthood, the dormant epicardium reinstates an embryonic gene programme in response to injury. Furthermore, injury-induced epicardial signalling is essential for heart regeneration in zebrafish. Given these critical roles in development, injury response and heart regeneration, the application of epicardial signals following adult heart injury could offer therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ischaemic heart disease and heart failure. The epicardium is a dynamic signalling centre during heart development and injury. Heart repair in lower vertebrates highlights the importance of epicardial signalling. Epicardial signals may be targeted to regenerate adult mammalian hearts.
Collapse
|
37
|
Winters NI, Williams AM, Bader DM. Resident progenitors, not exogenous migratory cells, generate the majority of visceral mesothelium in organogenesis. Dev Biol 2014; 391:125-32. [PMID: 24746591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Historically, analyses of mesothelial differentiation have focused on the heart where a highly migratory population of progenitors originating from a localized "extrinsic" source moves to and over the developing organ. This model long stood alone as the paradigm for generation of this cell type. Here, using chick/quail chimeric grafting and subsequent identification of mesothelial cell populations, we demonstrate that a different mechanism for the generation of mesothelia exists in vertebrate organogenesis. In this newly discovered model, mesothelial progenitors are intrinsic to organs of the developing digestive and respiratory systems. Additionally, we demonstrate that the early heart stands alone in its ability to recruit an entirely exogenous mesothelial cell layer during development. Thus, the newly identified "organ intrinsic" model of mesotheliogenesis appears to predominate while the long-studied cardiac model of mesothelial development may be the outlier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David M Bader
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fitzgibbons TP, Czech MP. Epicardial and perivascular adipose tissues and their influence on cardiovascular disease: basic mechanisms and clinical associations. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000582. [PMID: 24595191 PMCID: PMC4187500 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Fitzgibbons
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
The relationship between epicardial adipose tissue and ST-segment resolution in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart Vessels 2014; 30:147-53. [PMID: 24413852 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-013-0459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and coronary artery disease has been predominantly demonstrated in the last two decades. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of EAT thickness on ST-segment resolution that reflects myocardial reperfusion in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The present study prospectively included 114 consecutive patients (mean age 54 ± 10 years, range 35-83, 15 women) with first acute STEMI who underwent successful pPCI. ST-segment resolution (ΔSTR) <70 % was accepted as ECG sign of no-reflow phenomenon. The EAT thickness was measured by two-dimensional echocardiography. EAT thickness was increased in patients with no-reflow (3.9 ± 1.7 vs. 5.4 ± 2, p = 0.001). EAT thickness was also found to be inversely correlated with ΔSTR (r = -0.414, p = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that EAT thickness independently predicted no-reflow (OR 1.43, 95 % CI 1.13-1.82, p = 0.003). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy for EAT thickness in predicting no-reflow [area under curve (AUC) = 0.72, 95 % CI 0.63-0.82, p < 0.001]. In conclusion, increased EAT thickness may play an important role in the prediction of no-reflow in STEMI treated with pPCI.
Collapse
|
40
|
Akbas EM, Hamur H, Demirtas L, Bakirci EM, Ozcicek A, Ozcicek F, Kuyrukluyildiz U, Turkmen K. Predictors of epicardial adipose tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:55. [PMID: 24822086 PMCID: PMC4018267 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), visceral fat depot of the heart, was found to be associated with coronary artery disease in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were introduced as potential markers to determine inflammation in various disorders. Recently, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was found to be closely associated with atherosclerosis in general population. Waist circumference is commonly used to assess the risk factors in various metabolic disorders. There has been a well known relation between inflammation and peripheral adipose tissue in diabetes mellitus. However, the data regarding EAT and inflammation is scant in this population. Hence, we aimed to determine the relationship between PLR, NLR, AIP, waist circumference and EAT in diabetic patients. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study involving 156 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (87 females, 69 males; mean age, 53.62 ± 9.33 years) and 50 control subjects (35 females, 15 males; mean age, 51.06 ± 8.74 years). EAT was measured by using a trans-thoracic echocardiogram. Atherogenic index of plasma was calculated as the logarithmically transformed ratio of the serum triglyceride to high density lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol. NLR and PLR were calculated as the ratio of the neutrophils and platelets to lymphocytes, respectively. RESULTS Waist circumference, PLR, NLR, AIP and EAT measurements were significantly higher in diabetic patients when compared to control subjects. When diabetic patients were separated into two groups according to their median value of EAT (Group 1, EAT < 4.53 (n = 78) and group 2, EAT ≥4.53 (n = 78)), group 2 patients had significantly higher Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, AIP, NLR and PLR levels. In the bivariate correlation analysis, EAT was positively correlated with PLR, NLR, AIP, BMI and waist circumference (r = 0.197, p = 0.014; r = 0.229, p = 0.004; r = 0.161, p = 0.044; r = 0.248, p = 0.002; r = 0.306, p < 0.001, respectively). Waist circumference was found to be independent variables of EAT. CONCLUSIONS Simple calculation of PLR and measurement of waist circumference were found to be associated with increased EAT in diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emin M Akbas
- Department of Endocrinology, Erzincan University Mengucek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Hamur
- Department of Cardiology, Erzincan University Mengucek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Levent Demirtas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erzincan University Mengucek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Eftal M Bakirci
- Department of Cardiology, Erzincan University Mengucek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Adalet Ozcicek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erzincan University Mengucek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ozcicek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erzincan University Mengucek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Kuyrukluyildiz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Erzincan University Mengucek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Kultigin Turkmen
- Department of Nephrology, Erzincan University Mengucek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kain KH, Miller JWI, Jones-Paris CR, Thomason RT, Lewis JD, Bader DM, Barnett JV, Zijlstra A. The chick embryo as an expanding experimental model for cancer and cardiovascular research. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:216-28. [PMID: 24357262 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A long and productive history in biomedical research defines the chick as a model for human biology. Fundamental discoveries, including the description of directional circulation propelled by the heart and the link between oncogenes and the formation of cancer, indicate its utility in cardiac biology and cancer. Despite the more recent arrival of several vertebrate and invertebrate animal models during the last century, the chick embryo remains a commonly used model for vertebrate biology and provides a tractable biological template. With new molecular and genetic tools applied to the avian genome, the chick embryo is accelerating the discovery of normal development and elusive disease processes. Moreover, progress in imaging and chick culture technologies is advancing real-time visualization of dynamic biological events, such as tissue morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. A rich background of information, coupled with new technologies and relative ease of maintenance, suggest an expanding utility for the chick embryo in cardiac biology and cancer research.
Collapse
|
42
|
Atakan A, Macunluoglu B, Kaya Y, Ari E, Demir H, Asicioglu E, Kaspar C. Epicardial fat thickness is associated with impaired coronary flow reserve in hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int 2013; 18:62-9. [DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Atakan
- Department of Nephrology; Fatih Sultan Mehmet State Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | | | - Yuksel Kaya
- Department of Cardiology; Van Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital; Van Turkey
| | - Elif Ari
- Department of Nephrology; Van Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital; Van Turkey
| | - Halit Demir
- Department of Biochemistry; Yuzuncu Yil University; Van Turkey
| | - Ebru Asicioglu
- Department of Nephrology; Marmara University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Cigdem Kaspar
- Department of Biostatistics; Yeditepe University; Istanbul Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sacks HS, Fain JN, Bahouth SW, Ojha S, Frontini A, Budge H, Cinti S, Symonds ME. Adult epicardial fat exhibits beige features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E1448-55. [PMID: 23824424 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Human epicardial fat has been designated previously as brown-like fat. The supraclavicular fat depot in man has been defined as beige coexistent with classical brown based on its gene expression profile. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to establish the gene expression profile and morphology of human epicardial and visceral paracardial fat compared with sc fat. SETTING The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital cardiac center. PATIENTS Epicardial, visceral paracardial, and sc fat samples had been taken from middle-aged patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis or valvular heart disease. INTERVENTIONS Gene expression was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and relative abundance of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) by Western blotting. Epicardial tissue sections from patients were examined by light microscopy, UCP-1 immunohistochemistry, and cell morphometry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We hypothesized that epicardial fat has a mixed phenotype with a gene expression profile similar to that described for beige cell lineage. RESULTS Immunoreactive UCP-1 was clearly measurable in each epicardial sample analyzed but was undetectable in each of the 4 other visceral and sc depots. Epicardial fat exhibited high expression of genes for UCP-1, PRDM16, PGC-1α, PPARγ, and the beige adipocyte-specific marker CD137, which were also expressed in visceral paracardial fat but only weakly in sternal, upper abdominal, and lower extremity sc fat. Histology of epicardial fat showed small unilocular adipocytes without UCP-1 immunostaining. CONCLUSION UCP-1 is relatively abundant in epicardial fat, and this depot possesses molecular features characteristic of those found in vitro in beige lineage adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold S Sacks
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Endocrinology and Diabetes Division 111D, 11310 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yamashita K, Yamamoto MH, Ebara S, Okabe T, Saito S, Hoshimoto K, Yakushiji T, Isomura N, Araki H, Obara C, Ochiai M. Association between increased epicardial adipose tissue volume and coronary plaque composition. Heart Vessels 2013; 29:569-77. [PMID: 23982316 PMCID: PMC4160569 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-013-0398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To assess the relationship between epicardial adipose tissue volume (EATV) and plaque vulnerability in significant coronary stenosis using a 40-MHz intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging system (iMap-IVUS), we analyzed 130 consecutive patients with coronary stenosis who underwent dual-source computed tomography (CT) and cardiac catheterization. Culprit lesions were imaged by iMap-IVUS before stenting. The iMAP-IVUS system classified coronary plaque components as fibrous, lipid, necrotic, or calcified tissue, based on the radiofrequency spectrum. Epicardial adipose tissue was measured as the tissue ranging from -190 to -30 Hounsfield units. EATV, calculated as the sum of the fat areas on short-axis images, was 85.0 ± 34.0 cm(3). There was a positive correlation between EATV and the percentage of necrotic plaque tissue (R (2) = 0.34, P < 0.01), while there was a negative correlation between EATV and the percentage of fibrous tissue (R (2) = 0.24, P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed that an increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (β = 0.15, P = 0.03) and EATV (β = 0.14, P = 0.02) were independently associated with the percentage of necrotic plaque tissue. An increase in EATV was associated with the development of coronary atherosclerosis and, potentially, with the most dangerous type of plaque.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kennosuke Yamashita
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, 35-1, Chigasaki-chuo, Tsuzuki, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 224-8503, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Erdur MF, Tonbul HZ, Ozbiner H, Ozcicek A, Ozcicek F, Akbas EM, Ozbek O, Hamur H, Turkmen K. The relationship between atherogenic index of plasma and epicardial adipose tissue in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Ren Fail 2013; 35:1193-8. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.823826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
46
|
D'Marco LG, Bellasi A, Kim S, Chen Z, Block GA, Raggi P. Epicardial adipose tissue predicts mortality in incident hemodialysis patients: a substudy of the Renagel in New Dialysis trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:2586-95. [PMID: 23904396 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been described in the general population as an independent risk marker for incident coronary artery disease. In hemodialysis patients, it correlates with other markers of cardiovascular disease, but it is unknown if it is associated with adverse events. METHODS post hoc analysis of the Renagel in New Dialysis (RIND) patients study, a randomized trial of sevelamer versus calcium-based phosphate binders in 109 incident hemodialysis patients, followed for all-cause mortality for a median of 49.3 months. Patients underwent baseline cardiac computed tomography imaging within 120 days of dialysis initiation. RESULTS Baseline EAT measurements were available in 95 patients; EAT was positively correlated with age, body mass index, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, coronary artery calcium and aortic calcium, and negatively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum high density lipoprotein (HPL) cholesterol and serum phosphate (all P < 0.05). During follow-up, a total of 27 (28.4%) patients expired [mortality per 1000 patients/year: 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 77 (64-94)]. Five-year survival rate was 44. 6% (95% CI: 21.1-65.7) and 71.2% (95% CI: 45.95-86.25) in patients with EAT above or below the median, respectively. Each 10 cc increase in EAT volume was associated with a significant 6% increase in the risk of death during follow-up [hazard ratio (HR): 1.060; 95% CI: 1.013-1.109; P-value = 0.012]. CONCLUSIONS In this subanalysis of a randomized trial, EAT was an independent predictor of mortality in incident hemodialysis patients after ~4 years of follow-up. These hypothesis-generating findings will need confirmatory evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis G D'Marco
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Ruíz y Páez, Universidad de Oriente, Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fromm A, Thomassen L, Naess H, Meijer R, Eide GE, Kråkenes J, Vedeler CA, Gerdts E, Larsen TH, Kuiper KKJ, Laxdal E, Russell D, Tatlisumak T, Waje-Andreassen U. The Norwegian Stroke in the Young Study (NOR-SYS): rationale and design. BMC Neurol 2013; 13:89. [PMID: 23865483 PMCID: PMC3721997 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke in young adults is a major health problem being associated with a higher vascular morbidity and mortality compared to controls, and a stroke recurrence rate of 25% during the first decade. The assumed cause of infarction and the detected risk factors determine the early- and long-term treatment. However, for many patients the cause of stroke remains unknown. Risk factor profile and etiology differ in young and elderly ischemic stroke patients, and atherosclerosis is the determined underlying condition in 10 to 15%. However, subclinical atherosclerosis is probably more prevalent and may go unrecognized. METHODS/DESIGN NOR-SYS is a prospective long-term research program. Standardized methods are used for anamnestic, clinical, laboratory, imaging, and ultrasound data collection in ischemic stroke patients aged ≤60 years, their partners and joint adult offspring. The ultrasound protocol includes the assessment of intracranial, carotid and femoral arteries, abdominal aorta, and the estimation of VAT. To date, the study is a single centre study with approximately 400 patients, 250 partners and 350 adult offspring expected to be recruited at our site. DISCUSSION NOR-SYS aims to increase our knowledge about heredity and the development of arterial vascular disease in young patients with ischemic stroke and their families. Moreover, optimization of diagnostics, prophylaxis and early intervention are major targets with the intention to reduce stroke recurrence and other clinical arterial events, physical disability, cognitive impairment and death.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The perception of adipose tissue has changed considerably with the dramatic increase in the incidence of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities over the past 3 decades. Excess fat is no longer associated with wealth, but is instead recognized as a risk factor for many diseases. Adipose tissue is increasingly being identified as a vital, complex endocrine organ, and not simply as a fat store. Not all fat is created equal--regional, developmental, structural, and functional variations exist. Epicardial adipose tissue is a metabolically active organ producing a number of factors that modulate cardiac structure and function. The global epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome imposes a major disease burden, particularly of cardiovascular disease. In this Review, we describe the various types of adipose tissue--their developmental biology, differentiation, cell heterogeneity, and functional characteristics. We discuss the link between adipose tissue and inflammation, the signaling factors released by adipose tissue, as well as cardiac adiposity and its relevance to cardiovascular diseases. Finally, we review the myocardial regenerative potential of adipose-tissue-derived stem cells. We believe that a thorough understanding of adipose tissue is of great clinical value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hassan
- Aswan Heart Center, Kasr El Hajjar Street, P. O. Box 81512, Aswan, Egypt
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Petricevic J, Punda H, Brakus SM, Vukojevic K, Govorko DK, Alfirevic D, Kvesic A, Saraga-Babic M. Immunolocalization of nestin, mesothelin and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) in developing and adult serous membranes and mesotheliomas. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:469-79. [PMID: 22113177 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distribution of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), mesothelin and nestin was immunohistochemically analyzed in developing and adult human serous membranes and mesotheliomas in order to detect possible differences in the course of mesenchymal to epithelial transformation, which is associated with differentiation of mesothelial cells during normal development and tumorigenesis. Pleura and pericardium developing from the visceral mesoderm gradually transform into mesothelial cells and connective tissue. EMA appeared in mesothelium of both serous membranes during the early fetal period, whereas during further development, EMA expression was retained only in the pericardial mesothelium. It increased in both pleural mesothelium and connective tissue. Mesothelin appeared first in pericardial submesothelial cells and later in surface mesothelium, while in pleura it was immediately localized in mesothelium. In adult serous membranes, EMA and mesothelin were predominantly expressed in mesothelium. Nestin never appeared in mesothelium, but in connective tissues and myocardial cells and subsequently decreased during development, apart from in the walls of blood vessels. Mesothelial cells in the two serous membranes developed in two separate developmental pathways. We speculate that submesothelial pericardial and mesothelial pleural cells might belong to a population of stem cells. In epithelioid mesotheliomas, 13% of cells expressed nestin, 39% EMA and 7% mesothelin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josko Petricevic
- Department of Pathology, Cytology and Forensic Medicine, University Clinical Hospital Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Winters NI, Thomason RT, Bader DM. Identification of a novel developmental mechanism in the generation of mesothelia. Development 2012; 139:2926-34. [PMID: 22764055 DOI: 10.1242/dev.082396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesothelium is the surface layer of all coelomic organs and is crucial for the generation of their vasculature. Still, our understanding of the genesis of this essential cell type is restricted to the heart where a localized exogenous population of cells, the proepicardium, migrates to and envelops the myocardium supplying mesothelial, vascular and stromal cell lineages. Currently it is not known whether this pattern of development is specific to the heart or applies broadly to other coelomic organs. Using two independent long-term lineage-tracing studies, we demonstrate that mesothelial progenitors of the intestine are intrinsic to the gut tube anlage. Furthermore, a novel chick-quail chimera model of gut morphogenesis reveals these mesothelial progenitors are broadly distributed throughout the gut primordium and are not derived from a localized and exogenous proepicardium-like source of cells. These data demonstrate an intrinsic origin of mesothelial cells to a coelomic organ and provide a novel mechanism for the generation of mesothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nichelle I Winters
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|