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Oka K, Tokumasu K, Hagiya H, Otsuka F. Characteristics of Functional Hyperthermia Detected in an Outpatient Clinic for Fever of Unknown Origin. J Clin Med 2024; 13:889. [PMID: 38337583 PMCID: PMC10856695 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Functional hyperthermia (FH) is characterized by hyperthermia resulting from sympathetic hyperactivity rather than inflammation, and it is frequently overlooked by medical practitioners due to the absence of abnormalities in a medical examination. Although FH is an important differential diagnosis for fever of unknown origin (FUO), the literature on FUO cases in Japan lacks information on FH. In this study, we aimed to uncover the population of FH patients hidden in FUO cases. Methods: An outpatient clinic for FUO was established at Okayama University Hospital, and 132 patients were examined during the period from May 2019 to February 2022. Results: A diagnosis of FH was made in 31.1% of the FUO cases, and FH predominantly affected individuals in their third and fourth decades of life with a higher incidence in females (68.3%). The frequency of a history of psychiatric illness was higher in patients with FH than in patients with other febrile illnesses. Although the C-reactive protein (CRP) is generally negative in FH cases, some obese patients, with a body mass index ≥ 25 had slightly elevated levels of CRP but were diagnosed with FH. Conclusions: The results showed the importance of identifying FH when encountering patients with FUO without any organic etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Oka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (F.O.)
| | - Kazuki Tokumasu
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (F.O.)
| | - Hideharu Hagiya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (F.O.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
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2
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Sasaki H, Jono T, Fukuhara R, Boku S, Takebayashi M. Association between unknown long-term fever and depression in an adolescent patient. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 75:318-319. [PMID: 34252256 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Science, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Jono
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Science, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan.,Faculty of Social Welfare, Kumamoto Gakuen University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Fukuhara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Science, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Science, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Takebayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Science, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan.,Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center Chugoku Cancer Center, Hiroshima, Japan
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3
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Leblanc H, Ramirez S. Linking Social Cognition to Learning and Memory. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8782-8798. [PMID: 33177112 PMCID: PMC7659449 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1280-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mammals have evolved to be social creatures. In humans, the ability to learn from others' experiences is essential to survival; and from an early age, individuals are surrounded by a social environment that helps them develop a variety of skills, such as walking, talking, and avoiding danger. Similarly, in rodents, behaviors, such as food preference, exploration of novel contexts, and social approach, can be learned through social interaction. Social encounters facilitate new learning and help modify preexisting memories throughout the lifespan of an organism. Moreover, social encounters can help buffer stress or the effects of negative memories, as well as extinguish maladaptive behaviors. Given the importance of such interactions, there has been increasing work studying social learning and applying its concepts in a wide range of fields, including psychotherapy and medical sociology. The process of social learning, including its neural and behavioral mechanisms, has also been a rapidly growing field of interest in neuroscience. However, the term "social learning" has been loosely applied to a variety of psychological phenomena, often without clear definition or delineations. Therefore, this review gives a definition for specific aspects of social learning, provides an overview of previous work at the circuit, systems, and behavioral levels, and finally, introduces new findings on the social modulation of learning. We contextualize such social processes in the brain both through the role of the hippocampus and its capacity to process "social engrams" as well as through the brainwide realization of social experiences. With the integration of new technologies, such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and calcium imaging, manipulating social engrams will likely offer a novel therapeutic target to enhance the positive buffering effects of social experiences or to inhibit fear-inducing social stimuli in models of anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloise Leblanc
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02119
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118
| | - Steve Ramirez
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02119
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02119
- Neurophotonics Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02119
- Center for Systems Neuroscience at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02119
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4
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Translational Studies in the Complex Role of Neurotransmitter Systems in Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1191:121-140. [PMID: 32002926 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of innovative anxiolytics is severely hampering. Existing anxiolytics are developed decades ago and are still the therapeutics of choice. Moreover, lack of new drug targets forecasts a severe jeopardy in the future treatment of the huge population of CNS-diseased patients. We simply lack the knowledge on what is wrong in brains of anxious people (normal and diseased). Translational research, based on interacting clinical and preclinical research, is extremely urgent. In this endeavor, genetic and genomic approaches are part of the spectrum of contributing factors. We focus on three druggable targets: serotonin transporter, 5-HT1A, and GABAA receptors. It is still uncertain whether and how these targets are involved in normal and diseased anxiety processes. For serotonergic anxiolytics, the slow onset of action points to indirect effects leading to plasticity changes in brain systems leading to reduced anxiety. For GABAA benzodiazepine drugs, acute anxiolytic effects are found indicating primary mechanisms directly influencing anxiety processes. Close translational collaboration between fundamental academic and discovery research will lead to badly needed breakthroughs in the search for new anxiolytics.
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5
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Brizuela M, Antipov A, Blessing WW, Ootsuka Y. Activating dopamine D2 receptors reduces brown adipose tissue thermogenesis induced by psychological stress and by activation of the lateral habenula. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19512. [PMID: 31862967 PMCID: PMC6925140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional hyperthermia is the increase in body temperature that occurs as a response to an animal detecting a salient, survival-relevant stimulus. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, controlled via its sympathetic innervation, contributes to this temperature increase. Here, we have used an intruder rat experimental model to determine whether quinpirole-mediated activation of dopamine D2 receptors attenuates emotional hyperthermia in conscious rats. In anesthetized rats, we determined whether systemic quinpirole reduces BAT nerve discharge induced by activation of the medullary raphé and the lateral habenula (LHb). We measured BAT and body temperature with chronically implanted thermistors in conscious, freely moving, individually housed, male rats (resident rats). Either vehicle or quinpirole was administered, intraperitoneally, to the resident rat 30 min before introduction of a caged intruder rat. Quinpirole, in a dose-dependent manner, reduced intruder-elicited increases in BAT and body temperature. Pre-treatment with the D2 antagonist spiperone, but not the selective D1 antagonist SCH-23390, prevented this quinpirole-elicited decrease. In anesthetized rats, quinpirole abolished BAT sympathetic nerve discharge elicited by bicuculline-mediated activation of the LHb, but not the medullary raphé. Thus, activation of dopamine D2 receptors reduces the BAT thermogenesis that contributes to emotional hyperthermia. We provide evidence that these dopamine D2 receptors are located in the thermogenic pathway between the LHb and the lower brainstem pre-sympathetic control centre in the medullary raphé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Brizuela
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anna Antipov
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - William W Blessing
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Youichirou Ootsuka
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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6
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Vo BN, Abney KK, Anderson A, Marron Fernandez de Velasco E, Benneyworth MA, Daniels JS, Morrison RD, Hopkins CR, Weaver CD, Wickman K. VU0810464, a non-urea G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K + (K ir 3/GIRK) channel activator, exhibits enhanced selectivity for neuronal K ir 3 channels and reduces stress-induced hyperthermia in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2238-2249. [PMID: 30924523 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir 3) channels moderate the activity of excitable cells and have been implicated in neurological disorders and cardiac arrhythmias. Most neuronal Kir 3 channels consist of Kir 3.1 and Kir 3.2 subtypes, while cardiac Kir 3 channels consist of Kir 3.1 and Kir 3.4 subtypes. Previously, we identified a family of urea-containing Kir 3 channel activators, but these molecules exhibit suboptimal pharmacokinetic properties and modest selectivity for Kir 3.1/3.2 relative to Kir 3.1/3.4 channels. Here, we characterize a non-urea activator, VU0810464, which displays nanomolar potency as a Kir 3.1/3.2 activator, improved selectivity for neuronal Kir 3 channels, and improved brain penetration. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used whole-cell electrophysiology to measure the efficacy and potency of VU0810464 in neurons and the selectivity of VU0810464 for neuronal and cardiac Kir 3 channel subtypes. We tested VU0810464 in vivo in stress-induced hyperthermia and elevated plus maze paradigms. Parallel studies with ML297, the prototypical activator of Kir 3.1-containing Kir 3 channels, were performed to permit direct comparisons. KEY RESULTS VU0810464 and ML297 exhibited comparable efficacy and potency as neuronal Kir 3 channel activators, but VU0810464 was more selective for neuronal Kir 3 channels. VU0810464, like ML297, reduced stress-induced hyperthermia in a Kir 3-dependent manner in mice. ML297, but not VU0810464, decreased anxiety-related behaviour as assessed with the elevated plus maze test. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS VU0810464 represents a new class of Kir 3 channel activator with enhanced selectivity for Kir 3.1/3.2 channels. VU0810464 may be useful for examining Kir 3.1/3.2 channel contributions to complex behaviours and for probing the potential of Kir 3 channel-dependent manipulations to treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baovi N Vo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kristopher K Abney
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN
| | - Allison Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | - Ryan D Morrison
- Research and Development, Precera Bioscience, Inc., Franklin, TN
| | - Corey R Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | | | - Kevin Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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7
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Alamo C, García-Garcia P, Lopez-Muñoz F, Zaragozá C. Tianeptine, an atypical pharmacological approach to depression. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2019; 12:170-186. [PMID: 30612921 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of the first antidepressants in the 50s of the 20th century radically changed the treatment of depression, while providing information on pathophysiological aspects of this disease. New antidepressants drugs (agomelatine, tianeptine, vortioxetine) are providing data that give rise to pathophysiological hypotheses of depression that differ from the classic monoaminergic theory. In this sense, tianeptina, an atypical drug by its mechanism of differential action, contributes to clarify that in depression there is more than monoamines. Thus, tianeptine does not modify the rate of extracellular serotonin, so it does not increase or decrease the reuptake of serotonin. Chronic administration of tianeptine does not alter the density or affinity of more than a hundred classical receptors related to depression. Recently, a weak action of tianeptine on Mu opioid receptors has been described that could explain the release of dopamine in the limbic system and its participation in the modulation of glutamatergic mechanisms. These mechanisms support the hypothesis of the possible mechanism of action of this antidepressant. Tianeptine is an antidepressant, with anxiolytic properties, that can improve somatic symptoms. Tianeptine as a glutamatergic modulator, among other mechanisms, allows us to approach depression from a different point of view than other antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilio Alamo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España.
| | - Pilar García-Garcia
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España
| | - Francisco Lopez-Muñoz
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, España; Unidad de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, España
| | - Cristina Zaragozá
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España
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8
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Lkhagvasuren B, Oka T. The histaminergic system is involved in psychological stress-induced hyperthermia in rats. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/8/e13204. [PMID: 28438982 PMCID: PMC5408279 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The histaminergic system modulates numerous physiological functions such as wakefulness, circadian rhythm, feeding, and thermoregulation. However, it is not yet known if this system is also involved in psychological stress-induced hyperthermia (PSH) and, if so, which histamine (H) receptor subtype mediates the effect. Therefore, we investigated the effects of pretreatments with intraperitoneal injections of mepyramine (an H1 receptor inverse agonist), cimetidine (an H2 receptor antagonist), and ciproxifan (an H3 receptor inverse agonist) on cage-exchange stress-induced hyperthermia (a model of PSH) by monitoring core body temperature (Tc) during both light (10:00 am-12:00 pm) and dark (10:00 pm-12:00 am) phases in conscious, freely moving rats. We also investigated the effects of these drugs on stress-induced changes in locomotor activity (La) to rule out the possibility that effects on Tc are achieved secondary to altered La Cage-exchange stress increased Tc within 20 min followed by a gradual decrease back to baseline Tc during both phases. In the light phase, mepyramine and cimetidine markedly attenuated PSH, whereas ciproxifan did not affect it. In contrast, in the dark phase, mepyramine dropped Tc by 1°C without affecting cage-exchange stress-induced hyperthermia, whereas cimetidine and ciproxifan did not affect both postinjection Tc and PSH Cage-exchange stress induced an increase in La, especially in the light phase, but none of these drugs altered cage-exchange stress-induced La in either circadian rhythm phase. These results suggest that the histaminergic system is involved in the physiological mechanisms underlying PSH, particularly through H1 and H2 receptors, without influencing locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battuvshin Lkhagvasuren
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,The Neuroscience Cluster, Science and Technology Center, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Takakazu Oka
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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9
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Abstract
Stress affects core body temperature (Tc). Many kinds of stress induce transient, monophasic hyperthermia, which diminishes gradually if the stressor is terminated. Stronger stressors produce a longer-lasting effect. Repeated/chronic stress induces anticipatory hyperthermia, reduces diurnal changes in Tc, or slightly increases Tc throughout the day. Animals that are exposed to chronic stress or a cold environment exhibit an enhanced hyperthermic response to a novel stress. These changes persist for several days after cessation of stress exposure. In contrast, long-lasting inescapable stress sometimes induces hypothermia. In healthy humans, psychologic stress induces slight increases in Tc, which are within the normal range of Tc or just above it. Some individuals, however, develop extremely high Tc (up to 41°C) when they are exposed to emotional events or show persistent low-grade high Tc (37-38°C) during or after chronic stress situations. In addition to the nature of the stressor itself, such stress-induced thermal responses are modulated by sex, age, ambient temperature, cage mates, past stressful experiences and cold exposure, and coping. Stress-induced hyperthermia is driven by mechanisms distinct from infectious fever, which requires inflammatory mediators. However, both stress and infection activate the dorsomedial hypothalamus-rostral medullary raphe region-sympathetic nerve axis to increase Tc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Oka
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi-ken, Japan.
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10
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Acute Physical Stress Modulates the Temporal Expression of Self-Reported Contagious Yawning in Humans. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-017-0060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Miyamoto T, Funakami Y, Kawashita E, Tomita S, Nomura A, Sugimoto N, Saeki H, Miyazakia T, Tsubota M, Ichida S, Kawabata A. Enhanced Hyperthermic Responses to Lipopolysaccharide in Mice Exposed to Repeated Cold Stress. Pharmacology 2017; 99:172-178. [DOI: 10.1159/000454815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Miyamoto T, Funakami Y, Kawashita E, Nomura A, Sugimoto N, Saeki H, Tsubota M, Ichida S, Kawabata A. Repeated Cold Stress Enhances the Acute Restraint Stress-Induced Hyperthermia in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:11-16. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Miyamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
- Department of Pharmacy, Seichokai Fuchu Hospital
| | | | | | - Ai Nomura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
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13
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Adongo DW, Mante PK, Edem Kukuia KK, Ameyaw EO, Woode E, Azi IH. Anxiolytic-like effect of the leaves of Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Rich.) Engl. in mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:533-46. [PMID: 27124674 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudospondias microcarpa is a plant used for managing various diseases including CNS disorders. Previous studies showed sedative and anticonvulsant effects, suggesting possible anxiolytic activity. This study therefore assessed the anxiolytic effects of P. microcarpa hydroethanolic leaf extract (PME) in mice. METHODS In the present study, anxiolytic-like effect of the extract in behavioural paradigms of anxiety - the elevated plus maze (EPM), light/dark box (LDB), social interaction test and stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) - was evaluated. RESULTS Mice treated with PME (30-300 mg kg-1, p.o.) exhibited anxiolytic-like activity similar to diazepam in all the anxiety models used. The extract increased open arm activity (p<0.05) in the EPM as well as increasing the time spent in the lit area in relation to the time spent in the dark area of the LDB. Sociability and preference for social novelty significantly (p<0.05-0.001) increased in mice treated with PME. In the SIH paradigm in mice, both PME and the benzodiazepine receptor agonist, diazepam, significantly (p<0.05) reduced the stress-induced increase in rectal temperature. The extract did not impair motor coordination and balance in the beam walk test. CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study indicate that PME possesses anxiolytic-like effects in mice.
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Yadav V, Chatterjee SS, Majeed M, Kumar V. Preventive potentials of piperlongumine and a Piper longum extract against stress responses and pain. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 6:413-423. [PMID: 27774429 PMCID: PMC5067934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare stress resistance increasing and analgesic activities of piperlongumine and a methanolic Piper longum fruit extract (PLE). METHODS Efficacies of a single and repeated daily oral doses (1-256 mg/kg/day) of PLE, piperlongumine, and 50 mg/kg/day doxycycline against foot shock stress triggered alteration in body weights and core temperatures, and of their 11 daily doses on antidepressants like activity in tail suspension test and on pentobarbital induced sedation in male mice were compared. In another experiment, analgesic activities of single and repeated daily 5 mg/kg oral doses of piperlongumine and PLE in mice hot plate test and in acetic acid induced writing tests were compared with those of aspirin and doxycycline. RESULTS After their single oral doses no effects of piperlongumine or PLE or doxycycline were observed in the footshock stress induced hyperthermia test or in hot plate test. However, significant effects of piperlongumine and PLE in both the tests were observed after their 5 or more daily doses. Both of them also dose dependently suppressed daily handling and repetitive testing triggered alterations in body weights and core temperatures. Their doxycycline like antidepressant activity in tail suspension test and aspirin like analgesic effects in acetic acid writhing test were observed after their 11 daily 5 mg/kg oral dose. CONCLUSION Piperlongumine is another bioactive secondary metabolite of P. longum and other plants of piper species with stress response suppressing, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Its bactericidal activities can also contribute to its therapeutically interesting bio-activity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Yadav
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | | - Muhammed Majeed
- Sami Labs Limited, 19/1, 19/2 1st Main, II Phase, Peenya Industrial Area, Bengaluru, 560058, Karnataka, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
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15
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Yadav V, Chatterjee SS, Majeed M, Kumar V. Long lasting preventive effects of piperlongumine and a Piper longum extract against stress triggered pathologies in mice. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2015; 4:277-83. [PMID: 26649232 PMCID: PMC4665022 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20150921010411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To compare doxycycline (DOX) such as oral efficacies of piperlongumine (PL) and a Piper longum fruits extract (PLE) as stress resistance inducers. Materials and Methods: Efficacies of oral pretreatments with 5 mg/kg PL or PLE or of 50 mg/kg DOX for 10 consecutive days against stress resistance were compared. Mice in treated groups were subjected to a stress induced hyperthermia on the 1st, 5th, 7th, and 10thday. Treated mice were then subjected to tail suspension test on the 11thday. Alteration in body weights, core temperatures, and gastric ulcers triggered by occasional exposures to foot shocks were determined. Results: DOX like long-lasting protective effects of PL and PLE against gradual alterations in body weights, basal temperatures and transient hyperthermic responses triggered by foot shocks during the post-treatment days were observed. Altered responses of stressed mice in tail suspension test observed 1 day after the last foot-shock exposures and gastric ulcers and other pathologies quantified 1 day after the test were also suppressed in PL or PLE or DOX pretreated groups. Conclusion: PL and crude PLE are DOX like long-acting desensitizers of stress triggered co-morbidities. Reported observations add further experimental evidences justifying traditionally known medicinal uses of P. longum and other plants of the Piperaceae family, and reveal that PL is also another very long acting and orally active inducer of stress resistance. Efforts to confirm stress preventive potentials of low dose plant-derived products enriched in PL or piperine like amide alkaloids in volunteers and patients can be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Chatterjee
- Head of the Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany, India
| | | | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Nakamura K. Neural circuit for psychological stress-induced hyperthermia. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:352-61. [PMID: 27227049 PMCID: PMC4843917 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1070944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress-induced hyperthermia (PSH) is a basic physiological stress response to increase physical performances to defend homeostasis and life from stressors, such as natural enemies. However, excessive and long-lasting stressors can lead to chronic hyperthermia, particularly recognized in humans as a psychosomatic symptom called “psychogenic fever.” The sympathetic and neuroendocrine responses that can contribute to PSH include brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, cutaneous vasoconstriction, tachycardia and glucocorticoid secretion. Research on the central circuits underlying these stress responses has recently revealed several fundamental circuit mechanisms including hypothalamomedullary pathways driving the sympathetic stress responses. Psychological stress activates a monosynaptic glutamatergic excitatory neurotransmission from the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) to sympathetic premotor neurons in the rostral medullary raphe region (rMR) to drive BAT thermogenesis and tachycardia, leading to the development of PSH. This glutamatergic neurotransmission could be potentiated by orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus through their projections to the rMR. Psychological stress also activates another monosynaptic pathway from the DMH to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus to stimulate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis for the secretion of glucocorticoids. PSH is independent from the prostaglandin-mediated trigger mechanism for inflammation-induced fever, and several forebrain regions are considered to provide stress-driven inputs to the DMH to activate the sympathetic- and neuroendocrine-driving neurons. The circuit mechanism of PSH based on animal experiments would be relevant to understandings of the etiology of psychogenic fever in humans. This review describes the current understandings of the central circuit mechanism of PSH with recent important progress in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
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Oka T. Psychogenic fever: how psychological stress affects body temperature in the clinical population. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:368-78. [PMID: 27227051 PMCID: PMC4843908 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1056907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychogenic fever is a stress-related, psychosomatic disease especially seen in young women. Some patients develop extremely high core body temperature (Tc) (up to 41°C) when they are exposed to emotional events, whereas others show persistent low-grade high Tc (37-38°C) during situations of chronic stress. The mechanism for psychogenic fever is not yet fully understood. However, clinical case reports demonstrate that psychogenic fever is not attenuated by antipyretic drugs, but by psychotropic drugs that display anxiolytic and sedative properties, or by resolving patients' difficulties via natural means or psychotherapy. Animal studies have demonstrated that psychological stress increases Tc via mechanisms distinct from infectious fever (which requires proinflammatory mediators) and that the sympathetic nervous system, particularly β3-adrenoceptor-mediated non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, plays an important role in the development of psychological stress-induced hyperthermia. Acute psychological stress induces a transient, monophasic increase in Tc. In contrast, repeated stress induces anticipatory hyperthermia, reduces diurnal changes in Tc, or slightly increases Tc throughout the day. Chronically stressed animals also display an enhanced hyperthermic response to a novel stress, while past fearful experiences induce conditioned hyperthermia to the fear context. The high Tc that psychogenic fever patients develop may be a complex of these diverse kinds of hyperthermic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Oka
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka, Japan
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Bouwknecht JA. Behavioral studies on anxiety and depression in a drug discovery environment: keys to a successful future. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 753:158-76. [PMID: 25460021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The review describes a personal journey through 25 years of animal research with a focus on the contribution of rodent models for anxiety and depression to the development of new medicines in a drug discovery environment. Several classic acute models for mood disorders are briefly described as well as chronic stress and disease-induction models. The paper highlights a variety of factors that influence the quality and consistency of behavioral data in a laboratory setting. The importance of meta-analysis techniques for study validation (tolerance interval) and assay sensitivity (Monte Carlo modeling) are demonstrated by examples that use historic data. It is essential for successful discovery of new potential drugs to maintain a high level of control in animal research and to bridge knowledge across in silico modeling, and in vitro and in vivo assays. Today, drug discovery is a highly dynamic environment in search of new types of treatments and new animal models which should be guided by enhanced two-way translation between bench and bed. Although productivity has been disappointing in the search of new and better medicines in psychiatry over the past decades, there has been and will always be an important role for in vivo models in-between preclinical discovery and clinical development. The right balance between good science and proper judgment versus a decent level of innovation, assay development and two-way translation will open the doors to a very bright future.
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Olivier B. Serotonin: a never-ending story. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 753:2-18. [PMID: 25446560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin is an evolutionary ancient molecule that has remarkable modulatory effects in almost all central nervous system integrative functions, such as mood, anxiety, stress, aggression, feeding, cognition and sexual behavior. After giving a short outline of the serotonergic system (anatomy, receptors, transporter) the author's contributions over the last 40 years in the role of serotonin in depression, aggression, anxiety, stress and sexual behavior is outlined. Each area delineates the work performed on animal model development, drug discovery and development. Most of the research work described has started from an industrial perspective, aimed at developing animals models for psychiatric diseases and leading to putative new innovative psychotropic drugs, like in the cases of the SSRI fluvoxamine, the serenic eltoprazine and the anxiolytic flesinoxan. Later this research work mainly focused on developing translational animal models for psychiatric diseases and implicating them in the search for mechanisms involved in normal and diseased brains and finding new concepts for appropriate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend Olivier
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences & Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
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Lkhagvasuren B, Oka T, Nakamura Y, Hayashi H, Sudo N, Nakamura K. Distribution of Fos-immunoreactive cells in rat forebrain and midbrain following social defeat stress and diazepam treatment. Neuroscience 2014; 272:34-57. [PMID: 24797330 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The anxiolytic diazepam selectively inhibits psychological stress-induced autonomic and behavioral responses without causing noticeable suppression of other central performances. This pharmacological property of diazepam led us to the idea that neurons that exhibit diazepam-sensitive, psychological stress-induced activation are potentially those recruited for stress responses. To obtain neuroanatomical clues for the central stress circuitries, we examined the effects of diazepam on psychological stress-induced neuronal activation in broad brain regions. Rats were exposed to a social defeat stress, which caused an abrupt increase in body temperature by up to 2°C. Pretreatment with diazepam (4mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated the stress-induced hyperthermia, confirming an inhibitory physiological effect of diazepam on the autonomic stress response. Subsequently, the distribution of cells expressing Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, was examined in 113 forebrain and midbrain regions of these rats after the stress exposure and diazepam treatment. The stress following vehicle treatment markedly increased Fos-immunoreactive (IR) cells in most regions of the cerebral cortex, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain, which included parts of the autonomic, neuroendocrine, emotional and arousal systems. The diazepam treatment significantly reduced the stress-induced Fos expression in many brain regions including the prefrontal, sensory and motor cortices, septum, medial amygdaloid nucleus, medial and lateral preoptic areas, parvicellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, perifornical nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, association, midline and intralaminar thalami, and median and dorsal raphe nuclei. In contrast, diazepam increased Fos-IR cells in the central amygdaloid nucleus, medial habenular nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and magnocellular lateral hypothalamus. These results provide important information for elucidating the neural circuitries that mediate the autonomic and behavioral responses to psychosocial stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lkhagvasuren
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - T Oka
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Y Nakamura
- Career-Path Promotion Unit for Young Life Scientists, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - H Hayashi
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahata-Nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - N Sudo
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - K Nakamura
- Career-Path Promotion Unit for Young Life Scientists, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Mice do not habituate to metabolism cage housing--a three week study of male BALB/c mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58460. [PMID: 23505511 PMCID: PMC3591308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism cage is a barren, non-enriched, environment, combining a number of recognized environmental stressors. We investigated the ability of male BALB/c mice to acclimatize to this form of housing. For three weeks markers of acute and oxidative stress, as well as clinical signs of abnormality were monitored. Forced swim tests were conducted to determine whether the animals experienced behavioral despair and the serotonergic integrity was tested using an 8-OH-DPAT challenge. The metabolism cage housed mice excreted approximately tenfold higher amounts of corticosterone metabolites in feces throughout the study when compared to controls. Urinary biomarkers confirmed that these mice suffered from elevated levels of oxidative stress, and increased creatinine excretions indicated increased muscle catabolism. Changes in the core body temperature (stress-induced hyperthermia) and the fur state of the mice also indicated impaired well-being in the metabolism cage housed mice. However, monitoring body weight and feed intake was found misleading in assessing the wellbeing of mice over a longer time course, and the forced swim test was found poorly suited for studying chronic stress in mice in the present setup. In conclusion, the mice were found not to acclimatize to the metabolism cages whereby concern for animal welfare would dictate that mice should be housed in this way for as short periods as possible. The elevated degree of HPA axis activity, oxidative stress, and increased overall metabolism warrant caution when interpreting data obtained from metabolism cage housed mice, as their condition cannot be considered representative of a normal physiology.
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Gerdin AK, Igosheva N, Roberson LA, Ismail O, Karp N, Sanderson M, Cambridge E, Shannon C, Sunter D, Ramirez-Solis R, Bussell J, White JK. Experimental and husbandry procedures as potential modifiers of the results of phenotyping tests. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:602-11. [PMID: 22713295 PMCID: PMC3391687 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To maximize the sensitivity of detecting affects of genetic variants in mice, variables have been minimized through the use of inbred mouse lines, by eliminating infectious organisms and controlling environmental variables. However, the impact of standard animal husbandry and experimental procedures on the validity of experimental data is under appreciated. In this study we monitored the impact of these procedures by using parameters that reflect stress and physiological responses to it. Short-term measures included telemetered heart rate and systolic arterial pressure, core body temperature and blood glucose, while longer-term parameters were assessed such as body weight. Male and female C57BL6/NTac mice were subjected to a range of stressors with different perceived severities ranging from repeated blood glucose and core temperature measurement procedures, intra-peritoneal injection and overnight fasting to cage transport and cage changing. Our studies reveal that common husbandry and experimental procedures significantly influence mouse physiology and behaviour. Systolic arterial pressure, heart rate, locomotor activity, core temperature and blood glucose were elevated in response to a range of experimental procedures. Differences between sexes were evident, female mice displayed more sustained cardiovascular responses and locomotor activity than male mice. These results have important implications for the design and implementation of multiple component experiments where the lasting effects of stress from previous tests may modify the outcomes of subsequent ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin Gerdin
- Mouse Genetics Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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Sah A, Schmuckermair C, Sartori SB, Gaburro S, Kandasamy M, Irschick R, Klimaschewski L, Landgraf R, Aigner L, Singewald N. Anxiety- rather than depression-like behavior is associated with adult neurogenesis in a female mouse model of higher trait anxiety- and comorbid depression-like behavior. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e171. [PMID: 23047242 PMCID: PMC3565824 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis has been implicated in affective disorders and the action of antidepressants (ADs) although the functional significance of this association is still unclear. The use of animal models closely mimicking human comorbid affective and anxiety disorders seen in the majority of patients should provide relevant novel information. Here, we used a unique genetic mouse model displaying higher trait anxiety (HAB) and comorbid depression-like behavior. We demonstrate that HABs have a lower rate of hippocampal neurogenesis and impaired functional integration of newly born neurons as compared with their normal anxiety/depression-like behavior (NAB) controls. In HABs, chronic treatment with the AD fluoxetine alleviated their higher depression-like behavior and protected them from relapse for 3 but not 7 weeks after discontinuation of the treatment without affecting neurogenesis. Similar to what has been observed in depressed patients, fluoxetine treatment induced anxiogenic-like effects during the early treatment phase in NABs along with a reduction in neurogenesis. On the other hand, treatment with AD drugs with a particularly strong anxiolytic component, namely the neurokinin-1-receptor-antagonist L-822 429 or tianeptine, increased the reduced rate of neurogenesis in HABs up to NAB levels. In addition, challenge-induced hypoactivation of dentate gyrus (DG) neurons in HABs was normalized by all three drugs. Overall, these data suggest that AD-like effects in a psychopathological mouse model are commonly associated with modulation of DG hypoactivity but not neurogenesis, suggesting normalization of hippocampal hypoactivity as a neurobiological marker indicating successful remission. Finally, rather than to higher depression-related behavior, neurogenesis seems to be linked to pathological anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse, Munich,Germany
| | - C Schmuckermair
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S B Sartori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Gaburro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Kandasamy
- Institut für Molekulare Regenerative Medizin, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Strubergasse, Salzburg, Austria
| | - R Irschick
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Klimaschewski
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Landgraf
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse, Munich,Germany
| | - L Aigner
- Institut für Molekulare Regenerative Medizin, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Strubergasse, Salzburg, Austria,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse, Salzburg, Austria
| | - N Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CCB - Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 3rd floor, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. E-mail:
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Classical and novel approaches to the preclinical testing of anxiolytics: A critical evaluation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 37:2318-30. [PMID: 22981935 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over 80% of current anxiety studies employ one of the tests that were developed earlier than, or concurrently with the elevated plus-maze, i.e. before 1985. Considering 1985 as a historical reference point, we briefly review here 115 new tests and models of anxiety, the development of which was likely prompted by the poor predictive validity of classical tests as shown here by the comparison of preclinical and clinical findings with putative novel anxiolytics. The new approaches comprise major innovations to classical tests, the pre-test application of manipulations that mimic etiological factors of anxiety disorders, and entirely new approaches including anxiety disorder-specific tests. Thus, intensive test development over the last 27 years created a large pool of novel approaches. However, these are infrequently used and as such, their impact on anxiolytic drug development remains low. We suggest here that test/model development should step over the intensive phase when several new methods are proposed each year and should start selecting and establishing the methodologies that would successfully replace or complement classical tests. We propose here a novel strategy for improving the validity of anxiety testing that includes the retrospective analysis of the predictive validity of new procedures (as opposed to classical pharmacological validation), and a call for concerted international efforts at both the conceptual and practical levels. Similar endeavors proved recently successful with other psychiatric disorders.
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Groenink L, Vinkers C, van Oorschot R, Olivier B. Models of anxiety: stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) in singly housed mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 5:Unit 5.16. [PMID: 22294397 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0516s45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Described in this unit is the stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) test in mice in a single-housed format. This protocol has proven reliable in detecting the anxiolytic properties of test compounds. In this test, SIH is quantified in singly housed mice using a rectal temperature measurement as the stressor. Rectal temperature is measured twice at a 10-min interval. Due to the stress experienced during the first temperature measurement, the temperature of the second measurement (T(2)) is ∼0.8° to 1.5°C higher than that of the first (T(1)). This difference in temperature (ΔT = T(2) - T(1)) is defined as the SIH response. The SIH response is reduced by different classes of anxiolytics. The SIH test is simple and robust, it does not require training of animals, and test compound effects on motor behavior, feeding, and nociception do not affect test outcome. Furthermore, it is one of few anxiety tests that focuses on the physiological component of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucianne Groenink
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Lkhagvasuren B, Nakamura Y, Oka T, Sudo N, Nakamura K. Social defeat stress induces hyperthermia through activation of thermoregulatory sympathetic premotor neurons in the medullary raphe region. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:1442-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ennaceur A, Michalikova S, van Rensburg R, Chazot PL. MK-801 increases the baseline level of anxiety in mice introduced to a spatial memory task without prior habituation. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:981-91. [PMID: 21762710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
C57BL/6J mice were introduced to a nine arm radial maze without prior habituation and trained in the acquisition of a working memory task in 16 sessions, one session per day. In this maze mice need to climb onto an upward inclined bridge in order to reach and cross onto an arm. They received in each session an i.p. injection of MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) 30 min before training or immediately after training. MK-801 pre-treated mice made significantly more entries onto the bridges, fewer entries onto the arms and took significantly longer time to make a first arm visit compared to saline and MK-801 post-treated mice during the first 3 session blocks (4 sessions per block). These results indicate that MK-801 induced anxiety which was extended throughout the first 3 session blocks. MK-801 pre-treated mice made also significantly more errors and required more sessions to reach the criterion compared to saline and MK-801 post-treated mice. Administration of MK-801 after training did not affect the acquisition of the task. The present results indicate that MK-801 pre-treatment impaired the acquisition of a spatial task and this can be accounted for by its effect on the baseline level of anxiety which was elevated. The introduction of mice to the acquisition of the task without prior habituation demonstrates that a drug treatment can affect learning and memory by increasing and/or prolonging anxiety. Such effect may be confounded with learning and memory performance and not detected with pre-habituation training procedures, particularly when the number of sessions is determined a-priori.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ennaceur
- University of Sunderland, Department of Pharmacy, Sunderland, UK.
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Nakamura K. Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1207-28. [PMID: 21900642 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00109.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Body temperature regulation is a fundamental homeostatic function that is governed by the central nervous system in homeothermic animals, including humans. The central thermoregulatory system also functions for host defense from invading pathogens by elevating body core temperature, a response known as fever. Thermoregulation and fever involve a variety of involuntary effector responses, and this review summarizes the current understandings of the central circuitry mechanisms that underlie nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscles, thermoregulatory cardiac regulation, heat-loss regulation through cutaneous vasomotion, and ACTH release. To defend thermal homeostasis from environmental thermal challenges, feedforward thermosensory information on environmental temperature sensed by skin thermoreceptors ascends through the spinal cord and lateral parabrachial nucleus to the preoptic area (POA). The POA also receives feedback signals from local thermosensitive neurons, as well as pyrogenic signals of prostaglandin E(2) produced in response to infection. These afferent signals are integrated and affect the activity of GABAergic inhibitory projection neurons descending from the POA to the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) or to the rostral medullary raphe region (rMR). Attenuation of the descending inhibition by cooling or pyrogenic signals leads to disinhibition of thermogenic neurons in the DMH and sympathetic and somatic premotor neurons in the rMR, which then drive spinal motor output mechanisms to elicit thermogenesis, tachycardia, and cutaneous vasoconstriction. Warming signals enhance the descending inhibition from the POA to inhibit the motor outputs, resulting in cutaneous vasodilation and inhibited thermogenesis. This central thermoregulatory mechanism also functions for metabolic regulation and stress-induced hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Career-Path Promotion Unit for Young Life Scientists, Kyoto Univ., School of Medicine Bldg. E, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Associations between open-field behaviour and stress-induced hyperthermia in two breeds of sheep. Anim Welf 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600002906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn sheep (Ovis aries) and other farm animals, routine husbandry procedures can cause negative emotions, such as fear, which are generally considered to reduce animal welfare. The open-field test (OFT) is the most widely used test to measure fearfulness in animals. The induction of psychological stress is often accompanied by an elevation of core body temperature, referred to as stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) and both OFT and SIH were used in this study to measure fearfulness in sheep: the aim being to examine associations between behaviour in the OFT and the SIH response, using data from two breeds of sheep tested repeatedly over time. Twentyfour ewes from two breeds, Lacaune and Ripollesa, were tested for 10 min with all behaviours recorded throughout. Rectal temperature was measured immediately prior to the start of the test (T1) and 10 min after its completion (T2). SIH was measured as the difference between T2 and T1. Sheep were tested over three periods of three experimental days each. Ewes of both breeds showed consistent changes in behaviour in the OFT and a clear SIH response. Bleats and visits to the water bucket showed a clear pattern between rounds. Differences between T1 and T2 were found, T2 was higher than T1 suggesting that exposure to a novel arena caused SIH. Breed differences were found whereby T2 was 0.12°C higher in Ripollesa than Lacaune. These findings have implications for selection programmes, creating the possibility of selecting less fearful animals that will cope better with handling procedures that may induce fear. Further, they also demonstrate the importance of using both behavioural and physiological variables to evaluate fear.
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Hoy JM, Murray PJ, Tribe A. The potential for microchip-automated technology to improve enrichment practices. Zoo Biol 2011; 29:586-99. [PMID: 20024962 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The greatest limitation involved with providing enrichment and evaluating its effects on captive mammals is a lack of available staff time [Hoy et al., 2009]. One method to overcome this is through the use of automated husbandry systems to dispense enrichment to individual animals by using implantable radio frequency microchips. An international multi-institutional survey was conducted to determine whether the personnel involved with management, research, and husbandry of captive mammals would support the development of such automated husbandry systems. The survey was also designed to establish which applications of the system would be considered to be most beneficial. Overall, there was a very high level of interest by survey respondents in adopting automated husbandry systems and all potential applications were considered beneficial to varying degrees. These results, together with the relatively low cost of installation and operation, demonstrate that in the future automated enrichment could be an important and effective means of enhancing captive animal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Hoy
- School of Animal Studies, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Queensland, Australia.
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Twelve hours is sufficient for social buffering of conditioned hyperthermia. Physiol Behav 2011; 102:188-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bizot JC, David S, Trovero F. Effects of atomoxetine, desipramine, d-amphetamine and methylphenidate on impulsivity in juvenile rats, measured in a T-maze procedure. Neurosci Lett 2011; 489:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Houtepen LC, Peterse DP, Westphal KGC, Olivier B, Vinkers CH. The autonomic stress-induced hyperthermia response is not enhanced by several anxiogenic drugs. Physiol Behav 2010; 102:105-9. [PMID: 20828578 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While anxiety models are often based on locomotor activity responses, the stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) paradigm uses the autonomic stress response by measuring body temperature. The effects of putative anxiogenic compounds in the SIH paradigm are inconclusive in mice and have not been examined in rats. Furthermore, it has been suggested that drug-induced effects on body temperature could be dependent on locomotor activity levels. Therefore, the effects of three anxiogenic substances, yohimbine (an α(2) receptor antagonist), mCPP (a 5HT(2C) receptor agonist) and FG-7142 (a GABA(A) receptor inverse agonist acting at the benzodiazepine site) on the stress-induced body temperature and locomotor activity response were studied in rats using novel cage stress. All anxiogenic compounds resulted in hypothermia. In contrast, FG-7142 and yohimbine increased locomotor activity levels, whereas mCPP reduced locomotor activity levels. The lack of an increased body temperature response of anxiogenic compounds indicates that the anxiogenic capacity of a drug does not necessarily yield increased autonomic stress responsivity. Moreover, the present study shows that a drug-induced decreased body temperature can be accompanied by increased locomotor activity, suggesting that both parameters represent independent parameters of the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte C Houtepen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Klein S, Nicolas LB, Lopez-Lopez C, Jacobson LH, McArthur SG, Grundschober C, Prinssen EP. Examining face and construct validity of a noninvasive model of panic disorder in Lister-hooded rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 211:197-208. [PMID: 20514481 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Increasing evidence suggests that defensive escape behavior in Lister-hooded (LH) rats induced by ultrasound application may be an animal model of panic disorder. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to further explore the face and construct validity of ultrasound-induced escape behavior by characterizing the autonomic and neuroendocrine response to ultrasound, and to examine the underlying neuronal structures by comparing the effects of the anxiolytic with panicolytic properties, diazepam, with a preclinical anxiolytic without panicolytic-like activity, the NOP agonist Ro 64-6198. MATERIALS AND METHODS LH rats were implanted with telemetry transmitters to monitor heart rate and core body temperature before, during, and after ultrasound application. Blood samples were taken after ultrasound application for corticosterone analysis. Ultrasound-induced c-Fos expression was measured in different periaqueductal gray (PAG) and amygdala subregions after treatment with diazepam or Ro 64-6198. RESULTS Ultrasound application increased heart rate and body temperature, but did not alter plasma corticosterone levels. Ultrasound application increased c-Fos expression in the dorsal and dorsolateral PAG (dPAG, dlPAG) and amygdaloid subregions. Diazepam, but not Ro 64-6198, reduced c-Fos expression in the dPAG/dlPAG, while Ro 64-6198, but not diazepam, reduced c-Fos expression in the central amygdala. CONCLUSIONS Similar to human panic attacks, ultrasound application to LH rats activated the autonomic, but not the neuroendocrine, stress system. Also, like in humans, the current data confirm and extend that the dPAG/dlPAG plays a key role in ultrasound-induced escape behavior. These observations suggest that ultrasound-induced escape behaviors in LH rats have face and construct validity for panic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Klein
- Brain Research Institute, University of Bremen, Cognium-Raum 2140, Hochschulring 18, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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McEwen BS, Chattarji S, Diamond DM, Jay TM, Reagan LP, Svenningsson P, Fuchs E. The neurobiological properties of tianeptine (Stablon): from monoamine hypothesis to glutamatergic modulation. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:237-49. [PMID: 19704408 PMCID: PMC2902200 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tianeptine is a clinically used antidepressant that has drawn much attention, because this compound challenges traditional monoaminergic hypotheses of depression. It is now acknowledged that the antidepressant actions of tianeptine, together with its remarkable clinical tolerance, can be attributed to its particular neurobiological properties. The involvement of glutamate in the mechanism of action of the antidepressant tianeptine is consistent with a well-developed preclinical literature demonstrating the key function of glutamate in the mechanism of altered neuroplasticity that underlies the symptoms of depression. This article reviews the latest evidence on tianeptine's mechanism of action with a focus on the glutamatergic system, which could provide a key pathway for its antidepressant action. Converging lines of evidences demonstrate actions of tianeptine on the glutamatergic system, and therefore offer new insights into how tianeptine may be useful in the treatment of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S. McEwen
- Alfred E. Mirsky Professor Head, Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology. The Rockefeller University 1230 York Avenue New York, NY 10021, USA, Phone: +1 212 327 8624
| | - Sumantra Chattarji
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Bangladore 560065, India, Phone: +91 80 23636421
| | - David M. Diamond
- Medical Research Division, Veterans Hospital, 13000 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612;Center for Preclinical and Clinical Research on PTSD; Departments of Psychology and Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., PCD 4118G, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA, Phone: +1 813974048
| | - Thérèse M. Jay
- INSERM, Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894 and Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Phone: +33 1 40788631
| | - Lawrence P. Reagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, Phone: 803 733-3237
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden, Phone: +46 (8) 52 48 79 26
| | - Eberhard Fuchs
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Department of Neurology and DFG Research Center Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Phone: +49-551-3851 130
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Capuano B, Crosby IT, McRobb FM, Taylor DA, Vom A, Blessing WW. JL13 has clozapine-like actions on thermoregulatory cutaneous blood flow in rats: Involvement of serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor mechanisms. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:136-42. [PMID: 19878703 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clozapine is an effective atypical antipsychotic agent, with serious side effects. JL13 [5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-8-chloropyrido[2,3-b][1,5]benzoxazepine] is a potential new atypical antipsychotic, structurally modified from clozapine to resist oxidation so as to reduce haematological and cardiological side effects. To assess the potential clinical potency of JL13 we tested its action in a newly described animal model based on the ability of clozapine-like agents to affect brain mechanisms controlling sympathetic outflow to thermoregulatory cutaneous vascular beds. We determined whether JL13 has clozapine-like inhibitory actions on alerting-induced falls in tail artery blood flow (sympathetic cutaneous vasomotor alerting responses, SCVARs) in rats, and whether actions on dopamine D(2), and/or 5-HT(1A) receptors are involved in these effects of JL13. The tail artery Doppler flow signal was recorded in conscious freely moving Sprague-Dawley rats before and after alerting stimuli (e.g. cage tap). The percentage fall in flow in response to an alerting stimulus was quantified as a SCVAR index (fall to zero flow implies SCVAR index of 100%, no fall implies 0%). We used pre-treatment with spiperone and WAY100635, before JL13, to assess the role of D(2) and 5-HT(1A) receptors. In addition, the role of 5-HT(2A) receptors in the action of JL13 was assessed by determining whether JL13 prevented and reversed the CNS-mediated tail artery vasoconstricting actions of DOI ((+/-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane), an agonist at 5-HT(2A) receptors. JL13 (0.0625-5.0mg/kg s.c.) dose-dependently inhibited SCVARs, less potently than clozapine. WAY100635 but not spiperone reduced the inhibition. JL13 prevented and reversed DOI-induced vasoconstriction. Thus JL13 has clozapine-like actions on thermoregulatory cutaneous blood flow, but the drug is 5 times less potent than clozapine. Stimulation of 5-HT(1A) and blockade of 5-HT(2A) receptors may contribute to the effects, but dopamine D(2) receptors are apparently not involved in the action of JL13.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville campus), Melbourne, Australia
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Vinkers CH, Bijlsma EY, Houtepen LC, Westphal KGC, Veening JG, Groenink L, Olivier B. Medial amygdala lesions differentially influence stress responsivity and sensorimotor gating in rats. Physiol Behav 2009; 99:395-401. [PMID: 20006965 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amygdala is involved in the coordination of stress but is also an important gatekeeper involved in the regulation of vigilance. The amygdala is structurally complex, consisting of several nuclei with specific functions in the affective response to environmental stimuli. There are indications that the medial amygdaloid nucleus may be a pivotal player in acute responses to emotional environmental stimuli. METHODS The present study therefore aimed to study the effects of bilateral electrolytic lesions of the medial amygdala on unconditioned anxiety-related behavior as well as a sensorimotor gating parameter (prepulse inhibition, PPI) in rats. Anxiety-related behavior was assessed with the use of stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH), light-enhanced startle (LES) and open field behavior. RESULTS Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the medial amygdala decreased the SIH response and anxiety-related open field behavior. In contrast, lesioned animals displayed augmented LES and disrupted PPI. No changes in basal locomotor activity, body temperature and acoustic startle were found between lesioned and sham animals. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that the medial amygdala is an important player in response to acute environmental stimuli. Decreased unconditioned psychological stress responses were found, whereas LES was enhanced and sensorimotor processing was disrupted. However, considering the existing data on basolateral amygdala involvement in PPI and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis involvement in LES, local infusion studies into the MeA should be performed to further substantiate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Pedernera-Romano C, Ruiz de la Torre JL, Badiella L, Manteca X. Effect of perphenazine enanthate on open-field test behaviour and stress-induced hyperthermia in domestic sheep. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 94:329-32. [PMID: 19799930 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The open-field test (OFT) and stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) have been used to measure individual differences in fear. The present study has been designed as a pharmacological validation of OFT and SIH as indicators of fear in sheep using perphenazine enanthate (PPZ), a long-acting neuroleptic. Twenty four ewes of two breeds, Lacaune and Ripollesa, were tested in an arena measuring 5mx2.5m. Treatment group received one dose of 1.5mg/kg of PPZ and control group received sterile sesame oil. All animals were tested for 10min and behaviours were recorded. Rectal temperature was measured at the beginning (T1) and at the end (T2) of the test. SIH was defined as the difference between T2 and T1. Sheep were tested on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 after PPZ injection. Variables were analysed using a mixed model. PPZ decreased bleats on days 2, 3, 4 and the SIH response on days 2 and 3. Breed differences were observed. Treated animals showed positive correlations between SIH and bleats; squares entered; attempts to escape and negative correlation between SIH and visits to the food bucket. Our results suggest that behaviour and SIH on the OFT are useful measures of fear in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pedernera-Romano
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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Vinkers CH, Groenink L, van Bogaert MJ, Westphal KG, Kalkman CJ, van Oorschot R, Oosting RS, Olivier B, Korte SM. Stress-induced hyperthermia and infection-induced fever: Two of a kind? Physiol Behav 2009; 98:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pitfalls in the interpretation of genetic and pharmacological effects on anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. Behav Pharmacol 2008; 19:385-402. [PMID: 18690100 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32830c3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, genetically modified mice have added important data to our knowledge on psychiatric diseases including anxiety. This has produced many behavioural publications, partially by non-behaviourists, in which differences between mutants and normal wild-type animals were described. The popularity of these novel tools allowing the study of new mechanisms also, however, led to observations that could not be confirmed. This review attempts to summarize various factors that can lead to difficult and partially incorrect interpretation of data collected in anxiety-related paradigms. These pitfalls are explained by using virtual data. Our analysis illustrates that determining anxiety in rodents is more complicated than measuring a single parameter in a particular paradigm. It is important to use proper controls such as additional measures in the same or other procedures, as well as a conservative estimation of the chance of finding an actual effect. In this way, it is possible to enhance confidence in the findings. Alternative explanations for findings, like side effects or main effects in a different domain, such as cognition, should always be taken into account. Finally, several examples from the literature are presented as illustrations of the theoretical issues discussed. We believe that considering the pitfalls presented here will help researchers to design optimized experiments that can be more readily interpreted and replicated across laboratories.
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Olfactory bulbectomy induces rapid and stable changes in basal and stress-induced locomotor activity, heart rate and body temperature responses in the home cage. Neuroscience 2008; 159:39-46. [PMID: 19136045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) in rats causes several behavioral and neurochemical changes. However, the extent and onset of physiological and behavioral changes induced after bulbectomy have been little examined. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats received telemetric implants. Before and immediately after OBX surgery, basal and stress-induced heart rate, body temperature, and locomotor activity were measured in the home cage in sham (n=9) and OBX animals (n=11). Stress was induced using novel cage stress or witness stress. RESULTS Bulbectomized animals differed physiologically and behaviorally from shams. Nocturnally, OBX animals were significantly more active compared with shams, had a higher core body temperature and displayed a decreased heart rate variability. During the light period, OBX animals had a significantly lower basal heart rate and a reduced heart rate variability. These effects became apparent 2-3 days after OBX surgery, and were stable over time. After witness stress, OBX animals showed smaller autonomic (body temperature and heart rate) responses compared with shams, but showed no difference in locomotor responses. In contrast, novel cage stress led to increased locomotor responses in OBX rats compared with sham rats, while no differences were found in autonomic responses. CONCLUSION Removal of the olfactory bulbs results in rapid, stable and persistent changes in basal locomotor activity, body temperature, heart rate and heart rate variability. Although the sleep-wake cycle of these parameters is not altered, increases in circadian amplitude are apparent within 3 days after surgery. This indicates that physiological changes in the OBX rat are the immediate result of olfactory bulb removal. Further, stress responsivity in OBX rats depends on stressor intensity. Bulbectomized rats display smaller temperature and heart rate responses to less intense witness stress compared with sham rats. Increased locomotor responses to more intense novel cage stress are present in the home cage as well as the open field. The present study shows that olfactory bulbectomy has rapid and persistent influence on basal and stress-induced physiological parameters.
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Marchei P, Diverio S, Falocci N, Fatjó J, Ruiz-de-la-Torre JL, Manteca X. Breed differences in behavioural development in kittens. Physiol Behav 2008; 96:522-31. [PMID: 19101579 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differences in behaviour of pure breed cats have been suggested but not wholly investigated. Oriental/Siamese/Abyssinian (OSA) kittens (n=43) were weekly compared with Norwegian Forest (NFO) kittens (n=39) from the 4th to the 10th week of age in a repeated Open Field Test (OFT) paradigm. Heart rate (HR) and rectal temperature (RT) before and after the test, and behavioural responses during the OFT were recorded. Behaviours registered were analysed by focal animal sampling. Significant breed differences were found; cats of the northern zones (NFO) seem to develop earlier thermoregulatory abilities. Precocious opening of eyes, higher locomotion scores and longer time spent standing, observed in OSA kittens may indicate an earlier neurological development. Inter breed differences recorded for exploration and locomotion seem to indicate coping style divergences: in the OFT challenging situation OSA kittens presented higher emotional tachycardia and performed more passively, with a faster decline in exploration and locomotion scores. NFO kittens exerted a more active behaviour as they spent more time exploring the arena and in escape attempts. Notwithstanding OSA and NFO cat selection was mainly aimed to improve divergent morphological traits, some different behavioural and physiological traits seem to have been maintained or co-selected within each breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marchei
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain.
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Gilmore AJ, Billing RL, Einstein R. The effects on heart rate and temperature of mice and vas deferens responses to noradrenaline when their cage mates are subjected to daily restraint stress. Lab Anim 2008; 42:140-8. [PMID: 18435872 DOI: 10.1258/la.2007.06030e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Performing stressful procedures in view of cage mates may cause stress in observer animals. However, it is not known if stressful procedures performed in close proximity to, but not in view of cage mates are stressful for the (observer) cage mates. Radiotelemetry and postmortem in vitro studies of the vas deferens were used to determine the effects of stress on observers. Heart rate (HR) and core body temperature (cBT) were recorded for 1 h following weighing of a cage mate or 1 h during restraint of a cage mate and the hour following return of the restrained mouse to the cage. This procedure was repeated daily for 15 days. HR and cBT were increased in observers during both restraint and weighing of cage mates. Analysis of the area under the curve showed that HR and cBT in observers were significantly higher during restraint of a cage mate than after weighing of a cage mate. When mice were returned to the cage after weighing or restraint, HR and cBT were significantly higher in the cage mates of restrained animals. Comparison between days 1, 3, 7 and 14 found that, as the experiment progressed, HR and cBT were significantly reduced in the observer mice during the hour following return of the cage mates after restraint. Results from previous studies have shown that chronic stress causes the vas deferens to become hypersensitive to exogenous application of noradrenaline (NAd). In this study, vas deferens from observers of restraint had a significantly increased response to NAd. These results indicate that stressful procedures should be conducted in isolation from other mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Gilmore
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Australia
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Uzbay TI. Tianeptine: potential influences on neuroplasticity and novel pharmacological effects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:915-24. [PMID: 17826881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tianeptine is an atypical antidepressant drug. In contrast to tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), it has been suggested that tianeptine decreases serotonin's activity and amount in serotonergic synapses of the central nervous system by increasing serotonin reuptake. Tianeptine, which has a mechanism of action opposite to that of SSRIs, necessitated a re-evaluation of the biochemical basis of depression and revealed that it cannot be explained by the monoamine hypothesis only. Recent studies by tianeptine have been focused on neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity hypothesis of depression has the potential to make important contributions to the diagnosis, as well as it may be helpful in the explanation of the drug effects, which cannot be explained by neurochemical mechanisms. In addition, recent interesting results indicating anticonvulsant and analgesic activity of tianeptine and its possible interaction with adenosine A(1) receptors were obtained. In this review, novel central actions of tianeptine and the relationship between stress, neuroplasticity and drug effects were evaluated in the light of the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayfun I Uzbay
- Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Etlik 06018 Ankara, Turkey.
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Vinkers CH, van Bogaert MJV, Klanker M, Korte SM, Oosting R, Hanania T, Hopkins SC, Olivier B, Groenink L. Translational aspects of pharmacological research into anxiety disorders: the stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) paradigm. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:407-25. [PMID: 18420191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In anxiety research, the search for models with sufficient clinical predictive validity to support the translation of animal studies on anxiolytic drugs to clinical research is often challenging. This review describes the stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) paradigm, a model that studies the activation of the autonomic nervous system in response to stress by measuring body temperature. The reproducible and robust SIH response, combined with ease of testing, make the SIH paradigm very suitable for drug screening. We will review the current knowledge on the neurobiology of the SIH response, discuss the role of GABA(A) and serotonin (5-HT) pharmacology, as well as how the SIH response relates to infectious fever. Furthermore, we will present novel data on the SIH response variance across different mice and their sensitivity to anxiolytic drugs. The SIH response is an autonomic stress response that can be successfully studied at the level of its physiology, pharmacology, neurobiology and genetics and possesses excellent animal-to-human translational properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS) and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Stemmelin J, Cohen C, Terranova JP, Lopez-Grancha M, Pichat P, Bergis O, Decobert M, Santucci V, Françon D, Alonso R, Stahl SM, Keane P, Avenet P, Scatton B, le Fur G, Griebel G. Stimulation of the beta3-Adrenoceptor as a novel treatment strategy for anxiety and depressive disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:574-87. [PMID: 17460614 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of the first selective orally active and brain-penetrant beta3-adrenoceptor agonist, SR58611A (amibegron), has opened new possibilities for exploring the involvement of this receptor in stress-related disorders. By using a battery of tests measuring a wide range of anxiety-related behaviors in rodents, including the mouse defense test battery, the elevated plus-maze, social interaction, stress-induced hyperthermia, four-plate, and punished drinking tests, we demonstrated for the first time that the stimulation of the beta3 receptor by SR58611A resulted in robust anxiolytic-like effects, with minimal active doses ranging from 0.3 to 10 mg/kg p.o., depending on the procedure. These effects paralleled those obtained with the prototypical benzodiazepine anxiolytic diazepam or chlordiazepoxide. Moreover, when SR58611A was tested in acute or chronic models of depression in rodents, such as the forced-swimming and the chronic mild stress tests, it produced antidepressant-like effects, which were comparable in terms of the magnitude of the effects to those of the antidepressant fluoxetine or imipramine. Supporting these behavioral data, SR58611A modified spontaneous sleep parameters in a manner comparable to that observed with fluoxetine. Importantly, SR58611A was devoid of side effects related to cognition (as shown in the Morris water maze and object recognition tasks), motor activity (in the rotarod), alcohol interaction, or physical dependence. Antagonism studies using pharmacological tools targeting a variety of neurotransmitters involved in anxiety and depression and the use of mice lacking the beta3 adrenoceptor suggested that these effects of SR58611A are mediated by beta3 adrenoceptors. Taken as a whole, these findings indicate that the pharmacological stimulation of beta3 adrenoceptors may represent an innovative approach for the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/administration & dosage
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/therapeutic use
- Aggression/drug effects
- Animals
- Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology
- Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/pharmacology
- Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/pharmacology
- Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy
- Anxiety Disorders/psychology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Cognition/drug effects
- Depressive Disorder/drug therapy
- Depressive Disorder/psychology
- Diazepam/pharmacology
- Ethanol/pharmacology
- Exploratory Behavior/drug effects
- Fluoxetine/pharmacology
- Gerbillinae
- Imipramine/pharmacology
- Interpersonal Relations
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics
- Sleep/drug effects
- Substance-Related Disorders/psychology
- Swimming/psychology
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/administration & dosage
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/therapeutic use
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47
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Conley RK, Hutson PH. Effects of acute and chronic treatment with fluoxetine on stress-induced hyperthermia in telemetered rats and mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 564:138-45. [PMID: 17462624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that anxiolytic effects are observed after chronic administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. In contrast, acute treatment may increase signs of anxiety. The present study examined the effects of acute and chronic administration of fluoxetine on a physiological measure of anxiety, stress-induced hyperthermia, in rats and mice using radiotelemetry to record core temperature and locomotor activity and ethologically relevant stressors to evoke the hyperthermic response. In both species, the benzodiazepine agonist chlordiazepoxide reduced stress-induced hyperthermia at doses (5 mg/kg i.p. rat, 10 mg/kg p.o. mouse) that had no significant effect on locomotor activity. Similarly, in both species, chronic (21 days) treatment with fluoxetine attenuated the hyperthermic response without significantly affecting locomotor activity. However, acute fluoxetine elicited species-specific effects. Thus in mice, stress-induced hyperthermia and activity were unaffected by fluoxetine (20 mg/kg p.o.) consistent with a lack of anxiolytic or anxiogenic activity. In contrast, in rats, fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p.) caused a significant baseline hypothermia in the absence of stress, confounding further interpretation. In conclusion, stress-induced hyperthermia in mice was unaffected by acute treatment and significantly reduced by chronic treatment with fluoxetine. However, in rats chronic administration of fluoxetine significantly reduced stress-induced hyperthermia while the effects of acute treatment were confounded by a decrease in body temperature in the absence of stress. Together, these observations support the view that chronic administration of fluoxetine is anxiolytic; however, the stress-induced hyperthermia assay does not reveal anxiogenic effects of acute administration of fluoxetine in rats or mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Conley
- Merck Sharp & Dohme, Neuroscience Research Centre, Harlow, Essex, UK.
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48
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Adriaan Bouwknecht J, Olivier B, Paylor RE. The stress-induced hyperthermia paradigm as a physiological animal model for anxiety: A review of pharmacological and genetic studies in the mouse. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:41-59. [PMID: 16618509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the function, brain mechanisms and pharmacology of stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) in a broad context. Hyperthermia itself is induced by all stressful stimuli and can be found across numerous species, including humans. As a model for anxiety, the process of insertion of a rectal probe increases temperature ranging from about 0.5-1.5 degrees C in 10-15min is called SIH. This temperature increase can be blocked by anxiolytic drugs. The methodological as well as pharmacological aspects of the group- (G-SIH) and singly housed (SIH) version of the paradigm are described in detail. Also, an overview is presented about studies using the SIH procedure in genetically modified mice together with the potential interference with immunological induction of a febrile response. The paper also presents data that highlight some of the limitations of the SIH procedure for use of drugs like nicotine, which contain particular characteristics such as short in vivo half-life, and/or disturbance of thermoregulation. The advantages and disadvantages of the SIH procedure as a physiological model of anxiety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adriaan Bouwknecht
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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49
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Van Bogaert M, Oosting R, Toth M, Groenink L, van Oorschot R, Olivier B. Effects of genetic background and null mutation of 5-HT1A receptors on basal and stress-induced body temperature: modulation by serotonergic and GABAA-ergic drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 550:84-90. [PMID: 17022970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 08/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The stress-induced hyperthermia procedure, in which effects of drugs on basal (T(1)) and stress-induced body temperature (T(2)) are measured, predicts anxiolytic drug effect. Serotonergic drugs alter these responses and here, we studied the role of 5-HT(1A) receptors in stress-induced hyperthermia by using 5-HT(1A) receptor knockout mice. Three strains (129/Sv, Swiss Webster and C57Bl6) were used because genetic background can significantly modulate the null phenotype. We found that GABA-ergic drugs with an anxiolytic profile and stimulate alpha(2) subunit containing GABA(A) receptors, including diazepam and L838,417, result in reduced DeltaT (DeltaT=T(2)-T(1)). The alpha(1) subunit containing GABA(A) receptor was found to be primarily involved in regulation of basal body temperature T(1) and its stimulation can induce hypothermia. In addition, stimulation of 5-HT(1A) receptors by buspirone results in a reduced DeltaT, while stimulation of 5-HT(7) receptors primarily results in hypothermia. The null mutation of 5-HT(1A) receptors resulted in differences in drug-sensitivity that was further modulated by the genetic background. In particular, the null mutation on the SW and C57Bl6 backgrounds resulted in differential diazepam/L838,417 and 5-CT responses respectively. This indicates an interaction between the 5-HT(1A) receptor and genetic background and demonstrates the importance of selecting the background strain in a receptor knockout model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Body Temperature/drug effects
- Body Temperature/genetics
- Body Temperature/physiology
- Body Temperature Regulation/drug effects
- Buspirone/pharmacology
- Diazepam/pharmacology
- Fever/physiopathology
- Flumazenil/pharmacology
- Fluorobenzenes/pharmacology
- GABA Agonists/pharmacology
- GABA Modulators/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/physiology
- Receptors, GABA-A/drug effects
- Serotonin/analogs & derivatives
- Serotonin/pharmacology
- Serotonin Agents/pharmacology
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Zolpidem
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Van Bogaert
- Section of Psychopharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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50
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Ring RH, Malberg JE, Potestio L, Ping J, Boikess S, Luo B, Schechter LE, Rizzo S, Rahman Z, Rosenzweig-Lipson S. Anxiolytic-like activity of oxytocin in male mice: behavioral and autonomic evidence, therapeutic implications. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 185:218-25. [PMID: 16418825 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oxytocin (OT) acts as a neuromodulator/neurotransmitter within the central nervous system (CNS) and regulates a diverse range of CNS functions. Notably, evidence from studies in females has revealed an important role for OT in regulating anxiety behavior. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the effects of OT on both behavioral and autonomic parameters of the anxiety response in male mice using three pharmacologically validated preclinical models of anxiety: the four-plate test (FPT), elevated zero maze (EZM), and stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH). RESULTS In the FPT, both peripherally (3-30 mg/kg i.p.) and centrally (1-10 microg i.c.v.) administered OT produced dose-dependent increases in punished crossings, indicating an anxiolytic-like effect. The effects of centrally administered OT in the FPT were blocked with peripheral administration of a brain-penetrant OT receptor (OTR) antagonist WAY-162720 (30 mg/kg i.p.), and the effects of peripherally administered OT were blocked with central administration of a non-penetrant OTR antagonist L-371,257, suggesting OT acts centrally. In the EZM, centrally administered OT (0.1-1.0 microg, i.c.v.) produced significant increases in the percentage time spent in the open quadrants of the maze, comparable to alprazolam (0.5-1.0 microg, i.c.v.). In SIH, OT (1-10 mg/kg i.p.) dose-dependently attenuated stress-induced increases in core body temperature, comparable to the reference anxiolytic chlordiazepoxide (CDP) (10 mg/kg i.p.). CONCLUSIONS These results provide specific behavioral and autonomic evidence of anxiolytic-like effects for oxytocin in males and, together with previously reported observations in females, suggest the potential utility of OTR agonism as a therapeutically relevant mechanism of action for novel anxiolytics in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Ring
- Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Discovery Neuroscience, Wyeth Research, CN8000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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