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Tang C, Yang C, Wang P, Li L, Lin Y, Yi Q, Tang F, Liu L, Zhou W, Liu D, Zhang L, Yuan X. Identification and Validation of Glomeruli Cellular Senescence-Related Genes in Diabetic Nephropathy by Multiomics. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300453. [PMID: 37957539 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that cellular premature senescence of the glomerulus, including endothelial cells, mesangial cells, and podocytes leads to diabetic nephropathy (DN), and DN is regarded as a clinical model of premature senescence. However, the role of cellular senescence-associated genes in the glomerulus in DN progression remains unclear. Therefore, this work aims to identify and validate potential cellular aging-related genes in the glomerulus in DN to provide novel clues for DN treatment based on anti-aging. The microarray GSE96804 dataset, including 41 diabetic glomeruli and 20 control glomeruli, is retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and cellular senescence-related genes (CSRGs) are obtained from the GeneCards database and literature reports. Subsequently, PPI, GO, and KEGG enrichment are analyzed by screening the intersection between differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and CSRGs. scRNA-seq dataset GSE127235 is used to verify core genes expression in glomerulocytes of mice. Finally, db/db mice are utilized to validate the hub gene expression in the glomeruli, and high glucose-induced mesangial cells are used to confirm key gene expression. This study reveals that FOS and ZFP36 may play an anti-aging role in DN to ameliorate cell intracellular premature aging in mesangial cells of glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyin Tang
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157000, China
| | - Chunsong Yang
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Peiwen Wang
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157000, China
| | - Luxin Li
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157000, China
| | - Yunzhu Lin
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Qiusha Yi
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Fengru Tang
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Lantao Liu
- Postgraduate Department, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157011, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Dongwen Liu
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Xiaohuan Yuan
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157000, China
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2
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Wang J, Yano S, Xie K, Ohata Y, Hara T. Genome-Wide RNA Sequencing Analysis in Human Dermal Fibroblasts Exposed to Low-Dose Ultraviolet A Radiation. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13060974. [PMID: 35741736 PMCID: PMC9222854 DOI: 10.3390/genes13060974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation can pass through the epidermis and reach the dermal skin layer, contributing to photoaging, DNA damage, and photocarcinogenesis in dermal fibroblasts. High-dose UVA exposure induces erythema, whereas low-dose, long-term UVA exposure causes skin damage and cell senescence. Biomarkers for evaluating damage caused by low-dose UVA in fibroblasts are lacking, making it difficult to develop therapeutic agents for skin aging and aging-associated diseases. We performed RNA-sequencing to investigate gene and pathway alterations in low-dose UVA-irradiated human skin-derived NB1RGB primary fibroblasts. Differentially expressed genes were identified and subjected to Gene Ontology and reactome pathway analysis, which revealed enrichment in genes in the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, apoptosis, respiratory electron transport, and transcriptional regulation by tumor suppressor p53 pathways. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) showed the lowest p-value in RNA-sequencing analysis and was associated with the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Protein–protein interaction analysis revealed that Fos proto-oncogene had a high-confidence network with IGFBP7 as transcription factor of the IGFBP7 gene among SASP hit genes, which were validated using RT-qPCR. Because of their high sensitivity to low-dose UVA radiation, Fos and IGFBP7 show potential as biomarkers for evaluating the effect of low-dose UVA radiation on dermal fibroblasts.
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3
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Tavasolian F, Hosseini AZ, Mirzaei A, Abdollahi E, Jandaghi P, Soudi S, Naderi M, Saburi E, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Unfolded protein response-mediated modulation of mesenchymal stem cells. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:187-197. [PMID: 31444957 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) receives unfolded proteins predestined for the secretory pathway or to be incorporated as transmembrane proteins. The ER has to accommodate the proper folding and glycosylation of these proteins and also to properly incorporate transmembrane proteins. However, under various circumstances, the proteins shuttling through the ER can be misfolded and undergo aggregation, which causes activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is mediated through three primary pathways: activating transcription factor-6, inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1), and PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, which up-regulate ER folding chaperones and temporarily suppress protein translation. The UPR can be both cytoprotective and/or cytotoxic depending on the duration of UPR activation and the type of host cell. Proteostasis controls stem cell function, while stress responses affect stem cell identity and differentiation. The present review aimed to explore and discuss the effects of the UPR pathways on mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fataneh Tavasolian
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ahmad Z Hosseini
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mirzaei
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.,Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Elham Abdollahi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Immunology and Allergy, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Sara Soudi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Naderi
- Cell-Based Therapies Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Saburi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Hasan Hospital, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.,Immunogenetic and Cell Culture Department, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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4
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Han R, Li L, Ugalde AP, Tal A, Manber Z, Barbera EP, Chiara VD, Elkon R, Agami R. Functional CRISPR screen identifies AP1-associated enhancer regulating FOXF1 to modulate oncogene-induced senescence. Genome Biol 2018; 19:118. [PMID: 30119690 PMCID: PMC6097335 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional characterization of non-coding elements in the human genome is a major genomic challenge and the maturation of genome-editing technologies is revolutionizing our ability to achieve this task. Oncogene-induced senescence, a cellular state of irreversible proliferation arrest that is enforced following excessive oncogenic activity, is a major barrier against cancer transformation; therefore, bypassing oncogene-induced senescence is a critical step in tumorigenesis. Here, we aim at further identification of enhancer elements that are required for the establishment of this state. RESULTS We first apply genome-wide profiling of enhancer-RNAs (eRNAs) to systematically identify enhancers that are activated upon oncogenic stress. DNA motif analysis of these enhancers indicates AP-1 as a major regulator of the transcriptional program induced by oncogene-induced senescence. We thus constructed a CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNA library designed to target senescence-induced enhancers that are putatively regulated by AP-1 and used it in a functional screen. We identify a critical enhancer that we name EnhAP1-OIS1 and validate that mutating the AP-1 binding site within this element results in oncogene-induced senescence bypass. Furthermore, we identify FOXF1 as the gene regulated by this enhancer and demonstrate that FOXF1 mediates EnhAP1-OIS1 effect on the senescence phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our study elucidates a novel cascade mediated by AP-1 and FOXF1 that regulates oncogene-induced senescence and further demonstrates the power of CRISPR-based functional genomic screens in deciphering the function of non-coding regulatory elements in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Han
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Li Li
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Piñeiro Ugalde
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arieh Tal
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zohar Manber
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eric Pinto Barbera
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Veronica Della Chiara
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ran Elkon
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Reuven Agami
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Wang S, Hu B, Ding Z, Dang Y, Wu J, Li D, Liu X, Xiao B, Zhang W, Ren R, Lei J, Hu H, Chen C, Chan P, Li D, Qu J, Tang F, Liu GH. ATF6 safeguards organelle homeostasis and cellular aging in human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Discov 2018; 4:2. [PMID: 29423270 PMCID: PMC5798892 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-017-0003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of organelle homeostasis is a hallmark of aging. However, it remains elusive how this occurs at gene expression level. Here, we report that human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) aging is associated with dysfunction of double-membrane organelles and downregulation of transcription factor ATF6. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated inactivation of ATF6 in hMSCs, not in human embryonic stem cells and human adipocytes, results in premature cellular aging, characteristic of loss of endomembrane homeostasis. Transcriptomic analyses uncover cell type-specific constitutive and stress-induced ATF6-regulated genes implicated in various layers of organelles’ homeostasis regulation. FOS was characterized as a constitutive ATF6 responsive gene, downregulation of which contributes to hMSC aging. Our study unravels the first ATF6-regulated gene expression network related to homeostatic regulation of membrane organelles, and provides novel mechanistic insights into aging-associated attrition of human stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Wang
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,2State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.,4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China
| | - Boqiang Hu
- 5Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.,6Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Zhichao Ding
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yujiao Dang
- 5Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.,6Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- 7Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Di Li
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- 8School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Bailong Xiao
- 8School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China
| | - Ruotong Ren
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China
| | - Jinghui Lei
- 4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Hu
- 2State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Chang Chen
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Piu Chan
- 4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qu
- 2State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.,4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China
| | - Fuchou Tang
- 5Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.,6Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.,9Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, 100871 Beijing, China.,10Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.,4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China.,11Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China
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6
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Tseligka ED, Rova A, Amanatiadou EP, Calabrese G, Tsibouklis J, Fatouros DG, Vizirianakis IS. Pharmacological Development of Target-Specific Delocalized Lipophilic Cation-Functionalized Carboranes for Cancer Therapy. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1945-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola N Velazquez
- CIQUIBIC (CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Beatriz L Caputto
- CIQUIBIC (CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - François D Boussin
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR967, Université Paris VII, Université Paris XI, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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8
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Di Girolamo N, Coroneo M, Wakefield D. Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling is partially responsible for the increased matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in ocular epithelial cells after UVB radiation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 167:489-503. [PMID: 16049334 PMCID: PMC1603570 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pterygia are inflammatory, invasive, and proliferative lesions of the human ocular surface in which the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) collagenase-1 (MMP-1) is highly expressed. Pterygia development may involve MMP-1 activity against interstitial fibrillar collagen, an abundant extracellular matrix component of the cornea, and its induction by ultraviolet light (UVB). We examined the pathways responsible for enhanced expression of MMP-1 in pterygium epithelial cells after UVB exposure and/or treatment with chemical inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases or epidermal growth factor receptor. The induction of MMP-1 by UVB was comparable to that mediated by heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor and epidermal growth factor. The epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor PD153035 partially blocked the UVB-mediated induction of MMP-1 and totally abrogated its production after stimulation with either heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor or epidermal growth factor. UVB exposure enhanced the phosphorylated form of ERK1/2 in a time-dependent manner whereas the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 decreased this induction by at least fivefold. Transcripts for c-jun and c-fos were detected as early as 2 hours after UVB exposure and were suppressed by PD98059. The identification of a specific intracellular signaling pathway responsible for the enhanced production of a key enzyme that denatures intact fibrillar collagen has important implications for understanding the pathophysiology and future therapy for pterygia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Di Girolamo
- Inflammatory Diseases Research Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
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9
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Kang HB, Kim JS, Kwon HJ, Nam KH, Youn HS, Sok DE, Lee Y. Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Activates ERK and Induces c-Fos in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Line MizhES1. Stem Cells Dev 2005; 14:395-401. [PMID: 16137228 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2005.14.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (hES) cells can be maintained in a proliferative undifferentiated state in vitro by growing them on feeder layers of mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells along with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF/FGF-2). To understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the requirement of bFGF in human ES cells, we investigated expression of FGF receptors and intracellular signaling events in response to bFGF in human ES cell line MizhES1. On the basis of the results of RT-PCR, clear expression of FGF receptors FGFR1, FGR2, and FGFR3 was noticed. Because MAPK, PI3K, and PKC pathways are well-known pathways triggered by bFGF in other cells, these pathways were investigated after stimulation with bFGF. bFGF did not induce activation of PI3K or PKC, but induced activation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase). To monitor the consequences of ERK activation, we examined expression of the immediate early gene c-fos, one downstream target of the MEK1/ERK pathway. mRNA and protein levels of the c-fos gene were increased by bFGF. Induction of c-Fos was dependent on MEKl. Therefore, it is likely that bFGF contributes to maintenance of human ES cells, at least in part, through the MEK1/ERK pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen/pharmacology
- Culture Media, Serum-Free/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Drug Combinations
- Enzyme Activation
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Laminin/pharmacology
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Octamer Transcription Factor-3
- Organic Cation Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proteoglycans/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Bum Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Korea
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10
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Shih A, Zhang S, Cao HJ, Boswell S, Wu YH, Tang HY, Lennartz MR, Davis FB, Davis PJ, Lin HY. Inhibitory effect of epidermal growth factor on resveratrol-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells is mediated by protein kinase C-α. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.1355.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Resveratrol, a naturally occurring stilbene with antitumor properties, caused mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)] activation, nuclear translocation of Ser15-phosphorylated p53, and p53-dependent apoptosis in hormone-insensitive DU145 prostate cancer cells. Exposure of these cells to epidermal growth factor (EGF) for up to 4 hours resulted in brief activation of MAPK followed by inhibition of resveratrol-induced signal transduction, p53 phosphorylation, and apoptosis. Resveratrol stimulated c-fos and c-jun expression in DU145 cells, an effect also suppressed by EGF. An inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC)-α, -β, and -γ (CGP41251) enhanced Ser15 phosphorylation of p53 by resveratrol in the absence of EGF and blocked EGF inhibition of the resveratrol effect. EGF caused PKC-α/β phosphorylation in DU145 cells, an effect reversed by CGP41251. Activation of PKC by phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) enhanced EGF action on ERK1/2 phosphorylation without significantly altering p53 phosphorylation by resveratrol. DU145 cells transfected with a dominant-negative PKC-α construct showed resveratrol-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and Ser15 phosphorylation of p53 but were unresponsive to EGF. Thus, resveratrol and EGF activate MAPK by discrete mechanisms in DU145 cells. The stilbene promoted p53-dependent apoptosis, whereas EGF opposed induction of apoptosis by resveratrol via a PKC-α-mediated mechanism. Resveratrol also induced p53 phosphorylation in LNCaP prostate cancer cells, an effect also inhibited by EGF. Inhibition of PKC activation in LNCaP cells, however, resulted in a reduction, rather than increase, in p53 activation and apoptosis, suggesting that resveratrol-induced apoptosis in these two cell lines occurs through different PKC-mediated and MAPK-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Shih
- 1Research Service, Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
| | | | | | | | | | - Heng-Yuan Tang
- 1Research Service, Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
| | | | | | - Paul J. Davis
- 1Research Service, Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
- 2Ordway Research Institute,
- 4Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- 1Research Service, Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
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11
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Cristofalo VJ, Lorenzini A, Allen RG, Torres C, Tresini M. Replicative senescence: a critical review. Mech Ageing Dev 2004; 125:827-48. [PMID: 15541776 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2004.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cells in culture have a limited proliferative capacity. After a period of vigorous proliferation, the rate of cell division declines and a number of changes occur in the cells including increases in size, in secondary lysosomes and residual bodies, nuclear changes and a number of changes in gene expression which provide biomarkers for senescence. Although human cells in culture have been used for over 40 years as models for understanding the cellular basis of aging, the relationship of replicative senescence to aging of the organism is still not clear. In this review, we discuss replicative senescence in the light of current information on signal transduction and mitogenesis, cell stress, apoptosis, telomere changes and finally we discuss replicative senescence as a model of aging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Cristofalo
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA.
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12
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Orchel J, Slowinski J, Mazurek U, Wilczok T. H3 mRNA level as a new proliferative marker in astrocytomas. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2004; 1689:42-6. [PMID: 15158912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Revised: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Replication-dependent H3.1 and H3.2 histones are encoded by 11 genes. The H3 mRNA levels in brain astrocytomas using real-time RT-PCR assay was examined. The sequence of primers and probe used in amplification was designed basing on the reference sequence GenBank accession no. The H3 mRNA levels correlated with tumor grade (R=0.56, P=0.0012), Ki-67 proliferative antigen labeling index (R=0.58, P=0.0008) and patient survival time (R=-0.50, P=0.005), discriminating low-grade and high-grade tumors. Quantification of H3 mRNA with real-time RT-PCR using the proposed pair of primers may supplement classic proliferative tests and predictive factors in brain astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Orchel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia, Narcyzow 1, 41-206, Sosnowiec, Poland
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13
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Abstract
Senescence is now established as a genetically controlled phenomenon that alters different cell functions, including proliferation, apoptosis, resistance to stress, and energetic metabolism. Underlying changes in gene expression are governed by some transcription factors, whose expression or activity must change with senescence as well. Transcription factors of the Rel/NF-kappa B family are good candidates to participate in the establishment of senescence. Arguments range from correlation between cell functions controlled by these factors and cell functions altered during senescence, to phenotypes resulting from in vitro manipulations of Rel/NF-kappa B activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karo Gosselin
- UMR 8117 CNRS-Institut Pasteur de Lille-Université Lille 1, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 rue Calmette, BP 447, 59021 Lille Cedex, France
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14
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Horie N, Mori T, Asada H, Ishikawa A, Johnston PG, Takeishi K. Implication of CDK Inhibitors p21 and p27 in the Differentiation of HL-60 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:992-7. [PMID: 15256728 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) differentiates HL-60 cells into granulocyte-like cells and cellular proliferation is repressed markedly along with the morphological and physiological changes specific for cellular differentiation. To elucidate the implication of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors during differentiation, we examined the expression of CDK inhibitors during the differentiation of HL-60 cells. The expression of p21 and p27 among the CDK inhibitors we examined increased during the differentiation induced with ATRA. Then, we established stable transformants of HL-60 cells expressing antisense RNA for p21 and p27 and examined the ability of these cells to differentiate into granulocyte-like cells. The extents of fully differentiated HL-60 cells transfected with genes for antisense RNA of p21 and p27 were only 53% and 60%, respectively, whereas 90% of the parental HL-60 cells differentiated by the ATRA treatment. These results suggest that increased expression of CDK inhibitors, p21 and p27, is necessary for the differentiation of HL-60 cells induced with ATRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Horie
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan
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15
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Bosze S, Hudecz F, Igaz P, Ortutay Z, Csík G, Falus A, Tóth S. Interleukin-6 N-terminal peptides modulate the expression of junB protooncogene and the production of fibrinogen in HepG2 cells. Biol Chem 2003; 384:409-21. [PMID: 12715892 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a helical cytokine exerting pleiotropic activities including the regulation of hematopoiesis, B cell activation and acute-phase reaction. The structure-function relationship of the molecule is the subject of intensive investigation using point and deletion mutants. Our objective was to analyse the role of the N-terminal 18-46 region in IL-6-mediated expression of junB protooncogene and fibrinogen production, reflecting the acute phase response, with synthetic overlapping peptides. mRNA expression of junB was monitored by competitive RT-PCR, while sandwich ELISA was used for the detection of fibrinogen in the supernatant of HepG2 human hepatoma cells. We found that even short synthetic octapeptides can be stimulatory (in the absence of IL-6) or inhibitory (in the presence of IL-6) in both assays. To establish the molecular mechanism by which synthetic peptides exert their biological effects electromobility shift assay was carried out using HepG2 nuclear extracts. Peptides inducing junB expression initiate gel shifts of STAT3/DNA complexes, which may indicate the involvement of this signal transduction pathway. Circular dicroism spectroscopy data suggest that 8-11-mer peptides representing different parts of the 18-46 region have a marked tendency to adopt ordered conformations in a water/trifluoroethanol (1:1 v/v) mixture. Competition studies with rhIL-6 and selected fluorophore-labelled peptides indicate the presence of more than one binding site on soluble IL-6 receptor. Considering the possible multiple etiologic role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of various diseases, these peptides could be useful for dissection of IL-6 related biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Bosze
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
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16
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Schmoll H, Badan I, Fischer B, Wagner AP. Dynamics of gene expression for immediate early- and late genes after seizure activity in aged rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2001; 32:199-218. [PMID: 11395167 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(01)00101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the rodent brain to support plasticity-related phenomena declines with increasing age. A decreased coordination of genes implicated in brain plasticity may be one factor contributing to this decline. Synaptic rearrangement that occurs after seizure activity is regarded as a model of brain plasticity. In a rat model of seizure-related brain plasticity, we found that the induction of immediate-early genes, as exemplified by c-fos and tissue plasminogen activator ( tPA), is not impaired in the aged rat brain. However, the aged rat brain responded more slowly to chemically induced seizure, and the levels of c-fos and tPA mRNAs induction are decreased in the cortex and in the hippocampus of 30 month old rats, as compared to the levels expressed by 3 month old rats. In addition, at the peak induction, the TPA transcripts were restricted to certain cortical layers of the older rats. Surprisingly, in applying the same experimental paradigm to late genes, we found that there was a shift toward earlier times in the maximum expression of growth-related molecules, the microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) mRNA, which was very evident in 18 month old rats. Aberrant immunolabeling of MAP1B occurred in cortical layer VI of the aged rats where, unlike in young rats, there was heavy staining of neuronal somata. These results suggest that (1) one consequence of aging, besides decreases in the levels of mRNA, is a progressive loss of coordination in gene activity following the administration of a stimulus; (2) since c-fos, TPA and MAP1B have been implicated in neuronal plasticity, these findings could explain, in part, the limited plasticity of the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schmoll
- Department of Neurology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Ellernholzstr. 1-2 D-17487, Greifswald, Germany
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17
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Igaz P, Bösze S, Tóth S, Falus A, Hudecz F. C-terminal peptides of interleukin-6 modulate the expression of junB protooncogene and the production of fibrinogen by HepG2 cells. Biol Chem 2001; 382:669-76. [PMID: 11405230 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2001.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a 185 amino acid residue helical cytokine with various biological activities (e. g. B cell development, acute phase reaction). We have investigated the role of the 168-185 C-terminal region of IL-6 in the induction of fibrinogen synthesis and expression of junB mRNA using synthetic peptides corresponding to this region. Circular dichroism spectroscopy data suggest that even truncated peptides have a strong tendency to adopt an ordered conformation. Peptides were tested alone or in combination with recombinant hIL-6 on an IL-6 responsive human hepatoma HepG2 cell line. The expression of the protooncogene junB monitored by competitive RT-PCR represents an early, while the fibrinogen production detected by sandwich ELISA a late, marker of IL-6 initiated events. We found that peptides--depending on their structure--modulate spontaneous as well as IL-6 induced fibrinogen production and/or mRNA expression of junB by exhibiting inhibition (in the presence of IL-6) or stimulation (in the absence of IL-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Igaz
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Brown JK, Jones CA, Rooney LA, Caughey GH. Mast cell tryptase activates extracellular-regulated kinases (p44/p42) in airway smooth-muscle cells: importance of proteolytic events, time course, and role in mediating mitogenesis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24:146-54. [PMID: 11159048 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.24.2.4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that mast cell tryptase is a potent mitogen for cultured airway smooth-muscle cells, but the early intracellular signals mediating this response are not known. In many cells, proliferative effects are mediated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway involving Raf-1, MAP kinase kinases (MEKs), and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2. Therefore, we tested for tryptase-induced activation of ERK1 and 2 in cultured dog tracheal smooth-muscle cells. Tryptase, in nanomolar concentrations which potently stimulated DNA synthesis, increased dual phosphorylation of ERKs in cellular lysates as well as ERK2 kinase activity in immunoprecipitates. Pretreatment of cells with the MEK inhibitor PD098059 abolished tryptase-induced increases in DNA synthesis and attenuated increases in ERK2 activity. Irreversible inhibition of tryptase's proteolytic activity, using p-amidino phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, attenuated tryptase-induced increases in DNA synthesis and dual phosphorylation of ERKs by 76% and 40 to 60%, respectively. Tryptase also increased c-fos transcription as quantified in polymerase chain reactions. In concentrations that caused similar increases in DNA synthesis, tryptase and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) increased ERK activity (and c-fos transcription) with markedly different kinetics, the tryptase-induced responses being slower in onset and more sustained. We conclude that tryptase-induced mitogenesis in airway smooth-muscle cells requires activation of ERK1 and 2; that these responses depend partially, but not completely, upon tryptase's properties as a protease; and that they are slower in onset and more sustained than those induced by PDGF-BB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Brown
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section (111-D), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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19
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Wagner AP, Schmoll H, Badan I, Platt D, Kessler C. Brain plasticity: to what extent do aged animals retain the capacity to coordinate gene activity in response to acute challenges. Exp Gerontol 2000; 35:1211-27. [PMID: 11113603 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the rodent brain to support plasticity-related phenomena declines with increasing age. A decreased coordination of genes implicated in brain plasticity may be one factor contributing to this decline. Synaptic rearrangement that occurs after seizure activity is regarded as a model of brain plasticity. In a rat model of seizure-related brain plasticity, we found that the induction of immediate-early genes, as exemplified by c-fos and tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is not impaired in the aged rat brain. However, the aged rat brain responded more slowly to chemically induced seizure and the levels of c-fos and TPA mRNAs induction are decreased in the cortex and in the hippocampus of 30-month-old rats, as compared to the levels expressed by 3-month-old rats. In addition, at the peak induction the TPA transcripts were restricted to certain cortical layers of the older rats. Surprisingly, in applying the same experimental paradigm to late genes we found that there was a shift toward earlier times in the maximum expression of growth-related molecule, the microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) mRNA, which was very evident in 18-month-old rats. Aberrant immunolabeling of MAP1B occurred in cortical layer VI of the aged rats where, unlike in young rats, there was heavy staining of neuronal somata. These results suggest that (i) one consequence of aging, besides decreases in the levels of mRNA, is a progressive loss of coordination in gene activity following the administration of a stimulus; (ii) since c-fos, TPA and MAP1B have been implicated in neuronal plasticity, these findings could explain, in part, the limited plasticity of the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Wagner
- Department of Neurology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany.
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20
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Mashimo T, Bandyopadhyay S, Goodarzi G, Watabe M, Pai SK, Gross SC, Watabe K. Activation of the tumor metastasis suppressor gene, KAI1, by etoposide is mediated by p53 and c-Jun genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 274:370-6. [PMID: 10913345 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
KAI1 is a metastasis suppressor gene which is capable of inhibiting the processes of tumor metastasis without affecting tumorigenicity per se. We found that etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, is able to activate the expression of the KAI1 gene in a dose-dependent manner in human prostate cancer cell lines, ALVA, DU145, and PC-3 as well as in human lung carcinoma cell A549. The activation of the KAI1 gene was mainly mediated by the c-Jun gene in the PC-3 and DU145 cell lines, while it was mediated by both p53 and c-Jun genes in the A549 cell line. These results suggest that the augmentation of the KAI1 gene expression is independently controlled by p53 and c-Jun at the transcriptional level in the human cancer cell lines. Furthermore, treatment of these cell lines with etoposide resulted in significant reduction of cellular invasion measured by the Matrigel invasion chamber. Because etoposide has been shown to be effective on advanced prostate cancer when used in combination with other regimens, our results provide further rationale to use this drug as an antimetastatic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mashimo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, 62702, USA
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21
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Chung JH, Kang S, Varani J, Lin J, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ. Decreased extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and increased stress-activated MAP kinase activities in aged human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:177-82. [PMID: 10951233 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of human skin to rejuvenate itself diminishes with the passage of time, resulting in increased fragility. This increased fragility reflects both reduced growth of skin cells and loss of collagenous connective tissue. Oxidative damage plays a central role in cellular aging. Cellular responses to growth signals and oxidative stress are mediated, in part, by growth-factor-activated and stress-activated MAP kinases. We report here that the extracellular-signal-regulated MAP kinase pathway is reduced and the stress-activated MAP kinase pathway is increased in old, compared with young, human skin in vivo. Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase activity was 45% lower in old skin (mean age 84.3 y) relative to young skin (mean age 23.8 y). This lower extracellular- signal-regulated kinase activity resulted from reduced activation, since total extracellular-signal-regulated kinase protein levels did not differ between young and old skin, whereas phosphorylated (i.e., activated) extracellular-signal-regulated kinase protein was reduced 60% in old skin. Cyclin D2, which is regulated by extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and functions to promote cell cycle progression, was reduced 50% in old skin compared with young skin. In contrast, stress-activated MAP kinase activity was elevated 3.4-fold in old skin compared with young skin. This increased activity resulted from enhanced activation, since total stress-activated MAP kinase protein levels were similar in old and young skin. Transcription factor c-Jun, which is activated by stress-activated MAP kinases and promotes expression of connective-tissue-degrading matrix metalloproteinases, was elevated 2-fold in old skin compared with young skin. Treatment of old skin with vitamin A (retinol) for 7 d stimulated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase activity, consistent with its demonstrated ability to stimulate cell growth in old human skin. Taken together, these data indicate that alterations in MAP kinase activities play a key role in the pathophysiology of human skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Chung
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0609, USA
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22
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Fujimoto K, Kyo S, Takakura M, Kanaya T, Kitagawa Y, Itoh H, Takahashi M, Inoue M. Identification and characterization of negative regulatory elements of the human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) gene promoter: possible role of MZF-2 in transcriptional repression of hTERT. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:2557-62. [PMID: 10871406 PMCID: PMC102701 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.13.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is a catalytic subunit of human telomerase and is a critical determinant of the enzymatic activity of telomerase. Expression of hTERT is known to be regulated mainly at the transcriptional level. In the present study, using transient expression assays, we identified a 400 bp silencer of the hTERT promoter between -776 and -378 upstream of the proximal core promoter. The inhibitory effects of this silencer were enhanced with cellular differentiation. A computer-assisted homology search identified multiple binding motifs for myeloid-specific zinc finger protein 2 (MZF-2) within this region. Mutation introduced in these sites resulted in significant activation of hTERT transcription. Gel shift assays demonstrated that MZF-2 proteins specifically bound to these sites. Overexpression of MZF-2 in cells led to down-regulation of hTERT transcription as well as telomerase activity. These findings suggest that the 400 bp region upstream of the hTERT core promoter that we identified functions as a negative regulatory region and that MZF-2 may be an effector of negative regulation of hTERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujimoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kanazawa University, Cancer Research Institute, School of Medicine, Japan
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23
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Gardella R, Zoppi N, Ferraboli S, Marini D, Tadini G, Barlati S, Colombi M. Three homozygous PTC mutations in the collagen type VII gene of patients affected by recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: analysis of transcript levels in dermal fibroblasts. Hum Mutat 2000; 13:439-52. [PMID: 10408773 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1999)13:6<439::aid-humu3>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Hallopeau-Siemens variant of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (HS-RDEB) is a severe inherited skin disease characterized by the absence of collagen type VII (COLVII) and anchoring fibrils (AF), caused by mutations in collagen type VII gene (COL7A1). Mutations leading to the formation of premature termination codons (PTCs) of translation are the characteristic genetic lesions in HS-RDEB patients; many PTC mutations have been found to be associated with a marked reduction or complete absence of COLVII mRNA. In this article, we report homozygosity for three different mutations in the COL7A1 of HS-RDEB patients. One mutation, the R2685X, falling in exon 109, is a novel mutation, whereas the other two, the 425A-->G falling in exon 3 and the 497insA in exon 4, have been previously identified in compound heterozygosity with different mutations in other unrelated RDEB patients. Haplotype analysis in three Italian families carrying the 497insA mutation suggested a common origin of this mutation and indicated that this is an ancestral Italian mutation. All these mutations generate PTCs and are associated with the absence of COLVII expression, as detected by immunofluorescence analysis of the patient's skin. Evaluation of the levels of the mutated COLVII mRNAs in cultured skin fibroblasts of the patients and of their parents showed that all the mutated transcripts were expressed at consistent levels. Therefore, our results indicate that a marked mRNA reduction is not a constant feature associated with PTC mutations in COL7A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gardella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Italy
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24
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Copeta A, Tavian D, Marchina E, De Petro G, Barlati S. Gene response of human skin fibroblasts to urokinase- and tissue-type plasminogen activators. Growth Factors 2000; 17:249-68. [PMID: 10801075 DOI: 10.3109/08977190009028970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In a previous work we have reported evidences on the mitogenic activity of urokinase-type and tissue-type plasminogen activator (u-PA, t-PA) on serum-deprived human dermal fibroblasts. In this work we have studied the transcription-dependent changes of some cell-cycle related genes associated with the biological activity of PAs, as well as the possible involvement of protein tyr kinases (PTK) and/or protein kinase C (PKC) in the mitogenic signal transduction. The data obtained demonstrate that the growth factor activity of PAs is associated with: - a rapid transient activation of early response genes, c-fos, c-jun and c-myc; - the subsequent coordinated down-regulation of p53 and p21CIP1; - the constant expression of the MEK1 mRNA in every phase of the cell cycle. Quiescent (G0) cells did not express c-fos, c-jun, c-myc and cyclin A, but upon stimulation with mitogens (fetal calf serum (FCS), u-PA, t-PA) the cyclin A mRNA expression was observed in concomitance with the activation of DNA synthesis. Therefore u-PA, t-PA and FCS similarly modulate the expression of c-fos, c-jun, c-myc, p53, p21CIP1 and cyclin A with only slight differences likely related to the time required for activation of DNA synthesis. The PAs mitogenic stimulation of serum-starved cells was associated with the internalization of their molecules, as revealed by immunostaining. The biological activity of u-PA, t-PA, as well as that of limiting concentration of FCS (1%), was mediated by PTK and PKC. Conversely, PTK, but not PKC, was involved in the activation of the proliferative response of basic fibroblast growth factor in the same experimental conditions. In conclusion, u-PA and t-PA can utilize two different pathways, one depending on PTK and the other on PKC in a way similar to the mitogenic activity induced by low concentration of FCS (1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Copeta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Italy
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25
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Fitzgerald J, Dietz TJ, Hughes-Fulford M. Prostaglandin E2-induced up-regulation of c-fos messenger ribonucleic acid is primarily mediated by 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Endocrinology 2000; 141:291-8. [PMID: 10614650 DOI: 10.1210/endo.141.1.7271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which the proto-oncogene, c-fos, is up-regulated in response to PGE2 in the mouse osteoblastic (MC3T3-E1) cell line was investigated using RT-PCR. c-fos messenger RNA up-regulation by dmPGE2 is rapid, starting 10 min post stimulation, and transient. The specific protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, inhibited c-fos induction. Moreover, down-regulation of protein kinase C (PKC) activity by chronic TPA treatment had no effect on the induction of c-fos by dmPGE2. We conclude that up-regulation of c-fos by dmPGE2 is primarily dependent on PKA in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. In S49 lymphoma wild-type but not S49 cyc- cells, which are deficient in cAMP signaling, dmPGE2 up-regulates c-fos and increases cell growth compared with unstimulated cells. Thus in S49 lymphoma cells, c-fos induction by PGE2 is also dependent on cAMP signaling. The minimal c-fos promoter region required for dmPGE2-induced expression was identified by transfecting c-fos promoter deletion constructs coupled to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene into Vero cells. Transfection of a plasmid containing 99 bp c-fos proximal promoter was sufficient to direct c-fos/CAT expression following stimulation with dmPGE2. Because induction of c-fos is mediated by cAMP, these data are consistent with activation of c-fos via the CRE/ATF cis element.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fitzgerald
- University of California, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco 94121, USA
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26
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Wang L, Evans AE, Ogburn CE, Youssoufian H, Martin GM, Oshima J. Werner helicase expression in human fetal and adult aortas. Exp Gerontol 1999; 34:935-41. [PMID: 10673147 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(99)00066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Werner syndrome is a human progeroid syndrome caused by mutations at the Werner helicase locus (WRN). Progeroid features and diseases associated with aging (including arteriosclerosis) do not become apparent until after puberty. We entertained two alternative hypotheses to explain the post-pubertal onset: 1) WRN expression is induced at the time of puberty, its earlier functions being satisfied by another member of that family of helicases; and 2) it is expressed at all ages, but the phenotype of deficiency becomes apparent only after puberty. We report initial experiments consistent with the second hypothesis. Steady-state levels of WRN mRNA in aortic tissues were determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. WRN mRNA was detectable as early as 49 days of gestation (the earliest available material). There was no statistically significant change in these levels between fetal and adult tissues. The presence of the WRN protein in fetal aorta was confirmed by Western analysis. This rules out the possibility that Werner syndrome phenotypes manifest after the puberty because of peripubertal induction of WRN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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27
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Kotake K, Nonami T, Kurokawa T, Nakao A, Murakami T, Shimomura Y. Effects of chronic liver diseases on mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication in human liver. Life Sci 1999; 65:557-63. [PMID: 10462082 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of chronic liver diseases on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription and replication, nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) mRNA, mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) mRNA, a RNA component of ribonuclease (RNase) for mitochondrial RNA processing (MRP), mitochondrial cytochrome b mRNA, and mtDNA were measured in normal, chronically viral-hepatitic and cirrhotic human livers. The mRNA levels of the regulatory factors for mitochondrial gene (NRF-1 and mtTFA) and cytochrome b were significantly increased by chronic hepatitis (160, 280, and 175%, respectively) compared with those in normal livers, but were not different between cirrhotic and normal livers. On the other hand, concentrations of mtDNA and RNA component of RNase MRP were not different among normal, chronically hepatitic, and cirrhotic livers. These results suggest that either persistent hepatitis viral infection or repeated cell necrosis and regeneration in chronically hepatitic liver may be associated with increase in mtDNA transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kotake
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University, School of Medicine, Japan
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28
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Rudolph C, Adam G, Simm A. Determination of copy number of c-Myc protein per cell by quantitative Western blotting. Anal Biochem 1999; 269:66-71. [PMID: 10094776 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The protooncogene c-Myc plays a key role in growth control, differentiation, and apoptosis. An abnormally high expression of c-myc has been found to be associated with many neoplasms. c-Myc gene expression is usually measured at the mRNA level. Few studies have been published on quantitative Myc protein determination. A major drawback of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) methods is the uncertainty of the specificity of the antibody reaction. In contrast, antibody specificity can be easily controlled by Western/immunoblotting. Here we describe a method to quantify c-Myc protein in primary human IMR90 lung fibroblasts based on Western blotting. Using a high-resolution polyacrylamide gel, we were able to differentiate the cellular c-Myc protein (64 kDa) from a c-Myc internal standard (65 kDa). We determined both the total c-Myc protein content per cell and its distribution in the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions. About 4000 c-Myc protein molecules were detected in the cytoplasmic fraction and 29,000 copies in the nuclear fraction for proliferating human lung fibroblasts IMR90. The ratio of nuclear (active) to cytoplasmic (inactive) c-Myc protein changed from 17:1 for proliferating cells to 2.5:1 for confluent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rudolph
- Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, D-78457, Germany.
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29
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Macieira-Coelho A. Growth inhibition of human fibroblasts in vitro. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 20:249-70. [PMID: 9928533 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-72149-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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30
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Growth hormone inhibits the interleukin-6 induced junB protooncogene and fibrinogen expression in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03542983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Fujimoto K, Takahashi M. Telomerase activity in human leukemic cell lines is inhibited by antisense pentadecadeoxynucleotides targeted against c-myc mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 241:775-81. [PMID: 9434785 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that is thought to add telomeric repeats to the ends of chromosomes during the replicative phase of the cell cycle. We tested the hypothesis that proto-oncogene c-myc plays an essential role in the regulation of telomerase activity in vertebrate cells by exposing three human leukemic cell lines, HL60, U937, and K562, to 15-mer antisense c-myc oligonucleotides. All the treated cells showed a profound decrease in telomerase activity after c-myc antisense oligomer treatment, whereas cells treated with c-myc sense oligomers showed essentially no change in telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujimoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Kanazawa University, Japan
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32
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Hughes-Fulford M, Boman B. Growth regulation of Gardner's syndrome colorectal cancer cells by NSAIDs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 407:433-41. [PMID: 9321987 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1813-0_64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Hughes-Fulford
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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33
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Wang W, Smith R, Burghardt R, Safe SH. 17 beta-Estradiol-mediated growth inhibition of MDA-MB-468 cells stably transfected with the estrogen receptor: cell cycle effects. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1997; 133:49-62. [PMID: 9359472 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(97)00142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER)-negative MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cells were stably transfected with wild-type human ER and utilized as a model for investigating estrogen- and aryl hydrocarbon (Ah)-responsiveness. Treatment of the stably transfected cells with 10 nM 17 beta-estradiol (E2) resulted in a significant inhibition (> 60%) of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis, which was blocked by 10(-7) M ICI 182 780. Analysis by flow cytometry indicated that treatment with E2 increased the percentage of cells in G0/G1 (from 68.8 to 89.4) and decreased cells in S (from 18.4 to 3.4) and G2/M (from 12.8 to 7.2) phases of the cell cycle. The effects of E2 on the major cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, retinoblastoma protein (RB), E2F-1, and cyclin-dependent kinase activities were also investigated in the stably transfected MDA-MB-468 cells. The results demonstrated that the growth inhibitory effects of 10(-8) M E2 in ER stably transfected MDA-MB-468 cells were associated with modulation of several factors required for cell cycle progression and DNA synthesis, including significant induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21cip-1 ( > 4-fold increase after 12 h) and decreased E2F1 and PCNA protein levels. These results show that the growth-inhibitory effects of E2 in the stably transfected cells were due to multiple factors which result in growth arrest in G0/G1 and inhibition of DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4466, USA
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34
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Tong D, Schneeberger C, Leodolter S, Zeillinger R. Quantitative determination of gene expression by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in degraded RNA samples. Anal Biochem 1997; 251:173-7. [PMID: 9299013 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction has become a powerful tool for determining the amount of mRNA in cultured cells as well as in tissue. To ensure the reliability of the analysis, RNA with high purity and integrity is needed. However, when analyzing RNA samples from tumor biopsies, RNA degradation is often an inevitable problem. This causes differences in sample quality and furthermore adversely affects the quantification of gene expression. Here, we demonstrate that in partially degraded RNA samples different mRNAs are degraded to the same extent. Normalizing the expression level of a specific gene to that of a constitutively expressed gene in the same sample allows the relative quantification of this specific gene. Thus, the comparison of gene expression in RNA samples with varying integrity is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tong
- Division of Gynecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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35
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Abstract
There are significant changes in gene expression that occur with cellular senescence and organismic aging. Genes residing in compacted heterochromatin domains are typically silenced due to an altered accessibility to transcription factors. Heterochromatin domains and gene silencing are set up in early development and were initially believed to be maintained for the remainder of the lifespan. Recent data suggest that there may be a net loss of heterochromatin with advancing age in both yeast and mice. The gradual loss of heterochromatin-induced gene silencing could explain the changes in gene expression that are closely linked with aging. A general model is proposed for heterochromatin loss as a major factor in generating alterations in gene expression with age. The heterochromatin loss model is supported by several lines of evidence and suggests that a fundamental genetic mechanism underlies most of the changes in gene expression observed with senescence.
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36
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Fischer B, Wagner AP. Synaptic plasticity is preserved in the temporal cortex of 20-month-old rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1997; 25:27-39. [PMID: 15374099 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(96)00769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/1996] [Revised: 10/14/1996] [Accepted: 10/22/1996] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms associated with age-related alterations in the plasticity of the cortical neurons in response to chemically-induced seizure are largely unknown. Administration of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (50 mg/kg body weight) to rats of various ages evoked tonic-clonic seizures. Using immunoblotting and in situ hybridization analysis we found that 72 h after the onset of seizure, the mRNA for microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B), a marker of synaptic plasticity, was increased in the cortex of 3-month-old rats. The levels of MAP1B mRNA in the cortex of 3-month-old rats returned to control levels by 10 days after PTZ administration. The levels of MAP1B mRNA in the hippocampus and cortex of 20 months at later times (10 days) and returned nearly to basal levels by 20 days following PTZ treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that MAP1B-like immunoreactivity was confined to layer II and neuronal processes extending into layer I. In contrast, the staining of MAP1B in the temporal cortex of 20-month-old animals was restricted to neuronal cell bodies of layer II. Since synaptic plasticity is associated mainly with neuronal processes we conclude that synaptic plasticity is reduced in the temporal cortex of 20-month-old rats. Remarkably, the induction of MAP1B in neuronal extensions was not impaired in the temporal cortex of older animals following intense neuronal activity. However, the aged rat brain responded more slowly to chemically-induced seizure although the levels of MAP1B induction are not decreased as compared to the levels expressed by 3-month-old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fischer
- Institute of Gerontology and Chair of Internal Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Heimerichstrasse 58, 90419 Nürnberg, Germany
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37
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Pollack PS, Pasquarello LM, Budjak R, Fernandez E, Soprano KJ, Redfern BG, Goldman B. Differential expression of c-jun and junD in end-stage human cardiomyopathy. J Cell Biochem 1997; 65:245-53. [PMID: 9136081 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(199705)65:2<245::aid-jcb9>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The proto-oncogenes c-jun and junD are closely related transcriptional factors with opposing actions on cell growth and division. Expression of c-jun rapidly increases as cells enter the cell cycle. Levels of c-jun are also increased in the early stages of experimental cardiac hypertrophy and failure but expression decreases with time. In contrast, junD accumulates in quiescent cells. Expression in end-stage cardiomyopathy has not been studied. Steady-state levels of c-jun and junD mRNA were determined in failing human myocardium (obtained at the time of cardiac transplantation) and in control myocardium from patients who died of noncardiac causes. Relative expression was normalized for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression. Levels of junD were almost four-fold depressed in myocardium from myopathic hearts (2.1 +/- 0.27, x +/- SE; n = 20) vs. the controls (7.7 +/- 1.1; n = 3). Levels of c-jun were similar in both myopathic and control hearts. Relative expression of beta-myosin heavy chain was the same in both myopathic and control hearts. Levels of junD were still found to be depressed in the myopathic hearts after normalization for myosin heavy chain gene expression. We conclude that c-jun and junD are differentially regulated in end-stage human cardiomyopathy with expression of junD being decreased while relative levels of c-jun mRNA remain unchanged. Further studies are needed to determine the role of junD down-regulation in the development and/or maintenance of the abnormalities present in end-stage heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Pollack
- Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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38
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Garfinkel S, Wessendorf JH, Hu X, Maciag T. The human diploid fibroblast senescence pathway is independent of interleukin-1 alpha mRNA levels and tyrosine phosphorylation of FGFR-1 substrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1314:109-19. [PMID: 8972724 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(96)00105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cellular senescence of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) may involve the intracellular activity of the signal peptide-less cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 alpha. To determine whether senescence of other human diploid cells involves the function of IL-1 alpha, we examined the steady-state expression of IL-1 alpha mRNA in IMR-90 fibroblasts. The IL-1 alpha transcript was not elevated in senescent IMR-90 cells. With the exception of the plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 transcript, other IL-1 alpha-response gene mRNAs were not induced in senescent IMR-90, although the mRNA for each gene was induced by exogenous IL-1 alpha. The mRNA expression of cell cycle-specific genes demonstrated that Fos and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) were induced in young and senescent cells in response to both serum and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1. Histone (H)3 mRNA was induced by serum in young cells, but not in senescent cells, and FGF-1 failed to induce H3 mRNA in either young or senescent cells. Further, while young IMR-90 populations were able to respond to serum as an initiator of DNA synthesis and cell growth, they did not exhibit a response to exogenous FGF-1. FGF receptor (R)-1 substrates were not tyrosine phosphorylated in either young or senescent IMR-90 cells. These data demonstrate that IL-1 alpha and FGF-1 may have different functions in HUVEC and IMR-90 fibroblast populations including distinct pathways for the regulation of cellular growth and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Garfinkel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
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39
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Adler V, Dolan LR, Kim J, Pincus M, Barrett JC, Ronai Z. Changes in jun N-terminal kinase activation by stress during aging of cultured normal human fibroblasts. Mol Carcinog 1996; 17:8-12. [PMID: 8876670 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199609)17:1<8::aid-mc2>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The molecular changes associated with the aging process include the reduced activity of transcription factors (such as AP-1) and an impaired response to stress, which has been well documented in the case of the heat-shock (HS) response. Using human diploid fibroblasts of early and late passages as an in vitro model for aging, we elucidated changes in the activation of jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), which play an important role in the mammalian stress response. We found that early-passage cells exhibited a greater degree of JNK activation in response to HS and ultraviolet (UV) C light treatments than did late-passage cells. Decreased JNK activation was dependent on the number of passages but was not affected by varying doses of UV irradiation. Analysis of protein kinase A, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and src-related tyrosine kinases revealed no decreased activities in aged cells, indicating a selective rather than generalized decrease in kinase activities during aging. A further understanding of this impaired activation of JNK may provide insights into the mechanisms of stress response and cellular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Adler
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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40
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Kumazaki T, Mitsui Y. Alterations in transcription factor-binding activities to fibronectin promoter during aging of vascular endothelial cells. Mech Ageing Dev 1996; 88:111-24. [PMID: 8803927 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(96)01712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that the expression of the fibronectin (FN) gene is enhanced during aging of human endothelial cells and fibroblasts. To elucidate the mechanism, we explored binding proteins to the FN promoter. The promoter contains sites for the general transcription factors: CAAT-binding transcription factor (CTF), promoter-specific transcription factor-1 (Sp1), and transcription factor-IID (TFIID). The promoter also contains sites for inducible transcription factors, cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB), and Activator protein 2 (AP-2). We synthesized 10 different oligonucleotides for these and other potential transcription factor-binding sites. Using these oligonucleotides, we searched for binding proteins in young and old endothelial cells by electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays. Our results showed that AP-1 decreased with aging, but Sp1 and CREB1 were unaffected. However, decreased binding activities to CRE at positions -170 and -415 were shown in old cells. This could be explained by the decrease of AP-1 because these CREs bound not only CREB1 but also AP-1. Moreover, we observed that the binding activities of TFIID, CTF, and binding proteins to -40, -120 and -260 regions increased. These differential changes may cause the enhancement of FN expression in senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kumazaki
- National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
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41
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Wheaton K, Atadja P, Riabowol K. Regulation of transcription factor activity during cellular aging. Biochem Cell Biol 1996; 74:523-34. [PMID: 8960358 DOI: 10.1139/o96-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that the limited replication potential of normal human cells is due to the presence of an intrinsic genetic programme. This "senescence programme" is believed to reduce the incidence of cancer by limiting the growth of most of the transformed cells arising in vivo, although some cells do escape senescence becoming both immortalized and transformed. Here we review the literature that describes the senescence process in terms of gene expression and the regulation of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms affecting transcription factor activity. We focus on regulation of the c-fos gene through posttranslational modification of the serum response factor (SRF) as an example of altered gene expression during cellular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wheaton
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, AB, Canada
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42
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Yan Y, Ouellette MM, Shay JW, Wright WE. Age-dependent alterations of c-fos and growth regulation in human fibroblasts expressing the HPV16 E6 protein. Mol Biol Cell 1996; 7:975-83. [PMID: 8817002 PMCID: PMC275947 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.7.6.975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal human cells in culture become senescent after a limited number of population doublings. Senescent cells display characteristic changes in gene expression, among which is a repression of the ability to induce the c-fos gene. We have proposed a two-stage model for cellular senescence in which the mortality stage 1 (M1) mechanism can be overcome by agents that bind both the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (pRB)-like pocket proteins and p53. In this study we determined whether the repression of c-fos at M1 was downstream of the p53 or pRB-like "arms" of the M1 mechanism. We examined c-fos expression during the entire lifespan of normal human fibroblasts carrying E6 (which binds p53), E7 (which binds pRB), or both E6 and E7 of human papilloma virus type 16. The results indicate a dramatic change in cellular physiology at M1. Before M1, c-fos inducibility is controlled by an E6-independent mechanism that is blocked by E7. After M1, c-fos inducibility becomes dependent on E6 whereas E7 has no effect. In addition, a novel oscillation of c-fos expression with an approximately 2-h periodicity appears in E6-expressing fibroblasts post-M1. Accompanying this shift at M1 is a dramatic change in the ability to divide in low serum. Before M1, E6-expressing fibroblasts growth arrest in 0.3% serum, although they continue dividing under those conditions post-M1. These results demonstrate the unique physiology of fibroblasts during the extended lifespan between M1 and M2 and suggest that p53 might participate in the process that represses the c-fos gene at the onset of cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-9039, USA
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43
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Edwards DR, Leco KJ, Beaudry PP, Atadja PW, Veillette C, Riabowol KT. Differential effects of transforming growth factor-beta 1 on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in young and old human fibroblasts. Exp Gerontol 1996; 31:207-23. [PMID: 8706790 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(95)02010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The balance between the activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is an important control point in tissue remodeling. Previous studies have demonstrated elevated expression of the MMPs collagenase and stromelysin-1 by aged human diploid fibroblasts compared to early-passage cultures. We show here that aging cells display an altered response to transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1) that selectively affects MMP mRNA expression. In both young and old cells, phorbol myristoyl-13 acetate (PMA) induced the expression of transcripts of collagenase, stromelysin-1, gelatinase-B, TIMP-1, and TIMP-3. In young cells, TGF beta 1 reciprocally modulated PMA-induced MMP and TIMP gene expression leading to reduced levels of transcripts for the MMPs and augmented accumulation of TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 mRNAs. However, repressing effects of TGF beta 1 on collagenase, stromelysin-1, and gelatinase-B RNA expression were not apparent in old cells, though induction of the TIMP genes was unimpaired. By electrophoretic mobility shift analysis the nuclear transcription factors AP1 and serum response factor (SRF) showed reduced levels of DNA binding activities in old fibroblasts compared to young cells. A probe for the TGF beta-inhibitory element (TIE) gave equivalent levels of complexes with nuclear extracts from both types of cells, though of different mobilities. We conclude that the effects of TGF beta 1 on MMP and TIMP gene expression involve different cellular intermediaries, and suggest that altered composition or modification of TIE binding factors in aging cells may underlie the failure of TGF beta 1-mediated transcription repression. This mechanism may contribute to elevated constitutive expression of MMPs in old cells and to the connective tissue deterioration that accompanies the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Edwards
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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44
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Retchkiman I, Fischer B, Platt D, Wagner AP. Seizure induced C-Fos mRNA in the rat brain: comparison between young and aging animals. Neurobiol Aging 1996; 17:41-4. [PMID: 8786801 DOI: 10.1016/0197-4580(95)02022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms associated with age-related alterations in the pharmacological and physiological properties of hippocampal and cortical neurons in response to chemically induced seizure are largely unknown. Administration of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (50 mg/kg body weight) to rats of various ages evoked tonic-colonic seizures. Using RNA gel blot analysis we found that 1 h after the onset of seizure, the mRNA for the protooncogene c-fos was increased in the hippocampus and cortex of 3-month-old rats. The levels of c-fos mRNA in the hippocampus and cortex of 3-month-old rats returned to control levels by 3 h after PTZ administration. The levels of c-fos mRNA in the hippocampus and cortex of 20-month-old and 30-month-old rats peaked at 3 h and returned to basal levels by 15 h following PTZ treatment. These results suggest that the induction of immediate-early gene expression, as exemplified by c-fos, is not impaired in the aged rat brain. However, the aged rat brain responded more slowly to chemically induced seizure and the levels of c-fos mRNA induction are decreased by about 49% in the cortex and by 27% in the hippocampus of 30-month-old rats, as compared to the levels expressed by 3-month-old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Retchkiman
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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45
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Feng J, Funk WD, Wang SS, Weinrich SL, Avilion AA, Chiu CP, Adams RR, Chang E, Allsopp RC, Yu J. The RNA component of human telomerase. Science 1995; 269:1236-41. [PMID: 7544491 DOI: 10.1126/science.7544491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1586] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromosomes are capped with repetitive telomere sequences that protect the ends from damage and rearrangements. Telomere repeats are synthesized by telomerase, a ribonucleic acid (RNA)-protein complex. Here, the cloning of the RNA component of human telomerase, termed hTR, is described. The template region of hTR encompasses 11 nucleotides (5'-CUAACCCUAAC) complementary to the human telomere sequence (TTAGGG)n. Germline tissues and tumor cell lines expressed more hTR than normal somatic cells and tissues, which have no detectable telomerase activity. Human cell lines that expressed hTR mutated in the template region generated the predicted mutant telomerase activity. HeLa cells transfected with an antisense hTR lost telomeric DNA and began to die after 23 to 26 doublings. Thus, human telomerase is a critical enzyme for the long-term proliferation of immortal tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Feng
- Geron Corporation, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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46
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Linskens MH, Feng J, Andrews WH, Enlow BE, Saati SM, Tonkin LA, Funk WD, Villeponteau B. Cataloging altered gene expression in young and senescent cells using enhanced differential display. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23:3244-51. [PMID: 7667101 PMCID: PMC307184 DOI: 10.1093/nar/23.16.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a novel PCR-based technique, differential display (DD), has facilitated the study of differentially expressed genes at the mRNA level. We report here an improved version of DD, which we call Enhanced Differential Display (EDD). We have modified the technique to enhance reproducibility and to facilitate sequencing and cloning. Using EDD, we have generated and verified a catalog of genes that are differentially expressed between young and senescent human diploid fibroblasts (HDF). From 168 genetags that were identified initially, 84 could be sequenced directly from PCR amplified bands. These sequences represent 27 known genes and 37 novel genes. By Northern blot analysis we have confirmed the differential expression of a total of 23 genes (12 known, 11 novel), while 19 (seven known, 12 novel) did not show differential expression. Several of the known genes were previously observed by others to be differentially expressed between young and senescent fibroblasts, thereby validating the technique.
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47
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Vojta PJ, Barrett JC. Genetic analysis of cellular senescence. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1242:29-41. [PMID: 7626653 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(95)00002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Vojta
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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48
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Varner JA, Emerson DA, Juliano RL. Integrin alpha 5 beta 1 expression negatively regulates cell growth: reversal by attachment to fibronectin. Mol Biol Cell 1995; 6:725-40. [PMID: 7579691 PMCID: PMC301232 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.6.6.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells selected for overexpression of the integrin alpha 5 beta 1 show decreased proliferation and loss of the transformed phenotype. We provide evidence that de novo expression of the integrin alpha 5 beta 1 in HT29 colon carcinoma cells results in the growth arrest of these cells as characterized by reduced DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation in vitro. In fact, expression of integrin alpha 5 beta 1 on these cells induces the transcription of growth arrest specific gene 1 (gas-1), a gene product known to induce cellular quiescence, but blocks transcription of the immediate early genes c-fos, c-jun, and jun B. In vivo, the alpha 5 beta 1 transfectants display dramatically reduced tumorigenicity as well as a highly differentiated phenotype when compared with their pSVneo-transfected counterparts. Surprisingly, ligation of alpha 5 beta 1 on these cells by cell attachment to a fibronectin substrate not only reverses the growth inhibition and gas-1 gene induction but activates immediate early gene transcription. These findings demonstrate that integrin alpha 5 beta 1 expression in the absence of attachment to fibronectin activates a signaling pathway leading to decreased cellular proliferation and that ligation of this receptor with fibronectin reverses this signal, thereby contributing to the proliferation of transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Varner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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49
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Halle JP, Schmidt C, Adam G. Changes of the methylation pattern of the c-myc gene during in vitro aging of IMR90 human embryonic fibroblasts. Mutat Res 1995; 316:157-71. [PMID: 7776985 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8734(95)90002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA modification by cytosine methylation has received considerable interest in the context of mammalian cell differentiation but is discussed controversially with respect to cellular aging. As the expression of c-myc affects strongly cellular aging and terminal differentiation, we have analysed the sequence-specific methylation pattern of the c-myc gene during proliferative aging in vitro of human embryonic fibroblasts. In this study, both, 5-methylcytidine sensitive restriction enzymes as well as genomic sequencing were used. The overall methylation pattern was found essentially stable during proliferative aging. However, specific hypermethylation of exon II during aging was observed. Furthermore, one specific cytidine located in the consensus sequence of the DNA binding factor PEBP2 was found completely methylated during most of the course of proliferative aging of the cells but became demethylated as the cells reached the end of their proliferative life span. Our results indicate the importance of establishing the sequence-specific changes of the methylation pattern of the genome during in vitro aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Halle
- Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany
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Li J, Zhang Z, Tong T. The proliferative response and anti-oncogene expression in old 2BS cells after growth factor stimulation. Mech Ageing Dev 1995; 80:25-34. [PMID: 7564558 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(94)01557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The limited replicative lifespan of diploid human cells in vitro (cellular senescence) serves as a cellular model of aging. We examined the proliferative response of 2BS cells of different population doubling levels to fibroblast growth factor (FGF). DNA synthesis was measured by thymidine incorporation. As the cells aged, there was a significant decrease in the stimulation of DNA synthesis by FGF addition (P < 0.01). The effective concentration of FGF and the latent period prior to DNA synthesis did not change. Expression of Rb and p53 mRNA after growth factor stimulation was also examined. Young and old cells had similar Rb mRNA levels, whereas the p53 mRNA level was significantly reduced in old cells. After both cells were treated by FGF or epidermal growth factor (EGF), Rb expression increased 210-275% in young cells and 50-60% in old ones. However, no significant change was found in p53 gene transcriptions after FGF addition. The results further suggest that cell aging is associated with a progressive loss of the ability of cells to respond to growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Medical University, China
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