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Chen CY, Vander Kooi A, Cavedon A, Cai X, Hoggatt J, Martini PG, Miao CH. Induction of long-term tolerance to a specific antigen using anti-CD3 lipid nanoparticles following gene therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102043. [PMID: 37920545 PMCID: PMC10618827 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitors is a serious complication in the treatment of hemophilia A (HemA) patients. In clinical trials, anti-CD3 antibody therapy effectively modulates the immune response of allograft rejection or autoimmune diseases without eliciting major adverse effects. In this study, we delivered mRNA-encapsulated lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encoding therapeutic anti-CD3 antibody (αCD3 LNPs) to overcome the anti-FVIII immune responses in HemA mice. It was found that αCD3 LNPs encoding the single-chain antibodies (Fc-scFv) can efficiently deplete CD3+ and CD4+ effector T cells, whereas αCD3 LNPs encoding double-chain antibodies cannot. Concomitantly, mice treated with αCD3 (Fc-scFv) LNPs showed an increase in the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell percentages, which modulated the anti-FVIII immune responses. All T cells returned to normal levels within 2 months. HemA mice treated with αCD3 LNPs prior to hydrodynamic injection of liver-specific FVIII plasmids achieved persistent FVIII gene expression without formation of FVIII inhibitors. Furthermore, transgene expression was increased and persistent following secondary plasmid challenge, indicating induction of long-term tolerance to FVIII. Moreover, the treated mice maintained their immune competence against other antigens. In conclusion, our study established a potential new strategy to induce long-term antigen-specific tolerance using an αCD3 LNP formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | | | - Xiaohe Cai
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | | | - Carol H. Miao
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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2
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Bai R, Wang J, Brockhausen I, Gao Y. The generation of 5-N-glycolylneuraminic acid as a consequence of high levels of reactive oxygen species. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:435-448. [PMID: 37266899 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), a non-human sialic acid in cancer patients, is currently attributed to the consumption of red meat. Excess dietary red meat has been considered a risk factor causing chronic inflammation and for the development of cancers. However, it remains unknown whether Neu5Gc can be generated via a chemical reaction rather than via a metabolic pathway in the presence of high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) found in the inflammatory and tumor environments. In this study, the conversion of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) to Neu5Gc has been assessed in vitro under conditions mimicking the hydroxyl radical-rich humoral environment found in inflammatory and cancerous tissues. As a result, Neu5Gc has been detected via liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Furthermore, this conversion has also been found to take place in serum biomatrix containing ROS and in cancer cell cultures with induced ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Bai
- Key laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yin Gao
- Key laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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3
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Mathias M, Abashidze M, Abraham A, Belletrutti MJ, Carcao M, Chambost H, Chan AKC, Dubey L, Ducore J, Lambert T, Kavardakova N, Lohade S, Turea V, Wu JKM, Klukowska A. Long-term immunogenicity, efficacy and tolerability of simoctocog alfa in patients with severe haemophilia A who had completed the NuProtect study in previously untreated patients. Haemophilia 2023. [PMID: 37335546 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NuProtect study reported data on the immunogenicity, efficacy and tolerability of simoctocog alfa (Nuwiq® ) in 108 previously untreated patients with severe haemophilia A planned to be treated for ≥100 exposure days or up to 5 years. The NuProtect-Extension study collected long-term prophylaxis data in children with severe haemophilia A. METHODS Patients who completed the NuProtect study according to the protocol were eligible for the NuProtect-Extension study, a prospective, multinational, non-controlled, Phase 3b study. RESULTS Of 48 patients who entered the extension study, 47 (median age 2.8 years) received prophylaxis with simoctocog alfa for a median of 24 months, with 82%-88% on a twice-weekly or less regimen. No patient developed FVIII inhibitors during the extension study. The median (IQR) annualized bleeding rate (ABR) during prophylaxis was 0 (0-0.5) for spontaneous bleeding episodes (BEs) and 1.00 (0-1.95) for all BEs. ABRs estimated using a negative binomial model were .28 (95% CI: .15, .53) for spontaneous and 1.62 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.42) for all BEs. During the median follow-up of 24 months, 34 (72%) patients had zero spontaneous BEs and 46 (98%) had zero spontaneous joint BEs. Efficacy in treating BEs was excellent or good for 78.2% of rated BEs, and efficacy of surgical prophylaxis was excellent for two rated surgeries. No treatment-related adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION No FVIII inhibitors developed during long-term prophylaxis in the NuProtect-Extension study. Prophylaxis with simoctocog alfa was efficacious and well-tolerated, and is therefore an attractive long-term option for children with severe haemophilia A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Mathias
- Haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR GOSH BRC, London, UK
| | - Marina Abashidze
- JSC Institute of Haematology and Transfusiology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Aby Abraham
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Mark J Belletrutti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Manuel Carcao
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Haematology/Oncology and Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hervé Chambost
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Children Hospital La Timone, APHM and Inserm, UMR 1062, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony K C Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Centre of Transfusion Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Leonid Dubey
- Department of Pediatrics, Western Ukrainian Specialized Children's Medical Centre, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Jonathan Ducore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, USA
| | - Thierry Lambert
- Centre de Référence pour le Traitement des Hémophiles, Hôpital Universitaire Bicêtre APHP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Sunil Lohade
- Department of Hematology, Sahyadri Speciality Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Valentin Turea
- Scientific Research Institute of Mother and Child Health Care, Chişinău, Moldova
| | - John K M Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anna Klukowska
- Haemostasis Group of the Polish Society of Haematology and Transfusiology, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Dammen-Brower K, Epler P, Zhu S, Bernstein ZJ, Stabach PR, Braddock DT, Spangler JB, Yarema KJ. Strategies for Glycoengineering Therapeutic Proteins. Front Chem 2022; 10:863118. [PMID: 35494652 PMCID: PMC9043614 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.863118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all therapeutic proteins are glycosylated, with the carbohydrate component playing a long-established, substantial role in the safety and pharmacokinetic properties of this dominant category of drugs. In the past few years and moving forward, glycosylation is increasingly being implicated in the pharmacodynamics and therapeutic efficacy of therapeutic proteins. This article provides illustrative examples of drugs that have already been improved through glycoengineering including cytokines exemplified by erythropoietin (EPO), enzymes (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 1, ENPP1), and IgG antibodies (e.g., afucosylated Gazyva®, Poteligeo®, Fasenra™, and Uplizna®). In the future, the deliberate modification of therapeutic protein glycosylation will become more prevalent as glycoengineering strategies, including sophisticated computer-aided tools for "building in" glycans sites, acceptance of a broad range of production systems with various glycosylation capabilities, and supplementation methods for introducing non-natural metabolites into glycosylation pathways further develop and become more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Dammen-Brower
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paige Epler
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stanley Zhu
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zachary J. Bernstein
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul R. Stabach
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Demetrios T. Braddock
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jamie B. Spangler
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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5
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Fischer S, Mathias S, Stadermann A, Yang S, Schmieder V, Zeh N, Schmidt N, Richter P, Wright S, Zimmermann E, Ley Y, van der Meer J, Hartsch T, Bernloehr C, Otte K, Bradl H, Gamer M, Schulz P. Loss of a Newly Discovered microRNA in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Leads to Upregulation of NGNA Sialylation on Monoclonal Antibodies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:832-844. [PMID: 34935124 PMCID: PMC9306616 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are known not to express appreciable levels of the sialic acid residue N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA) on monoclonal antibodies. However, we actually have identified a recombinant CHO cell line expressing an IgG with unusually high levels of NGNA sialylation (>30%). Comprehensive multi‐OMICs based experimental analyses unraveled the root cause of this atypical sialylation: (1) expression of the cytidine monophosphate‐N‐acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene was spontaneously switched on, (2) CMAH mRNA showed an anti‐correlated expression to the newly discovered Cricetulus griseus (cgr) specific microRNA cgr‐miR‐111 and exhibits two putative miR‐111 binding sites, (3) miR‐111 expression depends on the transcription of its host gene SDK1, and (4) a single point mutation within the promoter region of the sidekick cell adhesion molecule 1 (SDK1) gene generated a binding site for the transcriptional repressor histone H4 transcription factor HINF‐P. The resulting transcriptional repression of SDK1 led to a downregulation of its co‐expressed miR‐111 and hence to a spontaneous upregulation of CMAH expression finally increasing NGNA protein sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fischer
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Sven Mathias
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany.,Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Hubertus-Liebrecht Strasse 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - Anna Stadermann
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Shumin Yang
- Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont Inc., Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Valerie Schmieder
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nikolas Zeh
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nicoletta Schmidt
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Patrick Richter
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Sara Wright
- Analytical Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont Inc., Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Eike Zimmermann
- Analytical Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont Inc., Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Yan Ley
- Analytical Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont Inc., Fremont, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Christian Bernloehr
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Hubertus-Liebrecht Strasse 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - Harald Bradl
- Protein Science, Bioprocess & Analytical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Martin Gamer
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Patrick Schulz
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
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6
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Alley W, Tao L, Shion H, Yu YQ, Rao C, Chen W. UPLC-MS assessment on the structural similarity of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) analogues from manufacturers in China for attribute monitoring. Talanta 2020; 220:121335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Ma B, Guan X, Li Y, Shang S, Li J, Tan Z. Protein Glycoengineering: An Approach for Improving Protein Properties. Front Chem 2020; 8:622. [PMID: 32793559 PMCID: PMC7390894 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural proteins are an important source of therapeutic agents and industrial enzymes. While many of them have the potential to be used as highly effective medical treatments for a wide range of diseases or as catalysts for conversion of a range of molecules into important product types required by modern society, problems associated with poor biophysical and biological properties have limited their applications. Engineering proteins with reduced side-effects and/or improved biophysical and biological properties is therefore of great importance. As a common protein modification, glycosylation has the capacity to greatly influence these properties. Over the past three decades, research from many disciplines has established the importance of glycoengineering in overcoming the limitations of proteins. In this review, we will summarize the methods that have been used to glycoengineer proteins and briefly discuss some representative examples of these methods, with the goal of providing a general overview of this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Yaohao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Shiying Shang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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8
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Xu S, Borys M, Khetan A, Pla I. Osmolality as a lever to modulate the N-glycolylneuraminicacid (Neu5Gc) level of a recombinant glycoprotein produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3038. [PMID: 32542945 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins could be highly sialylated, and controlling the sialic acid levels for some therapeutic proteins is critical to ensure product consistency and efficacy. N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, or NANA) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc, or NGNA) are the two most common forms of sialic acids produced in mammalian cells. As Neu5Gc is not produced in humans and can elicit immune responses, minimizing Neu5Gc formation is important in controlling this quality attribute for complex glycoproteins. In this study, a sialylated glycoprotein was used as the model molecule to study the effect of culture osmolality on Neu5Gc. A 14-day fed-batch process with osmolality maintained at physiological levels produced high levels of Neu5Gc. Increase of culture osmolality reduced the Neu5Gc level up to 70-80%, and the effect was proportional to the osmolality level. Through evaluating different osmolality conditions (300-450 mOsm/kg) under low or high pCO2 , we demonstrated that osmolality could be an effective process lever to modulate the Neu5Gc level. Potential mechanism of osmolality impact on Neu5Gc is discussed and is hypothesized to be cytosol NADH availability related. Compared with cell line engineering efforts, this simple process lever provides the opportunity to readily modulate the Neu5Gc level in a cell culture environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xu
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Itzcoatl Pla
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Majewska NI, Tejada ML, Betenbaugh MJ, Agarwal N. N-Glycosylation of IgG and IgG-Like Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins: Why Is It Important and How Can We Control It? Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2020; 11:311-338. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-102419-010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory bodies worldwide consider N-glycosylation to be a critical quality attribute for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG-like therapeutics. This consideration is due to the importance of posttranslational modifications in determining the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties of biologics. Given its critical role in protein therapeutic production, we review N-glycosylation beginning with an overview of the myriad interactions of N-glycans with other biological factors. We examine the mechanism and drivers for N-glycosylation during biotherapeutic production and the several competing factors that impact glycan formation, including the abundance of precursor nucleotide sugars, transporters, glycosidases, glycosyltransferases, and process conditions. We explore the role of these factors with a focus on the analytical approaches used to characterize glycosylation and associated processes, followed by the current state of advanced glycosylation modeling techniques. This combination of disciplines allows for a deeper understanding of N-glycosylation and will lead to more rational glycan control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I. Majewska
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;,
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Max L. Tejada
- Bioassay, Impurities and Quality, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;,
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
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10
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Mthembu YH, Jin C, Padra M, Liu J, Edlund JO, Ma H, Padra J, Oscarson S, Borén T, Karlsson NG, Lindén SK, Holgersson J. Recombinant mucin-type proteins carrying LacdiNAc on different O-glycan core chains fail to support H. pylori binding. Mol Omics 2020; 16:243-257. [PMID: 32267274 DOI: 10.1039/c9mo00175a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The β4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 (B4GALNT3) transfers GalNAc in a β1,4-linkage to GlcNAc forming the LacdiNAc (LDN) determinant on oligosaccharides. The LacdiNAc-binding adhesin (LabA) has been suggested to mediate attachment of Helicobacter pylori to the gastric mucosa via binding to the LDN determinant. The O-glycan core chain specificity of B4GALNT3 is poorly defined. We investigated the specificity of B4GALNT3 on GlcNAc residues carried by O-glycan core 2, core 3 and extended core 1 precursors using transient transfection of CHO-K1 cells and a mucin-type immunoglobulin fusion protein as reporter protein. Binding of the LabA-positive H. pylori J99 and 26695 strains to mucin fusion proteins carrying the LDN determinant on different O-glycan core chains and human gastric mucins with and without LDN was assessed in a microtiter well-based binding assay, while the binding of 125I-LDN-BSA to various clinical H. pylori isolates was assessed in solution. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and western blotting confirmed the requirement of a terminal GlcNAc for B4GALNT3 activity. B4GALNT3 added a β1,4-linked GalNAc to GlcNAc irrespective of whether the latter was carried by a core 2, core 3 or extended core 1 chain. No LDN-mediated adhesion of H. pylori strains 26 695 and J99 to LDN determinants on gastric mucins or a mucin-type fusion protein carrying core 2, 3 and extended core 1 O-glycans were detected in a microtiter well-based adhesion assay and no binding of a 125I-labelled LDN-BSA neoglycoconjugate to clinical H. pylori isolates was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda H Mthembu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Song K, Moon DB, Kim NY, Shin YK. Glycosylation Heterogeneity of Hyperglycosylated Recombinant Human Interferon-β (rhIFN-β). ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6619-6627. [PMID: 32258897 PMCID: PMC7114697 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We previously developed a biobetter version of rhIFN-β (R27T) that possesses an additional glycosylation site compared with rhIFN-β 1a. Herein, we characterized N-glycosylation heterogeneity of R27T, which includes both N-glycan site occupancy heterogeneity (macro-heterogeneity) and complexity of carbohydrate moieties (micro-heterogeneity). N-glycan site occupancy manifested as distinct differences in size and isoelectric point. The analysis of complex carbohydrate moieties of R27T involved the common biopharmaceutical glycosylation critical quality attributes such as core fucosylation, antennary composition, sialylation, N-acetyllactosamine extensions, linkages, and overall glycan profiles using weak anion-exchange and hydrophilic interaction high-performance liquid chromatography with 2-aminobenzoic acid-labeled N-glycans. The double-glycosylated form accounted for approx. 94% R27T, while the single-glycosylated form accounted for 6% R27T. N-glycans consisted of a mixture of bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary glycans, some with N-acetyllactosamine extensions, but neither outer arm fucose nor α-galactose was detected. Sialic acid major variants, N-acetyl- and N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid, were more abundant in R27T than in Rebif. The major N-glycan, accounting for ∼42% of total N-glycans, had a di-sialylated, core-fucosylated bi-antennary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Song
- LOGONE
Bio Convergence Research Foundation, Center
for Companion Diagnostics, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- . Phone: +82-2-880-9187
| | - Dae Bong Moon
- IFEZ
Bio Analysis Center, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Kim
- ABION
Inc., R&D Center, Guro, Seoul 13488, Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Molecular
Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence
Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- . Phone: +82-2-880-9187
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12
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Kang DG, Kim CS, Cha HJ. Coexpression of CMP-sialic acid transporter reduces N-glycolylneuraminic acid levels of recombinant glycoproteins in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2815-2822. [PMID: 31317538 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant glycoproteins expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells contain two forms of sialic acids; N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) as a major type and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) as a minor type. The Neu5Gc glycan moieties in therapeutic glycoproteins can elicit immune responses because they do not exist in human. In the present work, to reduce Neu5Gc levels of recombinant glycoproteins from CHO cell cultures, we coexpressed cytidine-5'-monophosphate-sialic acid transporter (CMP-SAT) that is an antiporter and transports cytosolic CMP-sialic acids (both forms) into Golgi lumen. When human erythropoietin was used as a target human glycoprotein, coexpression of CMP-SAT resulted in a significant decrease of Neu5Gc level by 41.4% and a notable increase of Neu5Ac level by 21.2%. This result could be reasonably explained by our hypothesis that the turnover rate of Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc catalyzed by CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase would be reduced through facilitated transportation of Neu5Ac into Golgi apparatus by coexpression of CMP-SAT. We confirmed the effects of CMP-SAT coexpression on the decrease of Neu5Gc level and the increase of Neu5Ac level using another glycoprotein human DNase I. Therefore, CMP-SAT coexpression might be an effective strategy to reduce the levels of undesired Neu5Gc in recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins from CHO cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gyun Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Chang Sup Kim
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Cha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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13
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Lissitchkov T, Klukowska A, Pasi J, Kessler CM, Klamroth R, Liesner RJ, Belyanskaya L, Walter O, Knaub S, Bichler J, Jansen M, Oldenburg J. Efficacy and safety of simoctocog alfa (Nuwiq®) in patients with severe hemophilia A: a review of clinical trial data from the GENA program. Ther Adv Hematol 2019; 10:2040620719858471. [PMID: 31263528 PMCID: PMC6595650 DOI: 10.1177/2040620719858471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Simoctocog alfa (human-cl rhFVIII, Nuwiq®) is a 4th generation recombinant FVIII (rFVIII), without chemical modification or fusion with any other protein/fragment. Nuwiq® is produced in a human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293F), which ensures human-specific post-translational protein processing. Nuwiq® was evaluated in seven prospective clinical studies in 201 adult and pediatric previously treated patients (PTPs) with severe hemophilia A. The NuProtect study in 110 previously untreated patients (PUPs) is ongoing. The mean half-life of Nuwiq® was 15.1–17.1 h in PTP studies with adults and adolescents, and 12.5 h in children aged 2–12 years. Clinical trials in PTPs demonstrated the efficacy and safety of Nuwiq® in the prevention and treatment of bleeds and as surgical prophylaxis. In the NuPreviq study of pharmacokinetic (PK)-guided personalized prophylaxis in 66 adult PTPs, 83% of patients had no spontaneous bleeds during 6 months of personalized prophylaxis and 57% were treated ⩽2 per week. No FVIII inhibitors were detected in PTPs after treatment with 43,267 injections and >80 million IU of Nuwiq®. Interim data for 66 PUPs with ⩾20 exposure days to Nuwiq® in NuProtect demonstrated a low cumulative high-titer inhibitor rate of 12.8% [actual incidence 12.1% (8/66)] and convincing efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Klukowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Warsaw Medical University, Poland
| | - John Pasi
- The Royal London Hospital Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK
| | - Craig M Kessler
- Hemophilia and Thrombosis Comprehensive Treatment Center and The Division of Coagulation, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Robert Klamroth
- Department for Internal Medicine, Vascular Medicine and Haemostaseology, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raina J Liesner
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust Haemophilia Centre, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Martina Jansen
- Octapharma Pharmazeutika Produktionsges mbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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14
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Klukowska A, Szczepański T, Vdovin V, Knaub S, Bichler J, Jansen M, Dzhunova I, Liesner RJ. Long-term tolerability, immunogenicity and efficacy of Nuwiq ® (human-cl rhFVIII) in children with severe haemophilia A. Haemophilia 2018; 24:595-603. [PMID: 29582516 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nuwiq® (human-cl rhFVIII, simoctocog alfa) is a 4th generation recombinant human FVIII, without chemical modification or fusion with any other protein, produced in a human cell line. AIM/METHODS This study (GENA-13) was an extension of the GENA-03 study in which previously treated children aged 2-12 years with severe haemophilia A received Nuwiq® prophylaxis for ≥6 months. GENA-13 examined long-term tolerability, immunogenicity and efficacy of Nuwiq® prophylaxis in children. RESULTS Of 59 patients enrolled in GENA-03, 49 continued Nuwiq® prophylaxis in GENA-13 for a median (range) of 30.0 (9.5-52.0) months. No patient withdrew due to drug-related adverse events or developed inhibitors. Only 2 of 20 518 infusions were associated with possibly related adverse events (dyspnoea, fever). The estimated annualized bleeding rate (ABR) was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.44, 1.02) for spontaneous and 2.88 (95% CI: 1.86, 4.46) for all bleeds. Younger children (2-5 years) had lower ABRs than children aged 6-12 years. Annualized bleeding rates were reduced in GENA-13 vs GENA-03, especially for spontaneous bleeds in younger children (71% reduction; ABR ratio 0.29 [95% CI: 0.11, 0.74]). Nuwiq® efficacy was rated as excellent/good in the treatment of 83.0% of 305 evaluated breakthrough bleeds. Surgical prophylaxis with Nuwiq® was rated as excellent for all 17 assessed procedures. CONCLUSION Long-term treatment with Nuwiq® for the prevention of bleeds in children with severe haemophilia A was well tolerated, effective and reduced spontaneous bleeding by up to 70% compared with GENA-03.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Klukowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Szczepański
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - V Vdovin
- Morozovsky Children's Hospital, Hematology Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Knaub
- Octapharma AG, Lachen, Switzerland
| | | | - M Jansen
- Octapharma Pharmazeutika Produktionsges.mbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - R J Liesner
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust Haemophilia Centre, London, UK
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15
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Cymer F, Beck H, Rohde A, Reusch D. Therapeutic monoclonal antibody N-glycosylation – Structure, function and therapeutic potential. Biologicals 2018; 52:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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16
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Alisson-Silva F, Kawanishi K, Varki A. Human risk of diseases associated with red meat intake: Analysis of current theories and proposed role for metabolic incorporation of a non-human sialic acid. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 51:16-30. [PMID: 27421909 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the most consistent epidemiological associations between diet and human disease risk is the impact of red meat consumption (beef, pork, and lamb, particularly in processed forms). While risk estimates vary, associations are reported with all-cause mortality, colorectal and other carcinomas, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, and possibly other inflammatory processes. There are many proposed explanations for these associations, some long discussed in the literature. Attempts to explain the effects of red meat consumption have invoked various red meat-associated agents, including saturated fat, high salt intake, Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) generation by microbiota, and environmental pollutants contaminating red meat, none of which are specific for red meat. Even the frequently mentioned polycyclic aromatic carcinogens arising from high temperature cooking methods are not red meat specific, as these are also generated by grilling poultry or fish, as well as by other forms of cooking. The traditional explanations that appear to be more red meat specific invoke the impact of N-nitroso compounds, heme iron, and the potential of heme to catalyze endogenous nitrosation. However, heme can be denatured by cooking, high levels of plasma hemopexin will block its tissue delivery, and much higher amounts of heme likely originate from red blood cell breakdown in vivo. Therefore, red meat-derived heme could only contribute to colorectal carcinoma risk, via direct local effects. Also, none of these mechanisms explain the apparent human propensity i.e., other carnivores have not been reported at high risk for all these diseases. A more recently proposed hypothesis involves infectious agents in beef from specific dairy cattle as agents of colorectal cancer. We have also described another mechanistic explanation for the human propensity for risk of red-meat associated diseases that is consistent with most observations: metabolic incorporation of a non-human sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) into the tissues of red meat consumers and the subsequent interaction with inflammation-provoking antibodies against this "xenoautoantigen". Overall, we conclude that while multiple mechanisms are likely operative, many proposed theories to date are not specific for red meat, and that the viral and xenoautoantigen theories deserve further consideration. Importantly, there are potential non-toxic dietary antidotes, if the xenoautoantigen theory is indeed correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Alisson-Silva
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Kunio Kawanishi
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA.
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17
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Tiede A, Oldenburg J, Lissitchkov T, Knaub S, Bichler J, Manco‐Johnson MJ. Prophylaxis vs. on‐demand treatment with Nuwiq
®
(Human‐cl rh
FVIII
) in adults with severe haemophilia A. Haemophilia 2015; 22:374-80. [DOI: 10.1111/hae.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Tiede
- Hannover Medical School Clinic for Haematology, Haemostaseology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation HannoverGermany
| | - J. Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Bonn Germany
| | - T. Lissitchkov
- Specialised Hospital for Active Treatment “Joan Pavel” Sofia Bulgaria
| | - S. Knaub
- Octapharma AG Lachen Switzerland
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Smitz
- Laboratory of Hormonology and Tumormarkers, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudio Wolfenson
- Production and Regulatory Affairs, Instituto Massone SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Jane Ruman
- Department of Reproductive Health, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Parsippany, NJ, USA
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19
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Klukowska A, Szczepański T, Vdovin V, Knaub S, Jansen M, Liesner R. Novel, human cell line‐derived recombinant factor
VIII
(Human‐cl rh
FVIII
, Nuwiq
®
) in children with severe haemophilia A: efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics. Haemophilia 2015; 22:232-239. [DOI: 10.1111/hae.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Klukowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology Warsaw Medical University Warsaw Poland
| | - T. Szczepański
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology Zabrze Medical University of Silesia Katowice Poland
| | - V. Vdovin
- Moscow Children's Hematology Centre Moscow Russia
| | - S. Knaub
- Octapharma AG Lachen Switzerland
| | - M. Jansen
- Octapharma Pharmazeutika Produktionsges.mbH Vienna Austria
| | - R. Liesner
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust Haemophilia Centre London UK
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20
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Lissitchkov T, Hampton K, Depka M, Hay C, Rangarajan S, Tuddenham E, Holstein K, Huth‐Kühne A, Pabinger I, Knaub S, Bichler J, Oldenburg J. Novel, human cell line‐derived recombinant factor VIII (human‐cl rhFVIII; Nuwiq
®
) in adults with severe haemophilia A: efficacy and safety. Haemophilia 2015; 22:225-231. [DOI: 10.1111/hae.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Lissitchkov
- Specialised Hospital for Active Treatment “Joan Pavel” Sofia Bulgaria
| | | | - M. Depka
- Werlhof‐Institut für Hämostaseologie GmbH Hannover Germany
| | - C. Hay
- Manchester Royal Infirmary Manchester UK
| | - S. Rangarajan
- Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital BasingstokeUK
| | | | - K. Holstein
- University Hospital Hamburg‐Eppendorf HamburgGermany
| | - A. Huth‐Kühne
- SRH Kurpfalzkrankenhaus and Hemophilia Center Heidelberg Germany
| | | | - S. Knaub
- Octapharma AG Lachen Switzerland
| | | | - J. Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Bonn Germany
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21
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Reusch D, Tejada ML. Fc glycans of therapeutic antibodies as critical quality attributes. Glycobiology 2015; 25:1325-34. [PMID: 26263923 PMCID: PMC4634315 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical quality attributes (CQA) are physical, chemical, biological or microbiological properties or characteristics that must be within an appropriate limit, range or distribution to ensure the desired product quality, safety and efficacy. For monoclonal antibody therapeutics that rely on fraction crystalizable (Fc)-mediated effector function for their clinical activity, the terminal sugars of Fc glycans have been shown to be critical for safety or efficacy. Different glycosylation variants have also been shown to influence the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic behavior while other Fc glycan structural elements may be involved in adverse immune reactions. This review focuses on the role of Fc glycans as CQAs. Fc glycan information from the published literature is summarized and evaluated for impact on patient safety, immunogenicity, bioactivity and pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Max L Tejada
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, CA 94080, USA
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22
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Kannicht C, Kohla G, Tiemeyer M, Walter O, Sandberg H. A new recombinant factor VIII: from genetics to clinical use. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:3817-9. [PMID: 26229443 PMCID: PMC4517516 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s85608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kannicht
- Octapharma Biopharmaceuticals GmbH, Molecular Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guido Kohla
- Octapharma Biopharmaceuticals GmbH, Molecular Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maya Tiemeyer
- Octapharma Biopharmaceuticals GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Jayo RG, Thaysen-Andersen M, Lindenburg PW, Haselberg R, Hankemeier T, Ramautar R, Chen DDY. Simple Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry Method for Complex Glycan Analysis Using a Flow-Through Microvial Interface. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6479-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5010212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana G. Jayo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Petrus W. Lindenburg
- Division
of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333
CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS research group BioMolecular Analysis, VU University 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division
of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333
CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rawi Ramautar
- Division
of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333
CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - David D. Y. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
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24
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Shah B, Jiang XG, Chen L, Zhang Z. LC-MS/MS peptide mapping with automated data processing for routine profiling of N-glycans in immunoglobulins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:999-1011. [PMID: 24664809 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein N-Glycan analysis is traditionally performed by high pH anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) on fluorescence-labeled glycans enzymatically released from the glycoprotein. These methods require time-consuming sample preparations and do not provide site-specific glycosylation information. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) peptide mapping is frequently used for protein structural characterization and, as a bonus, can potentially provide glycan profile on each individual glycosylation site. In this work, a recently developed glycopeptide fragmentation model was used for automated identification, based on their MS/MS, of N-glycopeptides from proteolytic digestion of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Experimental conditions were optimized to achieve accurate profiling of glycoforms. Glycan profiles obtained from LC-MS/MS peptide mapping were compared with those obtained from HPAEC, RPLC, and HILIC analyses of released glycans for several mAb molecules. Accuracy, reproducibility, and linearity of the LC-MS/MS peptide mapping method for glycan profiling were evaluated. The LC-MS/MS peptide mapping method with fully automated data analysis requires less sample preparation, provides site-specific information, and may serve as an alternative method for routine profiling of N-glycans on immunoglobulins as well as other glycoproteins with simple N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Shah
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
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25
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Abstract
Detection methods for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in sport can be classified into direct and indirect approaches. Direct methods comprise electrophoretic techniques (isoelectric focusing (IEF-), sodium-dodecylsulfate (SDS-), sarcosyl (SAR-) polyacrylamide gel-electrophoreses (-PAGE)), ELISAs and mass spectrometric methods. The haematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport is currently the only applied indirect approach. Newer developments include a mass spectrometric test for peginesatide, sequential exoglycosidase digestion of ertythropoietin (EPO) combined with electrophoresis (SDS/SAR-PAGE), a dipstick method (MAIIA), and a study on the differences in sialic acid O-acetylation of tryptic EPO O-glycopeptides. The focus of this article is on direct detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, , Seibersdorf, Austria
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26
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Alsenaidy MA, Jain NK, Kim JH, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. Protein comparability assessments and potential applicability of high throughput biophysical methods and data visualization tools to compare physical stability profiles. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:39. [PMID: 24659968 PMCID: PMC3950620 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, some of the challenges and opportunities encountered during protein comparability assessments are summarized with an emphasis on developing new analytical approaches to better monitor higher-order protein structures. Several case studies are presented using high throughput biophysical methods to collect protein physical stability data as function of temperature, agitation, ionic strength and/or solution pH. These large data sets were then used to construct empirical phase diagrams (EPDs), radar charts, and comparative signature diagrams (CSDs) for data visualization and structural comparisons between the different proteins. Protein samples with different sizes, post-translational modifications, and inherent stability are presented: acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) mutants, different glycoforms of an IgG1 mAb prepared by deglycosylation, as well as comparisons of different formulations of an IgG1 mAb and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF). Using this approach, differences in structural integrity and conformational stability profiles were detected under stress conditions that could not be resolved by using the same techniques under ambient conditions (i.e., no stress). Thus, an evaluation of conformational stability differences may serve as an effective surrogate to monitor differences in higher-order structure between protein samples. These case studies are discussed in the context of potential utility in protein comparability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alsenaidy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Nishant K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jae H Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA
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27
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Abstract
The manufacturing of biologic medicines (biologics) requires robust process and facility design, rigorous regulatory compliance, and a well-trained workforce. Because of the complex attributes of biologics and their sensitivity to production and handling conditions, manufacturing of these medicines also requires a high-reliability manufacturing organization. As required by regulators, such an organization must monitor the state-of-control for the manufacturing process. A high-reliability organization also invests in an experienced and fully engaged technical support staff and fosters a management culture that rewards in-depth analysis of unexpected results, robust risk assessments, and timely and effective implementation of mitigation measures. Such a combination of infrastructure, technology, human capital, management, and a science-based operations culture does not occur without a strong organizational and financial commitment. These attributes of a high-reliability biologics manufacturer are difficult to achieve and may be differentiating factors as the supply of biologics diversifies in future years.
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28
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Hopkins D, Gomathinayagam S, Lynaugh H, Stadheim TA, Hamilton SR. Elimination of diaminopeptidase activity in Pichia pastoris for therapeutic protein production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2573-83. [PMID: 24526360 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Yeast are important production platforms for the generation of recombinant proteins. Nonetheless, their use has been restricted in the production of therapeutic proteins due to differences in their glycosylation profile with that of higher eukaryotes. The yeast strain Pichia pastoris is an industrially important organism. Recent advances in the glycoengineering of this strain offer the potential to produce therapeutic glycoproteins with sialylated human-like N- and O-linked glycans. However, like higher eukaryotes, yeast also express numerous proteases, many of which are either localized to the secretory pathway or pass through it en route to their final destination. As a consequence, nondesirable proteolysis of some recombinant proteins may occur, with the specific cleavage being dependent on the class of protease involved. Dipeptidyl aminopeptidases (DPP) are a class of proteolytic enzymes which remove a two-amino acid peptide from the N-terminus of a protein. In P. pastoris, two such enzymes have been identified, Ste13p and Dap2p. In the current report, we demonstrate that while the knockout of STE13 alone may protect certain proteins from N-terminal clipping, other proteins may require the double knockout of both STE13 and DAP2. As such, this understanding of DPP activity enhances the utility of the P. pastoris expression system, thus facilitating the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins with their intact native sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hopkins
- GlycoFi, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.), Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
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29
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Wen D, Foley SF, Hronowski XL, Gu S, Meier W. Discovery and Investigation of O-Xylosylation in Engineered Proteins Containing a (GGGGS)n Linker. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4805-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400596g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Wen
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department
of Biologics Drug
Discovery, Biogen Idec, 12 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Susan F. Foley
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department
of Biologics Drug
Discovery, Biogen Idec, 12 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xiaoping L. Hronowski
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department
of Biologics Drug
Discovery, Biogen Idec, 12 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sheng Gu
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department
of Biologics Drug
Discovery, Biogen Idec, 12 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Werner Meier
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department
of Biologics Drug
Discovery, Biogen Idec, 12 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Berkowitz SA, Engen JR, Mazzeo JR, Jones GB. Analytical tools for characterizing biopharmaceuticals and the implications for biosimilars. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:527-40. [PMID: 22743980 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biologics such as monoclonal antibodies are much more complex than small-molecule drugs, which raises challenging questions for the development and regulatory evaluation of follow-on versions of such biopharmaceutical products (also known as biosimilars) and their clinical use once patent protection for the pioneering biologic has expired. With the recent introduction of regulatory pathways for follow-on versions of complex biologics, the role of analytical technologies in comparing biosimilars with the corresponding reference product is attracting substantial interest in establishing the development requirements for biosimilars. Here, we discuss the current state of the art in analytical technologies to assess three characteristics of protein biopharmaceuticals that regulatory authorities have identified as being important in development strategies for biosimilars: post-translational modifications, three-dimensional structures and protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Berkowitz
- Analytical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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31
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Nagorny P, Sane N, Fasching B, Aussedat B, Danishefsky SJ. Probing the frontiers of glycoprotein synthesis: the fully elaborated β-subunit of the human follicle-stimulating hormone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:975-9. [PMID: 22162182 PMCID: PMC3285374 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernhard Fasching
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027(USA), Fax: (+1)212-772-8691
| | - Baptiste Aussedat
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027(USA), Fax: (+1)212-772-8691
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027(USA), Fax: (+1)212-772-8691
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32
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Ghaderi D, Zhang M, Hurtado-Ziola N, Varki A. Production platforms for biotherapeutic glycoproteins. Occurrence, impact, and challenges of non-human sialylation. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2012; 28:147-75. [DOI: 10.5661/bger-28-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Nagorny P, Sane N, Fasching B, Aussedat B, Danishefsky SJ. Probing the Frontiers of Glycoprotein Synthesis: The Fully Elaborated β-Subunit of the Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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34
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Reichel C. The overlooked difference between human endogenous and recombinant erythropoietins and its implication for sports drug testing and pharmaceutical drug design. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:883-91. [PMID: 22140023 DOI: 10.1002/dta.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sequential deglycosylation by exoglycosidase treatment (Reagent Array Analysis Method, RAAM) and subsequent sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed a profound structural difference between human endogenous and recombinant erythropoietins. While both proteins behaved similarly upon digestion with Arthrobacter ureafaciens α-sialidase and Steptococcus pneumoniae β-D-galactosidase, the action of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase from Steptococcus pneumoniae was partly blocked by endogenous but not recombinant erythropoietins. Consequently, further treatment with Jack bean α-D-mannosidase and Helix pomatia β-D-mannosidase led to only very limited additional deglycosylation of endogenous EPO, while rhEPO glycans continued to be degraded. The behaviour was visualized by SDS-PAGE combined with Western blotting. While the apparent molecular masses of most endogenous glycoforms did not further decrease after treatment with the first three enzymes, masses of most rhEPO glycoforms continued to drop after digestion with the two mannosidases. Both, human urinary and serum EPO showed this blocking effect, and all of the tested 28 recombinant epoetins were accessible to further degradation by exo-mannosidases. The majority of EPO pharmaceuticals is produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, few in other ones (i.e. baby hamster kidney (BHK) or human fibrosarcoma (HT-1080) cells). Since human endogenous EPO is primarily produced by the kidneys, tissue specific glycosylation might explain the altered deglycosylation behaviour. This difference was overlooked since EPO was first isolated from human urine in 1977. The results might prove useful for anti-doping testing and future EPO drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
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35
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Nett JH, Gomathinayagam S, Hamilton SR, Gong B, Davidson RC, Du M, Hopkins D, Mitchell T, Mallem MR, Nylen A, Shaikh SS, Sharkey N, Barnard GC, Copeland V, Liu L, Evers R, Li Y, Gray PM, Lingham RB, Visco D, Forrest G, DeMartino J, Linden T, Potgieter TI, Wildt S, Stadheim TA, d'Anjou M, Li H, Sethuraman N. Optimization of erythropoietin production with controlled glycosylation-PEGylated erythropoietin produced in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2011; 157:198-206. [PMID: 22100268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Pichia pastoris is a methylotropic yeast that has gained great importance as an organism for protein expression in recent years. Here, we report the expression of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in glycoengineered P. pastoris. We show that glycosylation fidelity is maintained in fermentation volumes spanning six orders of magnitude and that the protein can be purified to high homogeneity. In order to increase the half-life of rhEPO, the purified protein was coupled to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and then compared to the currently marketed erythropoiesis stimulating agent, Aranesp(®) (darbepoetin). In in vitro cell proliferation assays the PEGylated protein was slightly, and the non-PEGylated protein was significantly more active than comparator. Pharmacodynamics as well as pharmacokinetic activity of PEGylated rhEPO in animals was comparable to that of Aranesp(®). Taken together, our results show that glycoengineered P. pastoris is a suitable production host for rhEPO, yielding an active biologic that is comparable to those produced in current mammalian host systems.
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36
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Hopkins D, Gomathinayagam S, Rittenhour AM, Du M, Hoyt E, Karaveg K, Mitchell T, Nett JH, Sharkey NJ, Stadheim TA, Li H, Hamilton SR. Elimination of β-mannose glycan structures in Pichia pastoris. Glycobiology 2011; 21:1616-26. [PMID: 21840970 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris, is an important organism used for the production of therapeutic proteins. However, the presence of fungal-like glycans, such as those containing β-mannose (Man) linkages, can elicit an immune response or bind to Man receptors, thus reducing their efficacy. Recent studies have confirmed that P. pastoris has four genes from the β-mannosyl transferase (BMT) family and that Bmt2p is responsible for the majority of β-Man linkages on glycans. While expressing recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in a developmental glycoengineered strain devoid of BMT2 gene expression, cross-reactivity was observed with an antibody raised against host cell antigens. Treatment of the rhEPO with protein N-glycosidase F eliminated cross-reactivity, indicating that the antigen was associated with the glycan. Thorough analysis of the glycan profile of rhEPO demonstrated the presence of low amounts of α-1,2-mannosidase resistant high-Man glycoforms. In an attempt to eliminate the α-mannosidase resistant glycoforms, we used a systemic approach to genetically knock-out the remaining members of the BMT family culminating in a quadruple bmt2,4,1,3 knock-out strain. Data presented here conclude that the additive elimination of Bmt2p, Bmt3p and Bmt1p activities are required for total abolition of β-Man-associated glycans and their related antigenicity. Taken together, the elimination of β-Man containing glycoforms represents an important step forward for the Pichia production platform as a suitable system for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hopkins
- GlycoFi Inc., A wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 21 Lafayette street, Suite 200, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
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37
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Hurum DC, Rohrer JS. Five-minute glycoprotein sialic acid determination by high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Anal Biochem 2011; 419:67-9. [PMID: 21872565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycoprotein sialylation analysis is a common analytical step in characterizing biotherapeutic products and expression experiments to optimize production. In this article, a high-throughput (5-min) high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD)-based analytical method for glycoprotein sialic acid determination is described. Results from this method are compared with both published HPAE-PAD and 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB) derivatization followed by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection (UHPLC-FLD) assays. The quantified sialic acid amounts agree with prior HPAE-PAD analyses within replicate error and with UHPLC-FLD within an average of 24%, which are equivalent results based on assay reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna C Hurum
- Dionex Products, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
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38
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Reichel C. Recent developments in doping testing for erythropoietin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:463-81. [PMID: 21637931 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The constant development of new erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), since the first introduction of recombinant erythropoietin (rhEpo) for clinical use, has also necessitated constant development of methods for detecting the abuse of these substances. Doping with ESAs is prohibited according to the World Anti-Doping Code and its prohibited list of substances and methods. Since the first publication of a direct and urine-based detection method in 2000, which uses changes in the Epo isoform profile as detected by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide slab gels (IEF-PAGE), the method has been constantly adapted to the appearance of new ESAs (e.g., Dynepo, Mircera). Blood had to be introduced as an additional matrix, because Mircera (a PEGylated Epo) is best confirmed in serum or plasma after immunoaffinity purification. A Mircera ELISA was developed for fast screening of sera. With the appearance of Dynepo and copy epoetins, the additional application of sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE or equivalent) became necessary. The haematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport is the latest development in multivariable indirect testing for ESA doping. The article summarizes the main strategies currently used in Epo anti-doping testing with special focus on new developments made between 2009 and 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria.
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39
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Blanchard V, Liu X, Eigel S, Kaup M, Rieck S, Janciauskiene S, Sandig V, Marx U, Walden P, Tauber R, Berger M. N-glycosylation and biological activity of recombinant human alpha1-antitrypsin expressed in a novel human neuronal cell line. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2118-28. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Shahrokh Z, Royle L, Saldova R, Bones J, Abrahams JL, Artemenko NV, Flatman S, Davies M, Baycroft A, Sehgal S, Heartlein MW, Harvey DJ, Rudd PM. Erythropoietin Produced in a Human Cell Line (Dynepo) Has Significant Differences in Glycosylation Compared with Erythropoietins Produced in CHO Cell Lines. Mol Pharm 2010; 8:286-96. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100353a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shahrokh
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Louise Royle
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Radka Saldova
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jodie L. Abrahams
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Natalia V. Artemenko
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Steve Flatman
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Mike Davies
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Alison Baycroft
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Surinder Sehgal
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Michael W. Heartlein
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - David J. Harvey
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
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41
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Zhang Z, Shah B. Prediction of Collision-Induced Dissociation Spectra of Common N-Glycopeptides for Glycoform Identification. Anal Chem 2010; 82:10194-202. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102359u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Zhang
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Bhavana Shah
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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42
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Mallorquí J, Llop E, de Bolòs C, Gutiérrez-Gallego R, Segura J, Pascual J. Purification of erythropoietin from human plasma samples using an immunoaffinity well plate. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2117-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ghaderi D, Taylor RE, Padler-Karavani V, Diaz S, Varki A. Implications of the presence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 28:863-7. [PMID: 20657583 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics produced in nonhuman mammalian cell lines and/or with animal serum are often modified with the nonhuman sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc; refs. 1,2). This documented contamination has generally been ignored in drug development because healthy individuals were not thought to react to Neu5Gc (ref. 2). However, recent findings indicate that all humans have Neu5Gc-specific antibodies, sometimes at high levels. Working with two monoclonal antibodies in clinical use, we demonstrate the presence of covalently bound Neu5Gc in cetuximab (Erbitux) but not panitumumab (Vectibix). Anti-Neu5Gc antibodies from healthy humans interact with cetuximab in a Neu5Gc-specific manner and generate immune complexes in vitro. Mice with a human-like defect in Neu5Gc synthesis generate antibodies to Neu5Gc after injection with cetuximab, and circulating anti-Neu5Gc antibodies can promote drug clearance. Finally, we show that the Neu5Gc content of cultured human and nonhuman cell lines and their secreted glycoproteins can be reduced by adding a human sialic acid to the culture medium. Our findings may be relevant to improving the half-life, efficacy and immunogenicity of glycoprotein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Ghaderi
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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44
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Beck A, Cochet O, Wurch T. GlycoFi's technology to control the glycosylation of recombinant therapeutic proteins. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 5:95-111. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903413504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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45
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Nagorny P, Fasching B, Li X, Chen G, Aussedat B, Danishefsky SJ. Toward fully synthetic homogeneous beta-human follicle-stimulating hormone (beta-hFSH) with a biantennary N-linked dodecasaccharide. synthesis of beta-hFSH with chitobiose units at the natural linkage sites. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:5792-9. [PMID: 19341309 PMCID: PMC2756579 DOI: 10.1021/ja809554x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly convergent synthesis of the sialic acid-rich biantennary N-linked glycan found in human glycoprotein hormones and its use in the synthesis of a fragment derived from the beta-domain of human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (hFSH) are described. The synthesis highlights the use of the Sinay radical glycosidation protocol for the simultaneous installation of both biantennary side-chains of the dodecasaccharide as well as the use of glycal chemistry to construct the tetrasaccharide core in an efficient manner. The synthetic glycan was used to prepare the glycosylated 20-27aa domain of the beta-subunit of hFSH under a Lansbury aspartylation protocol. The proposed strategy for incorporating the prepared N-linked dodecasaccharide-containing 20-27aa domain into beta-hFSH subunit was validated in the context of a model system, providing protected beta-hFSH subunit functionalized with chitobiose at positions 7 and 24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Nagorny
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - Bernhard Fasching
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - Xuechen Li
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - Gong Chen
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - Baptiste Aussedat
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027
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46
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Bohlega S, Al-Shammri S, Al Sharoqi I, Dahdaleh M, Gebeily S, Inshasi J, Khalifa A, Pakdaman H, Szólics M, Yamout B. Biosimilars: opinion of an expert panel in the Middle East. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24:2897-903. [PMID: 18768104 DOI: 10.1185/03007990802381554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several biotechnology-derived drugs are reaching the end of their patent lives. As a result, so-called biosimilar products are in development, and a few have already gained approval in Europe and other countries such as the USA. Biosimilars, unlike generic versions of conventional drugs, are not identical to their reference product, and their production is complex and sensitive to even slight changes in the manufacturing and storage process. Therefore, the registration of these products requires more stringent evaluation than that for conventional generics. METHODS AND SCOPE A consensus group of experts from the Near and Middle East discussed the currently available guidelines for registration of biosimilars--including those produced by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA)--and their application in this region. To inform this report, a literature search was also conducted on PubMed in January 2008, using the search terms 'biosimilar' and 'follow-on biologic'. This paper provides an overview of the issues in the development and registration of biosimilars, a description of the EMEA guidelines and the recommendations of the consensus group for the registration of biosimilars in the Middle East. FINDINGS Because of the complex nature of biosimilars and their potential immunogenicity, these products cannot undergo the abbreviated approval process used for generic agents. Instead demonstration of their quality, safety and efficacy, in comparison with their reference biological product, is required. CONCLUSIONS The consensus group recommended the implementation of the EMEA guidelines as the basis of Regional guidelines for the registration of biosimilars in the Near and Middle East. Registration would, therefore, require demonstration of the robustness of the manufacturing process and quality-control methods, the comparability of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety between the biosimilar and reference product and plans for post-marketing surveillance of the long-term risks and immunogenicity of new biosimilars.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bohlega
- Department of Neuroscience, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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47
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Varki A. Multiple changes in sialic acid biology during human evolution. Glycoconj J 2008; 26:231-45. [PMID: 18777136 PMCID: PMC7087641 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Humans are genetically very similar to “great apes”, (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans), our closest evolutionary relatives. We have discovered multiple genetic and biochemical differences between humans and these other hominids, in relation to sialic acids and in Siglecs (Sia-recognizing Ig superfamily lectins). An inactivating mutation in the CMAH gene eliminated human expression of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) a major sialic acid in “great apes”. Additional human-specific changes have been found, affecting at least 10 of the <60 genes known to be involved in the biology of sialic acids. There are potential implications for unique features of humans, as well as for human susceptibility or resistance to disease. Additionally, metabolic incorporation of Neu5Gc from animal-derived materials occurs into biotherapeutic molecules and cellular preparations - and into human tissues from dietary sources, particularly red meat and milk products. As humans also have varying and sometime high levels of circulating anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, there are implications for biotechnology products, and for some human diseases associated with chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr MC 0687, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA.
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Llop E, Gutiérrez-Gallego R, Segura J, Mallorquí J, Pascual JA. Structural analysis of the glycosylation of gene-activated erythropoietin (epoetin delta, Dynepo). Anal Biochem 2008; 383:243-54. [PMID: 18804089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a novel recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin delta, Dynepo) has been marketed in the European Union for the treatment of chronic kidney disease, cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, and so forth. Epoetin delta is engineered in cultures of the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 by homologous recombination and "gene activation." Unlike recombinant erythropoietins produced in other mammalian cells, epoetin delta is supposed to have a human-type glycosylation profile. However, the isoelectric focusing profile of epoetin delta differs from that of endogenous erythropoietin (both urinary and plasmatic). In this work, structural and quantitative analysis of the O- and N-glycans of epoetin delta was performed and compared with glycosylation from recombinant erythropoietin produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. From the comparison, significant differences in the sialylation of O-glycans were found. Furthermore, the N-glycan analysis indicated a lower heterogeneity from epoetin delta when compared with its CHO homologue, being predominantly tetraantennary without N-acetyllactosamine repeats in the former. The sialic acid characterization revealed the absence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid. The overall sugar profiles of both glycoproteins appeared to be significantly different and could be useful for maintaining pharmaceutical quality control, detecting the misuse of erythropoietin in sports, and establishing new avenues to link glycosylation with biological activity of glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Llop
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuropsycho-pharmacology Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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49
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Sialic acids in human health and disease. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:351-60. [PMID: 18606570 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 716] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The surfaces of all vertebrate cells are decorated with a dense and complex array of sugar chains, which are mostly attached to proteins and lipids. Most soluble secreted proteins are also similarly decorated with such glycans. Sialic acids are a diverse family of sugar units with a nine-carbon backbone that are typically found attached to the outermost ends of these chains. Given their location and ubiquitous distribution, sialic acids can mediate or modulate a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. This review considers some examples of their established and newly emerging roles in aspects of human physiology and disease.
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50
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Llop E, Gallego RG, Belalcazar V, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Segura J, Pascual JA. Evaluation of protein N-glycosylation in 2-DE: Erythropoietin as a study case. Proteomics 2008; 7:4278-91. [PMID: 17973294 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The structure, function, and physico-chemical properties of many proteins are determined by PTM, being glycosylation the most complex. This study describes how a combination of typical proteomics methods (2-DE) combines with glycomics strategies (HPLC, MALDI-TOF-MS, exoglycosidases sequencing) to yield comprehensive data about single spot-microheterogeneity, providing meaningful information for the detection of disease markers, pharmaceutical industry, antidoping control, etc. Recombinant erythropoietin and its hyperglycosylated analogue darbepoetin-alpha were chosen as showcases because of their relevance in these fields and the analytical challenge they represent. The combined approach yielded good results in terms of sample complexity (mixture glycoforms), reproducibility, sensitivity ( approximately 25 pmoles of glycoprotein/spot), and identification of the underlying protein. Heterogeneity was present in all spots but with a clear tendency; spots proximal to the anode contained the highest amount of tetra-antennary tetra-sialylated glycans, whereas the opposite occurred for spots proximal to the cathode with the majority of the structures being undersialylated. Spot microheterogeneity proved a consequence of the multiple glycosylation sites as they contributed directly to the number of possibilities to account for a discrete charge in a single spot. The interest of this combined glycoproteomics method resides in the efficiency for detecting and quantifying subtle dissimilarities originated from altered ratios of identical glycans including N-acetyl-lactosamine repeats, acetylation, or antigenic epitopes, that do not significantly contribute to the electrophoretic mobility, but affect the glycan microheterogeneity and the potential underlying related functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Llop
- Pharmacology Research Unit - Bio-analysis group, IMIM, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
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