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Rot AE, Hrovatin M, Bokalj B, Lavrih E, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins: From diagnosis to targeted therapy of cancer. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00201-3. [PMID: 39245316 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are a fascinating group of proteolytic enzymes that play diverse and crucial roles in numerous biological processes, both in health and disease. Understanding these proteases is essential for uncovering novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of a wide range of disorders, such as cancer. Cysteine cathepsins influence cancer biology by participating in processes such as extracellular matrix degradation, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and apoptosis. In this comprehensive review, we explore foundational research that illuminates the diverse and intricate roles of cysteine cathepsins as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for cancer. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the clinical relevance of cysteine cathepsins and explore their capacity to advance personalised and targeted medical interventions in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ercegovič Rot
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Hrovatin
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bor Bokalj
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ernestina Lavrih
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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2
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Dietze KA, Nguyen K, Pathni A, Fazekas F, Baker JM, Gebru E, Wang A, Sun W, Rosati E, Lum D, Rapoport AP, Fan X, Atanackovic D, Upadhyaya A, Luetkens T. Cathepsin B causes trogocytosis-mediated CAR T cell dysfunction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598379. [PMID: 38915559 PMCID: PMC11195252 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown remarkable efficacy in cancer treatment. Still, most patients receiving CAR T cells relapse within 5 years of treatment. CAR-mediated trogocytosis (CMT) is a potential tumor escape mechanism in which cell surface proteins transfer from tumor cells to CAR T cells. CMT results in the emergence of antigen-negative tumor cells, which can evade future CAR detection, and antigen-positive CAR T cells, which has been suggested to cause CAR T cell fratricide and exhaustion. Whether CMT indeed causes CAR T cell dysfunction and the molecular mechanisms conferring CMT remain unknown. Using a selective degrader of trogocytosed antigen in CAR T cells, we show that the presence of trogocytosed antigen on the CAR T cell surface directly causes CAR T cell fratricide and exhaustion. By performing a small molecule screening using a custom high throughput CMT-screening assay, we found that the cysteine protease cathepsin B (CTSB) is essential for CMT and that inhibition of CTSB is sufficient to prevent CAR T cell fratricide and exhaustion. Our data demonstrate that it is feasible to separate CMT from cytotoxic activity and that CAR T cell persistence, a key factor associated with clinical CAR T cell efficacy, is directly linked to CTSB activity in CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Dietze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kiet Nguyen
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Aashli Pathni
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Frank Fazekas
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jillian M. Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Etse Gebru
- Department of Medicine and Transplant/Cell Therapy Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum
| | - Alexander Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wenxiang Sun
- Preclinical Research Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ethan Rosati
- Preclinical Research Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David Lum
- Preclinical Research Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aaron P. Rapoport
- Department of Medicine and Transplant/Cell Therapy Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Department of Medicine and Transplant/Cell Therapy Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum
| | - Djordje Atanackovic
- Department of Medicine and Transplant/Cell Therapy Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tim Luetkens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine and Transplant/Cell Therapy Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum
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3
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Spiwoková P, Horn M, Fanfrlík J, Jílková A, Fajtová P, Leontovyč A, Houštecká R, Bieliková L, Brynda J, Chanová M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Caro-Diaz EJE, Almaliti J, El-Sakkary N, Gerwick WH, Caffrey CR, Mareš M. Nature-Inspired Gallinamides Are Potent Antischistosomal Agents: Inhibition of the Cathepsin B1 Protease Target and Binding Mode Analysis. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1935-1948. [PMID: 38757505 PMCID: PMC11184554 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by a parasitic blood fluke of the genus Schistosoma, is a global health problem for which new chemotherapeutic options are needed. We explored the scaffold of gallinamide A, a natural peptidic metabolite of marine cyanobacteria that has previously been shown to inhibit cathepsin L-type proteases. We screened a library of 19 synthetic gallinamide A analogs and identified nanomolar inhibitors of the cathepsin B-type protease SmCB1, which is a drug target for the treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni. Against cultured S. mansoni schistosomula and adult worms, many of the gallinamides generated a range of deleterious phenotypic responses. Imaging with a fluorescent-activity-based probe derived from gallinamide A demonstrated that SmCB1 is the primary target for gallinamides in the parasite. Furthermore, we solved the high-resolution crystal structures of SmCB1 in complex with gallinamide A and its two analogs and describe the acrylamide covalent warhead and binding mode in the active site. Quantum chemical calculations evaluated the contribution of individual positions in the peptidomimetic scaffold to the inhibition of the target and demonstrated the importance of the P1' and P2 positions. Our study introduces gallinamides as a powerful chemotype that can be exploited for the development of novel antischistosomal chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Spiwoková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University
of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Fanfrlík
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Jílková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Adrian Leontovyč
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Houštecká
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
- First
Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, Praha 2 12108, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Bieliková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
- First
Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, Praha 2 12108, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Chanová
- Institute
of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital
in Prague, Studničkova
2028/7, Prague 2 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Eduardo J. E. Caro-Diaz
- Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Jehad Almaliti
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Nelly El-Sakkary
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael Mareš
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
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4
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Nicolau I, Hădade ND, Matache M, Funeriu DP. Synthetic Approaches of Epoxysuccinate Chemical Probes. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300157. [PMID: 37096389 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemical probes are powerful tools for investigating biological processes. They are particularly useful for proteomic studies such as activity-based protein profiling (ABPP). These chemical methods initially used mimics of natural substrates. As the techniques gained prominence, more and more elaborate chemical probes with increased specificity towards given enzyme/protein families and amenability to various reaction conditions were used. Among the chemical probes, peptidyl-epoxysuccinates represent one of the first types of compounds used to investigate the activity of the cysteine protease papain-like family of enzymes. Structurally derived from the natural substrate, a wide body of inhibitors and activity- or affinity-based probes bearing the electrophilic oxirane unit for covalent labeling of active enzymes now exists. Herein, we review the literature regarding the synthetic approaches to epoxysuccinate-based chemical probes together with their reported applications, from biological chemistry and inhibition studies to supramolecular chemistry and the formation of protein arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Nicolau
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, 90 Panduri Street, 050663, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Niculina D Hădade
- Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular and Organometallic Chemistry Centre, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Matache
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, 90 Panduri Street, 050663, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel P Funeriu
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, 90 Panduri Street, 050663, Bucharest, Romania
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5
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Yoon M, Phan V, Podvin S, Mosier C, O’Donoghue AJ, Hook V. Distinct Cleavage Properties of Cathepsin B Compared to Cysteine Cathepsins Enable the Design and Validation of a Specific Substrate for Cathepsin B over a Broad pH Range. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2289-2300. [PMID: 37459182 PMCID: PMC10399199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The biological and pathological functions of cathepsin B occur in acidic lysosomes and at the neutral pH of cytosol, nuclei, and extracellular locations. Importantly, cathepsin B displays different substrate cleavage properties at acidic pH compared to neutral pH conditions. It is, therefore, desirable to develop specific substrates for cathepsin B that measure its activity over broad pH ranges. Current substrates used to monitor cathepsin B activity consist of Z-Phe-Arg-AMC and Z-Arg-Arg-AMC, but they lack specificity since they are cleaved by other cysteine cathepsins. Furthermore, Z-Arg-Arg-AMC monitors cathepsin B activity at neutral pH and displays minimal activity at acidic pH. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design and validate specific fluorogenic peptide substrates that can monitor cathepsin B activity over a broad pH range from acidic to neutral pH conditions. In-depth cleavage properties of cathepsin B were compared to those of the cysteine cathepsins K, L, S, V, and X via multiplex substrate profiling by mass spectrometry at pH 4.6 and pH 7.2. Analysis of the cleavage preferences predicted the tripeptide Z-Nle-Lys-Arg-AMC as a preferred substrate for cathepsin B. Significantly, Z-Nle-Lys-Arg-AMC displayed the advantageous properties of measuring high cathepsin B specific activity over acidic to neutral pHs and was specifically cleaved by cathepsin B over the other cysteine cathepsins. Z-Nle-Lys-Arg-AMC specifically monitored cathepsin B activity in neuronal and glial cells which were consistent with relative abundances of cathepsin B protein. These findings validate Z-Nle-Lys-Arg-AMC as a novel substrate that specifically monitors cathepsin B activity over a broad pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
C. Yoon
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Von Phan
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Neurosciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
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6
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Zhou L, He F, Xiang X, Dong C, Xiang T, Li X, Li H, Bu L, Wang Y, Ma X. Radioactive and Fluorescent Dual Modality Cysteine Cathepsin B Activity-Based Probe for Cancer Theranostics. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3539-3548. [PMID: 37289648 PMCID: PMC10324598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsin B (CTS-B) is a crucial enzyme that is overexpressed in numerous malignancies and contributes to the invasion and metastasis of cancer. Therefore, this study sets out to develop and evaluate an activity-based multimodality theranostic agent targeting CTS-B for cancer imaging and therapy. A CTS-B activity-based probe, BMX2, was synthesized and labeled efficiently with 68Ga and 90Y to produce 68Ga-BMX2 for multimodality imaging and 90Y-BMX2 for radiation therapy. The affinity and specificity of BMX2 binding with the CTS-B enzyme were determined by fluorescent western blots using recombined active human CTS-B enzyme (rh-CTS-B) and four cancer cell lines including HeLa, HepG2, MCF7, and U87MG, with CA074 as the CTS-B inhibitor for control. Confocal laser scanning microscope imaging and cell uptake measurement were also performed. Then, in vivo PET imaging and fluorescence imaging were acquired on HeLa xenografts. Finally, the therapeutic effect of 90Y-BMX2 was tested. BMX2 could be specifically activated by rh-CTS-B and stably bound to the enzyme. The binding of BMX2 with CTS-B is time-dependent and enzyme concentration-dependent. Although CTS-B expression varied between cell lines, all showed significant uptake of BMX2 and 68Ga-BMX2. In vivo optical and PET imaging showed a high tumor uptake of BMX2 and 68Ga-BMX2 and accumulation for more than 24 h. 90Y-BMX2 could significantly inhibit HeLa tumor growth. The development of 68Ga/90Y-BMX2, a radioactive and fluorescent dual modality theranostic agent, demonstrated an effective theranostic approach for PET diagnostic imaging, fluorescence imaging, and radionuclide therapy of cancers, which may have a potential for clinical translation for cancer theranostics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianbo Zhou
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Feng He
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Chuning Dong
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Tian Xiang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Xian Li
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Hong Li
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Lihong Bu
- Molecular
Imaging Centre, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan
University, 99 Zhang Zhi Dong Road, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Yunhua Wang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
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7
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Zabiegala A, Kim Y, Chang KO. Roles of host proteases in the entry of SARS-CoV-2. ANIMAL DISEASES 2023; 3:12. [PMID: 37128508 PMCID: PMC10125864 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-023-00075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for viral attachment and entry, thus a major factor for host susceptibility, tissue tropism, virulence and pathogenicity. The S is divided with S1 and S2 region, and the S1 contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD), while the S2 contains the hydrophobic fusion domain for the entry into the host cell. Numerous host proteases have been implicated in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S through various cleavage sites. In this article, we review host proteases including furin, trypsin, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsins in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S. Many betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 have polybasic residues at the S1/S2 site which is subjected to the cleavage by furin. The S1/S2 cleavage facilitates more assessable RBD to the receptor ACE2, and the binding triggers further conformational changes and exposure of the S2' site to proteases such as type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTPRs) including TMPRSS2. In the presence of TMPRSS2 on the target cells, SARS-CoV-2 can utilize a direct entry route by fusion of the viral envelope to the cellular membrane. In the absence of TMPRSS2, SARS-CoV-2 enter target cells via endosomes where multiple cathepsins cleave the S for the successful entry. Additional host proteases involved in the cleavage of the S were discussed. This article also includes roles of 3C-like protease inhibitors which have inhibitory activity against cathepsin L in the entry of SARS-CoV-2, and discussed the dual roles of such inhibitors in virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Zabiegala
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
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8
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Rashid Khan M, Fayaz Ahmad S, Nadeem A, Imam F, Al-Harbi NO, Shahnawaz Khan M, Alsahli M, Alhosaini K. Cathepsin-B inhibitor CA-074 attenuates retinopathy and optic neuritis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced in SJL/J mice. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:147-153. [PMID: 36685301 PMCID: PMC9845124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complicated multiple sclerosis (MS) can exhibit subacute sight deterioration and can lead to total deprivation of vision. In the current work, we explored the therapeutic outcome of Cathepsin B inhibitor (CA-074) against retinopathy and optic neuritis (ON) caused by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by proteolipid protein peptide (PLP) in female SJL/J mice. A daily dose of 10 mg/kg CA-074 was administered to the EAE mice intraperitoneally for 14 days from day 14 post-immunization until day 28. The Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses show inflammation in the optic nerve through the elevation of iNOS and NFkB markers in EAE mice. Optic neuritis was reported which is a consequence of demyelination and axon injury, estimated with the reduction in myelin basic protein (MBP). The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression level was found to be elevated in the retina of EAE mice which confirmed the retinopathy. The administration of CA-074 ameliorated optic neuritis and retinopathy by reducing inflammation. The treatment with CA-074 also reduced the demyelination and axonal injuries in the EAE mice. The findings of this study have shown the protective effect of CA-074 in the case of retinopathy and ON inflicted by EAE in SJL/J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rashid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh Fayaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Imam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O. Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshal Alsahli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alhosaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author at: College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2475, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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9
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Onohuean H, Onohuean FE, Igbinoba SI, Ezeonwumelu JOC, Agu PC, Ifie JE, Deusdedit T, Aja PM. Elucidation of chemical profiles and molecular targets of Mondia whitei leave fractions bioactive as novel therapeutics: an in vitro and in silico assay. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:170. [PMID: 36574159 PMCID: PMC9794650 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mondia whitei root is often used in Africa as a local therapeutic agent for libido enhancement. The fractions of the M. whitei leaves (MWL) lack chemical characterization of their bioactive components and possible molecular targets. We characterized and investigated its molecular target as therapeutic agents in an in vitro and in silico assay. Mineral compositions, antioxidant, and GC-MS characterization were studied. The cytotoxicity effect was measured on HeLa and HT-29 cells by MTT assay. In silico potential inhibitors of Cathepsin B (CathB) as a cancer biomarker were determined. RESULTS The flame photometry produced marked Na+ and K+. GC-MS revealed eighteen bioactive components. The fractions (chloroformic 47.00, ethanolic 45.52, and aqueous 40.13) of MWL caused a higher inhibition ratio compared to standards. The MWL showed a significant cytotoxic effect on the treated cell lines at concentrations of 150 and 200 μg/ml and 100, 150, and 200 μg/ml for HT-29 and HeLa cells, respectively. Ten bioactives (MWL 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, and 18) showed potential inhibition of CathB with binding affinities of -4.40 to -8.3 Kcal/Mol. However, MWL 4, 9, 14, and 17 which have higher binding affinities (-6.7, -7.1, -8.2, and -8.3, respectively) than the standard inhibitor (-6.5) were the lead molecules. CONCLUSION These chemical profiles and potential molecular targets unraveled in this study propose that MWL has a promising anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Onohuean
- grid.440478.b0000 0004 0648 1247Biomolecules, Metagenomics, Endocrine, and Tropical Disease Research Group (BMETDREG), Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda ,grid.440478.b0000 0004 0648 1247Biopharmaceutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Fanny Eseohe Onohuean
- grid.440478.b0000 0004 0648 1247Biomolecules, Metagenomics, Endocrine, and Tropical Disease Research Group (BMETDREG), Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Sharon Iyobor Igbinoba
- grid.440478.b0000 0004 0648 1247Biomolecules, Metagenomics, Endocrine, and Tropical Disease Research Group (BMETDREG), Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda ,grid.440478.b0000 0004 0648 1247Biopharmaceutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda ,grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Obiezu Chukwujekwu Ezeonwumelu
- grid.440478.b0000 0004 0648 1247Biomolecules, Metagenomics, Endocrine, and Tropical Disease Research Group (BMETDREG), Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda ,grid.440478.b0000 0004 0648 1247Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Peter Chinedu Agu
- grid.412141.30000 0001 2033 5930Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Josiah Eseoghene Ifie
- grid.440478.b0000 0004 0648 1247Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tusubira Deusdedit
- grid.33440.300000 0001 0232 6272Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Patrick Maduabuchi Aja
- grid.412141.30000 0001 2033 5930Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria ,grid.440478.b0000 0004 0648 1247Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda ,grid.33440.300000 0001 0232 6272Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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10
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Zamyatnin AA, Gregory LC, Townsend PA, Soond SM. Beyond basic research: the contribution of cathepsin B to cancer development, diagnosis and therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:963-977. [PMID: 36562407 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2161888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In view of other candidate proteins from the cathepsin family of proteases holding great potential in being targeted during cancer therapy, the importance of Cathepsin B (CtsB) stands out as being truly exceptional. Based on its contribution to oncogenesis, its intimate connection with regulating apoptosis and modulating extracellular and intracellular functions through its secretion or compartmentalized subcellular localization, collectively highlight its complex molecular involvement with a myriad of normal and pathological regulatory processes. Despite its complex functional nature, CtsB is emerging as one of the few cathepsin proteases that has been extensively researched to yield tangible outcomes for cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED In this article, we review the scientific literature that has justified or shaped the importance of CtsB expression in cancer progression, from the perspective of highlighting a paradigm that is rapidly changing from basic research toward a broader clinical and translational context. EXPERT OPINION In doing so, we detail its maturation as a diagnostic marker through describing the development of CtsB-specific Activity-Based Probes, the rapid evolution of these toward a new generation of Prodrugs, and the evaluation of these in model systems for their therapeutic potential as anti-cancer agents in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Zamyatnin
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Levy C Gregory
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Paul A Townsend
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Surinder M Soond
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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11
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Structure determinants defining the specificity of papain-like cysteine proteases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6552-6569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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12
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Moreno RI, Zambelli VO, Picolo G, Cury Y, Morandini AC, Marques AC, Sciani JM. Caspase-1 and Cathepsin B Inhibitors from Marine Invertebrates, Aiming at a Reduction in Neuroinflammation. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100614. [PMID: 36286438 PMCID: PMC9604745 DOI: 10.3390/md20100614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a condition associated with several types of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), mainly caused by an inflammatory response to amyloid peptides that induce microglial activation, with subsequent cytokine release. Neuronal caspase-1 from inflammasome and cathepsin B are key enzymes mediating neuroinflammation in AD, therefore, revealing new molecules to modulate these enzymes may be an interesting approach to treat neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we searched for new caspase-1 and cathepsin B inhibitors from five species of Brazilian marine invertebrates (four cnidarians and one echinoderm). The results show that the extract of the box jellyfish Chiropsalmus quadrumanus inhibits caspase-1. This extract was fractionated, and the products monitored for their inhibitory activity, until the obtention of a pure molecule, which was identified as trigonelline by mass spectrometry. Moreover, four extracts inhibit cathepsin B, and Exaiptasia diaphana was selected for subsequent fractionation and characterization, resulting in the identification of betaine as being responsible for the inhibitory action. Both molecules are already found in marine organisms, however, this is the first study showing a potent inhibitory effect on caspase-1 and cathepsin B activities. Therefore, these new prototypes can be considered for the enzyme inhibition and subsequent control of the neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Indalecio Moreno
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista 12916-900, Brazil
- Unidade Integrada de Farmacologia e Gastroenterologia (UNIFAG), Bragança Paulista 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa O. Zambelli
- Laboratório de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Gisele Picolo
- Laboratório de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Yara Cury
- Laboratório de Dor e Sinalização, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - André C. Morandini
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião 11612-109, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Marques
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Juliana Mozer Sciani
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista 12916-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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13
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Zanelatto ADCO, Lacerda GDS, Accardo CDM, do Rosário NF, da Silva AA, Motta G, Tersariol ILDS, Xavier AR. Cathepsin B and Plasma Kallikrein Are Reliable Biomarkers to Discriminate Clinically Significant Hepatic Fibrosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis-C Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1769. [PMID: 36144371 PMCID: PMC9501310 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the biomarker performance of the proteolytic enzymes cathepsin B (Cat B) and plasma kallikrein (PKa) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β to detect hepatic fibrosis (HF) in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. We studied 53 CHC patients and 71 healthy controls (HCs). Hepatic-disease stage was determined by liver biopsies, aminotransferase:platelet ratio index (APRI) and Fibrosis (FIB)4. Hepatic inflammation and HF in CHC patients were stratified using the METAVIR scoring system. Cat-B and PKa activities were monitored fluorometrically. Serum levels of TGF-β (total and its active form) were determined using ELISA-like fluorometric methods. Increased serum levels of Cat B and PKa were found (p < 0.0001) in CHC patients with clinically significant HF and hepatic inflammation compared with HCs. Levels of total TGF-β (p < 0.0001) and active TGF-β (p < 0.001) were increased in CHC patients compared with HCs. Cat-B levels correlated strongly with PKa levels (r = 0.903, p < 0.0001) in CHC patients but did not correlate in HCs. Levels of Cat B, PKa and active TGF-β increased with the METAVIR stage of HF. Based on analyses of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, Cat B and PKa showed high diagnostic accuracy (area under ROC = 0.99 ± 0.02 and 0.991 ± 0.007, respectively) for distinguishing HF in CHC patients from HCs. Taken together, Cat B and PKa could be used as circulating biomarkers to detect HF in HCV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilmar de Souza Lacerda
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Apoio à Pesquisa em Nefrologia e Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Medicina Clínica—LAMAP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24033-900, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24033-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila de Melo Accardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalia Fonseca do Rosário
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Apoio à Pesquisa em Nefrologia e Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Medicina Clínica—LAMAP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24033-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andréa Alice da Silva
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Apoio à Pesquisa em Nefrologia e Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Medicina Clínica—LAMAP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24033-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guacyara Motta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Analucia Rampazzo Xavier
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Apoio à Pesquisa em Nefrologia e Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Medicina Clínica—LAMAP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24033-900, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24033-900, RJ, Brazil
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14
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Phan VV, Mosier C, Yoon MC, Glukhov E, Caffrey CR, O’Donoghue AJ, Gerwick WH, Hook V. Discovery of pH-Selective Marine and Plant Natural Product Inhibitors of Cathepsin B Revealed by Screening at Acidic and Neutral pH Conditions. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:25346-25352. [PMID: 35910167 PMCID: PMC9330179 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cathepsin B, which involves the translocation of the enzyme from acidic pH lysosomes to the neutral pH cytosol, followed by the initiation of cell death and inflammation, occurs in numerous brain disorders. The wide difference in the acidic pH (4.6) of lysosomes compared to the neutral pH (7.2) of the cytosol suggests that screening at different pH conditions may identify pH-selective modulators of cathepsin B. Therefore, a collection of pure marine and plant natural product (NP) compounds, with synthetic compounds, was screened at pH 4.6 and pH 7.2 in cathepsin B assays, which led to the identification of GER-12 (Crossbyanol B) and GER-24 ((7Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-7,9,12-trien-5-ynoic acid) marine NP inhibitors at acidic pH but not at neutral pH. GER-12 was effective for the reversible inhibition of cathepsin B, with an IC50 of 3 μM. GER-24 had an IC50 of 16 μM and was found to be an irreversible inhibitor. These results show that NP screening at distinct biological pH conditions can lead to the identification of pH-selective cathepsin B modulators. These findings suggest that screening efforts for molecular probes and drug discovery may consider the biological pH environment of the target in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Von V. Phan
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael C. Yoon
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Evgenia Glukhov
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Neurosciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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15
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Hook G, Reinheckel T, Ni J, Wu Z, Kindy M, Peters C, Hook V. Cathepsin B Gene Knockout Improves Behavioral Deficits and Reduces Pathology in Models of Neurologic Disorders. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:600-629. [PMID: 35710131 PMCID: PMC9553114 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CTSB) is a powerful lysosomal protease. This review evaluated CTSB gene knockout (KO) outcomes for amelioration of brain dysfunctions in neurologic diseases and aging animal models. Deletion of the CTSB gene resulted in significant improvements in behavioral deficits, neuropathology, and/or biomarkers in traumatic brain injury, ischemia, inflammatory pain, opiate tolerance, epilepsy, aging, transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD), and periodontitis AD models as shown in 12 studies. One study found beneficial effects for double CTSB and cathepsin S KO mice in a multiple sclerosis model. Transgenic AD models using amyloid precursor protein (APP) mimicking common sporadic AD in three studies showed that CTSB KO improved memory, neuropathology, and biomarkers; two studies used APP representing rare familial AD and found no CTSB KO effect, and two studies used highly engineered APP constructs and reported slight increases in a biomarker. In clinical studies, all reports found that CTSB enzyme was upregulated in diverse neurologic disorders, including AD in which elevated CTSB was positively correlated with cognitive dysfunction. In a wide range of neurologic animal models, CTSB was also upregulated and not downregulated. Further, human genetic mutation data provided precedence for CTSB upregulation causing disease. Thus, the consilience of data is that CTSB gene KO results in improved brain dysfunction and reduced pathology through blockade of CTSB enzyme upregulation that causes human neurologic disease phenotypes. The overall findings provide strong support for CTSB as a rational drug target and for CTSB inhibitors as therapeutic candidates for a wide range of neurologic disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review provides a comprehensive compilation of the extensive data on the effects of deleting the cathepsin B (CTSB) gene in neurological and aging mouse models of brain disorders. Mice lacking the CTSB gene display improved neurobehavioral deficits, reduced neuropathology, and amelioration of neuronal cell death and inflammatory biomarkers. The significance of the compelling CTSB evidence is that the data consilience validates CTSB as a drug target for discovery of CTSB inhibitors as potential therapeutics for treating numerous neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Junjun Ni
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Zhou Wu
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Mark Kindy
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Christoph Peters
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Vivian Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
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16
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Laczi D, Johnstone MD, Fleming CL. Photoresponsive Small Molecule Inhibitors for the Remote Control of Enzyme Activity. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200200. [PMID: 35446477 PMCID: PMC9322446 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of new and effective therapeutics is reliant on the ability to study the underlying mechanisms of potential drug targets in live cells and multicellular systems. A persistent challenge in many drug development programmes is poor selectivity, which can obscure the mechanisms involved and lead to poorly understood modes of action. In efforts to improve our understanding of these complex processes, small molecule inhibitors have been developed in which their OFF/ON therapeutic activity can be toggled using light. Photopharmacology is devoted to using light to modulate drugs. Herein, we highlight the recent progress made towards the development of light-responsive small molecule inhibitors of selected enzymatic targets. Given the size of this field, literature from 2015 onwards has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Laczi
- Centre for Biomedical and Chemical SciencesSchool of ScienceAuckland University of TechnologyPrivate Bag 92006Auckland1142New Zealand
| | - Mark D. Johnstone
- Centre for Biomedical and Chemical SciencesSchool of ScienceAuckland University of TechnologyPrivate Bag 92006Auckland1142New Zealand
| | - Cassandra L. Fleming
- Centre for Biomedical and Chemical SciencesSchool of ScienceAuckland University of TechnologyPrivate Bag 92006Auckland1142New Zealand
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17
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Kim MJ, Jeong H, Krainc D. Lysosomal ceramides regulate cathepsin B-mediated processing of saposin C and glucocerebrosidase activity. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2424-2437. [PMID: 35181782 PMCID: PMC9307309 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in multiple lysosomal enzymes increase Parkinson's disease (PD) risk, including the genes encoding glucocerebrosidase (GCase), acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) and galactosylceramidase. Each of these enzymes generates ceramide by hydrolysis of sphingolipids in lysosomes, but the role of this common pathway in PD pathogenesis has not yet been explored. Variations in GBA1, the gene encoding GCase, are the most common genetic risk factor for PD. The lysosomal enzyme cathepsin B has recently been implicated as an important genetic modifier of disease penetrance in individuals harboring GBA1 variants, suggesting a mechanistic link between these enzymes. Here, we found that ceramide activates cathepsin B, and identified a novel role for cathepsin B in mediating prosaposin cleavage to form saposin C, the lysosomal coactivator of GCase. Interestingly, this pathway was disrupted in Parkin-linked PD models, and upon treatment with inhibitor of ASMase which resulted in decreased ceramide production. Conversely, increasing ceramide production by inhibiting acid ceramidase activity was sufficient to upregulate cathepsin B- and saposin C-mediated activation of GCase. These results highlight a mechanistic link between ceramide and cathepsin B in regulating GCase activity and suggest that targeting lysosomal ceramide or cathepsin B represents an important therapeutic strategy for activating GCase in PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Jong Kim
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hyunkyung Jeong
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel/Fax: 312-503-3936;
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18
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Sharma A, Swetha R, Bajad NG, Ganeshpurkar A, Singh R, Kumar A, Singh SK. Cathepsin B - A Neuronal Death Mediator in Alzheimer’s Disease Leads to Neurodegeneration. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2012-2023. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220214095859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
The lysosomal cysteine protease enzyme, named Cathepsin B, mainly degrades the protein and manages its average turnover in our body. The Cathepsin B active form is mostly present inside the lysosomal part at a cellular level, providing the slightly acidic medium for its activation. Multiple findings on Cathepsin B reveal its involvement in neurons' degeneration and a possible role as a neuronal death mediator in several neurodegenerative diseases. In this review article, we highlight the participation of Cathepsin B in the etiology/progress of AD, along with various other factors. The enzyme is involved in producing neurotoxic Aβ amyloid in the AD brain by acting as the β-secretase enzyme in the regulated secretory pathways responsible for APP processing. Aβ amyloid accumulation and amyloid plaque formation lead to neuronal degeneration, one of the prominent pathological hallmarks of AD. Cathepsin B is also involved in the production of PGlu-Aβ, which is a truncated and highly neurotoxic form of Aβ. Some of the findings also revealed that Cathepsin B specific gene deletion decreases the level of PGlu-Aβ inside the brain of experimental mice. Therefore, neurotoxicity might be considered a new pathological indication of AD due to the involvement of Cathepsin B. It also damages neurons present in the CNS region by producing inflammatory responses and generating mitochondrial ROS. However, Cathepsin B inhibitors, i.e., CA-074, can prevent neuronal death in AD patients. The other natural inhibitors are also equally effective against neuronal damage with higher selectivity. Its synthetic inhibitors are specific for their target; however, they lose their selectivity in the presence of quite a few reducing agents. Therefore, a humanized monoclonal antibody is used as a selective Cathepsin B inhibitor to overcome the problem experienced. The use of Cathepsin B for the treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases could be considered a rational therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rayala Swetha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nilesh Gajanan Bajad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ankit Ganeshpurkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ravi Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
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19
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Yoon MC, Christy MP, Phan VV, Gerwick WH, Hook G, O'Donoghue AJ, Hook V. Molecular Features of CA-074 pH-Dependent Inhibition of Cathepsin B. Biochemistry 2022; 61:228-238. [PMID: 35119840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CA-074 is a selective inhibitor of cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease. CA-074 has been utilized in numerous studies to demonstrate the role of this protease in cellular and physiological functions. Cathepsin B in numerous human disease mechanisms involves its translocation from acidic lysosomes of pH 4.6 to neutral pH 7.2 of cellular locations, including the cytosol and extracellular environment. To gain in-depth knowledge of CA-074 inhibition under these different pH conditions, this study evaluated the molecular features, potency, and selectivity of CA-074 for cathepsin B inhibition under acidic and neutral pH conditions. This study demonstrated that CA-074 is most effective at inhibiting cathepsin B at an acidic pH of 4.6 with nM potency, which was more than 100-fold more potent than its inhibition at a neutral pH of 7.2. The pH-dependent inhibition of CA-074 was abolished by methylation of its C-terminal proline, indicating the requirement for the free C-terminal carboxyl group for pH-dependent inhibition. Under these acidic and neutral pH conditions, CA-074 maintained its specificity for cathepsin B over other cysteine cathepsins, displayed irreversible inhibition, and inhibited diverse cleavages of peptide substrates of cathepsin B assessed by profiling mass spectrometry. Molecular docking suggested that pH-dependent ionic interactions of the C-terminal carboxylate of CA-074 occur with His110 and His111 residues in the S2' subsite of the enzyme at pH 4.6, but these interactions differ at pH 7.2. While high levels of CA-074 or CA-074Me (converted by cellular esterases to CA-074) are used in biological studies to inhibit cathepsin B at both acidic and neutral pH locations, it is possible that adjusted levels of CA-074 or CA-074Me may be explored to differentially affect cathepsin B activity at these different pH values. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the molecular, kinetic, and protease specificity features of CA-074 pH-dependent inhibition of cathepsin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Yoon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States
| | - Mitchell P Christy
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States
| | - Von V Phan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States
| | - William H Gerwick
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States
| | - Gregory Hook
- American Life Sciences Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, California 92037-5149, United States
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States.,Department of Neurosciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United States
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20
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Yoon MC, Solania A, Jiang Z, Christy MP, Podvin S, Mosier C, Lietz CB, Ito G, Gerwick WH, Wolan DW, Hook G, O’Donoghue AJ, Hook V. Selective Neutral pH Inhibitor of Cathepsin B Designed Based on Cleavage Preferences at Cytosolic and Lysosomal pH Conditions. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1628-1643. [PMID: 34416110 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a cysteine protease that normally functions within acidic lysosomes for protein degradation, but in numerous human diseases, cathepsin B translocates to the cytosol having neutral pH where the enzyme activates inflammation and cell death. Cathepsin B is active at both the neutral pH 7.2 of the cytosol and the acidic pH 4.6 within lysosomes. We evaluated the hypothesis that cathepsin B may possess pH-dependent cleavage preferences that can be utilized for design of a selective neutral pH inhibitor by (1) analysis of differential cathepsin B cleavage profiles at neutral pH compared to acidic pH using multiplex substrate profiling by mass spectrometry (MSP-MS), (2) design of pH-selective peptide-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) substrates, and (3) design and validation of Z-Arg-Lys-acyloxymethyl ketone (AOMK) as a selective neutral pH inhibitor. Cathepsin B displayed preferences for cleaving peptides with Arg in the P2 position at pH 7.2 and Glu in the P2 position at pH 4.6, represented by its primary dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase and modest endopeptidase activity. These properties led to design of the substrate Z-Arg-Lys-AMC having neutral pH selectivity, and its modification with the AOMK warhead to result in the inhibitor Z-Arg-Lys-AOMK. This irreversible inhibitor displays nanomolar potency with 100-fold selectivity for inhibition of cathepsin B at pH 7.2 compared to pH 4.6, shows specificity for cathepsin B over other cysteine cathepsins, and is cell permeable and inhibits intracellular cathepsin B. These findings demonstrate that cathepsin B possesses pH-dependent cleavage properties that can lead to development of a potent, neutral pH inhibitor of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Yoon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Angelo Solania
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhenze Jiang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mitchell P. Christy
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher B. Lietz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Gen Ito
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dennis W. Wolan
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gregory Hook
- American Life Sciences Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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21
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Provine NM, Amini A, Garner LC, Spencer AJ, Dold C, Hutchings C, Silva Reyes L, FitzPatrick MEB, Chinnakannan S, Oguti B, Raymond M, Ulaszewska M, Troise F, Sharpe H, Morgan SB, Hinks TSC, Lambe T, Capone S, Folgori A, Barnes E, Rollier CS, Pollard AJ, Klenerman P. MAIT cell activation augments adenovirus vector vaccine immunogenicity. Science 2021; 371:521-526. [PMID: 33510029 PMCID: PMC7610941 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax8819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate sensors of viruses and can augment early immune responses and contribute to protection. We hypothesized that MAIT cells may have inherent adjuvant activity in vaccine platforms that use replication-incompetent adenovirus vectors. In mice and humans, ChAdOx1 (chimpanzee adenovirus Ox1) immunization robustly activated MAIT cells. Activation required plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC)-derived interferon (IFN)-α and monocyte-derived interleukin-18. IFN-α-induced, monocyte-derived tumor necrosis factor was also identified as a key secondary signal. All three cytokines were required in vitro and in vivo. Activation of MAIT cells positively correlated with vaccine-induced T cell responses in human volunteers and MAIT cell-deficient mice displayed impaired CD8+ T cell responses to multiple vaccine-encoded antigens. Thus, MAIT cells contribute to the immunogenicity of adenovirus vectors, with implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ali Amini
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy C Garner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Hutchings
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Silva Reyes
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael E B FitzPatrick
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Blanche Oguti
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Meriel Raymond
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Fulvia Troise
- Nouscom, SRL, Rome, Italy
- Ceinge Biotechnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Sophie B Morgan
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine - Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy S C Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine - Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Eleanor Barnes
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Christy MP, Uekusa Y, Gerwick L, Gerwick WH. Natural Products with Potential to Treat RNA Virus Pathogens Including SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:161-182. [PMID: 33352046 PMCID: PMC7771248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Three families of RNA viruses, the Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Filoviridae, collectively have great potential to cause epidemic disease in human populations. The current SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae) responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic underscores the lack of effective medications currently available to treat these classes of viral pathogens. Similarly, the Flaviviridae, which includes such viruses as Dengue, West Nile, and Zika, and the Filoviridae, with the Ebola-type viruses, as examples, all lack effective therapeutics. In this review, we present fundamental information concerning the biology of these three virus families, including their genomic makeup, mode of infection of human cells, and key proteins that may offer targeted therapies. Further, we present the natural products and their derivatives that have documented activities to these viral and host proteins, offering hope for future mechanism-based antiviral therapeutics. By arranging these potential protein targets and their natural product inhibitors by target type across these three families of virus, new insights are developed, and crossover treatment strategies are suggested. Hence, natural products, as is the case for other therapeutic areas, continue to be a promising source of structurally diverse new anti-RNA virus therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell P. Christy
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yoshinori Uekusa
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Lena Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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23
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Scarpino A, Petri L, Knez D, Imre T, Ábrányi-Balogh P, Ferenczy GG, Gobec S, Keserű GM. WIDOCK: a reactive docking protocol for virtual screening of covalent inhibitors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2021; 35:223-244. [PMID: 33458809 PMCID: PMC7904743 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-020-00371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we present WIDOCK, a virtual screening protocol that supports the selection of diverse electrophiles as covalent inhibitors by incorporating ligand reactivity towards cysteine residues into AutoDock4. WIDOCK applies the reactive docking method (Backus et al. in Nature 534:570–574, 2016) and extends it into a virtual screening tool by introducing facile experimental or computational parametrization and a ligand focused evaluation scheme together with a retrospective and prospective validation against various therapeutically relevant targets. Parameters accounting for ligand reactivity are derived from experimental reaction kinetic data or alternatively from computed reaction barriers. The performance of this docking protocol was first evaluated by investigating compound series with diverse warhead chemotypes against KRASG12C, MurA and cathepsin B. In addition, WIDOCK was challenged on larger electrophilic libraries screened against OTUB2 and NUDT7. These retrospective analyses showed high sensitivity in retrieving experimental actives, by also leading to superior ROC curves, AUC values and better enrichments than the standard covalent docking tool available in AutoDock4 when compound collections with diverse warheads were investigated. Finally, we applied WIDOCK for the prospective identification of covalent human MAO-A inhibitors acting via a new mechanism by binding to Cys323. The inhibitory activity of several predicted compounds was experimentally confirmed and the labelling of Cys323 was proved by subsequent MS/MS measurements. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of WIDOCK as a warhead-sensitive, covalent virtual screening protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scarpino
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Petri
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Damijan Knez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tímea Imre
- MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György G Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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24
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Oberstein TJ, Utz J, Spitzer P, Klafki HW, Wiltfang J, Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Maler JM. The Role of Cathepsin B in the Degradation of Aβ and in the Production of Aβ Peptides Starting With Ala2 in Cultured Astrocytes. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:615740. [PMID: 33510618 PMCID: PMC7836726 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.615740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes may not only be involved in the clearance of Amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but appear to produce N-terminally truncated Aβ (Aβn−x) independently of BACE1, which generates the N-Terminus of Aβ starting with Asp1 (Aβ1−x). A candidate protease for the generation of Aβn−x is cathepsin B (CatB), especially since CatB has also been reported to degrade Aβ, which could explain the opposite roles of astrocytes in AD. In this study, we investigated the influence of CatB inhibitors and the deletion of the gene encoding CatB (CTSB) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology on Aβ2−x and Aβ1−x levels in cell culture supernatants by one- and two-dimensional Urea-SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblot. While the cell-permeant inhibitors E64d and CA-074 Me did not significantly affect the Aβ1−x levels in supernatants of cultured chicken and human astrocytes, they did reduce the Aβ2−x levels. In the glioma-derived cell line H4, the Aβ2−x levels were likewise decreased in supernatants by treatment with the more specific, but cell-impermeant CatB-inhibitor CA-074, by CA-074 Me treatment, and by CTSB gene deletion. Additionally, a more than 2-fold increase in secreted Aβ1−x was observed under the latter two conditions. The CA-074 Me-mediated increase of Aβ1−x, but not the decrease of Aβ2−x, was influenced by concomitant treatment with the vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor Bafilomycin A1. This indicated that non-lysosomal CatB mediated the production of Aβ2−x in astrocytes, while the degradation of Aβ1−x seemed to be dependent on lysosomal CatB in H4 cells, but not in primary astrocytes. These findings highlight the importance of considering organelle targeting in drug development to promote Aβ degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Jan Oberstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janine Utz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Spitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Wolfgang Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany.,Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Piotr Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics and Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel Maler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Rudzińska M, Daglioglu C, Savvateeva LV, Kaci FN, Antoine R, Zamyatnin AA. Current Status and Perspectives of Protease Inhibitors and Their Combination with Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems for Targeted Cancer Therapy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:9-20. [PMID: 33442233 PMCID: PMC7797289 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s285852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In cancer treatments, many natural and synthetic products have been examined; among them, protease inhibitors are promising candidates for anti-cancer agents. Since dysregulated proteolytic activities can contribute to tumor development and metastasis, antagonization of proteases with tailored inhibitors is an encouraging approach. Although adverse effects of early designs of these inhibitors disappeared after the introduction of next-generation agents, most of the proposed inhibitors did not pass the early stages of clinical trials due to their nonspecific toxicity and lack of pharmacological effects. Therefore, new applications that modulate proteases more specifically and serve their programmed way of administration are highly appreciated. In this context, nanosized drug delivery systems have attracted much attention because preliminary studies have demonstrated that the therapeutic capacity of inhibitors has been improved significantly with encapsulated formulation as compared to their free forms. Here, we address this issue and discuss the current application and future clinical prospects of this potential combination towards targeted protease-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rudzińska
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Cenk Daglioglu
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Application and Research Center, Integrated Research Centers, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Lyudmila V Savvateeva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Fatma Necmiye Kaci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Yakutiye, Erzurum 25050, Turkey
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon F-69622, France
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
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26
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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27
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Pišlar A, Mitrović A, Sabotič J, Pečar Fonović U, Perišić Nanut M, Jakoš T, Senjor E, Kos J. The role of cysteine peptidases in coronavirus cell entry and replication: The therapeutic potential of cathepsin inhibitors. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009013. [PMID: 33137165 PMCID: PMC7605623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 2 decades, several coronaviruses (CoVs) have crossed the species barrier into humans, causing highly prevalent and severe respiratory diseases, often with fatal outcomes. CoVs are a large group of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses, which encode large replicase polyproteins that are processed by viral peptidases to generate the nonstructural proteins (Nsps) that mediate viral RNA synthesis. Papain-like peptidases (PLPs) and chymotrypsin-like cysteine 3C-like peptidase are essential for coronaviral replication and represent attractive antiviral drug targets. Furthermore, CoVs utilize the activation of their envelope spike glycoproteins by host cell peptidases to gain entry into cells. CoVs have evolved multiple strategies for spike protein activation, including the utilization of lysosomal cysteine cathepsins. In this review, viral and host peptidases involved in CoV cell entry and replication are discussed in depth, with an emphasis on papain-like cysteine cathepsins. Furthermore, important findings on cysteine peptidase inhibitors with regard to virus attenuation are highlighted as well as the potential of such inhibitors for future treatment strategies for CoV-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Pišlar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urša Pečar Fonović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Tanja Jakoš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Emanuela Senjor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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28
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Carrilho MR, Scaffa P, Oliveira V, Tjäderhane L, Tersariol IL, Pashley DH, Tay F, Nascimento FD. Insights into cathepsin-B activity in mature dentin matrix. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 117:104830. [PMID: 32673819 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cysteine proteases are lysosomal enzymes that, under specific circumstances, may be secreted into the extracellular space and participate in protein turnover. This study investigated the involvement of cathepsin B in the gelatinolytic activity of mature dentin matrices at neutral pH. DESIGN Human dentin fragments were made into powder and enzymes were extracted using guanidine-HCl/EDTA. Host-derived dentin proteases (cathepsin B, MMP-2 and MMP-9) were identified by immunoblotting, and their activities were evaluated spectrofluorimetrically using fluorogenic substrates. Proteases activities were monitored by measuring the rate of hydrolysis of substrates in the presence/absence of MMP- or cysteine cathepsin inhibitors, at neutral pH (7.4). Mass spectroscopy was used to determine the substrates' cleavage points. Reverse zymography was performed to examine the gelatinolytic activity of cathepsin B. RESULTS Western-blots of dentin extracts yielded strong bands at 95, 72 and 30 kDa, corresponding respectively to MMP-9, MMP-2 and Cathepsin B. Greater fluorogenic substrates hydrolysis occurred in the absence of MMP and cysteine cathepsin inhibitors than in their presence. Cathepsin B exhibited significant gelatinolytic activity. CONCLUSIONS Together with MMP-2 and MMP-9, cathepsin B also account for the host-derived gelatinolytic activity and matrix turnover of mature dentin at physiological, neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela R Carrilho
- College of Dental Medicine-Illinois, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, SH 211-X, 60515, Downers Grove, IL, USA.
| | - Polliana Scaffa
- Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), OR, USA
| | - Vitor Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leo Tjäderhane
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, and Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ivarne L Tersariol
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David H Pashley
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Franklin Tay
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Fabio D Nascimento
- Interdisciplinary Center of Biochemical Investigation, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
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29
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Marcus EA, Tokhtaeva E, Jimenez JL, Wen Y, Naini BV, Heard AN, Kim S, Capri J, Cohn W, Whitelegge JP, Vagin O. Helicobacter pylori infection impairs chaperone-assisted maturation of Na-K-ATPase in gastric epithelium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G931-G945. [PMID: 32174134 PMCID: PMC7272721 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00266.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection always induces gastritis, which may progress to ulcer disease or cancer. The mechanisms underlying mucosal injury by the bacteria are incompletely understood. Here, we identify a novel pathway for H. pylori-induced gastric injury, the impairment of maturation of the essential transport enzyme and cell adhesion molecule, Na-K-ATPase. Na-K-ATPase comprises α- and β-subunits that assemble in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) before trafficking to the plasma membrane. Attachment of H. pylori to gastric epithelial cells increased Na-K-ATPase ubiquitylation, decreased its surface and total levels, and impaired ion balance. H. pylori did not alter degradation of plasmalemma-resident Na-K-ATPase subunits or their mRNA levels. Infection decreased association of α- and β-subunits with ER chaperone BiP and impaired assembly of α/β-heterodimers, as was revealed by quantitative mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of immunoprecipitated complexes. The total level of BiP was not altered, and the decrease in interaction with BiP was not observed for other BiP client proteins. The H. pylori-induced decrease in Na-K-ATPase was prevented by BiP overexpression, stopping protein synthesis, or inhibiting proteasomal, but not lysosomal, protein degradation. The results indicate that H. pylori impairs chaperone-assisted maturation of newly made Na-K-ATPase subunits in the ER independently of a generalized ER stress and induces their ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. The decrease in Na-K-ATPase levels is also seen in vivo in the stomachs of gerbils and chronically infected children. Further understanding of H. pylori-induced Na-K-ATPase degradation will provide insights for protection against advanced disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work provides evidence that Helicobacter pylori decreases levels of Na-K-ATPase, a vital transport enzyme, in gastric epithelia, both in acutely infected cultured cells and in chronically infected patients and animals. The bacteria interfere with BiP-assisted folding of newly-made Na-K-ATPase subunits in the endoplasmic reticulum, accelerating their ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation and decreasing efficiency of the assembly of native enzyme. Decreased Na-K-ATPase expression contributes to H. pylori-induced gastric injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Marcus
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elmira Tokhtaeva
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jossue L Jimenez
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yi Wen
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bita V Naini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ashley N Heard
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Samuel Kim
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph Capri
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Neuropsychiatric Insititute-Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Neuropsychiatric Insititute-Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Neuropsychiatric Insititute-Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Olga Vagin
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
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30
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Hook V, Yoon M, Mosier C, Ito G, Podvin S, Head BP, Rissman R, O'Donoghue AJ, Hook G. Cathepsin B in neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, and related brain disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140428. [PMID: 32305689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of Alzheimer's disease (AD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and related brain disorders have provided extensive evidence for involvement of cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, in mediating the behavioral deficits and neuropathology of these neurodegenerative diseases. This review integrates findings of cathepsin B regulation in clinical biomarker studies, animal model genetic and inhibitor evaluations, structural studies, and lysosomal cell biological mechanisms in AD, TBI, and related brain disorders. The results together indicate the role of cathepsin B in the behavioral deficits and neuropathology of these disorders. Lysosomal leakage occurs in AD and TBI, and related neurodegeneration, which leads to the hypothesis that cathepsin B is redistributed from the lysosome to the cytosol where it initiates cell death and inflammation processes associated with neurodegeneration. These results together implicate cathepsin B as a major contributor to these neuropathological changes and behavioral deficits. These findings support the investigation of cathepsin B as a potential drug target for therapeutic discovery and treatment of AD, TBI, and TBI-related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America.
| | - Michael Yoon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gen Ito
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian P Head
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gregory Hook
- American Life Sciences Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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31
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Hämälistö S, Stahl JL, Favaro E, Yang Q, Liu B, Christoffersen L, Loos B, Guasch Boldú C, Joyce JA, Reinheckel T, Barisic M, Jäättelä M. Spatially and temporally defined lysosomal leakage facilitates mitotic chromosome segregation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:229. [PMID: 31932607 PMCID: PMC6957743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-surrounded cytoplasmic organelles filled with a powerful cocktail of hydrolases. Besides degrading cellular constituents inside the lysosomal lumen, lysosomal hydrolases promote tissue remodeling when delivered to the extracellular space and cell death when released to the cytosol. Here, we show that spatially and temporally controlled lysosomal leakage contributes to the accurate chromosome segregation in normal mammalian cell division. One or more chromatin-proximal lysosomes leak in the majority of prometaphases, after which active cathepsin B (CTSB) localizes to the metaphase chromatin and cleaves a small subset of histone H3. Stabilization of lysosomal membranes or inhibition of CTSB activity during mitotic entry results in a significant increase in telomere-related chromosome segregation defects, whereas cells and tissues lacking CTSB and cells expressing CTSB-resistant histone H3 accumulate micronuclei and other nuclear defects. These data suggest that lysosomal leakage and chromatin-associated CTSB contribute to proper chromosome segregation and maintenance of genomic integrity. Lysosomes are intracellular organelles containing degradative enzymes, and leakage of lysosomal contents into the cell is thought to trigger cell death. Here, the authors report that leaky lysosomes may facilitate chromosome separation during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Hämälistö
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Lucien Stahl
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Favaro
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qing Yang
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bin Liu
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Christoffersen
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, 7600, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Claudia Guasch Boldú
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, partner site Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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32
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Toupin NP, Arora K, Shrestha P, Peterson JA, Fischer LJ, Rajagurubandara E, Podgorski I, Winter AH, Kodanko JJ. BODIPY-Caged Photoactivated Inhibitors of Cathepsin B Flip the Light Switch on Cancer Cell Apoptosis. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2833-2840. [PMID: 31750642 PMCID: PMC9885843 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to apoptotic agents is a long-standing challenge in cancer treatment. Cathepsin B (CTSB) is an enzyme which, among many essential functions, promotes apoptosis during cellular stress through regulation of intracellular proteolytic networks on the minute time scale. Recent data indicate that CTSB inhibition may be a promising method to steer cells away from apoptotic death toward necrosis, a mechanism of cell death that can overcome resistance to apoptotic agents, stimulate an immune response and promote antitumor immunity. Unfortunately, rapid and selective intracellular inactivation of CTSB has not been possible. However, here we report on the synthesis and characterization of photochemical and biological properties of BODIPY-caged inhibitors of CTSB that are cell permeable, highly selective and activated rapidly upon exposure to visible light. Intriguingly, these compounds display tunable photophysical and biological properties based on substituents bound directly to boron. Me2BODIPY-caged compound 8 displays the dual-action capability of light-accelerated CTSB inhibition and singlet oxygen production from a singular molecular entity. The dual-action capacity of 8 leads to a rapid necrotic response in MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells with high phototherapeutic indexes (>30) and selectivity vs noncancerous cells that neither CTSB inhibition nor photosensitization gives alone. Our work confirms that singlet oxygen production and CTSB inactivation is highly synergistic and a promising method for killing cancer cells. Furthermore, this ability to trigger intracellular inactivation of CTSB with light provides researchers with a powerful photochemical tool for probing biochemical processes on short time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Karan Arora
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Pradeep Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Julie A. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Logan J. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Erandi Rajagurubandara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States,Corresponding Authors: .
| | - Jeremy J. Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States,Corresponding Authors: .
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33
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Abstract
A critical component of antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) development is identification or verification of the active released entity upon cellular uptake and exposure to lysosomal enzymes. Coupled with LC/MS, commercial human lysosomal preparations can be used as an in vitro tool to explore the release characteristics of new ADCs, and gain information on potential metabolic or chemical liabilities of new payload structures. A general method for approaching this is described for cathepsin B-cleavable as well as non-cleavable ADCs, and opportunities for tailoring the method to specific cases are indicated.
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34
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Simões PSR, Zanelatto AO, Assis MC, Varella PPV, Yacubian EM, Carrete H, Centeno R, Araujo MS, Cavalheiro EA, Tersariol ILS, Motta G, Naffah-Mazzacoratti MDG. Plasma kallikrein-kinin system contributes to peripheral inflammation in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurochem 2019; 150:296-311. [PMID: 31206169 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a chronic disease, characterized by severe and refractory seizures, triggered in the hippocampus and/or amygdala, disrupting the blood-brain barrier. This disruption can sustain, or aggravate, the epileptic condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in patients with TLE, as it relates to the maintenance of blood-brain barrier. Human hippocampal sclerotic tissues removed after surgery for seizure control, plasma, and serum were used in the following assays: immunostaining for white blood cells in the TLE hippocampus, C-reactive protein in serum, quantification of plasma kallikrein (PKal) and cathepsin B (CatB) activity in serum and plasma, quantification of C1-inhibitor, analysis of high-molecular-weight kininogen (H-kininogen) fragments, and activation of plasma prekallikrein for comparison with healthy controls. Infiltration of white blood cells in the sclerotic hippocampus and a significant increase in the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in the blood of TLE patients were observed. High levels of C-reactive protein (TLE = 1.4 ± 0.3 µg/mL), PKal (TLE = 5.4 ± 0.4 U/mL), and CatB (TLE = 4.9 ± 0.4 U/mL) were also evident in the serum of TLE patients comparing to controls. A strong linear correlation was observed between active CatB and PKal in the serum of TLE patients (r = 0.88). High levels of cleaved H-kininogen and free PKal, and low levels of C1-inhibitor (TLE = 188 ± 12 µg/mL) were observed in the serum of TLE patients. Our data demonstrated that the plasma kallikrein-kinin system is activated in patients with TLE. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila S R Simões
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Alexia O Zanelatto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mirian C Assis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Pedro Paulo V Varella
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Diagnóstico da América Sociedade Anônima (DASA), Barueri, SP, Brasil
| | - Elza Marcia Yacubian
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Henrique Carrete
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Centeno
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mariana S Araujo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Esper A Cavalheiro
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Guacyara Motta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria da Graça Naffah-Mazzacoratti
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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35
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Schwenck J, Maurer A, Fehrenbacher B, Mehling R, Knopf P, Mucha N, Haupt D, Fuchs K, Griessinger CM, Bukala D, Holstein J, Schaller M, Menendez IG, Ghoreschi K, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Gütschow M, Laufer S, Reinheckel T, Röcken M, Kalbacher H, Pichler BJ, Kneilling M. Cysteine-type cathepsins promote the effector phase of acute cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Theranostics 2019; 9:3903-3917. [PMID: 31281521 PMCID: PMC6587341 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-type cathepsins such as cathepsin B are involved in various steps of inflammatory processes such as antigen processing and angiogenesis. Here, we uncovered the role of cysteine-type cathepsins in the effector phase of T cell-driven cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (DTHR) and the implication of this role on therapeutic cathepsin B-specific inhibition. Methods: Wild-type, cathepsin B-deficient (Ctsb-/-) and cathepsin Z-deficient (Ctsz-/-) mice were sensitized with 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) on the abdomen and challenged with TNCB on the right ear to induce acute and chronic cutaneous DTHR. The severity of cutaneous DTHR was assessed by evaluating ear swelling responses and histopathology. We performed fluorescence microscopy on tissue from inflamed ears and lymph nodes of wild-type mice, as well as on biopsies from psoriasis patients, focusing on cathepsin B expression by T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells. Cathepsin activity was determined noninvasively by optical imaging employing protease-activated substrate-like probes. Cathepsin expression and activity were validated ex vivo by covalent active site labeling of proteases and Western blotting. Results: Noninvasive in vivo optical imaging revealed strong cysteine-type cathepsin activity in inflamed ears and draining lymph nodes in acute and chronic cutaneous DTHR. In inflamed ears and draining lymph nodes, cathepsin B was expressed by neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, B, T and natural killer (NK) cells. Similar expression patterns were found in psoriatic plaques of patients. The biochemical methods confirmed active cathepsin B in tissues of mice with cutaneous DTHR. Topically applied cathepsin B inhibitors significantly reduced ear swelling in acute but not chronic DTHR. Compared with wild-type mice, Ctsb-/- mice exhibited an enhanced ear swelling response during acute DTHR despite a lack of cathepsin B expression. Cathepsin Z, a protease closely related to cathepsin B, revealed compensatory expression in inflamed ears of Ctsb-/- mice, while cathepsin B expression was reciprocally elevated in Ctsz-/- mice. Conclusion: Cathepsin B is actively involved in the effector phase of acute cutaneous DTHR. Thus, topically applied cathepsin B inhibitors might effectively limit DTHR such as contact dermatitis or psoriasis. However, the cathepsin B and Z knockout mouse experiments suggested a complementary role for these two cysteine-type proteases.
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36
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Cathepsin B: Active site mapping with peptidic substrates and inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:1-15. [PMID: 30473362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential of papain-like cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin B, as drug discovery targets for systemic human diseases has prevailed over the past years. The development of potent and selective low-molecular cathepsin B inhibitors relies on the detailed expertise on preferred amino acid and inhibitor residues interacting with the corresponding specificity pockets of cathepsin B. Such knowledge might be obtained by mapping the active site of the protease with combinatorial libraries of peptidic substrates and peptidomimetic inhibitors. This review, for the first time, summarizes a wide spectrum of active site mapping approaches. It considers relevant X-ray crystallographic data and discloses propensities towards favorable protein-ligand interactions in case of the therapeutically relevant protease cathepsin B.
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37
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Cysteine cathepsins as a prospective target for anticancer therapies-current progress and prospects. Biochimie 2018; 151:85-106. [PMID: 29870804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins (CTS), being involved in both physiological and pathological processes, play an important role in the human body. During the last 30 years, it has been shown that CTS are highly upregulated in a wide variety of cancer types although they have received a little attention as a potential therapeutic target as compared to serine or metalloproteinases. Studies on the increasing problem of neoplastic progression have revealed that secretion of cell-surface- and intracellular cysteine proteases is aberrant in tumor cells and has an impact on their growth, invasion, and metastasis by taking part in tumor angiogenesis, in apoptosis, and in events of inflammatory and immune responses. Considering the role of CTS in carcinogenesis, inhibition of these enzymes becomes an attractive strategy for cancer therapy. The downregulation of natural CTS inhibitors (CTSsis), such as cystatins, observed in various types of cancer, supports this claim. The intention of this review is to highlight the relationship of CTS with cancer and to present illustrations that explain how some of their inhibitors affect processes related to neoplastic progression.
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38
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Hoch DG, Abegg D, Adibekian A. Cysteine-reactive probes and their use in chemical proteomics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4501-4512. [PMID: 29645055 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01485j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic profiling using bioorthogonal chemical probes that selectively react with certain amino acids is now a widely used method in life sciences to investigate enzymatic activities, study posttranslational modifications and discover novel covalent inhibitors. Over the past two decades, researchers have developed selective probes for several different amino acids, including lysine, serine, cysteine, threonine, tyrosine, aspartate and glutamate. Among these amino acids, cysteines are particularly interesting due to their highly diverse and complex biochemical role in our cells. In this feature article, we focus on the chemical probes and methods used to study cysteines in complex proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic G Hoch
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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39
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Lowry JR, Klegeris A. Emerging roles of microglial cathepsins in neurodegenerative disease. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:144-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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40
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Oh SS, Park S, Lee KW, Madhi H, Park SG, Lee HG, Cho YY, Yoo J, Dong Kim K. Extracellular cystatin SN and cathepsin B prevent cellular senescence by inhibiting abnormal glycogen accumulation. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2729. [PMID: 28383558 PMCID: PMC5477579 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin SN (CST1), a known inhibitor of cathepsin B (CatB), has important roles in tumor development. Paradoxically, CatB is a member of the cysteine cathepsin family that acts in cellular processes, such as tumor development and invasion. However, the relationship between CST1 and CatB, and their roles in tumor development are poorly understood. In this study, we observed that the knockdown of CST1 induced the activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase, a marker of cellular senescence, and expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype genes, including interleukin-6 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20, in MDA-MB-231 and SW480 cancer cells. Furthermore, CST1 knockdown decreased extracellular CatB activity, and direct CatB inhibition, using specific inhibitors or shCatB, induced cellular senescence. Reconstitution of CST1 restored CatB activity and inhibited cellular senescence in CST1 knockdown cells. CST1 knockdown or CatB inhibition increased glycogen synthase (GS) kinase 3β phosphorylation at serine 9, resulting in the activation of GS and the induction of glycogen accumulation associated with cellular senescence. Importantly, CST1 knockdown suppressed cancer cell proliferation, soft agar colony growth and tumor growth in a xenograft model. These results indicate that CST1-mediated extracellular CatB activity enhances tumor development by preventing cellular senescence. Our findings suggest that antagonists of CST1 or inhibitors of CatB are potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Seok Oh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojong Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Won Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamadi Madhi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Gwang Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Yoo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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41
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Aboelenain M, Balboula AZ, Kawahara M, El-Monem Montaser A, Zaabel SM, Kim SW, Nagano M, Takahashi M. Pyridoxine supplementation during oocyte maturation improves the development and quality of bovine preimplantation embryos. Theriogenology 2017; 91:127-133. [PMID: 28215677 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, inhibition of cathepsin B (CTSB) activity during in vitro maturation (IVM) and culture (IVC) improved the developmental competence and quality of bovine oocytes and embryos. E-64 is a widely used inhibitor to inhibit CTSB activity, however, E-64 inhibits not only CTSB activity but also the activities of other proteases including cathepsin L (CTSL), papain, calpain, and trypsin. Pyridoxine, the catalytically active form of vitamin B6, plays a crucial role in several cellular processes and has the ability to inhibit CTSB activity. However, whether pyridoxine has an improving effect during IVM of bovine oocytes is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of pyridoxine supplementation during IVM on the developmental competence of bovine oocytes and the quality of the produced blastocysts. Supplementation of pyridoxine to the maturation medium significantly decreased the activity of CTSB in both bovine cumulus cells and oocytes. Moreover, pyridoxine improved both the blastocyst and hatched blastocyst rates. In addition, the presence of pyridoxine during IVM also significantly improved the quality of the produced embryos by increasing the total cell number as well as decreasing the CTSB mRNA expression and apoptotic rate. These results indicate that pyridoxine is a promising tool to improve the developmental competence of bovine oocytes and subsequent embryo quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Aboelenain
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Zaky Balboula
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Manabu Kawahara
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Abd El-Monem Montaser
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Samy Moawad Zaabel
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, Namwon, 55717, South Korea
| | - Masashi Nagano
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan.
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42
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Shi MW, Stewart SG, Sobolev AN, Dittrich B, Schirmeister T, Luger P, Hesse M, Chen Y, Spackman PR, Spackman MA, Grabowsky S. Approaching an experimental electron density model of the biologically active
trans
‐epoxysuccinyl amide group—Substituent effects vs. crystal packing. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming W. Shi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Scott G. Stewart
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Alexandre N. Sobolev
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie Johannes‐Gutenberg‐Universität Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Peter Luger
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Malte Hesse
- Fachbereich 2—Biologie/Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Bremen Germany
| | - Yu‐Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS The University of Chicago Argonne IL USA
| | - Peter R. Spackman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Mark A. Spackman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
- Fachbereich 2—Biologie/Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Bremen Germany
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43
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Zhang T, Huang S, Lin H, An N, Tong R, Chen Y, Wang Y, Qu F. Enzyme and pH-responsive nanovehicles for intracellular drug release and photodynamic therapy. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02357f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme and pH-responsive nanocomposite was constructed for sensitive intracellular drug release and photodynamic therapy (PDT). The novel nanoplatforms provide the potential application in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Shiying Huang
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center
- PetroChina
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Huiming Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Na An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Ruihan Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Fengyu Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
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44
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Stoka V, Turk V, Turk B. Lysosomal cathepsins and their regulation in aging and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:22-37. [PMID: 27125852 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes and lysosomal hydrolases, including the cathepsins, have been shown to change their properties with aging brain a long time ago, although their function was not really understood. The first biochemical and clinical studies were followed by a major expansion in the last 20 years with the development of animal disease models and new approaches leading to a major advancement of understanding of the role of physiological and degenerative processes in the brain at the molecular level. This includes the understanding of the major role of autophagy and the cathepsins in a number of diseases, including its critical role in the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Similarly, cathepsins and some other lysosomal proteases were shown to have important roles in processing and/or degradation of several important neuronal proteins, thereby having either neuroprotective or harmful roles. In this review, we discuss lysosomal cathepsins and their regulation with the focus on cysteine cathepsins and their endogenous inhibitors, as well as their role in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Stoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; J. Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; J. Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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45
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Edgington-Mitchell LE, Rautela J, Duivenvoorden HM, Jayatilleke KM, van der Linden WA, Verdoes M, Bogyo M, Parker BS. Cysteine cathepsin activity suppresses osteoclastogenesis of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27008-22. [PMID: 26308073 PMCID: PMC4694970 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsin proteases contribute to many normal cellular functions, and their aberrant activity within various cell types can contribute to many diseases, including breast cancer. It is now well accepted that cathepsin proteases have numerous cell-specific functions within the tumor microenvironment that function to promote tumor growth and invasion, such that they may be valid targets for anti-metastatic therapeutic approaches. Using activity-based probes, we have examined the activity and expression of cysteine cathepsins in a mouse model of breast cancer metastasis to bone. In mice bearing highly metastatic tumors, we detected abundant cysteine cathepsin expression and activity in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These immature immune cells have known metastasis-promoting roles, including immunosuppression and osteoclastogenesis, and we assessed the contribution of cysteine cathepsins to these functions. Blocking cysteine cathepsin activity with multiple small-molecule inhibitors resulted in enhanced differentiation of multinucleated osteoclasts. This highlights a potential role for cysteine cathepsin activity in suppressing the fusion of osteoclast precursor cells. In support of this hypothesis, we found that expression and activity of key cysteine cathepsins were downregulated during MDSC-osteoclast differentiation. Another cysteine protease, legumain, also inhibits osteoclastogenesis, in part through modulation of cathepsin L activity. Together, these data suggest that cysteine protease inhibition is associated with enhanced osteoclastogenesis, a process that has been implicated in bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jai Rautela
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hendrika M Duivenvoorden
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Krishnath M Jayatilleke
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Belinda S Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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46
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Bessire AJ, Ballard TE, Charati M, Cohen J, Green M, Lam MH, Loganzo F, Nolting B, Pierce B, Puthenveetil S, Roberts L, Schildknegt K, Subramanyam C. Determination of Antibody–Drug Conjugate Released Payload Species Using Directed in Vitro Assays and Mass Spectrometric Interrogation. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1645-54. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Bessire
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∥Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ¶Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Oncology Research Unit, and ⊥Bioprocess R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and §Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - T. Eric Ballard
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∥Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ¶Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Oncology Research Unit, and ⊥Bioprocess R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and §Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Manoj Charati
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∥Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ¶Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Oncology Research Unit, and ⊥Bioprocess R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and §Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Justin Cohen
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∥Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ¶Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Oncology Research Unit, and ⊥Bioprocess R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and §Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Green
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∥Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ¶Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Oncology Research Unit, and ⊥Bioprocess R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and §Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - My-Hanh Lam
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∥Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ¶Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Oncology Research Unit, and ⊥Bioprocess R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and §Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Frank Loganzo
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∥Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ¶Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Oncology Research Unit, and ⊥Bioprocess R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and §Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Birte Nolting
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∥Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ¶Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Oncology Research Unit, and ⊥Bioprocess R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and §Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Betsy Pierce
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∥Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ¶Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Oncology Research Unit, and ⊥Bioprocess R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and §Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sujiet Puthenveetil
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∥Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ¶Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Oncology Research Unit, and ⊥Bioprocess R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and §Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lee Roberts
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∥Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ¶Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Oncology Research Unit, and ⊥Bioprocess R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and §Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Klaas Schildknegt
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∥Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ¶Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Oncology Research Unit, and ⊥Bioprocess R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and §Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chakrapani Subramanyam
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∥Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ¶Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Oncology Research Unit, and ⊥Bioprocess R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and §Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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47
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Wynick C, Petes C, Tigert A, Gee K. Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Induction of Concurrent IL-1β and IL-23 Expression in THP-1 Cells Exhibits Differential Requirements for Caspase-1 and Cathepsin B Activity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:477-87. [PMID: 27096899 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a multimeric protein complex required for interleukin (IL)-1β production. Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggering of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and subsequent ATP signaling, the NOD-like receptor containing-pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is activated to cleave pro-caspase-1 into caspase-1, allowing the secretion of IL-1β. IL-1β is known to function with IL-23 in the regulation of IL-17-producing CD4(+) T cells, Th17 cells, in adaptive immunity. Recently, studies have shown that IL-1β and IL-23 together activate IL-17-producing innate lymphoid cells, demonstrating that the pair may exhibit additional effects on cell differentiation. Using an in vitro model of bacterial infection, LPS treatment of human monocytic cells, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in the co-expression of IL-1β and IL-23. We found that IL-1β is partially required for optimal LPS-induced IL-23 production. We also found that IL-23 production was partially dependent on ATP signaling via the P2X7 receptor, whereas IL-1β production required this signaling. Furthermore, we identified a novel role for cathepsin B activity in IL-23 production. Taken together, this study identifies differential requirements for the co-expression of IL-1β and IL-23. Due to their similar roles in Th17 differentiation, characterization of the regulatory mechanisms for LPS-induced IL-1β and IL-23 may reveal novel information into the pathology of the inflammatory response particularly during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wynick
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Canada
| | - Carlene Petes
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Canada
| | - Alexander Tigert
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Canada
| | - Katrina Gee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Canada
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48
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Microbial inhibitors of cysteine proteases. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:275-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Schmitz J, Li T, Bartz U, Gütschow M. Cathepsin B Inhibitors: Combining Dipeptide Nitriles with an Occluding Loop Recognition Element by Click Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:211-6. [PMID: 26985300 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An active site mapping of human cathepsin B with dipeptide nitrile inhibitors was performed for a combinatorial approach by introducing several points of diversity and stepwise optimizing the inhibitor structure. To address the occluding loop of cathepsin B by a carboxylate moiety, click chemistry to generate linker-connected molecules was applied. Inhibitor 17 exhibited K i values of 41.3 nM, 27.3 nM, or 19.2 nM, depending on the substrate and pH of the assay. Kinetic data were discussed with respect to the conformational selection and induced fit models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Schmitz
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Strasse 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Tianwei Li
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bartz
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Strasse 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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50
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Inhibition of lysosomal protease cathepsin D reduces renal fibrosis in murine chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20101. [PMID: 26831567 PMCID: PMC4735715 DOI: 10.1038/srep20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic kidney disease (CKD) there is a dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis leading to renal fibrosis. Lysosomal proteases such as cathepsins (Cts) regulate this process in other organs, however, their role in CKD is still unknown. Here we describe a novel role for cathepsins in CKD. CtsD and B were located in distal and proximal tubular cells respectively in human disease. Administration of CtsD (Pepstatin A) but not B inhibitor (Ca074-Me), in two mouse CKD models, UUO and chronic ischemia reperfusion injury, led to a reduction in fibrosis. No changes in collagen transcription or myofibroblasts numbers were observed. Pepstatin A administration resulted in increased extracellular urokinase and collagen degradation. In vitro and in vivo administration of chloroquine, an endo/lysosomal inhibitor, mimicked Pepstatin A effect on renal fibrosis. Therefore, we propose a mechanism by which CtsD inhibition leads to increased collagenolytic activity due to an impairment in lysosomal recycling. This results in increased extracellular activity of enzymes such as urokinase, triggering a proteolytic cascade, which culminates in more ECM degradation. Taken together these results suggest that inhibition of lysosomal proteases, such as CtsD, could be a new therapeutic approach to reduce renal fibrosis and slow progression of CKD.
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