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Soundrarajan N, Somasundaram P, Kim D, Cho HS, Jeon H, Ahn B, Kang M, Song H, Park C. Effective Healing of Staphylococcus aureus-Infected Wounds in Pig Cathelicidin Protegrin-1-Overexpressing Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11658. [PMID: 37511418 PMCID: PMC10380341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising alternatives to existing treatments for multidrug-resistant bacteria-infected wounds. Therefore, the effect of protegrin-1 (PG1), a potent porcine AMP with broad-spectrum activity, on wound healing was evaluated. PG1-overexpressing transgenic mice were used as an in vivo model to evaluate its healing efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus-infected (106 colony forming units) wounds. We analyzed the wounds under four specific conditions in the presence or absence of antibiotic treatment. We observed the resolution of bacterial infection and formation of neo-epithelium in S. aureus-infected wounds of the mice, even without antibiotic treatment, whereas all wild-type mice with bacterial infection died within 8 to 10 days due to uncontrolled bacterial proliferation. Interestingly, the wound area on day 7 was smaller (p < 0.01) in PG1 transgenic mice than that in the other groups, including antibiotic-treated mice, suggesting that PG1 exerts biological effects other than bactericidal effect. Additionally, we observed that the treatment of primary epidermal keratinocytes with recombinant PG1 enhanced cell migration in in vitro scratch and cell migration assays. This study contributes to the understanding of broad-spectrum endogenous cathelicidins with potent antimicrobial activities, such as PG1, on wound healing. Furthermore, our findings suggest that PG1 is a potent therapeutic candidate for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prathap Somasundaram
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohun Kim
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Cho
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoim Jeon
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonyong Ahn
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingue Kang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Bin Hafeez A, Jiang X, Bergen PJ, Zhu Y. Antimicrobial Peptides: An Update on Classifications and Databases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11691. [PMID: 34769122 PMCID: PMC8583803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are distributed across all kingdoms of life and are an indispensable component of host defenses. They consist of predominantly short cationic peptides with a wide variety of structures and targets. Given the ever-emerging resistance of various pathogens to existing antimicrobial therapies, AMPs have recently attracted extensive interest as potential therapeutic agents. As the discovery of new AMPs has increased, many databases specializing in AMPs have been developed to collect both fundamental and pharmacological information. In this review, we summarize the sources, structures, modes of action, and classifications of AMPs. Additionally, we examine current AMP databases, compare valuable computational tools used to predict antimicrobial activity and mechanisms of action, and highlight new machine learning approaches that can be employed to improve AMP activity to combat global antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmer Bin Hafeez
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Xukai Jiang
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (X.J.); (P.J.B.)
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Phillip J. Bergen
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (X.J.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Yan Zhu
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (X.J.); (P.J.B.)
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Pen G, Yang N, Teng D, Mao R, Hao Y, Wang J. A Review on the Use of Antimicrobial Peptides to Combat Porcine Viruses. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110801. [PMID: 33198242 PMCID: PMC7696308 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases pose a serious threat to animal husbandry, especially in the pig industry. With the rapid, continuous variation of viruses, a series of therapeutic measures, including vaccines, have quickly lost their efficacy, leading to great losses for animal husbandry. Therefore, it is urgent to find new drugs with more stable and effective antiviral activity. Recently, it has been reported that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have great potential for development and application in animal husbandry because of their significant antibacterial and antiviral activity, and the antiviral ability of AMPs has become a research hotspot. This article aims to review the research situation of AMPs used to combat viruses in swine production of animal husbandry, clarify the mechanism of action of AMPs on viruses and raise some questions, and explore the future potential of AMPs in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Pen
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.P.); (D.T.); (R.M.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Na Yang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.P.); (D.T.); (R.M.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (N.Y.); (J.W.); Tel.: +86-10-82106081 (J.W.); Fax: +86-10-82106079 (J.W.)
| | - Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.P.); (D.T.); (R.M.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.P.); (D.T.); (R.M.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ya Hao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.P.); (D.T.); (R.M.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.P.); (D.T.); (R.M.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (N.Y.); (J.W.); Tel.: +86-10-82106081 (J.W.); Fax: +86-10-82106079 (J.W.)
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4
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Ayelign B, Workneh M, Molla MD, Dessie G. Role Of Vitamin-D Supplementation In TB/HIV Co-Infected Patients. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:111-118. [PMID: 32021325 PMCID: PMC6959508 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s228336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aimed to assess the role of vitamin D supplementation on the decrement of mortality and morbidity rate among tuberculosis (TB)/human immune deficiency virus (HIV) co-infected clients.Method: Pub Med, google scholar and google search were accessed to find out all document to describe this review article. RESULTS Nowadays TB/HIV co-infection has become a major global concern, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV infections are co-endemic and more susceptible to the progression of TB. Immunosuppression associated with HIV is a strong risk factor for the reactivation of latent TB to the active form. Immune cells like macrophages recognized Mycobacterium tuberculosis through TLR2/1, and it increases the expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and CYP27B1. The synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D promotes VDR-mediated transactivation of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin and the killing of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cathelicidins have a direct antimicrobial effect through membrane disruption. Besides, it has also antiviral effects via inhibition of retrovirus (HIV) replication. In fact, as some studies showed, there was a lower induction of cathelicidin in monocytes who have low vitamin D levels.Conclusion: Therefore, vitamin D supplementation can be directly involved in the reduction of TB/HIV co-infection and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Ayelign
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical And Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Workneh
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical And Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Derbew Molla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine And Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Dessie
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine And Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Rončević T, Puizina J, Tossi A. Antimicrobial Peptides as Anti-Infective Agents in Pre-Post-Antibiotic Era? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5713. [PMID: 31739573 PMCID: PMC6887943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to antibiotics is one of the main current threats to human health and every year multi-drug resistant bacteria are infecting millions of people worldwide, with many dying as a result. Ever since their discovery, some 40 years ago, the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of innate defense have been hailed as a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics due to their relatively low potential to elicit resistance. Despite continued effort by both academia and start-ups, currently there are still no antibiotics based on AMPs in use. In this study, we discuss what we know and what we do not know about these agents, and what we need to know to successfully translate discovery to application. Understanding the complex mechanics of action of these peptides is the main prerequisite for identifying and/or designing or redesigning novel molecules with potent biological activity. However, other aspects also need to be well elucidated, i.e., the (bio)synthetic processes, physiological and pathological contexts of their activity, and a quantitative understanding of how physico-chemical properties affect activity. Research groups worldwide are using biological, biophysical, and algorithmic techniques to develop models aimed at designing molecules with the necessary blend of antimicrobial potency and low toxicity. Shedding light on some open questions may contribute toward improving this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Rončević
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Laboratory for Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jasna Puizina
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Alessandro Tossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
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6
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Robinson JA. Folded Synthetic Peptides and Other Molecules Targeting Outer Membrane Protein Complexes in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Front Chem 2019; 7:45. [PMID: 30788339 PMCID: PMC6372539 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformationally constrained peptidomimetics have been developed to mimic interfacial epitopes and target a wide selection of protein-protein interactions. ß-Hairpin mimetics based on constrained macrocyclic peptides have provided access to excellent structural mimics of ß-hairpin epitopes and found applications as interaction inhibitors in many areas of biology and medicinal chemistry. Recently, ß-hairpin peptidomimetics and naturally occurring ß-hairpin-shaped peptides have also been discovered with potent antimicrobial activity and novel mechanisms of action, targeting essential outer membrane protein (OMP) complexes in Gram-negative bacteria. This includes the Lpt complex, required for transporting LPS to the cell surface during OM biogenesis and the BAM complex that folds OMPs and inserts them into the OM bilayer. The Lpt complex is a macromolecular superstructure comprising seven different proteins (LptA-LptG) that spans the entire bacterial cell envelope, whereas the BAM complex is a folding machine comprising a ß-barrel OMP (BamA) and four different lipoproteins (BamB-BamE). Folded synthetic and natural ß-hairpin-shaped peptides appear well-suited for interacting with proteins within the Lpt and BAM complexes that are rich in ß-structure. Recent progress in identifying antibiotics targeting these complexes are reviewed here. Already a clinical candidate has been developed (murepavadin) that targets LptD, with potent antimicrobial activity specifically against pseudmonads. The ability of folded synthetic ß-hairpin epitope mimetics to interact with ß-barrel and ß-jellyroll domains in the Lpt and Bam complexes represent new avenues for antibiotic discovery, which may lead to the development of much needed new antimicrobials to combat the rise of drug-resistant pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Gour S, Kumar V, Singh A, Gadhave K, Goyal P, Pandey J, Giri R, Yadav JK. Mammalian antimicrobial peptide protegrin‐4 self assembles and forms amyloid‐like aggregates: Assessment of its functional relevance. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3151. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Gour
- Department of BiotechnologyCentral University of Rajasthan Ajmer India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of BiotechnologyCentral University of Rajasthan Ajmer India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- School of Basic SciencesIndian Institute of Technology Mandi Kamand India
| | - Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic SciencesIndian Institute of Technology Mandi Kamand India
| | - Pankaj Goyal
- Department of BiotechnologyCentral University of Rajasthan Ajmer India
| | - Janmejay Pandey
- Department of BiotechnologyCentral University of Rajasthan Ajmer India
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic SciencesIndian Institute of Technology Mandi Kamand India
| | - Jay Kant Yadav
- Department of BiotechnologyCentral University of Rajasthan Ajmer India
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8
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Maji K, Haldar D. 1-(2-aminophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid: activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens including Vibrio cholerae. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170684. [PMID: 29134076 PMCID: PMC5666259 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a new synthetic aromatic ε-amino acid containing a triazole moiety with antimicrobial potential against Gram-positive, Gram-negative and pathogenic bacteria including Vibrio cholerae. Structure-property relationship studies revealed that all the functional groups are essential to enhance the antimicrobial activity. The 1-(2-aminophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid was synthesized by click chemistry. From X-ray crystallography, the amino acid adopts a kink-like structure where the phenyl and triazole rings are perpendicular to each other and the amine and acid groups maintain an angle of 60°. The agar diffusion test shows that the amino acid has significant antibacterial activity. The liquid culture test exhibits that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for Bacillus subtilis and Vibrio cholerae is 59.5 µg ml-1. FE-SEM experiments were performed to study the morphological changes of bacterial shape after treatment with compound 1. The antimicrobial activity of the amino acid was further studied by DNA binding and degradation study, protein binding, dye-binding assay and morphological analysis. Moreover, the amino acid does not have any harmful effect on eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debasish Haldar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
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9
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Wang CK, King GJ, Conibear AC, Ramos MC, Chaousis S, Henriques ST, Craik DJ. Mirror Images of Antimicrobial Peptides Provide Reflections on Their Functions and Amyloidogenic Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5706-13. [PMID: 27064294 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric forms of BTD-2, PG-1, and PM-1 were synthesized to delineate the structure and function of these β-sheet antimicrobial peptides. Activity and lipid-binding assays confirm that these peptides act via a receptor-independent mechanism involving membrane interaction. The racemic crystal structure of BTD-2 solved at 1.45 Å revealed a novel oligomeric form of β-sheet antimicrobial peptides within the unit cell: an antiparallel trimer, which we suggest might be related to its membrane-active form. The BTD-2 oligomer extends into a larger supramolecular state that spans the crystal lattice, featuring a steric-zipper motif that is common in structures of amyloid-forming peptides. The supramolecular structure of BTD-2 thus represents a new mode of fibril-like assembly not previously observed for antimicrobial peptides, providing structural evidence linking antimicrobial and amyloid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gordon J King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anne C Conibear
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mariana C Ramos
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephanie Chaousis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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10
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Peptides and Peptidomimetics for Antimicrobial Drug Design. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:366-415. [PMID: 26184232 PMCID: PMC4588174 DOI: 10.3390/ph8030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce and highlight a few classes of traditional antimicrobial peptides with a focus on structure-activity relationship studies. After first dissecting the important physiochemical properties that influence the antimicrobial and toxic properties of antimicrobial peptides, the contributions of individual amino acids with respect to the peptides antibacterial properties are presented. A brief discussion of the mechanisms of action of different antimicrobials as well as the development of bacterial resistance towards antimicrobial peptides follows. Finally, current efforts on novel design strategies and peptidomimetics are introduced to illustrate the importance of antimicrobial peptide research in the development of future antibiotics.
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11
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Usachev KS, Efimov SV, Kolosova OA, Klochkova EA, Aganov AV, Klochkov VV. Antimicrobial peptide protegrin-3 adopt an antiparallel dimer in the presence of DPC micelles: a high-resolution NMR study. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2015; 62:71-79. [PMID: 25786621 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-015-9920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A tendency to dimerize in the presence of lipids was found for the protegrin. The dimer formation by the protegrin-1 (PG-1) is the first step for further oligomeric membrane pore formation. Generally there are two distinct model of PG-1 dimerization in either a parallel or antiparallel β-sheet. But despite the wealth of data available today, protegrin dimer structure and pore formation is still not completely understood. In order to investigate a more detailed dimerization process of PG-1 and if it will be the same for another type of protegrins, in this work we used a high-resolution NMR spectroscopy for structure determination of protegrin-3 (RGGGL-CYCRR-RFCVC-VGR) in the presence of perdeuterated DPC micelles and demonstrate that PG-3 forms an antiparallel NCCN dimer with a possible association of these dimers. This structural study complements previously published solution, solid state and computational studies of PG-1 in various environments and validate the potential of mean force simulations of PG-1 dimers and association of dimers to form octameric or decameric β-barrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Usachev
- NMR Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation,
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12
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Usachev KS, Efimov SV, Kolosova OA, Filippov AV, Klochkov VV. High-resolution NMR structure of the antimicrobial peptide protegrin-2 in the presence of DPC micelles. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2015; 61:227-34. [PMID: 25430060 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-014-9885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PG-1 adopts a dimeric structure in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles, and a channel is formed by the association of several dimers but the molecular mechanisms of the membrane damage by non-α-helical peptides are still unknown. The formation of the PG-1 dimer is important for pore formation in the lipid bilayer, since the dimer can be regarded as the primary unit for assembly into the ordered aggregates. It was supposed that only 12 residues (RGGRL-CYCRR-RFCVC-V) are needed to endow protegrin molecules with strong antibacterial activity and that at least four additional residues are needed to add potent antifungal properties. Thus, the 16-residue protegrin (PG-2) represents the minimal structure needed for broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity encompassing bacteria and fungi. As the peptide conformation and peptide-to-membrane binding properties are very sensitive to single amino acid substitutions, the solution structure of PG-2 in solution and in a membrane mimicking environment are crucial. In order to find evidence if the oligomerization state of PG-1 in a lipid environment will be the same or not for another protegrins, we investigate in the present work the PG-2 NMR solution structure in the presence of perdeuterated DPC micelles. The NMR study reported in the present work indicates that PG-2 form a well-defined structure (PDB: 2MUH) composed of a two-stranded antiparallel β-sheet when it binds to DPC micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Usachev
- Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation,
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13
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Lehrer RI. Is there a single porcine protegrin gene? FEBS J 2014; 281:5418-9. [PMID: 25387882 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Lehrer
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Choi MK, Le MT, Cho H, Soundrarajan N, Jeon H, Park CK, Cha SY, Kim JH, Seo K, Park C. Defining the genetic relationship of protegrin-related sequences and the in vivo expression of protegrins. FEBS J 2014; 281:5420-31. [PMID: 25264901 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Protegrins (PGs) are potent antimicrobial peptides that act on a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and some enveloped viruses. We analyzed the expression pattern of protegrins in 17 different pig tissues using RT-PCR, and developed an anti-(PG-1) polyclonal IgG. Western blot analysis using the antibody showed that protegrins are mainly present as prepropeptide forms in normal tissues, rather than as mature peptides. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that protegrin expression was specific to a few cell types, including neutrophils, pulmonary club, epithelial and Leydig cells. Genetic analyses of the five previously reported protegrin sequences showed that they are encoded at a single locus, rather than from multiple paralogous genes. By genotyping 28 animals across five breeds, we identified eight different alleles of the PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyeung Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Cathelicidins: family of antimicrobial peptides. A review. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10957-70. [PMID: 23065264 PMCID: PMC3487008 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are small, cationic, antimicrobial peptides found in humans and other species, including farm animals (cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits and in some species of fish). These proteolytically activated peptides are part of the innate immune system of many vertebrates. These peptides show a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against bacteria, enveloped viruses and fungi. Apart from exerting direct antimicrobial effects, cathelicidins can also trigger specific defense responses in the host. Their roles in various pathophysiological conditions have been studied in mice and humans, but there are limited information about their expression sites and activities in livestock. The aim of the present review is to summarize current information about these antimicrobial peptides in farm animals, highlighting peptide expression sites, activities, and future applications for human and veterinary medicine.
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16
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Fjell CD, Hiss JA, Hancock REW, Schneider G. Designing antimicrobial peptides: form follows function. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 11:37-51. [PMID: 22173434 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1357] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria are a severe threat to public health. Conventional antibiotics are becoming increasingly ineffective as a result of resistance, and it is imperative to find new antibacterial strategies. Natural antimicrobials, known as host defence peptides or antimicrobial peptides, defend host organisms against microbes but most have modest direct antibiotic activity. Enhanced variants have been developed using straightforward design and optimization strategies and are being tested clinically. Here, we describe advanced computer-assisted design strategies that address the difficult problem of relating primary sequence to peptide structure, and are delivering more potent, cost-effective, broad-spectrum peptides as potential next-generation antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Fjell
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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17
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Kim JY, Park SC, Yoon MY, Hahm KS, Park Y. C-terminal amidation of PMAP-23: translocation to the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Amino Acids 2010; 40:183-95. [PMID: 20512598 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PMAP-23 is a member of the cathelicidin family derived from pig myeloid cells and has potent antimicrobial activity. Amidation of the carboxyl terminus (C-terminus) of an antimicrobial peptide generally enhances its structural stability and antimicrobial activity or decreases its cytotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of amidation on the mode of action in PMAP-23. Irrespective of amidation, PMAP-23 adopts a helix-hinge-helix structure in a membrane-mimetic environment. The antibacterial activities of PMAP-23C, which had a free C-terminus, and PMAP-23N, which had an amidated C-terminus, were similar against Gram-negative bacteria, reflecting a similar ability to neutralize lipopolysaccharide. However, PMAP-23N assumed a perpendicular orientation across the outer to the inner leaflet of the bacterial inner membrane, while PMAP-23C was orientated parallel to the lipid bilayer, as determined by following the blue shift in tryptophan fluorescence, as well as calcein release from liposomes and SYTOX Green uptake assays. These results suggest that N-terminal amidation of PMAP-23 provides structural stability and increases the peptide's cationic charge, facilitating translocation into the bacterial inner membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Kim
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials (RCPM), Chosun University, Kwangju, Korea
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18
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Scocchi M, Pallavicini A, Salgaro R, Bociek K, Gennaro R. The salmonid cathelicidins: A gene family with highly varied C-terminal antimicrobial domains. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 152:376-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Zhu S, Gao B. A fossil antibacterial peptide gives clues to structural diversity of cathelicidin‐derived host defense peptides. FASEB J 2009; 23:13-20. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-114579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunyi Zhu
- Group of Animal Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bin Gao
- Group of Animal Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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20
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Lisanby MW, Swiecki MK, Dizon BLP, Pflughoeft KJ, Koehler TM, Kearney JF. Cathelicidin administration protects mice from Bacillus anthracis spore challenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4989-5000. [PMID: 18802102 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a family of cationic peptides expressed in mammals that possess numerous bactericidal and immunomodulatory properties. In vitro analyses showed that human, mouse, and pig cathelicidins inhibited Bacillus anthracis bacterial growth at micromolar concentrations in the presence or absence of capsule. Combined in vitro analyses of the effects of each peptide on spore germination and vegetative outgrowth by time lapse phase contrast microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and flow cytometric analysis showed that only the pig cathelicidin was capable of directly arresting vegetative outgrowth and killing the developing bacilli within the confines of the exosporium. C57BL/6 mice were protected from spore-induced death by each cathelicidin in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Protection afforded by the porcine cathelicidin was due to its bactericidal effects, whereas the human and mouse cathelicidins appeared to mediate protection through increased recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. These findings suggest that cathelicidins might be utilized to augment the initial innate immune response to B. anthracis spore exposure and prevent the development of anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Lisanby
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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21
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Zhu S. Did cathelicidins, a family of multifunctional host-defense peptides, arise from a cysteine protease inhibitor? Trends Microbiol 2008; 16:353-60. [PMID: 18632274 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystatins, the cysteine protease inhibitors, and the cathelin-like domain (CLD) of the antimicrobial cathelicidins are classified into the same superfamily because of their overall structural similarity. However, their evolutionary relationship has remained obscure owing to low sequence similarity. Structural similarity of two proteins often provides evidence for divergent evolution; however, structural convergence can not be completely ruled out in this case. Conserved gene structure and related function provide new evidence in favor of a common ancestral origin for cystatins and CLDs. On the basis of two observations, the C-terminal location of the cathelicidin antimicrobial domain and evolutionary gain of one 3' intron, I propose a gradual evolution model to explain how the AMD evolved from the ancestral cystatin scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyi Zhu
- Group of Animal Innate Immunity, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects & Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Rogers CS, Abraham WM, Brogden KA, Engelhardt JF, Fisher JT, McCray PB, McLennan G, Meyerholz DK, Namati E, Ostedgaard LS, Prather RS, Sabater JR, Stoltz DA, Zabner J, Welsh MJ. The porcine lung as a potential model for cystic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L240-63. [PMID: 18487356 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90203.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway disease currently causes most of the morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, understanding the pathogenesis of CF lung disease and developing novel therapeutic strategies have been hampered by the limitations of current models. Although the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) has been targeted in mice, CF mice fail to develop lung or pancreatic disease like that in humans. In many respects, the anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, size, and genetics of pigs resemble those of humans. Thus pigs with a targeted CFTR gene might provide a good model for CF. Here, we review aspects of porcine airways and lung that are relevant to CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Rogers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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23
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Ostberg N, Kaznessis Y. Protegrin structure-activity relationships: using homology models of synthetic sequences to determine structural characteristics important for activity. Peptides 2005; 26:197-206. [PMID: 15629531 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The protegrin family of antimicrobial peptides is among the shortest in sequence length while remaining very active against a variety of microorganisms. The major goal of this study is to characterize easily calculated molecular properties, which quantitatively show high correlation with antibacterial activity. The peptides studied have high sequence similarity but vary in activity over more than an order of magnitude. Hence, sequence analysis alone cannot be used to predict activity for these peptides. We calculate structural properties of 62 protegrin and protegrin-analogue peptides and correlate them to experimental activities against six microbe species, as well as hemolytic and cytotoxic activities. Natural protegrins structures were compared with synthetic derivatives using homology modeling, and property descriptors were calculated to determine the characteristics that confer their antimicrobial activity. A structure-activity relationship study of all these peptides provides information about the structural properties that affect activity against different microbial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ostberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Digital Technology Center, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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24
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Brogden KA, Ackermann M, McCray PB, Tack BF. Antimicrobial peptides in animals and their role in host defences. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004; 22:465-78. [PMID: 14602364 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(03)00180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Domesticated animals have a large variety of antimicrobial peptides that serve as natural innate barriers limiting microbial infection or, in some instances, act as an integral component in response to inflammation or microbial infection. These peptides differ in size, composition, mechanisms of activity and range of antimicrobial specificities. They are expressed in many tissues, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages and mucosal epithelial cells. There is a small group of anionic antimicrobial peptides found in ruminants and a much larger group of cationic antimicrobial peptides found in all domesticated animals. The cationic peptides include linear, helical peptides, linear peptides rich in proline and cysteine-stabilized peptides with a beta-sheet and are commonly referred to as cathelicidins and defensins. These peptides are generally broad-spectrum for Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi (e.g. myeloid antimicrobial peptides, alpha-, beta-defensins, and protegrins) or are specific to one of these groups (e.g. porcine cecropin P1, Bac5, Bac7, PR-39 and prophenin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Brogden
- Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, PO Box 70, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Innate host defence, involving both cellular and humoral mediators, is a prominent function of the human airways. Cellular mediators of innate immunity include dendritic cells, natural killer cells, cytotoxic T cells, macrophages and neutrophils, while humoral mediators of innate immunity consist of components of the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) covering the airways. Microbicidal substances in the ELF can selectively disrupt bacterial cell walls and membranes, sequester microbial nutrients or act as decoys for microbial attachment. Antimicrobial components of airway secretions include lysozymes, lactoferrin, secretory leukoprotease inhibitor, defensins and cathelicidins. Defensins are the most widely studied family of antimicrobial peptides present in airway fluid. Humans produce at least 10 different defensin molecules, six alpha-defensins and four beta-defensins similar in structure and function. Direct evidence that defensins have central roles in host defense has only recently become available. Some defensins and defensin-like molecules could serve as templates for the development of pulmonary pharmaceuticals. As potential therapeutics, they possess several desirable properties, including the ability to kill a broad spectrum of micro-organisms while permitting little development of microbial resistance. Many peptides can also neutralize effects of lipopolysaccharide on macrophages and other host defense cells and decrease the release of proinflammatory cytokines thereby giving protection against septic shock. Protegrin-1 is a minidefensin isolated from pig leukocytes and has proved to be an attractive template for large-scale development of antibacterials. One such protegrin analog, iseganan is in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of oral mucositis secondary to systemic chemotherapy. Other prospective uses of iseganan include control of respiratory pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis and reduction of oral bacteria to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. However, in order to advance the production and clinical testing of peptide-based therapeutics, technical hurdles of synthesizing large quantities of complexly folded peptides must be first overcome. Strategies to develop potent peptide-based microbicides are promising in the struggle against increasingly resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Cole
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine,UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Cathelicidins comprise a family of mammalian proteins containing a C-terminal cationic antimicrobial domain that becomes active after being freed from the N-terminal cathelin portion of the holoprotein. Many other members of this family have been identified since the first cathelicidin sequences were reported 10 years ago. The mature peptides generally show a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity and, more recently, some of them have also been found to exert other biological activities. The human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 is chemotactic for neutrophils, monocytes, mast cells, and T cells; induces degranulation of mast cells; alters transcriptional responses in macrophages; stimulates wound vascularization and re-epithelialization of healing skin. The porcine PR-39 has also been involved in a variety of processes, including promotion of wound repair, induction of angiogenesis, neutrophils chemotaxis, and inhibition of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity, whereas the bovine BMAP-28 induces apoptosis in transformed cell lines and activated lymphocytes and may thus help with clearance of unwanted cells at inflammation sites. These multiple actions provide evidence for active participation of cathelicidin peptides in the regulation of the antimicrobial host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Zanetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, University of Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
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27
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Concannon SP, Crowe TD, Abercrombie JJ, Molina CM, Hou P, Sukumaran DK, Raj PA, Leung KP. Susceptibility of oral bacteria to an antimicrobial decapeptide. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52:1083-1093. [PMID: 14614067 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides have emerged as alternative classes of antimicrobials. In general, these antimicrobial peptides exhibit selectivity for prokaryotes and minimize the problems of engendering microbial resistance. As an alternative method to search for more effective broad-spectrum peptide antimicrobials, investigators have developed peptide libraries by using synthetic combinatorial technology. A novel decapeptide, KKVVFKVKFK (KSL), has been identified that shows a broad range of antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of this antimicrobial peptide in killing selected strains of oral pathogens and resident saliva bacteria collected from human subjects. Cytotoxic activity of KSL against mammalian cells and the structural features of this decapeptide were also investigated, the latter by using two-dimensional NMR in aqueous and DMSO solutions. MICs of KSL for the majority of oral bacteria tested in vitro ranged from 3 to 100 microg ml(-1). Minimal bactericidal concentrations of KSL were, in general, within one to two dilutions of the MICs. KSL exhibited an ED(99) (the dose at which 99 % killing was observed after 15 min at 37 degrees C) of 6.25 microg ml(-1) against selected strains of Lactobacillus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. In addition, KSL damaged bacterial cell membranes and caused 1.05 log units reduction of viability counts of saliva bacteria. In vitro toxicity studies showed that KSL, at concentrations up to 1 mg ml(-1), did not induce cell death or compromise the membrane integrity of human gingival fibroblasts. NMR studies suggest that KSL adopts an alpha-helical structure in DMSO solution, which mimics the polar aprotic membrane environment, whereas it remains unstructured in aqueous medium. This study shows that KSL may be a useful antimicrobial agent for inhibiting the growth of oral bacteria that are associated with caries development and early plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Concannon
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - T D Crowe
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - J J Abercrombie
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - C M Molina
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - P Hou
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - D K Sukumaran
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - P A Raj
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - K-P Leung
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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28
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Uzzell T, Stolzenberg ED, Shinnar AE, Zasloff M. Hagfish intestinal antimicrobial peptides are ancient cathelicidins. Peptides 2003; 24:1655-67. [PMID: 15019197 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2003] [Accepted: 08/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides (HFIAP-1, -2, and -3) isolated from intestinal tissues of Myxine glutinosa (Atlantic hagfish) are identified as ancient members of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides, hitherto known only from mammals. In situ hybridization reveals that HFIAPs are produced in nests of myeloid cells within the loose connective tissue of the gut wall, a tissue reminiscent of both gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and vertebrate spleen. We suggest that this tissue organization provides local defense of the hagfish gastrointestinal tract via innate immunity and possibly served as the architectural plan upon which the adaptive immune system evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Uzzell
- Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
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29
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Steinstraesser L, Burghard O, Nemzek J, Fan MH, Merry A, Remick DI, Su GL, Steinau HU, Wang SC. Protegrin-1 increases bacterial clearance in sepsis but decreases survival. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:221-6. [PMID: 12545019 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200301000-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Yang ST, Yub Shin SY, Kim YC, Kim Y, Hahm KS, Kim JI. Conformation-dependent antibiotic activity of tritrpticin, a cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296:1044-50. [PMID: 12207877 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tritrpticin, a Trp-rich cationic antimicrobial peptide with a unique amino acid sequence (VRRFPWWWPFLRR), is found in porcine cathelicidin cDNA. Tritrpticin has a broad spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal activities and hemolytic activity comparable to that of indolicidin. To investigate the mechanism of the bacterial killing action of tritrpticin and to identify structural features important for bacterial cell selectivity, we designed several tritrpticin analogs with amino acid substitutions of the Pro and Trp residues. Circular dichroism studies revealed that the substitution of Pro-->Ala (TPA) or Trp-->Phe (TWF) leads to significant conformational changes in SDS micelles, converting the beta-turn to alpha-helix or to poly-L-proline II helix, respectively. Compared to tritrpticin, TPA retained most of its antimicrobial activity, but showed enhanced hemolytic and membrane-disrupting activities. In contrast, TWF showed a 2-4-fold increase in antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, but a marked decrease in both hemolytic and membrane-disrupting activities. Taken together, our findings suggest that compared with the beta-turn and alpha-helical structures, the poly-L-proline II helix is crucial for effective bacterial cell selectivity in tritrpticin and its analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Tae Yang
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 500-712, Kwangju, South Korea
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31
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Wu H, Ross CR, Blecha F. Characterization of an upstream open reading frame in the 5' untranslated region of PR-39, a cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide. Mol Immunol 2002; 39:9-18. [PMID: 12213322 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(02)00093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides present in humans, and laboratory and domestic animals. These peptides are essential components of innate and acquired immune responses; however, little is known about cathelicidin gene regulation. To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of cathelicidin gene expression, we characterized the promoter of the PR-39 gene, a multifunctional cathelicidin. Deletion analysis identified a negative regulatory element in the 5'-flanking region of the gene located in the sequence from nt (nucleotide(s)) -69 to -63. Site-directed mutagenesis indicated that ATG and its vicinity nucleotides are critical for the repressive activity of this region. A primer extension assay identified a transcription start site upstream from the negative repressor ATG and 76 nt upstream from the major open reading frame (ORF). RT-PCR and 3'-RACE further demonstrated that cDNA of PR-39 and the cathelicidin porcine myeloid antimicrobal peptide (PMAP)-23, which share prepro sequence identity, start from nt -79. Sequencing of this region showed that the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the gene contains an upstream translation start site and an upstream ORF that functions as a repressor of the PR-39 gene. These findings indicate extensive regulation of the PR-39 gene and suggest a mechanism for the tissue-specific and age-dependent repression of this cathelicidin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 228 Coles Hall, 1600 Denison Avenue, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5802, USA
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32
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Ramanathan B, Davis EG, Ross CR, Blecha F. Cathelicidins: microbicidal activity, mechanisms of action, and roles in innate immunity. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:361-72. [PMID: 11909747 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are important host-defense molecules of innate immunity. Cathelicidins are a diverse family of potent, rapidly acting and broadly effective antimicrobial peptides, which are produced by a variety of cells. This review examines the classification, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, and regulation of cathelicidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Ramanathan
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5802, USA
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33
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Park K, Oh D, Shin SY, Hahm KS, Kim Y. Structural studies of porcine myeloid antibacterial peptide PMAP-23 and its analogues in DPC micelles by NMR spectroscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:204-12. [PMID: 11779154 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PMAP-23 is a cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide identified from porcine leukocytes. PMAP-23 was reported to show potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria without hemolytic activity. To study the structure-antibiotic activity relationships of PMAP-23, two analogues by replacing Trp with Ala were synthesized and their tertiary structures bound to DPC micelles have been studied by NMR spectroscopy. PMAP-23 has two alpha-helices, one from Arg1 to Arg10 in the N-terminal region and the other from Phe18 to Arg23 in the C-terminal region. PMAP-1 (Trp(7)-->Ala) shows similar structure to PMAP-23, while PMAP-2 (Trp(21)-->Ala) has a random structure in the C-terminus. PMAP-2 was found to show less antibacterial and vesicle-disrupting activities than PMAP-23 and PMAP-1 [J. H. Kang, S. Y. Shin, S. Y. Jang, K. L. Kim, and K.-S. Hahm (1999) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 264, 281-286]. Trp(21) in PMAP-23 which induces an alpha-helical structure in the second alpha-helix is essential for the antibacterial activity of PMAP-23. Also, the fluorescence data proved that Trp(21) at the second alpha-helix is buried deep into the phospholipid in the membrane. Therefore, it implies that Trp(21) in the second alpha-helix at the C-terminus of PMAP-23 may play an important role on the interactions with the membrane and the flexible region including two proline residues may allow this alpha-helix to span the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungsoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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34
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Zhao C, Nguyen T, Boo LM, Hong T, Espiritu C, Orlov D, Wang W, Waring A, Lehrer RI. RL-37, an alpha-helical antimicrobial peptide of the rhesus monkey. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2695-702. [PMID: 11557457 PMCID: PMC90719 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.10.2695-2702.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhesus monkey bone marrow expresses a cathelicidin whose C-terminal domain comprises a 37-residue alpha-helical peptide (RL-37) that resembles human LL-37. Like its human counterpart, RL-37 rapidly permeabilized the membranes of Escherichia coli ML-35p and lysed liposomes that simulated bacterial membranes. When tested in media whose NaCl concentrations approximated those of extracellular fluids, RL-37 was considerably more active than LL-37 against staphylococci. Whereas human LL-37 contains five acidic residues and has a net charge of +6, rhesus RL-37 has only two acidic residues and a net charge of +8. Speculating that the multiple acidic residues of human LL-37 reduced its efficacy against staphylococci, we made a peptide (LL-37 pentamide) in which each aspartic acid of LL-37 was replaced by an asparagine and each glutamic acid was replaced by a glutamine. LL-37 pentamide's antistaphylococcal activity was substantially greater than that of LL-37. Thus, although the precursor of LL-37 is induced in human skin keratinocytes by injury or inflammation, its insufficiently cationic antimicrobial domain may contribute to the success of staphylococci in colonizing and infecting human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhao
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, 10833 LeConte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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35
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McCoy AJ, Liu H, Falla TJ, Gunn JS. Identification of Proteus mirabilis mutants with increased sensitivity to antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2030-7. [PMID: 11408219 PMCID: PMC90596 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.7.2030-2037.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (APs) are important components of the innate defenses of animals, plants, and microorganisms. However, some bacterial pathogens are resistant to the action of APs. For example, Proteus mirabilis is highly resistant to the action of APs, such as polymyxin B (PM), protegrin, and the synthetic protegrin analog IB-367. To better understand this resistance, a transposon mutagenesis approach was used to generate P. mirabilis mutants sensitive to APs. Four unique PM-sensitive mutants of P. mirabilis were identified (these mutants were >2 to >128 times more sensitive than the wild type). Two of these mutants were also sensitive to IB-367 (16 and 128 times more sensitive than the wild type). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profiles of the PM- and protegrin-sensitive mutants demonstrated marked differences in both the lipid A and O-antigen regions, while the PM-sensitive mutants appeared to have alterations of either lipid A or O antigen. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis of the wild-type and PM-sensitive mutant lipid A showed species with one or two aminoarabinose groups, while lipid A from the PM- and protegrin-sensitive mutants was devoid of aminoarabinose. When the mutants were streaked on an agar-containing medium, the swarming motility of the PM- and protegrin-sensitive mutants was completely inhibited and the swarming motility of the mutants sensitive to only PM was markedly decreased. DNA sequence analysis of the mutagenized loci revealed similarities to an O-acetyltransferase (PM and protegrin sensitive) and ATP synthase and sap loci (PM sensitive). These data further support the role of LPS modifications as an elaborate mechanism in the resistance of certain bacterial species to APs and suggest that LPS surface charge alterations may play a role in P. mirabilis swarming motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J McCoy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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36
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Steinstraesser L, Klein RD, Aminlari A, Fan MH, Khilanani V, Remick DG, Su GL, Wang SC. Protegrin-1 enhances bacterial killing in thermally injured skin. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:1431-7. [PMID: 11445704 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200107000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Septic complications and the emergence of drug-resistant microbes represent serious risks to patients. Recently, naturally occurring peptides have been discovered that possess potent and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Protegrin-1 is particularly attractive for clinical use in human wounds because, unlike defensins, protegrin-1 retains broad antimicrobial and antifungal activity at physiologic salt concentration and in the presence of serum. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of protegrin-1 in killing multiple drug-resistant microbes isolated from human burn patients. DESIGN For thein vitroexperiment, bilayer radial diffusion was performed comparing standard antibiotics with protegrin-1 on multiple-drug-resistant microbial organisms isolated from infected burn wounds. In vivo, rats received a 20% total body surface area partial-thickness burn by immersion in 60 degrees C water for 20 secs followed by wound seeding with 106 colony forming units of Silvadene-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. SETTING University of Michigan research laboratory. SUBJECTS Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Rats were randomized into three groups: those receiving synthetic protegrin-1, acetic acid (carrier), or gentamicin (positive control). Protegrin-1 was administered by topical application or intradermal injection. Wound tissues were harvested aseptically at different time points for quantitative bacterial counts. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In vivo and in vitro experiments revealed rapid and significant decreases in bacterial counts for protegrin-1-treated groups compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that protegrin-1 potentially may be used as an alternative or adjunct therapy to standard agents used to treat wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Steinstraesser
- Departments of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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37
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Cole AM, Shi J, Ceccarelli A, Kim YH, Park A, Ganz T. Inhibition of neutrophil elastase prevents cathelicidin activation and impairs clearance of bacteria from wounds. Blood 2001; 97:297-304. [PMID: 11133774 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.1.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The host defense roles of neutrophil elastase in a porcine skin wound chamber model were explored. Analysis of wound fluid by acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blot, and bacterial overlay confirmed that the neutrophil-derived protegrins constituted the major stable antimicrobial polypeptide in the wound fluid. The application to the wound of 0.10 and 0.25 mM N-methoxysuccinyl-alanine-alanine-proline-valine (AAPV) chloromethyl ketone, a specific neutrophil elastase inhibitor (NEI), blocked the proteolytic activation of protegrins and diminished the associated antimicrobial activity as detected by radial diffusion assay against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans or by bacterial gel overlay against S epidermidis and E coli. The application of the related cathepsin G inhibitor (CGI), benzyloxycarbonyl-glycine-leucine-phenylalanine (ZGLF) chloromethyl ketone, had no effect. In wound chambers that received 10(6) colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL of S epidermidis, the presence of NEI significantly decreased the 24-hour clearance of bacteria from the wound compared to wounds treated with CGI or solvent only. Neither inhibitor, at 0.10 or 0.25 mM concentration, affected leukocyte accumulation or degranulation in the wound chambers. The in vitro microbicidal decrement due to NEI was restored by an amount of the specific protegrin (PG-1), which was equivalent to the measured difference of protegrin between control and inhibited chambers. Administration of 1 microg/mL exogenous PG-1 4 hours after chamber preparation was sufficient to normalize in vivo antimicrobial activity. Although pharmacologic NEIs are promising candidates as anti-inflammatory drugs, they may impair host defense in part by inhibiting the activation of cathelicidins by neutrophil elastase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cole
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA
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38
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Abstract
Cathelicidins are a numerous group of mammalian proteins that carry diverse antimicrobial peptides at the C-terminus of a highly conserved preproregion. These peptides, which become active when released from the proregion, display a remarkable variety of sizes, sequences, and structures, and in fact comprise representatives of all the structural groups in which the known antimicrobial peptides have been classified. Most of the cathelicidin-derived peptides exert a broad spectrum and potent antimicrobial activity and also bind to lipopolysaccharide and neutralize its effects. In addition, some of them have recently been shown to exert other activities and might participate in host defense also by virtue of their ability to induce expression of molecules involved in a variety of biological processes. This review is aimed at providing a general overview of the cathelicidins and of the peptides derived therefrom, with emphasis on aspects such as structure, biological activities in vitro and in vivo, and structure/activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gennaro
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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39
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Chen J, Falla TJ, Liu H, Hurst MA, Fujii CA, Mosca DA, Embree JR, Loury DJ, Radel PA, Cheng Chang C, Gu L, Fiddes JC. Development of protegrins for the treatment and prevention of oral mucositis: structure-activity relationships of synthetic protegrin analogues. Biopolymers 2000; 55:88-98. [PMID: 10931444 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0282(2000)55:1<88::aid-bip80>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protegrin antimicrobial peptides possess activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. An extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was conducted on several hundred protegrin analogues to gain understanding of the relationship between the primary and secondary structure of the protegrins and their antimicrobial activities, and to identify a protegrin analogue for clinical development. Native sequence protegrins are cationic, amphiphilic peptides that are characterized by the presence of a beta-sheet structure that is maintained by two disulfide bridges. The presence of the beta-sheet is key to the stability of the protegrin structure; linearized analogues or analogues that have amino acid substitutions that eliminate hydrogen bonding across the beta-sheet have reduced activity, especially in the presence of physiological concentrations of NaCl. Also, maintaining amphiphilicity of the beta-sheet is key; analogues with substitutions of polar amino acids in the hydrophobic face have reduced activity. Analogues with reduced positive charge tend to be less active, an observation that is more marked for gram-negative than gram-positive bacteria, and may implicate binding to lipopolysaccharide as a key mechanistic step in the killing of gram-negative bacteria. A very large number of amino acid substitutions are tolerated by the protegrin structure, implying that overall structural features such as amphiphilicity, charge, and shape are more important to activity than the presence of specific amino acids. This lack of importance of specific stereochemistry is supported by the fact that completely D-amino acid substituted protegrins are fully potent. Based on the SAR studies, and on the microbiological data from an animal model, one protegrin analogue, IB-367, was selected for clinical development as a topical agent to prevent the oral mucositis associated with cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- IntraBiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1255 Terra Bella Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
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40
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Wu H, Zhang G, Minton JE, Ross CR, Blecha F. Regulation of cathelicidin gene expression: induction by lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-6, retinoic acid, and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5552-8. [PMID: 10992453 PMCID: PMC101505 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.10.5552-5558.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides prominent in the host defense mechanisms of several mammalian species. In addition to their antimicrobial activities, these peptides have been implicated in wound healing, angiogenesis, and other innate immune mechanisms. To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of cathelicidin gene expression, we conducted in vitro experiments evaluating the bone marrow cell expression of two porcine cathelicidins, PR-39 and protegrin, and cloned and evaluated the promoter sequence of PR-39. In addition, we evaluated in vivo kinetics of cathelicidin gene expression in pigs during an infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased PR-39 and protegrin mRNA expression, which was ameliorated by polymyxin B. Concentrations of PR-39 in supernatants from bone marrow cell cultures were increased 10-fold after LPS stimulation. Similarly, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and all-trans retinoic acid (RA) markedly induced cathelicidin gene expression. To verify the transcriptional activation of the PR-39 gene by these agents, we made a PR-39 promoter-luciferase construct containing the full-length PR-39 promoter driving luciferase gene expression and transiently transfected PK-15 epithelial cells. RA and IL-6 increased luciferase activity in PK-15 cells transfected with the PR-39 promoter-luciferase reporter. Similarly, Salmonella-challenged pigs showed increased expression of PR-39 and protegrin mRNA in bone marrow cells at 6 and 24 h postchallenge. Taken together, these findings show that bacterial products (LPS), IL-6, RA, and Salmonella infection enhance the expression of the cathelicidins, PR-39 and protegrin, in bone marrow progenitor cells, and we suggest that extrinsic modulation of this innate host defense mechanism may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wu
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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41
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Abstract
Protegrins and their derivatives are a new class of peptide antibiotics based on mammalian antimicrobial peptides. Their pharmacological properties include an unusually broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and some enveloped viruses. Preclinical and clinical studies of the lead compound, IB-367, developed for topical applications, show promise for the prevention of chemotherapy- and radiation-induced oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bellm
- CHS 37-055, Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA
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42
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Kang JH, Shin SY, Jang SY, Kim KL, Hahm KS. Effects of tryptophan residues of porcine myeloid antibacterial peptide PMAP-23 on antibiotic activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 264:281-6. [PMID: 10527878 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PMAP-23 is a 23-residue antimicrobial peptide from porcine myeloid cells. In order to determine the effects of two Trp residues in positions 7 and 21 of PMAP-23 on antibacterial activity and phospholipid vesicle interacting property, two analogues in which Ala is substituted for Trp residue in position 7 or 21 were synthesized. A(21)-PMAP-23 exhibited reduced antibacterial activity and phospholipid vesicle disrupting activity when compared to those of PMAP-23 and A(7)-PMAP-23. PMAP-23 readily interacted with model lipid membrane and induced membrane destabilization. Therefore antibacterial activity induced by PMAP-23 is due to the interaction of cell membrane with peptide followed by membrane perturbation. A significant structural change on the SDS micelle was not found by Ala substitution of the Trp residue of PMAP-23. Also, there is a good correlation between hydrophobic interaction on RP-HPLC, expressed as retention time on RP-HPLC, and antibacterial activity. The vesicle titration experiment indicated that Trp residues located at near C-terminus are accessible to hydrophobic tail of phospholipid vesicle. This result suggests that the C-terminal end of PMAP-23 penetrates into the lipid bilayer in the course of the interaction with phospholipid membranes and is important for its antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kang
- Peptide Engineering Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Taejon, 305-600, Korea
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43
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Abstract
Mammalian epithelial surfaces are remarkable for their ability to provide critical physiologic functions in the face of frequent microbial challenges. The fact that these mucosal surfaces remain infection-free in the normal host suggests that highly effective mechanisms of host defense have evolved to protect these environmentally exposed tissues. Throughout the animal and plant kingdoms, endogenous genetically encoded antimicrobial peptides have been shown to be key elements in the response to epithelial compromise and microbial invasion. In mammals, a variety of such peptides have been identified, including the well-characterized defensins and cathelicidins. A major source of these host defense molecules is circulating phagocytic leukocytes. However, more recently, it has been shown that resident epithelial cells of the skin and respiratory, alimentary, and genitourinary tracts also synthesize and release antimicrobial peptides. Both in vitro and in vivo data support the hypothesis that these molecules are important contributors to intrinsic mucosal immunity. Alterations in their level of expression or biologic activity can predispose the organism to microbial infection. The regulatory and developmental aspects of antimicrobial peptide synthesis are discussed from a perspective that emphasizes the possible relevance to pediatric medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Huttner
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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44
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Loury D, Embree JR, Steinberg DA, Sonis ST, Fiddes JC. Effect of local application of the antimicrobial peptide IB-367 on the incidence and severity of oral mucositis in hamsters. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 1999; 87:544-51. [PMID: 10348510 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-2104(99)70131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this animal study was to determine whether IB-367, an antimicrobial peptide, is able to ameliorate oral mucositis by reducing microflora densities on the mucosal surfaces of the mouth. STUDY DESIGN Oral mucositis was induced in hamsters by intraperitoneal injection of 5-fluorouracil followed by superficial abrasion of the buccal mucosa. A test formulation was applied topically to the buccal mucosa 5 or 6 times per day starting 6 to 8 hours before abrasion. RESULTS Mucositis scores were significantly lower (P < .05) in hamsters given formulations containing 0.5 or 2.0 mg/mL of IB-367 than in placebo-treated controls. Treatment with IB-367 produced a more than 100-fold reduction in oral microflora densities. In a second experiment, treatment of hamsters with a formulation containing IB-367 at 0.12, 0.5 or 2.0 mg/mL resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in mucositis severity. CONCLUSION The results indicate that reduction of local microflora densities through use of IB-367 may improve clinical outcomes in patients at risk for the development of oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Loury
- IntraBiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Mountain View, Calif 94043-1833, USA
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45
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Fortney K, Totten PA, Lehrer RI, Spinola SM. Haemophilus ducreyi is susceptible to protegrin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:2690-3. [PMID: 9756778 PMCID: PMC105920 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.10.2690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protegrins, potent antimicrobial peptides found in porcine leukocytes, have activity against the sexually transmitted pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. We tested synthetic protegrin 1 (PG-1) for activity against nine isolates of Haemophilus ducreyi, the etiologic agent of chancroid. The test organisms included CIP 542 (the type strain), 35000HP (a human-passaged variant of 35000), 35000HP-RSM2 (an isogenic D-glycero-D-manno-heptosyltransferase mutant of 35000HP), and six clinical isolates. The isolates were epidemiologically unrelated, represented three HindIII ribotypes, and had varying antimicrobial resistance patterns. In bactericidal assays, five isolates were rapidly killed by synthetic PG-1. In radial diffusion assays, all nine isolates were exquisitely sensitive to PG-1. These data highlight the potential of protegrins for development as topical agents to prevent many sexually transmitted diseases, including chancroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fortney
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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46
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Abstract
We used a two-stage radial diffusion assay to perform a structure-activity study of the antifungal effects of protegrin-1 (PG-1) on yeast-phase Candida albicans. While doing so, we computed MICs from the radial diffusion assay data by three methods and compared the respective values with results from colony count and broth microdilution assays. This allowed us to identify several technical modifications that improved the sensitivity and accuracy of radial diffusion assays. We found that both PG-1 and enantiomeric PG-1 (composed exclusively of D-amino acids) were potently fungicidal for yeast-phase C. albicans. The protegrins PG-2, -3, and -5, but not PG-4, were as effective as PG-1. At least one intramolecular disulfide bond was required to retain optimal candidacidal activity at physiological NaCl concentrations. Truncated variants of PG-1 that lacked its first four residues showed decreased candidacidal activity, although their activity against bacteria was substantially intact. Altering the beta-turn region (residues 9 to 12) of PG-1 or its variants further decreased candidacidal activity. These studies suggest that only 12 residues are needed to endow protegrin molecules with strong antibacterial activity and that at least 4 additional residues are needed to add potent antifungal properties. Thus, the 16-residue protegrin PG-2 likely represents the minimal structure needed for broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity encompassing bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cho
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1690, USA
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47
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Abstract
Small, cysteine-rich, beta-sheet peptide antibiotics are found throughout the Animalia. Though broad spectrum in potential, they may exert selective antimicrobial effects under certain conditions. We have explored the antimicrobial properties of two families of beta-sheet peptide antibiotics, defensins and protegrins, against periodontopathic bacteria. The rabbit defensin NP-1 was active against facultative Gram-negative bacteria associated with early onset periodontitis, including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and the Capnocytophaga spp. Porcine protegrins showed even greater activity against those organisms, as well as against anaerobic bacteria associated with adult periodontitis, including Porphyromonas gingivalis Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Based on these observations, we believe that protegrin-like beta-sheet peptide antibiotics may be useful dental therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Miyasaki
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Section of Oral Biology 90095-1668, USA.
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48
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Zanetti M, Gennaro R, Romeo D. The cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptide precursors: a component of the oxygen-independent defense mechanisms of neutrophils. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 832:147-62. [PMID: 9704044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb46244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Zanetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Udine, Italy
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49
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Nagaoka I, Tsutsumi-Ishii Y, Yomogida S, Yamashita T. Isolation of cDNA encoding guinea pig neutrophil cationic antibacterial polypeptide of 11 kDa (CAP11) and evaluation of CAP11 mRNA expression during neutrophil maturation. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:22742-50. [PMID: 9278433 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.36.22742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils contain various antibacterial polypeptides and proteins in the granules that contribute to the killing of microorganisms. Recently, we have purified a cationic antibacterial polypeptide of 11 kDa (CAP11) from guinea pig neutrophil granules. CAP11 is a homodimer of G1LRKKFRKTRKRIQKLGRKIGKTGRKVWKAWREYGQIPYPCRI43 joined with one disulfide bond. In this study, to understand the regulation of CAP11 expression, we isolated and analyzed cDNA encoding CAP11. Furthermore, we investigated the expression of CAP11 mRNA during neutrophil maturation and localization of CAP11 among neutrophil granule subsets. Sequence analysis of CAP11 cDNA isolated from guinea pig bone marrow cells using rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique indicated that CAP11 is synthesized as a precursor comprising 178 amino acid residues, which is composed of a signal peptide (N-terminal 29 residues), a propeptide (106 residues), and a C-terminal mature peptide (43 residues). Interestingly, the predicted CAP11 precursor displayed the characteristic features of cathelicidins, a novel protein family of antibacterial polypeptides with a conserved cathelin-like pro-region and a variable C-terminal antibacterial domain. Northern blot and Western blot analyses using neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mononuclear cells, and bone marrow cells revealed that only neutrophils and bone marrow cells expressed CAP11 mRNA and contained CAP11, suggesting that expression of CAP11 is neutrophil lineage-specific. Furthermore, Northern blot analysis using bone marrow cells separated according to their maturation stages showed that CAP11 mRNA was predominantly expressed in the cells at later stages of neutrophil maturation. Consistent with this, in situ hybridization using CAP11-specific cRNA probe demonstrated that CAP11 mRNA was primarily expressed at metamyelocyte stage. In addition, extracellular release assay revealed that CAP11 was readily released from neutrophils accompanied with gelatinase by low concentrations of N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe without release of specific and azurophil granule components, and CAP11 was found to be exclusively present in the fraction containing gelatinase granules, prepared by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Together these observations indicate that CAP11 is a member of cathelicidin family and its mRNA is preferentially expressed at the later stage of neutrophil maturation (i.e. metamyelocyte stage). Furthermore, CAP11 may be stored in the granule subset, possibly the gelatinase granule.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nagaoka
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan.
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50
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Miyasaki KT, Iofel R, Lehrer RI. Sensitivity of periodontal pathogens to the bactericidal activity of synthetic protegrins, antibiotic peptides derived from porcine leukocytes. J Dent Res 1997; 76:1453-9. [PMID: 9240381 DOI: 10.1177/00220345970760080701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protegrins, small peptides (1900 to 2160 daltons) isolated from porcine leukocytes, are bactericidal against a broad range of medical pathogens in vitro under conditions which reflect the extracellular milieu. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Gram-negative, facultative periodontal pathogens were sensitive to the protegrins. Synthetic L- and D-enantiomers of protegrin 1 (PG-1 and D-PG-1, respectively), and L-enantiomers of protegrins 2, 3, and 5 (PG-2, PG-3, and PG-5) were tested against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (three strains) and Capnocytophaga spp. (three strains). Strains of both A. actinomycetemcomitans and Capnocytophaga spp. were sensitive to PG-1, and exhibited ED99 (dose at which 99% killing was observed after 1 hr at 37 degrees C) of 0.5 to 3 microg/mL and 4 to 19 microg/mL, respectively. The D-form and the L-form were equally effective. Serum (above 5% v/v) inhibited the bactericidal effects of 10 microg/mL PG-1, but the inhibitory effect was overcome by concentrations of PG-1 at 100 microg/mL. Different patterns of sensitivity were observed when the effects of PG-1, D-PG-1, PG-2, PG-3, and PG-5 were compared against A. actinomycetemcomitans and the Capnocytophaga. We conclude that protegrins may be useful antimicrobial agents in therapy against periodontal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Miyasaki
- Section of Oral Biology and the Dental Research Institute, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095-1668, USA
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