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Scolari Grotto F, Glaser V. Are high copper levels related to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases? A systematic review and meta-analysis of articles published between 2011 and 2022. Biometals 2024; 37:3-22. [PMID: 37594582 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Copper performs an important role in the brain, but in high levels it can be neurotoxic. Further, some authors have described that copper dyshomeostasis could be related with neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, this review was performed to observe whether high copper levels are related to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD and PD), using the literature published recently. Articles that measured copper levels in AD or PD patients was included, as well as they that measured copper levels in models used to mimic these diseases. Also, results about high copper levels effects and its relationship with AD and PD observed in laboratory animals are considered. In summary, 38 and 24 articles with AD and PD patients were included, respectively. Despite of the heterogeneity between the studies in humans, meta-analysis has demonstrated that there is an increase in free and total copper levels in the blood of AD patients compared to controls, and a decrease in copper levels in PD patients. A decrease in the metal content in postmortem brain tissue was observed in AD and PD. In manuscripts using animal models that mimic AD and PD, it was included seven and three articles, respectively. Two of them have reported an increase in copper concentrations in AD model, and one in PD model. Finally, studies with laboratory animals have concluded that high copper levels are related to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, changes in neurotransmitter levels, cell death, and reduced both cognitive and locomotor activity, which are also described in AD or PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabielly Scolari Grotto
- Cell Biology Lab, Biological and Agronomic Sciences Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rodovia Ulysses Gaboardi, Km3, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Viviane Glaser
- Cell Biology Lab, Biological and Agronomic Sciences Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rodovia Ulysses Gaboardi, Km3, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil.
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2
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Murakawa T, Kurihara K, Adachi M, Kusaka K, Tanizawa K, Okajima T. Re-evaluation of protein neutron crystallography with and without X-ray/neutron joint refinement. IUCRJ 2022; 9:342-348. [PMID: 35546796 PMCID: PMC9067118 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522003657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein neutron crystallography is a powerful technique to determine the positions of H atoms, providing crucial biochemical information such as the protonation states of catalytic groups and the geometry of hydrogen bonds. Recently, the crystal structure of a bacterial copper amine oxidase was determined by joint refinement using X-ray and neutron diffraction data sets at resolutions of 1.14 and 1.72 Å, respectively [Murakawa et al. (2020 ▸). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 10818-10824]. While joint refinement is effective for the determination of the accurate positions of heavy atoms on the basis of the electron density, the structural information on light atoms (hydrogen and deuterium) derived from the neutron diffraction data might be affected by the X-ray data. To unravel the information included in the neutron diffraction data, the structure determination was conducted again using only the neutron diffraction data at 1.72 Å resolution and the results were compared with those obtained in the previous study. Most H and D atoms were identified at essentially the same positions in both the neutron-only and the X-ray/neutron joint refinements. Nevertheless, neutron-only refinement was found to be less effective than joint refinement in providing very accurate heavy-atom coordinates that lead to significant improvement of the neutron scattering length density map, especially for the active-site cofactor. Consequently, it was confirmed that X-ray/neutron joint refinement is crucial for determination of the real chemical structure of the catalytic site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Murakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kurihara
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Adachi
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kusaka
- Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tanizawa
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Toshihide Okajima
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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3
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Shoji M, Murakawa T, Nakanishi S, Boero M, Shigeta Y, Hayashi H, Okajima T. Molecular mechanism of a large conformational change of the quinone cofactor in the semiquinone intermediate of bacterial copper amine oxidase. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10923-10938. [PMID: 36320691 PMCID: PMC9491219 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01356h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper amine oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis (AGAO) catalyses the oxidative deamination of primary amines via a large conformational change of a topaquinone (TPQ) cofactor during the semiquinone formation step. This conformational change of TPQ occurs in the presence of strong hydrogen bonds and neighboring bulky amino acids, especially the conserved Asn381, which restricts TPQ conformational changes over the catalytic cycle. Whether such a semiquinone intermediate is catalytically active or inert has been a matter of debate in copper amine oxidases. Here, we show that the reaction rate of the Asn381Ala mutant decreases 160-fold, and the X-ray crystal structures of the mutant reveals a TPQ-flipped conformation in both the oxidized and reduced states, preceding semiquinone formation. Our hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations show that the TPQ conformational change is realized through the sequential steps of the TPQ ring-rotation and slide. We determine that the bulky side chain of Asn381 hinders the undesired TPQ ring-rotation in the oxidized form, favoring the TPQ ring-rotation in reduced TPQ by a further stabilization leading to the TPQ semiquinone form. The acquired conformational flexibility of TPQ semiquinone promotes a high reactivity of Cu(i) to O2, suggesting that the semiquinone form is catalytically active for the subsequent oxidative half-reaction in AGAO. The ingenious molecular mechanism exerted by TPQ to achieve the “state-specific” reaction sheds new light on a drastic environmental transformation around the catalytic center. The large conformational change of topaquinone in bacterial copper amine oxidase occurs through the TPQ ring rotation and slide, which are essential to stabilize the semiquinone form.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Shoji
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba 305-8577 Ibaraki Japan
- JST-PRESTO 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi 332-0012 Saitama Japan
| | - Takeshi Murakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University 2-7 Daigakumachi Takatsuki 569-8686 Osaka Japan
| | - Shota Nakanishi
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University 8-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki 567-0047 Osaka Japan
| | - Mauro Boero
- University of Strasbourg, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7504 23 rue du Loess F-67034 France
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba 305-8577 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University 2-7 Daigakumachi Takatsuki 569-8686 Osaka Japan
| | - Toshihide Okajima
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University 8-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki 567-0047 Osaka Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University 2-7 Daigakumachi Takatsuki 569-8686 Osaka Japan
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4
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Murakawa T, Suzuki M, Arima T, Sugahara M, Tanaka T, Tanaka R, Iwata S, Nango E, Tono K, Hayashi H, Fukui K, Yano T, Tanizawa K, Okajima T. Microcrystal preparation for serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography of bacterial copper amine oxidase. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:356-363. [PMID: 34605440 PMCID: PMC8488853 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21008967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography (SFX) using X-ray free-electron lasers have paved the way for determining radiation-damage-free protein structures under nonfreezing conditions. However, the large-scale preparation of high-quality microcrystals of uniform size is a prerequisite for SFX, and this has been a barrier to its widespread application. Here, a convenient method for preparing high-quality microcrystals of a bacterial quinoprotein enzyme, copper amine oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis, is reported. The method consists of the mechanical crushing of large crystals (5-15 mm3), seeding the crushed crystals into the enzyme solution and standing for 1 h at an ambient temperature of ∼26°C, leading to the rapid formation of microcrystals with a uniform size of 3-5 µm. The microcrystals diffracted X-rays to a resolution beyond 2.0 Å in SFX measurements at the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact Free Electron Laser facility. The damage-free structure determined at 2.2 Å resolution was essentially identical to that determined previously by cryogenic crystallography using synchrotron X-ray radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Murakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Mamoru Suzuki
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshi Arima
- SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michihiro Sugahara
- SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tanaka
- SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Rie Tanaka
- SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - So Iwata
- SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Eriko Nango
- SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Takato Yano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tanizawa
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Toshihide Okajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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5
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Dong G, Lin LR, Xu LY, Li EM. Reaction mechanism of lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) studied by computational methods. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 211:111204. [PMID: 32801097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of the ε-amino group of lysines/hydroxylysines on substrate proteins (collagen and elastin) to form aldehyde groups. The generated aldehyde groups are of significance in crosslinking with the adjacent aldehyde or ε-amino group on proteins in extracellular matrix. In this paper, we have studied the reaction mechanism of LOXL2 by means of quantum mechanics (QM) and combined QM and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods. This study is divided into two parts, i.e. the biosynthesis of lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) cofactor and oxidative deamination of ε-amino group of lysine by LTQ. For the former part, the reaction is driven by a large exothermicity of about 284 kJ/mol. Dopaquinone radical (DPQr) is suggested to be an intermediate state in this reaction. In addition, His652 residue is predicted to serve as proton acceptor. The rate-determining step for the biosynthesis of LTQ is found to be hydrogen-atom abstraction from the benzene ring on substrate by Cu2+-hydroxide, which is a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process with an energy barrier of 84 kJ/mol. For the latter part, the reaction is exothermic by about 145 kJ/mol, and the copper ion is proposed to play a role of redox catalyst in the last step to generate the product of aldehyde. However, the copper ion might not be indispensable for the latter part, which is consistent with the previous study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China; Medical Informatics Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China.
| | - Li-Rui Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China; Medical Informatics Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China; Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - En-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China.
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6
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Okawa A, Hayashi M, Inagaki J, Okajima T, Tamura T, Inagaki K. Novel method for l-methionine determination using l-methionine decarboxylase and application of the enzyme for l-homocysteine determination. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:927-935. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1715781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
For many years, clinical studies have suggested that blood levels of l-methionine and L-homocysteine correlate with health status or homocystinuria/hypermethioninemia. l-Methionine in a solution containing 0%, 10%, or 20% human serum was detected in 10–200 µM using l-methionine decarboxylase (MetDC). Spike and recovery tests showed that the enzymatic assay could accurately and reproducibly determine the increases in l-methionine in serum samples. These results suggest that our enzymatic method using MetDC is useful for primary screening of hypermethioninemia or homocystinuria based on serum l-methionine concentration. Additionally, we confirmed that l-methionine (100 nmol) in solution was degraded to less than the detection limit by incubation at 37ºC for 10 min using 2 U of MetDC. Therefore, l-homocysteine in serum samples can be detected with equivalent sensitivity using l-methionine γ-lyase (MGL), in solutions that either did not contain l-methionine or contained l-methionine preincubated with MetDC.
Abbreviations
DTT: dithiothreitol; IPTG: isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside; KPB: potassium phosphate buffer; MBTH: 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinonehydrazone; mdc: the gene coding l-methionine decarboxylase; MetDC: l-methionine decarboxylase; mgl: the gene coding l-methionine γ-lyase; MGL: l-methionine γ-lyase; PLP: pyridoxal 5ʹ-phosphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Okawa
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaya Hayashi
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Kibi International University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Junko Inagaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshihide Okajima
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenji Inagaki
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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7
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Grayson KJ, Anderson JLR. Designed for life: biocompatible de novo designed proteins and components. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0472. [PMID: 30158186 PMCID: PMC6127164 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A principal goal of synthetic biology is the de novo design or redesign of biomolecular components. In addition to revealing fundamentally important information regarding natural biomolecular engineering and biochemistry, functional building blocks will ultimately be provided for applications including the manufacture of valuable products and therapeutics. To fully realize this ambitious goal, the designed components must be biocompatible, working in concert with natural biochemical processes and pathways, while not adversely affecting cellular function. For example, de novo protein design has provided us with a wide repertoire of structures and functions, including those that can be assembled and function in vivo. Here we discuss such biocompatible designs, as well as others that have the potential to become biocompatible, including non-protein molecules, and routes to achieving full biological integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Grayson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - J L Ross Anderson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK .,BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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8
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In crystallo thermodynamic analysis of conformational change of the topaquinone cofactor in bacterial copper amine oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 116:135-140. [PMID: 30563857 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811837116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the catalytic reaction of copper amine oxidase, the protein-derived redox cofactor topaquinone (TPQ) is reduced by an amine substrate to an aminoresorcinol form (TPQamr), which is in equilibrium with a semiquinone radical (TPQsq). The transition from TPQamr to TPQsq is an endothermic process, accompanied by a significant conformational change of the cofactor. We employed the humid air and glue-coating (HAG) method to capture the equilibrium mixture of TPQamr and TPQsq in noncryocooled crystals of the enzyme from Arthrobacter globiformis and found that the equilibrium shifts more toward TPQsq in crystals than in solution. Thermodynamic analyses of the temperature-dependent equilibrium also revealed that the transition to TPQsq is entropy-driven both in crystals and in solution, giving the thermodynamic parameters that led to experimental determination of the crystal packing effect. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the binding of product aldehyde to the hydrophobic pocket in the active site produces various equilibrium states among two forms of the product Schiff-base, TPQamr, and TPQsq, in a pH-dependent manner. The temperature-controlled HAG method provides a technique for thermodynamic analysis of conformational changes occurring in protein crystals that are hardly scrutinized by conventional cryogenic X-ray crystallography.
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9
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Gaule TG, Smith MA, Tych KM, Pirrat P, Trinh CH, Pearson AR, Knowles PF, McPherson MJ. Oxygen Activation Switch in the Copper Amine Oxidase of Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5301-5314. [PMID: 30110143 PMCID: PMC6136094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper amine oxidases (CuAOs) are metalloenzymes that reduce molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide during catalytic turnover of primary amines. In addition to Cu2+ in the active site, two peripheral calcium sites, ∼32 Å from the active site, have roles in Escherichia coli amine oxidase (ECAO). The buried Ca2+ (Asp533, Leu534, Asp535, Asp678, and Ala679) is essential for full-length protein production, while the surface Ca2+ (Glu573, Tyr667, Asp670, and Glu672) modulates biogenesis of the 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) cofactor. The E573Q mutation at the surface site prevents calcium binding and TPQ biogenesis. However, TPQ biogenesis can be restored by a suppressor mutation (I342F) in the proposed oxygen delivery channel to the active site. While supporting TPQ biogenesis (∼60% WTECAO TPQ), I342F/E573Q has almost no amine oxidase activity (∼4.6% WTECAO activity). To understand how these long-range mutations have major effects on TPQ biogenesis and catalysis, we employed ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, steady-state kinetics, inhibition assays, and X-ray crystallography. We show that the surface metal site controls the equilibrium (disproportionation) of the Cu2+-substrate reduced TPQ (TPQAMQ) Cu+-TPQ semiquinone (TPQSQ) couple. Removal of the calcium ion from this site by chelation or mutagenesis shifts the equilibrium to Cu2+-TPQAMQ or destabilizes Cu+-TPQSQ. Crystal structure analysis shows that TPQ biogenesis is stalled at deprotonation in the Cu2+-tyrosinate state. Our findings support WTECAO using the inner sphere electron transfer mechanism for oxygen reduction during catalysis, and while a Cu+-tyrosyl radical intermediate is not essential for TPQ biogenesis, it is required for efficient biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thembaninkosi G Gaule
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Mark A Smith
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Katarzyna M Tych
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K.,Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Biophysik E22 , Technische Universität München , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Pascale Pirrat
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Chi H Trinh
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Arwen R Pearson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K.,Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging and Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics , Universität Hamburg , D-22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Peter F Knowles
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Michael J McPherson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
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10
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Abstract
Lysyl oxidases (LOXs), a type of copper- and lysyl tyrosylquinone (LTQ) -dependent amine oxidase, catalyze the oxidative deamination of lysine residues of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as elastins and collagens and generate aldehyde groups. The oxidative deamination of lysine represents the foundational step for the cross-linking of elastin and collagen and thus is crucial for ECM modeling. Despite their physiological significance, the structure of this important family of enzymes remains elusive. Here we report the crystal structure of human lysyl oxidase-like 2 (hLOXL2) at 2.4-Å resolution. Unexpectedly, the copper-binding site of hLOXL2 is occupied by zinc, which blocks LTQ generation and the enzymatic activity of hLOXL2 in our in vitro assay. Biochemical analysis confirms that copper loading robustly activates hLOXL2 and supports LTQ formation. Furthermore, the LTQ precursor residues in the structure are distanced by 16.6 Å, corroborating the notion that the present structure may represent a precursor state and that pronounced conformational rearrangements would be required for protein activation. The structure presented here establishes an important foundation for understanding the structure-function relationship of LOX proteins and will facilitate LOX-targeting drug discovery.
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11
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Hayashi M, Okada A, Yamamoto K, Okugochi T, Kusaka C, Kudou D, Nemoto M, Inagaki J, Hirose Y, Okajima T, Tamura T, Soda K, Inagaki K. Gene cloning, recombinant expression, purification and characterization of l-methionine decarboxylase from Streptomyces sp. 590. J Biochem 2017; 161:389-398. [PMID: 28003434 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Methionine decarboxylase (MetDC) from Streptomyces sp. 590 depends on pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and catalyzes the non-oxidative decarboxylation of l-methionine to produce 3-methylthiopropylamine and carbon dioxide. MetDC gene (mdc) was determined to consist of 1,674 bp encoding 557 amino acids, and the amino acid sequence is similar to that of l-histidine decarboxylases and l-valine decarboxylases from Streptomyces sp. strains. The mdc gene was cloned and recombinant MetDC was heterologously expressed by Escherichia coli. The purification of recombinant MetDC was carried out by DEAE-Toyopearl and Ni-NTA agarose column chromatography. The recombinant enzyme was homodimeric with a molecular mass of 61,000 Da and showed optimal activity between 45 to 55 °C and at pH 6.6, and the stability below 30 °C and between pH 4.6 to 7.0. l-Methionine and l-norleucine were good substrates for MetDC. The Michaelis constants for l-methionine and l-norleucine were 30 and 73 mM, respectively. The recombinant MetDC (0.50 U/ml) severely inhibited growth of human tumour cells A431 (epidermoid ovarian carcinoma cell line) and MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer cell line), however showed relatively low cytotoxicity for human normal cell NHDF-Neo (dermal fibroblast cell line from neonatal foreskin). This study revealed the properties of the gene and the protein sequence of MetDC for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Hayashi
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akane Okada
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tomomi Okugochi
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Chika Kusaka
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Daizou Kudou
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Michiko Nemoto
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Junko Inagaki
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuu Hirose
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Toshihide Okajima
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Miho-gaoka, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kenji Soda
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kenji Inagaki
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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12
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Williamson HR, Sehanobish E, Shiller AM, Sanchez-Amat A, Davidson VL. Roles of Copper and a Conserved Aspartic Acid in the Autocatalytic Hydroxylation of a Specific Tryptophan Residue during Cysteine Tryptophylquinone Biogenesis. Biochemistry 2017; 56:997-1004. [PMID: 28140566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first posttranslational modification step in the biosynthesis of the tryptophan-derived quinone cofactors is the autocatalytic hydroxylation of a specific Trp residue at position C-7 on the indole side chain. Subsequent modifications are catalyzed by modifying enzymes, but the mechanism by which this first step occurs is unknown. LodA possesses a cysteine tryptophylquinone (CTQ) cofactor. Metal analysis as well as spectroscopic and kinetic studies of the mature and precursor forms of a D512A LodA variant provides evidence that copper is required for the initial hydroxylation of the precursor protein and that if alternative metals are bound, the modification does not occur and the precursor is unstable. It is shown that the mature native LodA also contains loosely bound copper, which affects the visible absorbance spectrum and quenches the fluorescence spectrum that is attributed to the mature CTQ cofactor. When copper is removed, the fluorescence appears, and when it is added back to the protein, the fluorescence is quenched, indicating that copper reversibly binds in the proximity of CTQ. Removal of copper does not diminish the enzymatic activity of LodA. This distinguishes LodA from enzymes with protein-derived tyrosylquinone cofactors in which copper is present near the cofactor and is absolutely required for activity. Mechanisms are proposed for the role of copper in the hydroxylation of the unactivated Trp side chain. These results demonstrate that the reason that the highly conserved Asp512 is critical for LodA, and possibly all tryptophylquinone enzymes, is not because it is required for catalysis but because it is necessary for CTQ biosynthesis, more specifically to facilitate the initial copper-dependent hydroxylation of a specific Trp residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Williamson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Esha Sehanobish
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Alan M Shiller
- Division of Marine Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, Stennis Space Center , Mississippi 39529, United States
| | - Antonio Sanchez-Amat
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Murcia , Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Victor L Davidson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
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13
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Kim N, Estrada O, Chavez B, Stewart C, D'Auria JC. Tropane and Granatane Alkaloid Biosynthesis: A Systematic Analysis. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111510. [PMID: 27845728 PMCID: PMC6274040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropane and granatane alkaloids belong to the larger pyrroline and piperidine classes of plant alkaloids, respectively. Their core structures share common moieties and their scattered distribution among angiosperms suggest that their biosynthesis may share common ancestry in some orders, while they may be independently derived in others. Tropane and granatane alkaloid diversity arises from the myriad modifications occurring to their core ring structures. Throughout much of human history, humans have cultivated tropane- and granatane-producing plants for their medicinal properties. This manuscript will discuss the diversity of their biological and ecological roles as well as what is known about the structural genes and enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis. In addition, modern approaches to producing some pharmaceutically important tropanes via metabolic engineering endeavors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neill Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
| | - Olga Estrada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
| | - Benjamin Chavez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
| | - Charles Stewart
- Office of Biotechnology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1079, USA.
| | - John C D'Auria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
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14
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Hirano Y, Chonan K, Murayama K, Sakasegawa SI, Matsumoto H, Sugimori D. Syncephalastrum racemosum amine oxidase with high catalytic efficiency toward ethanolamine and its application in ethanolamine determination. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3999-4013. [PMID: 26691518 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our screening study yielded a copper amine oxidase (SrAOX) from Syncephalastrum racemosum, which showed much higher affinity and catalytic efficiency toward ethanolamine (EA) than any other amine oxidase (AOX). Following purification of the enzyme to electrophoretic homogeneity from a cell-free extract, the maximum activity toward EA was detected at pH 7.2-7.5 and 45 °C. The SrAOX complementary DNA (cDNA) was composed of a 2052-bp open reading frame encoding a 683-amino acid protein with a molecular mass of 77,162 Da. The enzyme functions as a homodimer. The deduced amino acid sequence of SrAOX showed 55.3 % identity to Rhizopus delemar AOX and contains two consensus sequences of Cu-AOX, NYDY, and HHQH, suggesting SrAOX is a type 1 Cu-AOX (i.e., a topaquinone enzyme). Structural homology modeling showed that residues (112)ML(113), (141)FADTWG(146) M158, and N318 are unique, and T144 possibly characterizes the substrate specificity of SrAOX. The recombinant enzyme (rSrAOX) was produced using Escherichia coli. Steady-state kinetic analysis of rSrAOX activity toward EA (pH 7.5 and 45 °C) gave K m and k cat values of 0.848 ± 0.009 mM and 9.11 ± 0.13 s(-1), respectively. The standard curves were linear between 0.1 and 2 mM EA, and 10 μg mL(-1)-2.5 mg mL(-1) (15 μM-3.6 mM) phosphatidylethanolamine using Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D, respectively, was sufficiently sensitive for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hirano
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Keisuke Chonan
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | | | - Hideyuki Matsumoto
- Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, 410-2321, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugimori
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan.
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Murakawa T, Hamaguchi A, Nakanishi S, Kataoka M, Nakai T, Kawano Y, Yamaguchi H, Hayashi H, Tanizawa K, Okajima T. Probing the Catalytic Mechanism of Copper Amine Oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis with Halide Ions. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23094-109. [PMID: 26269595 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic reaction of copper amine oxidase proceeds through a ping-pong mechanism comprising two half-reactions. In the initial half-reaction, the substrate amine reduces the Tyr-derived cofactor, topa quinone (TPQ), to an aminoresorcinol form (TPQamr) that is in equilibrium with a semiquinone radical (TPQsq) via an intramolecular electron transfer to the active-site copper. We have analyzed this reductive half-reaction in crystals of the copper amine oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis. Anerobic soaking of the crystals with an amine substrate shifted the equilibrium toward TPQsq in an "on-copper" conformation, in which the 4-OH group ligated axially to the copper center, which was probably reduced to Cu(I). When the crystals were soaked with substrate in the presence of halide ions, which act as uncompetitive and noncompetitive inhibitors with respect to the amine substrate and dioxygen, respectively, the equilibrium in the crystals shifted toward the "off-copper" conformation of TPQamr. The halide ion was bound to the axial position of the copper center, thereby preventing TPQamr from adopting the on-copper conformation. Furthermore, transient kinetic analyses in the presence of viscogen (glycerol) revealed that only the rate constant in the step of TPQamr/TPQsq interconversion is markedly affected by the viscogen, which probably perturbs the conformational change. These findings unequivocally demonstrate that TPQ undergoes large conformational changes during the reductive half-reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Murakawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Akio Hamaguchi
- the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shota Nakanishi
- the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Misumi Kataoka
- the School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan, the Advanced Photon Technology Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakai
- the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kawano
- the Advanced Photon Technology Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- the School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan, the Advanced Photon Technology Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hayashi
- the Department of Chemistry, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan, and
| | - Katsuyuki Tanizawa
- the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan, the Center of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Toshihide Okajima
- the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan, the Department of Chemistry, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan, and
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16
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Gaule TG, Smith MA, Pearson AR, Knowles PF, McPherson MJ. Probing the molecular mechanisms in copper amine oxidases by generating heterodimers. Chembiochem 2015; 16:559-64. [PMID: 25607656 PMCID: PMC4497604 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For some homodimeric copper amine oxidases (CuAO), there is suggestive evidence of differential activity at the two active sites implying potential cooperativity between the two monomers. To examine this phenomenon for the Arthrobacter globiformis CuAO (AGAO), we purified a heterodimeric form of the enzyme for comparison with the homodimer. The heterodimer comprises an active wild-type monomer and an inactive monomer in which an active-site tyrosine is mutated to phenylalanine (Y382F). This mutation prevents the formation of the trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) cofactor. A pETDuet vector and a dual fusion tag strategy was used to purify heterodimers (WT/Y382F) from homodimers. Purity was confirmed by western blot and native PAGE analyses. Spectral and kinetic studies support the view that whether there are one or two functional monomers in the dimer, the properties of each functional monomer are the same, thus indicating no communication between the active sites in this bacterial enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thembaninkosi G Gaule
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of LeedsLS2 9JT Leeds (UK) E-mail:
| | - Mark A Smith
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of LeedsLS2 9JT Leeds (UK) E-mail:
| | - Arwen R Pearson
- Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, CFELBuilding 99, Luruper Chausse 149, 22761 Hamburg (Germany)
| | - Peter F Knowles
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of LeedsLS2 9JT Leeds (UK) E-mail:
| | - Michael J McPherson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of LeedsLS2 9JT Leeds (UK) E-mail:
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17
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Moon HJ, Finney J, Ronnebaum T, Mure M. Human lysyl oxidase-like 2. Bioorg Chem 2014; 57:231-241. [PMID: 25146937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) belongs to the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, which comprises Cu(2+)- and lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent amine oxidases. LOXL2 is proposed to function similarly to LOX in the extracellular matrix (ECM) by promoting crosslinking of collagen and elastin. LOXL2 has also been proposed to regulate extracellular and intracellular cell signaling pathways. Dysregulation of LOXL2 has been linked to many diseases, including cancer, pro-oncogenic angiogenesis, fibrosis and heart diseases. In this review, we will give an overview of the current understandings and hypotheses regarding the molecular functions of LOXL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Joel Finney
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Trey Ronnebaum
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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18
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Klinman JP, Bonnot F. Intrigues and intricacies of the biosynthetic pathways for the enzymatic quinocofactors: PQQ, TTQ, CTQ, TPQ, and LTQ. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4343-65. [PMID: 24350630 PMCID: PMC3999297 DOI: 10.1021/cr400475g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith P. Klinman
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. Supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM025765) to J.P.K
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. Supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM025765) to J.P.K
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. Supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM025765) to J.P.K
| | - Florence Bonnot
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. Supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM025765) to J.P.K
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. Supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM025765) to J.P.K
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19
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Solomon EI, Heppner DE, Johnston EM, Ginsbach JW, Cirera J, Qayyum M, Kieber-Emmons MT, Kjaergaard CH, Hadt RG, Tian L. Copper active sites in biology. Chem Rev 2014; 114:3659-853. [PMID: 24588098 PMCID: PMC4040215 DOI: 10.1021/cr400327t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1129] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Heppner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | - Jake W. Ginsbach
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Jordi Cirera
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Munzarin Qayyum
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | | | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
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20
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Finney J, Moon HJ, Ronnebaum T, Lantz M, Mure M. Human copper-dependent amine oxidases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 546:19-32. [PMID: 24407025 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) are a class of enzymes that contain Cu(2+) and a tyrosine-derived quinone cofactor, catalyze the conversion of a primary amine functional group to an aldehyde, and generate hydrogen peroxide and ammonia as byproducts. These enzymes can be classified into two non-homologous families: 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ)-dependent CAOs and the lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of proteins. In this review, we will focus on recent developments in the field of research concerning human CAOs and the LOX family of proteins. The aberrant expression of these enzymes is linked to inflammation, fibrosis, tumor metastasis/invasion and other diseases. Consequently, there is a critical need to understand the functions of these proteins at the molecular level, so that strategies targeting these enzymes can be developed to combat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Trey Ronnebaum
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Mason Lantz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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21
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Murakawa T, Hayashi H, Sunami T, Kurihara K, Tamada T, Kuroki R, Suzuki M, Tanizawa K, Okajima T. High-resolution crystal structure of copper amine oxidase fromArthrobacter globiformis: assignment of bound diatomic molecules as O2. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:2483-94. [DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913023196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of a copper amine oxidase fromArthrobacter globiformiswas determined at 1.08 Å resolution with the use of low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol (LMW PEG; average molecular weight ∼200) as a cryoprotectant. The final crystallographicRfactor andRfreewere 13.0 and 15.0%, respectively. Several molecules of LMW PEG were found to occupy cavities in the protein interior, including the active site, which resulted in a marked reduction in the overallBfactor and consequently led to a subatomic resolution structure for a relatively large protein with a monomer molecular weight of ∼70 000. About 40% of the presumed H atoms were observed as clear electron densities in theFo−Fcdifference map. Multiple minor conformers were also identified for many residues. Anisotropic displacement fluctuations were evaluated in the active site, which contains a post-translationally derived quinone cofactor and a Cu atom. Furthermore, diatomic molecules, most likely to be molecular oxygen, are bound to the protein, one of which is located in a region that had previously been proposed as an entry route for the dioxygen substrate from the central cavity of the dimer interface to the active site.
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22
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Davidson VL, Wilmot CM. Posttranslational biosynthesis of the protein-derived cofactor tryptophan tryptophylquinone. Annu Rev Biochem 2013; 82:531-50. [PMID: 23746262 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-051110-133601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of methylamine to formaldehyde and ammonia. Tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) is the protein-derived cofactor of MADH required for this catalytic activity. TTQ is biosynthesized through the posttranslational modification of two tryptophan residues within MADH, during which the indole rings of two tryptophan side chains are cross-linked and two oxygen atoms are inserted into one of the indole rings. MauG is a c-type diheme enzyme that catalyzes the final three reactions in TTQ formation. In total, this is a six-electron oxidation process requiring three cycles of MauG-dependent two-electron oxidation events using either H2O2 or O2. The MauG redox form responsible for the catalytic activity is an unprecedented bis-Fe(IV) species. The amino acids of MADH that are modified are ≈ 40 Å from the site where MauG binds oxygen, and the reaction proceeds by a hole hopping electron transfer mechanism. This review addresses these highly unusual aspects of the long-range catalytic reaction mediated by MauG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Davidson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) requires the cofactor tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) for activity. TTQ is a posttranslational modification that results from an 8-electron oxidation of two specific tryptophans in the MADH β-subunit. The final 6-electron oxidation is catalyzed by an unusual c-type di-heme enzyme, MauG. The di-ferric enzyme can react with H(2)O(2), but atypically for c-type hemes the di-ferrous enzyme can react with O(2) as well. In both cases, an unprecedented bis-Fe(IV) redox state is formed, composed of a ferryl heme (Fe(IV)=O) with the second heme as Fe(IV) stabilized by His-Tyr axial ligation. Bis-Fe(IV) MauG acts as a potent 2-electron oxidant. Catalysis is long-range and requires a hole hopping electron transfer mechanism. This review highlights the current knowledge and focus of research into this fascinating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Wilmot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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25
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Rosini E, Nossa S, Valentino M, D’Arrigo P, Marinesco S, Pollegioni L. Expression of rat diamine oxidase in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The role of protein crystallography in defining the mechanisms of biogenesis and catalysis in copper amine oxidase. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:5375-5405. [PMID: 22754303 PMCID: PMC3382800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13055375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) are a ubiquitous group of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of primary amines to aldehydes coupled to the reduction of O2 to H2O2. These enzymes utilize a wide range of substrates from methylamine to polypeptides. Changes in CAO activity are correlated with a variety of human diseases, including diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s disease, and inflammatory disorders. CAOs contain a cofactor, 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ), that is required for catalytic activity and synthesized through the post-translational modification of a tyrosine residue within the CAO polypeptide. TPQ generation is a self-processing event only requiring the addition of oxygen and Cu(II) to the apoCAO. Thus, the CAO active site supports two very different reactions: TPQ synthesis, and the two electron oxidation of primary amines. Crystal structures are available from bacterial through to human sources, and have given insight into substrate preference, stereospecificity, and structural changes during biogenesis and catalysis. In particular both these processes have been studied in crystallo through the addition of native substrates. These latter studies enable intermediates during physiological turnover to be directly visualized, and demonstrate the power of this relatively recent development in protein crystallography.
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Klema VJ, Johnson BJ, Klinman JP, Wilmot CM. The precursor form of Hansenula polymorpha copper amine oxidase 1 in complex with CuI and CoII. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:501-10. [PMID: 22691777 PMCID: PMC3374502 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112012857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of primary amines to their corresponding aldehydes, with the concomitant reduction of O(2) to H(2)O(2). Catalysis requires two cofactors: a mononuclear copper center and the cofactor 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ). TPQ is synthesized through the post-translational modification of an endogenous tyrosine residue and requires only oxygen and copper to proceed. TPQ biogenesis in CAO can be supported by alternate metals, albeit at decreased rates. A variety of factors are thought to contribute to the degree to which a metal can support TPQ biogenesis, including Lewis acidity, redox potential and electrostatic stabilization capability. The crystal structure has been solved of one of two characterized CAOs from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha (HPAO-1) in its metal-free (apo) form, which contains an unmodified precursor tyrosine residue instead of fully processed TPQ (HPAO-1 was denoted HPAO in the literature prior to 2010). Structures of apoHPAO-1 in complex with Cu(I) and Co(II) have also been solved, providing structural insight into metal binding prior to biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J. Klema
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bryan J. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Judith P. Klinman
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and the California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, 608C Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carrie M. Wilmot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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28
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Murakawa T, Hayashi H, Taki M, Yamamoto Y, Kawano Y, Tanizawa K, Okajima T. Structural insights into the substrate specificity of bacterial copper amine oxidase obtained by using irreversible inhibitors. J Biochem 2011; 151:167-78. [PMID: 21984603 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) catalyse the oxidation of various aliphatic amines to the corresponding aldehydes, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. Although CAOs from various organisms share a highly conserved active-site structure including a protein-derived cofactor, topa quinone (TPQ), their substrate specificities differ considerably. To obtain structural insights into the substrate specificity of a CAO from Arthrobacter globiformis (AGAO), we have determined the X-ray crystal structures of AGAO complexed with irreversible inhibitors that form covalent adducts with TPQ. Three hydrazine derivatives, benzylhydrazine (BHZ), 4-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (4-OH-BHZ) and phenylhydrazine (PHZ) formed predominantly a hydrazone adduct, which is structurally analogous to the substrate Schiff base of TPQ formed during the catalytic reaction. With BHZ and 4-OH-BHZ, but not with PHZ, the inhibitor aromatic ring is bound to a hydrophobic cavity near the active site in a well-defined conformation. Furthermore, the hydrogen atom on the hydrazone nitrogen is located closer to the catalytic base in the BHZ and 4-OH-BHZ adducts than in the PHZ adduct. These results correlate well with the reactivity of 2-phenylethylamine and tyramine as preferred substrates for AGAO and also explain why benzylamine is a poor substrate with markedly decreased rate constants for the steps of proton abstraction and the following hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Murakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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29
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Kurtis CRP, Knowles PF, Parsons MR, Gaule TG, Phillips SEV, McPherson MJ. Tyrosine 381 in E. coli copper amine oxidase influences substrate specificity. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:1043-53. [PMID: 21547391 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Copper amine oxidases are important for the metabolism of a range of biogenic amines. Here, we focus on substrate specificity in the E. coli copper amine oxidase (ECAO) and specifically the role of Tyr 381. This residue, and its equivalent, in other copper amine oxidases has been referred to as a "gating" residue able to move position depending upon the presence or absence of amine substrate. The position of this residue suggests a role in substrate selectivity. We have compared the properties of two variant forms of ECAO, Y381F and Y381A, with wild-type enzyme by steady-state kinetics of oxidation of a number of amine substrates, modes of inhibitor interactions and X-ray structure determination. Y381F displays a similar catalytic efficiency to wild type against the preferred substrate β-phenylethylamine. In both cases oxidation of the alternative aromatic amine substrate benzylamine is relatively poor, although Y381F represents an efficient benzylamine oxidase. By contrast, Y381A performed poorly against both aromatic substrates predominantly due to an increased K (M) which we propose is due to the lack of an aromatic residue to orient substrate towards the TPQ and active site base. These results are supported by different behaviour of Y381A to inhibition with 2-hydrazinopyridine. We also report on methylamine turnover by the three enzymes. We propose that Y381, together with another residue Y387, may be considered of critical importance for the substrate selectivity of ECAO, through stacking or hydrophobic interactions with substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R P Kurtis
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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30
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Davidson VL. Generation of protein-derived redox cofactors by posttranslational modification. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 7:29-37. [PMID: 20936199 DOI: 10.1039/c005311b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Redox enzymes which catalyze the oxidation and reduction of substrates are ubiquitous in nature. These enzymes typically possess exogenous cofactors to allow them to perform catalytic functions which cannot be accomplished using only amino acid residues. It is now evident that nature also employs an alternative strategy of generating catalytic and redox-active sites in proteins by posttranslational modification of amino acid residues. This review describes the structures and functions of several of these protein-derived cofactors and the diverse mechanisms of posttranslational modification through which they are generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4505, USA.
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31
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Ghosh S, Cirera J, Vance MA, Ono T, Fujisawa K, Solomon EI. Spectroscopic and electronic structure studies of phenolate Cu(II) complexes: phenolate ring orientation and activation related to cofactor biogenesis. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 130:16262-73. [PMID: 18998639 DOI: 10.1021/ja8044986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A combination of spectroscopies and DFT calculations have been used to define the electronic structures of two crystallographically defined Cu(II)-phenolate complexes. These complexes differ in the orientation of the phenolate ring which results in different bonding interactions of the phenolate donor orbitals with the Cu(II), which are reflected in the very different spectroscopic properties of the two complexes. These differences in electronic structures lead to significant differences in DFT calculated reactivities with oxygen. These calculations suggest that oxygen activation via a Cu(I) phenoxyl ligand-to-metal charge transfer complex is highly endergonic (>50 kcal/mol), hence an unlikely pathway. Rather, the two-electron oxidation of the phenolate forming a bridging Cu(II) peroxoquinone complex is more favorable (11.3 kcal/mol). The role of the oxidized metal in mediating this two-electron oxidation of the coordinated phenolate and its relevance to the biogenesis of the covalently bound topa quinone in amine oxidase are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somdatta Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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32
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Unique Spectroscopic Features and Electronic Structures of Copper Proteins: Relation to Reactivity. HIGH RESOLUTION EPR 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-84856-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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33
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Taki M, Murakawa T, Nakamoto T, Uchida M, Hayashi H, Tanizawa K, Yamamoto Y, Okajima T. Further insight into the mechanism of stereoselective proton abstraction by bacterial copper amine oxidase. Biochemistry 2008; 47:7726-33. [PMID: 18627131 DOI: 10.1021/bi800623f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During the catalytic reaction of copper amine oxidase, one of the two prochiral hydrogen atoms at the C1 position of substrate amine is stereoselectively abstracted by a conserved Asp residue serving as a general base. Using stereospecifically deuterium-labeled enantiomers of 2-phenylethylamine, we previously showed that the pro-S alpha-proton is abstracted by the enzyme from Arthrobacter globiformis (AGAO) [Uchida, M., et al. (2003) Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 67, 2664-2667]. More recently, we have also demonstrated that the pro-S selectivity of alpha-proton abstraction is fully retained even in the reaction of a mutant AGAO lacking the catalytic base [Chiu, Y.-C., et al. (2006) Biochemistry 45, 4105-4120]. On the basis of these findings, we have proposed that the stereoselectivity of alpha-proton abstraction is primarily determined by the conformation of the Schiff base intermediate formed between the substrate and the topa quinone cofactor (TPQ), stabilized by the binding of the distal part of the substrate to a hydrophobic pocket of the enzyme. In this conformation, the pro-S hydrogen atom to be abstracted is nearly perpendicular to the plane of the Schiff base-TPQ conjugate system, achieving the maximum overlap of sigma- and pi-orbitals. To further elucidate the stereochemical details, we have synthesized stereospecifically deuterium-labeled enantiomers of ethylamine, a very poor substrate for AGAO, in addition to those structurally related to the preferred substrate, 2-phenylethylamine. In marked contrast to the nearly complete pro-S selectivity of alpha-proton abstraction for most substrates that have been examined, the stereoselectivity for ethylamine decreased significantly to as little as 88%. The crystal structure of AGAO soaked with ethylamine showed very poor electron densities for the substrate Schiff base intermediate, showing that its conformation is not defined uniquely. Thus, the stereoselectivity of alpha-proton abstraction during the copper amine oxidase reaction is closely associated with the conformational flexibility of the substrate Schiff base intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayasu Taki
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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34
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Langley DB, Brown DE, Cheruzel LE, Contakes SM, Duff AP, Hilmer KM, Dooley DM, Gray HB, Guss JM, Freeman HC. Enantiomer-specific binding of ruthenium(II) molecular wires by the amine oxidase of Arthrobacter globiformis. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:8069-78. [PMID: 18507382 PMCID: PMC2518534 DOI: 10.1021/ja801289f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The copper amine oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis (AGAO) is reversibly inhibited by molecular wires comprising a Ru(II) complex head group and an aromatic tail group joined by an alkane linker. The crystal structures of a series of Ru(II)-wire-AGAO complexes differing with respect to the length of the alkane linker have been determined. All wires lie in the AGAO active-site channel, with their aromatic tail group in contact with the trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) cofactor of the enzyme. The TPQ cofactor is consistently in its active ("off-Cu") conformation, and the side chain of the so-called "gate" residue Tyr296 is consistently in the "gate-open" conformation. Among the wires tested, the most stable complex is produced when the wire has a -(CH2)4- linker. In this complex, the Ru(II)(phen)(bpy)2 head group is level with the protein molecular surface. Crystal structures of AGAO in complex with optically pure forms of the C4 wire show that the linker and head group in the two enantiomers occupy slightly different positions in the active-site channel. Both the Lambda and Delta isomers are effective competitive inhibitors of amine oxidation. Remarkably, inhibition by the C4 wire shows a high degree of selectivity for AGAO in comparison with other copper-containing amine oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Langley
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Doreen E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Lionel E. Cheruzel
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Stephen M. Contakes
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Anthony P. Duff
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kimberly M. Hilmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - David M. Dooley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Harry B. Gray
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J. Mitchell Guss
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hans C. Freeman
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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35
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Lee HI, Kim YM, Ro YT. Purification and characterization of a copper-containing amine oxidase from Mycobacterium sp. strain JC1 DSM 3803 grown on benzylamine. J Biochem 2008; 144:107-14. [PMID: 18400766 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterial semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) was purified and characterized from Mycobacterium sp. strain JC1 DSM 3803 grown on benzylamine. During the purification procedures, the enzyme was tending to aggregate and exhibited heterogeneity in native PAGE. The heterogeneous forms having amine oxidase (AO) activity could be separated by their native molecular weights using gel-filtration chromatography. Most of the AOs behaved as dimers (M(r) 150,000) composed of a 75-kDa subunit, but some aggregated to form tetramers (M(r) 300,000). Besides their native molecular weight, subunit composition and V(max) value, both forms (dimer and tetramer) have almost identical biochemical properties (e.g. subunit size, optimum pH and temperature, activation energy, K(m) value on benzylamine, substrate and inhibitor specificities). When AO activity was observed by activity staining, the best-oxidized substrate was benzylamine, although the AO also oxidized tyramine and histamine. The AO was strongly inhibited by semicarbazide and isoniazid, but KCN did not affect its activity. The purified enzyme was shown to contain 2.39 mol of copper per mole of subunit, but there were no evidences of topaquinone co-factor involvement, when tested by absorption spectrum analysis and redox-cycling staining for quinoprotein detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Il Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
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36
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Kolaríková K, Galuszka P, Sedlárová I, Sebela M, Frébort I. Functional expression of amine oxidase from Aspergillus niger (AO-I) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 36:13-20. [PMID: 17899443 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to prepare recombinant amine oxidase from Aspergillus niger after overexpressing in yeast. The yeast expression vector pDR197 that includes a constitutive PMA1 promoter was used for the expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recombinant amine oxidase was extracted from the growth medium of the yeast, purified to homogeneity and identified by activity assay and MALDI-TOF peptide mass fingerprinting. Similarity search in the newly published A. niger genome identified six genes coding for copper amine oxidase, two of them corresponding to the previously described enzymes AO-I a methylamine oxidase and three other genes coding for FAD amine oxidases. Thus, A. niger possesses an enormous metabolic gear to grow on amine compounds and thus support its saprophytic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Kolaríková
- Department of Biochemistry, Palacký University, Slechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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37
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Moore RH, Spies MA, Culpepper MB, Murakawa T, Hirota S, Okajima T, Tanizawa K, Mure M. Trapping of a dopaquinone intermediate in the TPQ cofactor biogenesis in a copper-containing amine oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:11524-34. [PMID: 17715921 DOI: 10.1021/ja0731165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The biogenesis of the topaquinone (TPQ) cofactor of copper amine oxidase (CAO) is self-catalyzed and requires copper and molecular oxygen. A dopaquinone intermediate has been proposed to undergo 1,4-addition of a copper-associated water molecule to form the reduced form of TPQ (TPQ(red)), followed by facile oxidation by O(2) to yield the mature TPQ (TPQ(ox)). In this study, we have incorporated a lysine residue in the active site of Arthrobacter globiformis CAO (AGAO) by site-directed mutagenesis to produce D298K-AGAO. The X-ray crystal structure of D298K-AGAO at 1.7-A resolution revealed that a covalent linkage formed between the epsilon-amino side chain of Lys298 and the C2 position of a dopaquinone derived from Tyr382, a precursor to TPQ(ox). We assigned the species as an iminoquinone tautomer (LTI) of lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ), the organic cofactor of lysyl oxidase (LOX). The time course of the formation of LTI at pH 6.8 was followed by UV/vis and resonance Raman spectroscopies. In the early phase of the reaction, an LTQ-like intermediate was observed. This intermediate then slowly converted to LTI in an isosbestic manner. Not only is the presence of a dopaquinone intermediate in the TPQ biogenesis confirmed, but it also provides strong support for the proposed intermediacy of a dopaquinone in the biogenesis of LTQ in LOX. Further, this study indicates that the dopaquinone intermediate in AGAO is mobile and can swing from the copper site into the active-site wedge to react with Lys298.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn H Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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38
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Davidson VL. Protein-derived cofactors. Expanding the scope of post-translational modifications. Biochemistry 2007; 46:5283-92. [PMID: 17439161 DOI: 10.1021/bi700468t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in enzymology, structural biology, and protein chemistry have extended the scope of the field of cofactor-dependent enzyme catalysis. It has been documented that catalytic and redox-active prosthetic groups may be derived from post-translational modification of amino acid residues of proteins. These protein-derived cofactors typically arise from the oxygenation of aromatic residues, covalent cross-linking of amino acid residues, or cyclization or cleavage of internal amino acid residues. In some cases, the post-translation modification is a self-processing event, whereas in others, another processing enzyme is required. The characterization of protein-derived cofactors and their mechanisms of biogenesis introduce a new dimension to our current views about protein evolution and protein structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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39
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Heim WG, Sykes KA, Hildreth SB, Sun J, Lu RH, Jelesko JG. Cloning and characterization of a Nicotiana tabacum methylputrescine oxidase transcript. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:454-63. [PMID: 17174363 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative deamination of N-methylputrescine is an essential step in both pyridine and tropane alkaloid biosynthesis. Reverse genetic approaches have not resulted in the cloning of a methylputrescine oxidase gene (MPO). However, we have used a homology-based approach to clone a full-length tobacco MPO1 cDNA. The MPO1 gene is part of a small multigene family comprised of approximately six members. MPO1-like transcript levels increased in roots that were either deprived of auxin or treated with methyl jasmonic acid. Similar to other known nicotine biosynthetic genes in domesticated tobacco, MPO1-like mRNA levels were lower in roots with the mutant a and b alleles. The MPO1 protein was expressed in bacteria as a recombinant Thioredoxin-His(6)-MPO1 fusion protein. The recombinant MPO1 protein utilized N-methylputrescine more efficiently than other diamines. Therefore, the kinetic properties of the MPO1 enzyme may play an important role in determining the pyridine alkaloid profiles observed in tobacco roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Heim
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 540 Latham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0390, USA
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40
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Langley DB, Duff AP, Freeman HC, Guss JM. The copper-containing amine oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis: refinement at 1.55 and 2.20 A resolution in two crystal forms. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:1052-7. [PMID: 17077478 PMCID: PMC2225227 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106038814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Copper-containing amine oxidases are found in all the major kingdoms of life. They catalyse the oxidation of organic amines in the presence of molecular dioxygen to aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide. The catalytic centres contain a Cu atom and a topaquinone cofactor formed autocatalytically from a tyrosine residue in the presence of Cu and molecular oxygen. The structure of the Cu-containing amine oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis, which was previously refined at 1.8 A resolution in space group C2 with unit-cell parameters a = 157.84, b = 63.24, c = 91.98 A, beta = 112.0 degrees [Wilce et al. (1997), Biochemistry, 36, 16116-16133], has been re-refined with newly recorded data at 1.55 A resolution. The structure has also been solved and refined at 2.2 A resolution in a new crystal form, space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 158.04, b = 64.06, c = 69.69 A, beta = 111.7 degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Langley
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony P. Duff
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hans C. Freeman
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - J. Mitchell Guss
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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41
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Reduction of plastocyanin by tyrosine-containing oligopeptides. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:1871-8. [PMID: 16963123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized plastocyanin (PC) was reduced with TyrTyrTyr and LysLysLysLysTyrTyrTyr (KKKKYYY) oligopeptides at neutral pH. The TyrTyrTyr site of the peptides provided an electron to the copper active site of PC, whereas the tetralysine site of KKKKYYY functioned as the recognition site for the negative patch of PC. The reciprocal initial rate constant (1/k(int)) increased linearly with the reciprocal TyrTyrTyr concentration and proton concentration, although the electron transfer rate decreased gradually with time. The results showed that PC was reduced by the deprotonated species of TyrTyrTyr. A linear increase of log k(int) with increase in the ionic strength was observed due to decrease in the electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged PC and deprotonated (TyrTyrTyr)(-). PC was reduced faster by an addition of KKKKYYY to the PC-TyrTyrTyr solution, although KKKKYYY could not reduce PC without TyrTyrTyr. The ESI-LCMS spectrum of the products from the reaction between PC and TyrTyrTyr showed molecular ion peaks at m/z 1015.7 and 1037.7, which suggested formation of a dimerized peptide that may be produced from the reaction of a tyrosyl radical. The results indicate that PC and the tyrosine-containing oligopeptides form an equilibrium, PC(ox)/(oligopeptide)(-)-->/<--PC(red)/(oligopeptide)(*). The equilibrium is usually shifted to the left, but could shift to the right when the produced oligopeptide radical reacts with unreacted peptides. For the reaction of PC with KKKKYYY in the absence of TyrTyrTyr, the produced KKKK(YYY)(*) radical peptide could not react with other KKKKYYY peptides, since they were positively charged. In the presence of both KKKKYYY and TyrTyrTyr, PC may interact effectively with KKKKYYY through its tetralysine site and receive an electron from its TyrTyrTyr site, where the produced KKKK(YYY)(*) may interact with TyrTyrTyr peptides.
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Ono K, Okajima T, Tani M, Kuroda S, Sun D, Davidson VL, Tanizawa K. Involvement of a putative [Fe-S]-cluster-binding protein in the biogenesis of quinohemoprotein amine dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:13672-13684. [PMID: 16546999 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600029200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinohemoprotein amine dehydrogenase (QHNDH) of Paracoccus denitrificans contains a peptidyl quinone cofactor, cysteine tryptophylquinone, as well as intrapeptidyl thioether cross-links between Cys and Asp/Glu residues within the smallestgamma-subunit of the alphabetagamma heterotrimeric protein. A putative [Fe-S]-cluster-binding protein (ORF2 protein) encoded between the structural genes for the alpha- and gamma-subunits of QHNDH in the n-butylamine-utilizing operon likely belongs to a Radical SAM (S-Ado-Met) superfamily that includes many proteins involved in vitamin biosynthesis and enzyme activation. In this study the role of ORF2 protein in the biogenesis of QHNDH has been explored. Although the wild-type strain of Paracoccus denitrificans produced an active, mature enzyme upon induction with n-butylamine, a mutant strain in which the ORF2 gene had been mostly deleted, neither grew in the n-butylamine medium nor showed QHNDH activity. When the mutant strain was transformed with an expression plasmid for the ORF2 protein, n-butylamine-dependent bacterial growth and QHNDH activity were restored. Site-specific mutations in the putative [Fe-S]-cluster or SAM binding motifs in the ORF2 protein failed to support bacterial growth. The alpha- and beta-subunits were both detected in the periplasm of the mutant strain, whereas the gamma-subunit polypeptide was accumulated in the cytoplasm and stained negatively for redox-cycling quinone staining. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the gamma-subunit isolated from the mutant strain had not undergone posttranslational modification. These results unequivocally show that the putative [Fe-S]-cluster- and SAM-binding ORF2 protein is necessary for the posttranslational processing of gamma-subunit, most likely participating in the formation of the intrapeptidyl thioether cross-links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Ono
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Toshihide Okajima
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Minobu Tani
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Dapeng Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4505
| | - Victor L Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4505
| | - Katsuyuki Tanizawa
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
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Murakawa T, Okajima T, Kuroda S, Nakamoto T, Taki M, Yamamoto Y, Hayashi H, Tanizawa K. Quantum mechanical hydrogen tunneling in bacterial copper amine oxidase reaction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:414-23. [PMID: 16487484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A key step decisively affecting the catalytic efficiency of copper amine oxidase is stereospecific abstraction of substrate alpha-proton by a conserved Asp residue. We analyzed this step by pre-steady-state kinetics using a bacterial enzyme and stereospecifically deuterium-labeled substrates, 2-phenylethylamine and tyramine. A small and temperature-dependent kinetic isotope effect (KIE) was observed with 2-phenylethylamine, whereas a large and temperature-independent KIE was observed with tyramine in the alpha-proton abstraction step, showing that this step is driven by quantum mechanical hydrogen tunneling rather than the classical transition-state mechanism. Furthermore, an Arrhenius-type preexponential factor ratio approaching a transition-state value was obtained in the reaction of a mutant enzyme lacking the critical Asp. These results provide strong evidence for enzyme-enhanced hydrogen tunneling. X-ray crystallographic structures of the reaction intermediates revealed a small difference in the binding mode of distal parts of substrates, which would modulate hydrogen tunneling proceeding through either active or passive dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Murakawa
- Department of Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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44
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Wang Y, Li X, Jones LH, Pearson AR, Wilmot CM, Davidson VL. MauG-dependent in vitro biosynthesis of tryptophan tryptophylquinone in methylamine dehydrogenase. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:8258-9. [PMID: 15941239 DOI: 10.1021/ja051734k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) is the prosthetic group of methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) and is synthesized through post-translational modification of two endogenous tryptophan residues. This modification involves two oxygenation reactions and one cross-linking reaction. It is clearly shown that the incorporation of the second oxygen into betaTrp57 and the covalent cross-linking of betaTrp57 to betaTrp108 are MauG-dependent processes. These reaction steps are severely compromised in vivo when mauG is mutated or deleted. These steps may then be catalyzed in vitro upon addition of MauG to the isolated biosynthetic intermediates. These results also show that TTQ formation is linked to proper assembly of subunits during MADH biosynthesis. Last, these results demonstrate a novel function for the c-type heme protein, MauG, which is consistent with its atypical physical properties. These results are the first description of an enzyme-mediated biosynthesis of a protein-derived cofactor in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongting Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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45
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Longu S, Mura A, Padiglia A, Medda R, Floris G. Mechanism-based inactivators of plant copper/quinone containing amine oxidases. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:1751-8. [PMID: 16054177 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Copper/quinone amine oxidases contain Cu(II) and the quinone of 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine (topaquinone; TPQ) as cofactors. TPQ is derived by post-translational modification of a conserved tyrosine residue in the protein chain. Major advances have been made during the last decade toward understanding the structure/function relationships of the active site in Cu/TPQ amine oxidases using specific inhibitors. Mechanism-based inactivators are substrate analogues that bind to the active site of an enzyme being accepted and processed by the normal catalytic mechanism of the enzyme. During the reaction a covalent modification of the enzyme occurs leading to irreversible inactivation. In this review mechanism-based inactivators of plant Cu/TPQ amine oxidases from the pulses lentil (Lens esculenta), pea (Pisum sativum), grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia,) are described. Substrates forming, in aerobiotic and in anaerobiotic conditions, killer products that covalently bound to the quinone cofactor or to a specific amino acid residue of the target enzyme are all reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Longu
- Department of Applied Sciences in Biosystems, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Cagliari, Italy
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46
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Ling KQ, Sayre LM. A Dopaquinone Model That Mimics the Water Addition Step of Cofactor Biogenesis in Copper Amine Oxidases. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:4777-84. [PMID: 15796543 DOI: 10.1021/ja0455603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The consensus mechanism for biogenesis of the 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) cofactor in copper amine oxidases involves a key water addition to the dopaquinone intermediate. Although hydration of o-quinones seems straightforward and was implicated previously in aqueous autoxidation of catechols to give ultimately hydroxyquinones, a recent study (Mandal, S.; Lee, Y.; Purdy, M. M.; Sayre, L. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3574-3584) showed that the observed hydroxyquinones arise not from hydration, but from addition to the o-quinones of H(2)O(2) generated during autoxidation of the catechols. In the enzyme case, hydration of dopaquinone is proposed to be mediated by the active site Cu(II). To establish precedent for this mechanism, we engineered a catechol tethered to a Cu(II)-coordinating unit, such that the corresponding o-quinone could be generated in situ by oxidation with periodate (to avoid generation of H(2)O(2)). Thus, coordination of 4-((2-(bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amino)ethylamino)methyl)-1,2-benzenediol (1) to Cu(II) and subsequent addition of periodate resulted in rapid formation of the TPQ-like corresponding hydroxyquinone. Hydroxyquinone formation was seen also using Zn(II) and Ni(II), but not in the absence of M(II). Under the same conditions, periodate oxidation of the simple catechol 4-tert-butylcatechol does not give hydroxyquinone in the presence or absence of Cu(II). M(II)OH(2) pK(a) data for the Cu(II), Zn(II), and Ni(II) complexes with the pendant tetradentate ligand in the masked (dimethyl ether) catechol form, and kinetic pH-rate profiles of the metal-dependent hydroxyquinone formation from periodate oxidation of catechol 1, suggested a rate-limiting addition step of the ligand-coordinated M(II)OH to the o-quinone intermediate. This study represents the first chemical demonstration of a true o-quinone hydration, which occurs in cofactor biogenesis in copper amine oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qing Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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47
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Berthomieu C, Hienerwadel R. Vibrational spectroscopy to study the properties of redox-active tyrosines in photosystem II and other proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1707:51-66. [PMID: 15721606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2003] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine radicals play catalytic roles in essential metalloenzymes. Their properties--midpoint potential, stability...--or environment varies considerably from one enzyme to the other. To understand the origin of these properties, the redox tyrosines are studied by a number of spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. An increasing number of vibrational data are reported for the (modified-) redox active tyrosines in ribonucleotide reductases, photosystem II, heme catalase and peroxidases, galactose and glyoxal oxidases, and cytochrome oxidase. The spectral markers for the tyrosinyl radicals have been recorded on models of (substituted) phenoxyl radicals, free or coordinated to metals. We review these vibrational data and present the correlations existing between the vibrational modes of the radicals and their properties and interactions formed with their environment: we present that the nu7a(C-O) mode of the radical, observed both by RR and FTIR spectroscopy at 1480-1515 cm(-1), is a sensitive marker of the hydrogen bonding status of (substituted)-phenoxyl and Tyr*, while the nu8a(C-C) mode may probe coordination of the Tyr* to a metal. For photosystem II, the information obtained by light-induced FTIR difference spectroscopy for the two redox tyrosines TyrD and TyrZ and their hydrogen bonding partners is discussed in comparison with those obtained by other spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Berthomieu
- CEA-Cadarache, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, UMR 6191 CNRS-CEA-Aix-Marseille II, Univ.-Méditerranée CEA 1000, Bât. 156, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, Cedex, France.
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48
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Dubois JL, Klinman JP. Mechanism of post-translational quinone formation in copper amine oxidases and its relationship to the catalytic turnover. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 433:255-65. [PMID: 15581581 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) post-translationally construct a redox-active quinone from an amino acid side chain in their polypeptide chain. As such, these enzymes illustrate how nature is able to expand upon naturally-occurring side chains to create new, catalytically powerful functionalities. The active sites of the CAOs are highly unusual in their ability to catalyze two very different reactions: single-turnover, oxygen-dependent quinone formation, followed by catalytic oxidation (formally dehydrogenation) of amines. This review summarizes our current understanding of the pathway whereby the 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanyl quinone (TPQ) cofactor is generated from the phenolic side chain of tyrosine. This reaction occurs spontaneously intermediates in the presence of O(2) and active site bound Cu(II), without the assistance of other proteins or cofactors. Ongoing work has focused on uncovering the details of the TPQ formation mechanism. A larger goal is to understand how a single active site is capable of supporting both quinone formation and subsequent catalytic turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Dubois
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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49
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Davidson VL. Structure and mechanism of tryptophylquinone enzymes. Bioorg Chem 2004; 33:159-70. [PMID: 15888309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophylquinone cofactors are formed by posttranslational modifications that result in the incorporation of two oxygens into a tryptophan side chain, and the covalent cross-linking of that side chain to another amino acid residue. Tryptophylquinone enzymes catalyze the oxidative deamination of primary amines, and utilize other redox proteins as electron acceptors. Mechanistic and structural studies of these enzymes are providing insight into how these enzymes utilize these highly reactive protein-derived quinones in a controlled manner to facilitate biologically important catalytic and electron transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
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50
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Pearson AR, De La Mora-Rey T, Graichen ME, Wang Y, Jones LH, Marimanikkupam S, Agger SA, Grimsrud PA, Davidson VL, Wilmot CM. Further insights into quinone cofactor biogenesis: probing the role of mauG in methylamine dehydrogenase tryptophan tryptophylquinone formation. Biochemistry 2004; 43:5494-502. [PMID: 15122915 DOI: 10.1021/bi049863l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccus denitrificans methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) is an enzyme containing a quinone cofactor tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) derived from two tryptophan residues (betaTrp(57) and betaTrp(108)) within the polypeptide chain. During cofactor formation, the two tryptophan residues become covalently linked, and two carbonyl oxygens are added to the indole ring of betaTrp(57). Expression of active MADH from P. denitrificans requires four other genes in addition to those that encode the polypeptides of the MADH alpha(2)beta(2) heterotetramer. One of these, mauG, has been shown to be involved in TTQ biogenesis. It contains two covalently attached c-type hemes but exhibits unusual properties compared to c-type cytochromes and diheme cytochrome c peroxidases, to which it has some sequence similarity. To test the role that MauG may play in TTQ maturation, the predicted proximal histidine to each heme (His(35) and His(205)) has each been mutated to valine, and wild-type MADH was expressed in the background of these two mauG mutants. The resultant MADH has been characterized by mass spectrometry and electrophoretic and kinetic analyses. The majority species is a TTQ biogenesis intermediate containing a monohydroxylated betaTrp(57), suggesting that this is the natural substrate for MauG. Previous work has shown that MADH mutated at the betaTrp(108) position (the non-oxygenated TTQ partner) is predominantly also this intermediate, and work on these mutants is extended and compared to the MADH expressed in the background of the histidine to valine mauG mutations. In this study, it is unequivocally demonstrated that MauG is required to initiate the formation of the TTQ cross-link, the conversion of a single hydroxyl located on betaTrp(57) to a carbonyl, and the incorporation of the second oxygen into the TTQ ring to complete TTQ biogenesis. The properties of MauG, which are atypical of c-type cytochromes, are discussed in the context of these final stages of TTQ biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwen R Pearson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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