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Gotardo LRM, de Carvalho FAL, Gomes Quirino DJ, Favaro-Trindade CS, de Alencar SM, de Oliveira AL, Trindade MA. Study of the Oxidative and Microbiological Stability of Nitrite-Reduced, Vacuum-Packed, Refrigerated Lamb Sausages Supplemented with Red Propolis Extract. Foods 2023; 12:4419. [PMID: 38137222 PMCID: PMC10742745 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuum-packed lamb sausages with or without red propolis extract and a reduced sodium nitrite content were evaluated for oxidative and microbiological stability during storage for 21 days at 2 °C. The following treatments were evaluated: EN150 (control, base formulation (BF) + 500 mg/kg sodium erythorbate and 150 mg/kg sodium nitrite); EN75 (BF + 500 mg/kg sodium erythorbate and 75 mg/kg sodium nitrite); P1N75 (without the addition of erythorbate, BF + 1800 mg/kg propolis extract and 75 mg/kg sodium nitrite); and P2N75 (without the addition of erythorbate, BF + 3600 mg/kg propolis extract and 75 mg/kg sodium nitrite). Analyses were conducted to characterize the samples on day 0 with respect to the proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat, and ash) and sensory acceptance. Stability during refrigerated storage was evaluated on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 for the parameters pH, color profile (L*, a*, and b*), TBARs index (oxidative stability) and microbiological count of aerobic psychrotrophic microorganisms. Texture profile, cooking weight loss (WLC), peroxide index and free fatty acids were evaluated on days 0 and 21. The treatments with propolis and reduced nitrite (EN150 and P1N75) showed a red color intensity (a*) similar to the treatment with erythorbate and the same nitrite content (EN75) at the end of storage, maintaining the characteristic reddish color of the sausages. The extract slowed down lipid oxidation during storage, especially P2N75, which showed the lowest level of TBARS (0.39 mg MDA/kg) and the peroxide index (2.13 mEq g O2) on day 21. The residual nitrite value in EN75 was the lowest (p < 0.05) on day 21, showing that synthetic antioxidants are more efficient than the extract in nitrite reduction reactions. The results for the counts of psychrotrophic microorganisms showed that the extract did not have the expected antimicrobial effect on the growth of this microorganisms, and leveling the results revealed no differences (p < 0.05) between the treatments. Despite the red propolis extract not showing a significant antimicrobial improvement in lamb sausages, it can be considered a healthy option with good prospects for replacing synthetic antioxidants with a natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Ruggeri Menezes Gotardo
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (L.R.M.G.); (C.S.F.-T.)
| | | | - Dannaya Julliethy Gomes Quirino
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (L.R.M.G.); (C.S.F.-T.)
| | - Carmen Sílvia Favaro-Trindade
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (L.R.M.G.); (C.S.F.-T.)
| | - Severino Mathias de Alencar
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food, and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Lopes de Oliveira
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (L.R.M.G.); (C.S.F.-T.)
| | - Marco Antonio Trindade
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (L.R.M.G.); (C.S.F.-T.)
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Boasiako CA, Zhou Z, Huo X, Ye T. Development of Pd-based catalysts for hydrogenation of nitrite and nitrate in water: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130661. [PMID: 36587602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pd-based catalytic hydrogenation for nitrate decontamination has been the subject of extensive research over the past 30 years. Advances in computational simulation, nanomaterial synthesis, and experimental characterization in the past decade have generated new understandings of the reaction mechanisms, guided the development of various catalysts with enhanced performance, and brought revolutionary upgrades to conventional nitrate treatment technologies. However, technical and economic challenges are still limiting its large-scale implementation. In this review, we provide a brief summary of the up-to-date reaction pathways. We then critically examine the methods for the synthesis of supported Pd-based catalysts and the supports that are used for the immobilization of Pd-based catalysts, identifying candidate catalysts with the most promising future. To facilitate practical deployment and niche applications of catalytic hydrogenation, we introduce alternative easy-to-handle hydrogen carriers and cost-effective metal catalysts that can potentially substitute precious Pd. Afterwards, we emphasize the significance of new development in hybrid catalytic systems that couple catalytic processes with other modules, enabling economically and sustainably treating nitrate-contaminated water. Future research needs are accordingly proposed. Through this review, we aim to provide guidance for standardized catalyst synthesis strategies and candidate catalyst evaluation and motivate future research that produces catalysts with industrially relevant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins Antwi Boasiako
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, United States
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, United States
| | - Xiangchen Huo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, United States.
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3
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Kalimuthu P, Kruse T, Bernhardt PV. A highly sensitive and stable electrochemical nitrate biosensor. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Kobayashi J. Nitrite in breast milk: roles in neonatal pathophysiology. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:30-36. [PMID: 33173179 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01247-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate has beneficial effects on health maintenance and prevention of lifestyle-related diseases in adulthood by serving as an alternative source of nitric oxide (NO) through the enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, particularly when endogenous NO generation is lacking due to vascular endothelial dysfunction. However, this pathway is not developed in the early postnatal period due to a lack of oral commensal nitrate-reducing bacteria and less saliva production than in adults. To compensate for the decrease in nitrite during this period, colostrum contains the highest amount of nitrite compared with transitional, mature, and even artificial milk, suggesting that colostrum plays an important role in tentatively replenishing nitrite, in addition to involving a nutritional aspect, until the enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway is established. Increasing evidence demonstrates that breast milk rich in nitrite can be effective in the prevention of neonatal infections and gastrointestinal diseases such as infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and necrotizing enterocolitis, suggesting that breastfeeding is advantageous for newborns at risk, given the physiological role of nitrite in the early postnatal period. IMPACT: The aim of this review is to discuss the physiological roles of nitrite in breast milk and its implications for neonates. Nitrite in breast milk may compensate for the decrease in nitrite during the early neonatal period until the enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway is established. Breast milk rich in nitrite may be effective in the prevention of neonatal infections and gastrointestinal diseases by providing nitric oxide bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Saitama, Japan.
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5
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Abstract
Methemoglobin is formed when the iron center in hemoglobin is oxidized from ferrous iron to ferric iron. The functional consequence of this change is that hemoglobin is transformed to methemoglobin and cannot oxygenate tissues adequately, causing hypoxia and cyanosis. Infants have unique physiology that increases their risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Infants drink more water per body weight compared to children and adults, have lower NADH cyb5r reductase activity that converts methemoglobin to hemoglobin, and have a higher percentage of fetal hemoglobin, which is easier to convert to methemoglobin. A well-studied exposure to a chemical that can cause methemoglobinemia in infants is nitrate in well water. For the first part specifically about methemoglobin in infants, articles that were recent (2015-now) were given preference over articles that were older. Search terms included: methemoglobin, methemoglobinemia, infant, acquired, congenital, and methylene blue. For the latter half of the paper on nitrate and methemoglobinemia, preference was given to articles that described regionally important cases. In addition, search terms were: Minnesota, methemoglobinemia, nitrate, well water, drinking water, and infant. Acquired methemoglobinemia is rare, yet can still be seen in medical settings, and when an infant is exposed to nitrate in well water above 10 mg/L. To prevent exposure, parents should have their water tested for nitrate before the baby comes home. Physicians should make it practice to ask what the source of drinking water is for newly pregnant women and urge them to test for nitrate and bacteria if using a well. Using bottled water to make formula is also an option, but the best option is still breastfeeding.
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6
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Potential for aerobic NO 2- reduction and corresponding key enzyme genes involved in Alcaligenes faecalis strain NR. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:147-158. [PMID: 28879417 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential for aerobic NO2- removal by Alcaligenes faecalis strain NR was investigated. 35 mg/L of NO2--N was removed by strain NR under aerobic conditions in the presence of NH4+. 15N-labeling experiment demonstrated that N2O and N2 were possible products during the aerobic nitrite removal process by strain NR. The key enzyme genes of nirK, norB and nosZ, which regulate the aerobic nitrite denitrification process, were successfully amplified from strain NR. The gene sequence analysis indicates that copper-containing nitrite reductase (NIRK) and periplasmic nitrous oxide reductase (NOSZ) were both hydrophilic protein and the transmembrane structures were absent, while nitric oxide reductase large subunit (NORB) was a hydrophobic and transmembrane protein. According to the three-dimensional structure and binding site analysis, the bulky and hydrophobic methionine residue proximity to the nitrite binding sites of NIRK was speculated to be related to the oxygen tolerance of NIRK from strain NR.
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Ahluwalia A, Gladwin M, Coleman GD, Hord N, Howard G, Kim-Shapiro DB, Lajous M, Larsen FJ, Lefer DJ, McClure LA, Nolan BT, Pluta R, Schechter A, Wang CY, Ward MH, Harman JL. Dietary Nitrate and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease: Report From a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e003402. [PMID: 27385425 PMCID: PMC5015377 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ahluwalia
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Mark Gladwin
- Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Lajous
- Nacional de Salud Pública de Mexico, Mexico, Albania
| | | | - David J Lefer
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Leslie A McClure
- Dornsife School of Public Health at Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Ryszard Pluta
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alan Schechter
- National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chia-Yih Wang
- National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Hyattsville, MD
| | | | - Jane L Harman
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Keshari V, Adeeb B, Simmons AE, Simmons TW, Diep CQ. Zebrafish as a Model to Assess the Teratogenic Potential of Nitrite. J Vis Exp 2016:53615. [PMID: 26967718 DOI: 10.3791/53615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
High nitrate levels in the environment may result in congenital defects or miscarriages in humans. Presumably, this is due to the conversion of nitrate to nitrite by gut and salivary bacteria. However, in other mammalian studies, high nitrite levels do not cause birth defects, although they can lead to poor reproductive outcomes. Thus, the teratogenic potential of nitrite is not clear. It would be useful to have a vertebrate model system to easily assess teratogenic effects of nitrite or any other chemical of interest. Here, we demonstrate the utility of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to screen compounds for toxicity and embryonic defects. Zebrafish embryos are fertilized externally and have rapid development, making them a good model for teratogenic studies. We show that increasing the time of exposure to nitrite negatively affects survival. Increasing the concentration of nitrite also adversely affects survival, whereas nitrate does not. For embryos that survive nitrite exposure, various defects can occur, including pericardial and yolk sac edema, swim bladder noninflation, and craniofacial malformation. Our results indicate that the zebrafish is a convenient system for studying the teratogenic potential of nitrite. This approach can easily be adapted to test other chemicals for their effects on early vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Keshari
- Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
| | - Basma Adeeb
- Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Cuong Q Diep
- Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania;
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Jones JA, Hopper AO, Power GG, Blood AB. Dietary intake and bio-activation of nitrite and nitrate in newborn infants. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:173-81. [PMID: 25314582 PMCID: PMC4497514 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate and nitrite are commonly thought of as inert end products of nitric oxide (NO) oxidation, possibly carcinogenic food additives, or well-water contaminants. However, recent studies have shown that nitrate and nitrite play an important role in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal homeostasis through conversion back into NO via a physiological system involving enterosalivary recirculation, bacterial nitrate reductases, and enzyme-catalyzed or acidic reduction of nitrite to NO. The diet is a key source of nitrate in adults; however, infants ingest significantly less nitrate due to low concentrations in breast milk. In the mouth, bacteria convert nitrate to nitrite, which has gastro-protective effects. However, these nitrate-reducing bacteria are relatively inactive in infants. Swallowed nitrite is reduced to NO by acid in the stomach, affecting gastric blood flow, mucus production, and the gastric microbiota. These effects are likely attenuated in the less acidic neonatal stomach. Systemically, nitrite acts as a reservoir of NO bioactivity that can protect against ischemic injury, yet plasma nitrite concentrations are markedly lower in infants than in adults. The physiological importance of the diminished nitrate→nitrite→NO axis in infants and its implications in the etiology and treatment of newborn diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis and hypoxic/ischemic injury are yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesica A. Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Andrew O. Hopper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Gordon G. Power
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Arlin B. Blood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California,Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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10
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Kalimuthu P, Fischer-Schrader K, Schwarz G, Bernhardt PV. A sensitive and stable amperometric nitrate biosensor employing Arabidopsis thaliana nitrate reductase. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 20:385-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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A non-diazotization-coupling reaction-based colorimetric determination of nitrite in tap water and milk. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Sobhanardakani S, Farmany A, Abbasi S, Cheraghi J, Hushmandfar R. A new catalytic-spectrophotometric method for quantification of trace amounts of nitrite in fruit juice samples. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:2595-2601. [PMID: 22797881 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new kinetic method has been developed for the determination of nitrite in fruit juice samples. The method is based on the catalytic effect of nitrite with the oxidation of Nile Blue A (NBA) by KBrO(3) in the sulfuric acid medium. The optimum conditions obtained are 1.2 mM sulfuric acid, 0.034 mM of NBA, 2.8 × 10(-3) M KBrO(3), reaction temperature of 20 °C, and reaction time of 100 s at 595.5 nm. Under the optimized conditions, the method allowed the quantification of nitrite in a range of 0.2-800 μg/mL with a detection limit of 0.02 μg/mL. The method was applied to the determination of nitrite in 15 brands of fruit juice samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sobhanardakani
- Department of Environment, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
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13
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Statement on possible public health risks for infants and young children from the presence of nitrates in leafy vegetables. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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14
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Cemek M, Akkaya L, Birdane YO, Seyrek K, Bulut S, Konuk M. Nitrate and nitrite levels in fruity and natural mineral waters marketed in western Turkey. J Food Compost Anal 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Barsotti DJ, Pylypiw HM, Harrington GW. The Determination of Nitrite and Nitrate Ions by Differential Pulse Polarography. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718208064438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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MONDY NELLI, PONNAWPALAM RATHY. Effect of Magnesium Fertilizers on Total Glycoalkaloids and Nitrate-N in Katahdin Tubers. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb13446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Infants for whom formula may be prepared with well water remain a high-risk group for nitrate poisoning. This clinical report reinforces the need for testing of well water for nitrate content. There seems to be little or no risk of nitrate poisoning from commercially prepared infant foods in the United States. However, reports of nitrate poisoning from home-prepared vegetable foods for infants continue to occur. Breastfeeding infants are not at risk of methemoglobinemia even when mothers ingest water with very high concentrations of nitrate nitrogen (100 ppm).
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18
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Okafor P, Ogbonna U. Nitrate and nitrite contamination of water sources and fruit juices marketed in South-Eastern Nigeria. J Food Compost Anal 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-1575(02)00167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Based on the premise that dietary nitrate is detrimental to human health, increasingly stringent regulations are being instituted to lower nitrate levels in food and water. Not only does this pose a financial challenge to water boards and a threat to vegetable production in Northern Europe, but also may be eliminating an important non-immune mechanism for host defence. Until recently nitrate was perceived as a purely harmful dietary component which causes infantile methaemoglobinaemia, carcinogenesis and possibly even teratogenesis. Epidemiological studies have failed to substantiate this. It has been shown that dietary nitrate undergoes enterosalivary circulation. It is recirculated in the blood, concentrated by the salivary glands, secreted in the saliva and reduced to nitrite by facultative Gram-positive anaerobes (Staphylococcus sciuri and S. intermedius) on the tongue. Salivary nitrite is swallowed into the acidic stomach where it is reduced to large quantities of NO and other oxides of N and, conceivably, also contributes to the formation of systemic S-nitrosothiols. NO and solutions of acidified nitrite, mimicking gastric conditions, have been shown to have antimicrobial activity against a wide range of organisms. In particular, acidified nitrite is bactericidal for a variety of gastrointestinal pathogens such as Yersinia and Salmonella. NO is known to have vasodilator properties and to modulate platelet function, as are S-nitrosothiols. Thus, nitrate in the diet, which determines reactive nitrogen oxide species production in the stomach (McKnight et al. 1997), is emerging as an effective host defence against gastrointestinal pathogens, as a modulator of platelet activity and possibly even of gastrointestinal motility and microcirculation. Therefore dietary nitrate may have an important therapeutic role to play, not least in the immunocompromised and in refugees who are at particular risk of contracting gastroenteritides.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M McKnight
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, UK
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20
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Byun MW, Yook HS, Kim KS, Chung CK. Effects of gamma irradiation on physiological effectiveness of Korean medicinal herbs. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-806x(98)00233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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22
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Ezeagu IE, Fafunso MA. Effect of wilting and processing on the nitrate and nitrite contents of some Nigerian leaf vegetables. Nutr Health 1995; 10:269-75. [PMID: 8684735 DOI: 10.1177/026010609501000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate and nitrite contents of seven varieties of commonly consumed leaf vegetables were determined. Effect of cooking and wilting on the contents of these factors were investigated. Nitrate ranged from 48.10 in ewuro to 270.0 ppm ogunmo (mean 116.43+/- 78.31) while nitrite ranged from 0.024 ppm in tete to 0.064 in ogunmo (mean 0.044+/-0.018). Cooking reduced the nitrate levels in all the samples but nitrite levels inexplicably increased in all sample. On wilting nitrate levels decrease while nitrite levels increased up to 83% in tete. The nitrate and nitrite levels were not considered hazardous but toxicological implications of high consumption of these factors is briefly highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Ezeagu
- Division of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Animal Science Department, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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23
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Murcia M, Vera A, Ortiz R, García-Carmona F. Measurement of ion levels of spinach grown in different fertilizer regimes using ion chromatography. Food Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0308-8146(94)p4198-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vittozzi
- Biochemical Toxicology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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25
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Munshi CB, Mondy NI. Glycoalkaloid and nitrate content of potatoes as affected by method of selenium application. Biol Trace Elem Res 1992; 33:121-7. [PMID: 1379449 DOI: 10.1007/bf02784000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of two methods of selenium application, banding and foliar spray, of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) on total glycoalkaloid (TGA) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) was studied during each of two consecutive years. The levels of application used were 0.0, 1.6 (0.75), 3.36 (1.5), and 5.6 (2.5) kg/ha (ppm soil). Both TGA and NO3-N were significantly reduced by application of 1.5 and 2.5 ppm of sodium selenite. Tuber selenium levels were significantly increased at all levels of application, using either banding or foliar spray, but were well below the toxic range for human consumption. Banding resulted in greater uptake of Se, and greater decreases in TGA and NO3-N as compared to foliar spray.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Munshi
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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26
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Walker R. Nitrates, nitrites and N-nitrosocompounds: a review of the occurrence in food and diet and the toxicological implications. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 1990; 7:717-68. [PMID: 2079111 DOI: 10.1080/02652039009373938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Data on occurrence of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitrosocompounds in food and drinking water, and on total dietary intakes are reviewed. Metabolic, toxicological and epidemiological studies are surveyed and the implications with respect to safety evaluation are addressed. It is concluded that, on the basis of recent long-term animal studies and of clinical experience in man, the current Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) allocated to nitrate by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives of 0-5 mg/kg body weight/day (expressed as sodium nitrate) might be increased to 0-25 mg/kg body weight/day. Based on similar criteria, the ADI for nitrite would be 0-0.1 mg/kg body weight/day (expressed as sodium nitrite). In view of the known carcinogenicity of N-nitrosocompounds, exposure to these compounds in food should be minimized by appropriate technological means, such as lowering the nitrite concentration in preserved foods to the minimum required to ensure microbiological safety and use of inhibitors of nitrosation like alpha-tocopherol or ascorbic acid. Further work is needed to define the minimal levels of nitrite in foods needed to inhibit outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum and toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Walker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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MONDY NELLI, MUNSHI CYRUSB. EFFECT OF SELENIUM FERTILIZATION ON THE GLYCOALKALOID AND NITRATE-NITROGEN CONTENT OF POTATOES. J FOOD QUALITY 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1990.tb00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Johnson CJ, Kross BC. Continuing importance of nitrate contamination of groundwater and wells in rural areas. Am J Ind Med 1990; 18:449-56. [PMID: 2248249 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700180416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of groundwater and rural drinking water supplies by nitrates from livestock and human excrement, other organic waste, or chemical fertilizers is a potential hazard throughout the world. Infant illness and death from nitrate-induced methemoglobinemia is probably often misdiagnosed, perhaps as sudden infant death syndrome, and certainly contributes to the national infant death rate statistics. A 1950 report listed 144 cases of infant methemoglobinemia with 14 deaths in one 30-month period in Minnesota. Infant deaths resulting from misdiagnosis of this preventable, treatable intoxication were still occurring as recently as 1986 in South Dakota. In this state, about 39% of dug or bored wells were unsafe due to high nitrate content, compared with 22% of drilled wells and 16% of driven wells. Properly constructed wells more than 30 m deep are more likely to be safe. Groundwater concentrations of nitrate may be unsafe for consumption, and standards are needed to regulate such contamination. Such standards could serve as guidelines and could be enforceable in the case of water systems dependent on wells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Johnson
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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PONNAMPALAM RATHY, MONDY NELLI. Effect of Sprout Inhibitors and Nitrogen Fertilization on Nitrate-N Content of Potato Tubers. J Food Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb10453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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el Nahas SM, Globus M, Vethamany-Globus S. Chromosomal aberrations induced by sodium nitrite in bone marrow of adult rats and liver cells of transplacentally exposed embryos. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1984; 13:643-7. [PMID: 6492193 DOI: 10.1080/15287398409530528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A commonly used food preservative, sodium nitrite, was administered in the drinking water to pregnant (d 5-18 of gestation) and nonpregnant albino rats. Sodium nitrite induced chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow of both pregnant and nonpregnant adults and liver of transplacently exposed embryos. The magnitude of the effect was greater in embryonic liver cells than in adult bone marrow cells.
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Effect of organic and mineral nitrogen fertilization on yield and nutritive value of butterhead lettuce. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01094837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Eggum BO, Beames RM, Wolstrup J. Excretion of nitrate and nitrite by the pig as influenced by dietary fibre levels and microbial activity in the digestive tract. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR TIERPHYSIOLOGIE, TIERERNAHRUNG UND FUTTERMITTELKUNDE 1982; 48:195-200. [PMID: 6293218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1982.tb01391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lin JK, Yen JY. Changes in the nitrate and nitrite contents of fresh vegetables during cultivation and post-harvest storage. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1980; 18:597-603. [PMID: 7193625 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(80)80007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Globus M, Samuel D. Effect of maternally administered sodium nitrite on hepatic erythropoiesis in fetal CD-1 mice. TERATOLOGY 1978; 18:367-78. [PMID: 741389 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420180311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A commonly used food preservative, sodium nitrite, was administered to pregnant CD-1 mice at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mouse/day. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects on the hemopoietic tissues and skeletons of their offspring, were evaluated. Fetal mortality, resorptions, the mean number of offspring per litter, the mean weight per embryo and the incidence of skeletal malformations, were not significantly different from controls. Hemopoietic cell suspensions, prepared from the livers of treated and control 14-, 16- and 18-day embryos, were cytocentrifuged onto microscope slides and differential counts were performed after staining with benzidine and Wright-Giemsa stain. The results indicate that maternally administered Na nitrite, stimulates fetal hepatic erythropoiesis. This was manifested in a statistically significant increase in the percentage of polychromatophilic erythroblasts and mature erythrocytes at 14 and 16 days of gestation, respectively. The possibility that Na nitrite may induce fetal methemoglobinemia is discussed and mechanisms responsible for the observed erythroid stimulation, are considered.
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Moore GS, Calabrese EJ, DiNardi SR, Tuthill RW. Potential health effects of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant in potable water supplies. Med Hypotheses 1978; 4:481-96. [PMID: 753950 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(78)90017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chlorination of potable water supplies high in organics may yield carcinogenic compounds such as trihalomethanes. Chlorine dioxide has been proposed as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine. However, chlorine dioxide is a strong oxidant that forms significant amounts of chlorite when added to potable water supplies, and chlorite is similar to nitrite in its molecular structure and may be similar in its mechanism of methemoglobin production. Nitrites and chlorites are thought to act synergistically to produce MetHb. Neonates and persons with G-*-PD deficiency are likely to be unusually susceptible to MetHb formation from these compounds because their red cells lack the metabolic machinery to adequately protect against oxidant stress. Since male blacks represent the largest population in the U.S. to be G-6PD deficient, Black male neonates may represent the group at highest risk to the use of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant in the nations water supplies.
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Salunkhe DK, Wu MT. Toxicants in plants and plant products. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION 1977; 9:265-324. [PMID: 336286 DOI: 10.1080/10408397709527236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxicants are widely distributed in plants and plant products, including intentionally added, incidentally added, and naturally occurring food toxicants. This review covers the toxicity of some food additives: the distribution, residues, toxicity, and methods of removal of some pesticides and toxic metals; and the presence of naturally occurring toxicants in plants and plant products. Extensive review has been done, particularly on natural toxicants. However, there are still extensive gaps in our knowledge pertaining to effect upon the health of many of the substances known to be present in natural plant food products, as well as even the identity of many natural chemical components of plant foods and their potential toxicological significance. An understanding of their presence, formation, and toxicity is important as far as public health is concerned.
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Crosby NT, Sawyer R. N-Nitrosamines: a review of chemical and biological properties and their estimation in foodstuffs. ADVANCES IN FOOD RESEARCH 1976; 22:1-71. [PMID: 790904 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2628(08)60336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Montesano R, Bartsch H. Mutagenic and carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds: possible environmental hazards. Mutat Res 1976; 32:179-228. [PMID: 785242 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(76)90001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Weisburger JH, Raineri R. Assessment of human exposure and response to N-nitroso compounds: a new view on the etiology of digestive tract cancers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975; 31:369-74. [PMID: 1096367 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(75)90258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ridder WE, Oehme FW, Kelley DC. Nitrates in Kansas groundwaters as related to animal and human health. Toxicology 1974; 2:397-405. [PMID: 4853353 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(74)90032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Eisenbrand G, Ungerer O, Preussmann R. Rapid formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines by interaction of nitrite with fungicides derived from dithiocarbamic acid in vitro under simulated gastric conditions and in vivo in the rat stomach. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1974; 12:229-32. [PMID: 4459238 DOI: 10.1016/0015-6264(74)90368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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