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Cetinkaya-Fisgin A, Joo MG, Ping X, Thakor NV, Ozturk C, Hoke A, Yang IH. Identification of fluocinolone acetonide to prevent paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2018; 21:128-33. [PMID: 27117347 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is among the most commonly used cancer drugs that cause chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), a debilitating and serious dose-limiting side effect. Currently, no drugs exist to prevent CIPN, and symptomatic therapy is often ineffective. In order to identify therapeutic candidates to prevent axonal degeneration induced by PTX, we carried out a phenotypic drug screening using primary rodent dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons. We identified fluocinolone acetonide as a neuroprotective compound and verified it through secondary screens. Furthermore, we showed its efficacy in a mouse model of PTX-induced peripheral neuropathy and confirmed with four different cancer cell lines that fluocinolone acetonide does not interfere with PTX's antitumor activity. Our study identifies fluocinolone acetonide as a potential therapy to prevent CIPN caused by PTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Cetinkaya-Fisgin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Min Geol Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiang Ping
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nitish V Thakor
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cengizhan Ozturk
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hoke
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - In Hong Yang
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Vergneau-Grosset C, Nadeau ME, Groff JM. Fish Oncology: Diseases, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2017; 20:21-56. [PMID: 27890290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The scientific literature contains a wealth of information concerning spontaneous fish neoplasms, although ornamental fish oncology is still in its infancy. The occurrence of fish neoplasms has often been associated with oncogenic viruses and environmental insults, making them useful markers for environmental contaminants. The use of fish, including zebrafish, as models of human carcinogenesis has been developed and knowledge gained from these models may also be applied to ornamental fish, although more studies are required. This review summarizes information available about fish oncology pertaining to veterinary clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vergneau-Grosset
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Universitaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Quebec, Canada; Aquarium du Québec, 1675 Avenue des Hôtels, Ville de Québec, QC G1W 4S3, Canada.
| | - Marie-Eve Nadeau
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Universitaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph M Groff
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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3
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Sørensen C, Bohlin LC, Øverli Ø, Nilsson GE. Cortisol reduces cell proliferation in the telencephalon of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Physiol Behav 2011; 102:518-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Becker H, Sturm A, Bron JE, Schirmer K, Bury NR. The A/B domain of the teleost glucocorticoid receptors influences partial nuclear localization in the absence of hormone. Endocrinology 2008; 149:4567-76. [PMID: 18483153 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) of extant jawed vertebrates emerged after duplication of an ancestral corticosteroid receptor. The ancestral corticosteroid receptor resembled extant MRs in hormone selectivity, and the different ligand specificity of extant GRs is a secondary derived characteristic. An additional characteristic that distinguishes the mammalian GR from the MR is the cellular distribution pattern in the absence of hormone: the naïve GR resides in the cytoplasm, whereas the naïve MR is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Our results show, by the use of green fluorescent protein-tagged fusion proteins, that the GRs [rainbow trout (rt) GR1 and rtGR2] from a lower vertebrate, the teleost fish, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) resemble mammalian MR rather than GR in their subcellular localization pattern. The addition of cortisol caused the remaining cytoplasmic rtGR1 and rtGR2 to migrate to the nucleus. The speed of nuclear localization was cortisol concentration dependent, with rtGR2 being more sensitive than rtGR1, mimicking the transactivational properties of the receptors in which the cortisol EC50 value is an order of magnitude lower for rtGR2. By the use of chimera constructs between the trout GRs and the rat GR C656G, we show that the E domain of the trout receptors are not involved in the nucleocytoplasmic localization of naïve trout GRs, but the A/B domain, especially if linked to the corresponding trout CD region, plays a pivotal role in the cellular distribution pattern. This is unrelated to the difference in the trout GRs transactivation sensitivity, which is determined by the receptor's E-domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Becker
- Nutritional Sciences Research Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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5
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Veillette PA, Merino M, Marcaccio ND, Garcia MM, Specker JL. Cortisol is necessary for seawater tolerance in larvae of a marine teleost the summer flounder. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 151:116-21. [PMID: 17292366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Larval-stage summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) were immersed in the corticosteroid-receptor blocker RU486 to test the effects of cortisol deficiency on salinity tolerance. Premetamorphic larvae held at 10 (near isosmotic) or 30 (hyperosmotic) parts per thousand ( per thousand) seawater survived well over 5d in 0, 0.012, or 0.12 microM RU486. However, at concentrations of 1.2 or 3.6 microM RU486, mortality was significantly greater for larvae in 30 per thousand compared to larvae in 10 per thousand. In a separate experiment, the ability of RU486 to inhibit tolerance to hyperosmotic medium (30 per thousand) was confirmed; immersion at 1.2 microM RU486 induced mortality of larvae in the metamorphic climax stage held at 30 per thousand, but not 0 or 10 per thousand. Mortality due to RU486 in pre- or prometamorphic stage larvae was prevented by concurrent immersion in cortisol at concentrations approximately 10-200 times greater than RU486, indicating that the action of RU486 was specific to antagonism of cortisol. The efficacy of 1.2 microM RU486 in reducing survival in 30 per thousand was found to be stage-dependent and exhibited the following hierarchy for fastest time to 50% mortality: prometamorphosis>metamorphic climax>premetamorphosis. In a 5-d pretreatment of pre- or prometamorphic larvae by immersion in 20 microM cortisol and/or 0.12 microM RU486 at 30 per thousand, only RU486 had a limited effect on decreasing survival when larvae were challenged with abrupt exposure to 50 per thousand. In total, the results evidence for the first time a necessary role for cortisol in seawater tolerance of a larval marine teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Veillette
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 218 South Ferry Rd., Narragansett, RI 02882-1197, USA.
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6
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DiBattista JD, Levesque HM, Moon TW, Gilmour KM. Growth Depression in Socially Subordinate Rainbow TroutOncorhynchus mykiss: More than a Fasting Effect. Physiol Biochem Zool 2006; 79:675-87. [PMID: 16826494 DOI: 10.1086/504612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effects of subordinate social status on digestive function, metabolism, and enzyme activity in salmonid fish, juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were paired with size-matched conspecifics (<1.5% difference in fork length) for 5 d. Fish that were fasted for 5 d and fish sampled directly from the holding tank were used as control groups. Both subordinate and fasted fish experienced significant decreases in intestine mass (P = 0.043), and the gall bladder showed marked and significant changes in both size (P = 0.004) and appearance. These findings suggest that the negative effect of social subordination on digestive function reflects in large part a lack of feeding. Hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity was significantly higher in subordinate fish relative to dominants, whereas subordinate hepatic pyruvate kinase activity was significantly lower; activities of both enzymes were significantly correlated with plasma cortisol concentrations and behavior scores. Dominant-subordinate differences in the activities of these enzymes were eliminated by administration of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486, underlining a role for circulating cortisol in eliciting the differences. Significant increases relative to control fish were also detected in red and white muscles from subordinate fish in the activities of protein catabolic enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase). These differences occurred in the absence of any change in plasma free amino acid or ammonia concentrations, supporting an enhanced turnover of amino acids in muscle in subordinate fish. The results support the hypothesis that changes in metabolism, beyond those elicited by low food consumption, may be responsible at least in part for the low growth rates typical of subordinate fish and that these changes may be related specifically to circulating cortisol levels in subordinate fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D DiBattista
- Department of Biology and Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Doyon C, Leclair J, Trudeau VL, Moon TW. Corticotropin-releasing factor and neuropeptide Y mRNA levels are modified by glucocorticoids in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 146:126-35. [PMID: 16338231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 10/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary stress response involves neuronal activation that ultimately leads to the release of glucocorticoids. Circulating glucocorticoids are thought to influence their own synthesis and release through a negative feedback mechanism that inhibits the activity of the hypothalamic and pituitary components of the stress axis. This study was designed to address the hypothesis that glucocorticoids modify corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA levels in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) brain. Cortisol implantation significantly reduced CRF1 and NPY mRNA levels in fish exposed to an isolation stress. In contrast, cortisol implantation did not prevent the stress-induced elevation of CRF1 and NPY mRNA levels during confinement. Treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU-486 reduced CRF1 mRNA levels in both isolated and confined fish, but had no effect on NPY mRNA. Although the cytochrome P450 inhibitor metyrapone reduced ACTH-induced cortisol secretion in vitro, plasma cortisol levels were elevated in isolated trout treated with metyrapone. Nevertheless, metyrapone implantation increased CRF1 and NPY mRNA levels in confined fish. Together, these results implicate cortisol as a modulator of CRF and NPY mRNA levels in the preoptic area of the trout brain, but that cortisol is only one such regulating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Doyon
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (CAREG), Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1N 6N5.
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8
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Pagniello KB, Bols NC, Lee LEJ. Effect of corticosteroids on viability and proliferation of the rainbow trout monocyte/macrophage cell line, RTS11. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 13:199-214. [PMID: 12365731 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2001.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol at 1,000 and 100 ng/ml, and less consistently at 10 ng/ml, inhibited increases in cell number and 3H-thymidine incorporation by cultures of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) monocyte/macrophage cell line, RTS11. Cell viability was not altered by cortisol, although a small decline in the capacity of cultures to reduce the redox dye, Alamar Blue was observed. In cortisol-treated cultures, more round and fewer spread cells were evident. Similar results were observed with dexamethasone but not cortisone. The glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU-486, prevented the effects of cortisol on RTS11 proliferation, and shape. In co-culture with the spleen stroma cell line (RTS34st) or in medium conditioned by RTS34st, the proliferation of RTS11 was enhanced. Treating RTS11/RTS34st co-cultures or RTS11 cultures in RTS34st conditioned medium with cortisol did not inhibit RTS11 proliferation. Overall these experiments suggest that proliferation of rainbow trout macrophages is regulated by cortisol, but the effect is modulated by the cellular micro-environment, possibly through the release of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Pagniello
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Nolan DT, Nabben I, Li J, Wendelaar Bonga SE. Characterization of primary culture of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skin explants: growth, cell composition, proliferation, and apoptosis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2002; 38:14-24. [PMID: 11963963 DOI: 10.1290/1071-2690(2002)038<0014:copcor>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) epidermal skin primary explant system was evaluated over 8 d by light and electron microscopy. Three distinct regions of the explant outgrowth were identified on the basis of cell composition. The area immediately adjacent to the founder tissue contained mainly small migrating cells and mucous cells. Of the former. about 20% were mitotic and 6% apoptotic. The middle area was characterized by differentiated pavement cells and mucous cells, with fewer small migrating cells. Proliferation was approximately 30% and apoptosis 5%. Over time, total cell numbers halved as more pavement cells differentiated. The growing front contained many mucous and small migrating cells initially, with few pavement cells. About 50% of the cells were in the proliferative phase, and 5% were apoptotic. Later, there were fewer migrating and mucous cells, with a higher number of pavement cells. About 9% of the cells were apoptotic, and 70% of the cells were proliferating. As in vivo, pavement cells had apical microridges, although they were vacuolated and contained phagocytosed apoptotic bodies. The data and observations are based on the numbers of cell cultures prepared from separate trout giving the sample size n = 7. As this culture system is reproducible and closely approximates the epidermis of trout, it is a powerful tool to study the effects of pollutants, parasites, and endocrine factors on fish skin, eliminating whole-animal factors and reducing the number of experimental animals required.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Nolan
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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10
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Sloman KA, Desforges PR, Gilmour KM. Evidence for a mineralocorticoid-like receptor linked to branchial chloride cell proliferation in freshwater rainbow trout. J Exp Biol 2001; 204:3953-61. [PMID: 11807113 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204.22.3953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Fish acclimated to ion-deficient water exhibit proliferation of branchial chloride cells. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of cortisol in this response using the corticosteroid receptor antagonists RU486 and spironolactone. RU486 is a potent antagonist of the glucocorticoid actions of cortisol, whereas spironolactone exhibits high-affinity binding to mineralocorticoid receptors, with a resulting blockade of mineralocorticoid properties in mammals. Untreated rainbow trout, as well as rainbow trout given a single intraperitoneal implant of coconut oil alone, coconut oil containing RU486 (0.5 mg g–1) or coconut oil containing spironolactone (0.1 mg g–1), were exposed to either dechlorinated city-of-Ottawa tapwater or artificial softwater for 7 days. Neither corticosteroid antagonist nor acclimation condition affected circulating plasma cortisol levels, plasma ion concentrations or gill Na+-K+-ATPase activity. Kidney Na+-K+-ATPase activity was significantly higher in softwater-acclimated fish than in fish held in dechlorinated tapwater. In addition, whereas RU486 treatment was found to be without effect on gill morphometrics, treatment with spironolactone inhibited the proliferation of chloride cells normally associated with acclimation to ion-deficient water. The results of the present study provide further evidence for the mineralocorticoid actions of cortisol in freshwater fish, specifically in eliciting chloride cell proliferation. Furthermore, these results support the hypothesis that distinct glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor populations are present in teleost fish, despite the apparent absence of the classic mineralocorticoid hormone, aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Sloman
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6 Canada.
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Colombe L, Fostier A, Bury N, Pakdel F, Guiguen Y. A mineralocorticoid-like receptor in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: cloning and characterization of its steroid binding domain. Steroids 2000; 65:319-28. [PMID: 10802282 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (RT-PCR) with degenerate primers followed by 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR (3'Race-PCR) we have isolated a new fish steroid receptor cDNA sequence of 1806 bp from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) testis. This sequence has clear homology with various mineralocorticoid receptor cDNA sequences (rat, human, African toad: 68-70% amino acid identity), and encompasses the second part of DNA binding domain (C domain), the whole hinge region (D domain) and the steroid binding domain (E domain) plus 726 bp of 3'untranslated sequence. COS-1 cells transfected with a pCMV5 expression vector containing the whole E domain (pCMV5-rtMR) showed high affinity binding for cortisol (K(a) = 0.53+/-0.03 nM, K(d) = 1.9 nM) in the cytosol, which could not be detected in untransfected cells. Aldosterone displaced (3)H-cortisol binding, though was less effective by than unlabeled cortisol (P<0.05). Competition experiments with other steroids gave the following hierarchy for the displacement of the (3) dexamethasone, whereas 17, 20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and 17,20beta,21beta-trihydroxy-4 pregnen-3-one (two fish specific progestins) did not show any specific binding. These results strongly suggest that this cDNA sequence encodes a rainbow trout mineralocorticoid-like receptor, and represent the first description of such a receptor in teleost fish where aldosterone, the classic mineralocorticoid, is believed to be absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Colombe
- INRA SCRIBE, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
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12
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Bernier NJ, Lin X, Peter RE. Differential expression of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urotensin I precursor genes, and evidence of CRF gene expression regulated by cortisol in goldfish brain. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1999; 116:461-77. [PMID: 10603283 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1999.7386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urotensin I (UI) precursor cDNAs were cloned and sequenced from a goldfish brain cDNA library in order to investigate the distribution of CRF and UI mRNAs in goldfish brain and the regulation of CRF and UI gene expression. The CRF (966-bp) and UI (769-bp) cDNAs encode 163- and 146-amino acid precursors, respectively, and consist of a signal peptide sequence, a cryptic region, and a 41-amino acid mature peptide at the carboxy terminal. The deduced amino acid sequences of the CRF and UI peptides exhibit a sequence identity of 54%. Northern blot analysis revealed a single size of CRF (1.3 kb) and UI (2.0 kb) mRNAs, which are expressed in the telencephalon-preoptic, hypothalamic, optic tectum-thalamus, and posterior brain regions, but not in the pituitary. In addition, while the CRF gene is strongly expressed in the olfactory bulbs, the UI gene is not. In brain regions in which both genes are expressed, the mRNA levels of CRF were three- to sevenfold higher that those of UI. While the low expression levels of the UI gene prevented further analysis of its regulation, the regulation of CRF gene expression by cortisol was examined. In response to intraperitoneal implants of cortisol (300 microg/g BW) the level of CRF mRNA in the telencephalon-preoptic region decreased to 69% of control values at 6 and 24 h posttreatment. In sham-treated fish, in parallel with a transient injection stress-elicited increase in plasma cortisol, CRF mRNA levels declined to 72% of control value at 6 h postinjection and recovered after 24 h. Injection of the glucocorticoid antagonist, RU-486 (100 microg/g BW), prevented the reduction in CRF gene expression associated with the injection stress at 6 h and increased CRF mRNA levels to 145% of control value after 24 h. In contrast, the various implants had no effect on CRF mRNA levels in either the hypothalamus or the optic tectum-thalamus region. These results provide evidence of differential expression of the CRF and UI genes in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic regions of goldfish brain. Furthermore, they demonstrate that stress levels of plasma cortisol can lead to a decrease in CRF gene expression that is mediated by glucocorticoid receptors in the telencephalon-preoptic region and give an indication of the regional specificity of the regulation of CRF gene expression by cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Bernier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
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13
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Weyts FA, Verburg-van Kemenade BM, Flik G. Characterisation of glucocorticoid receptors in peripheral blood leukocytes of Carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1998; 111:1-8. [PMID: 9653016 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1998.7080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Binding studies with [3H]cortisol revealed the presence of a single class of cortisol-binding sites on carp peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). These binding sites showed high affinity (Kd of 3.8 nM) and low capacity (490 binding sites per cell), indicative of receptor binding. Affinity for cortisone was 254-fold lower than for cortisol. Affinity for the two synthetic glucocorticoids dexamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) was 4- and 10-fold higher than for cortisol, respectively. Further evidence for the GR character of the receptor came from results showing that cortisol induced apoptosis, which could be blocked by the glucocorticoid analogue RU486. A single meal of cortisol-containing food elevated plasma cortisol concentrations and decreased GR density in PBL, as measured 3 h later. The percentage of circulating B lymphocytes also decreased. Cortisol-induced redistribution of B lymphocytes from the blood, due to cortisol treatment, may explain the decrease of GR numbers in PBL, although downregulation of available GR remains possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Weyts
- Cell Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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Bols NC, Ganassin RC, Tom DJ, Lee LE. Growth of fish cell lines in glutamine-free media. Cytotechnology 1994; 16:159-66. [PMID: 7766144 DOI: 10.1007/bf00749903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The glutamine requirement for the in vitro proliferation of fish cells was investigated with cell lines from four different species and three tissues: goldfish skin (GFSk-S1), Chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214), and rainbow trout liver (RTL-W1) and spleen (RTSp-W1). With a supplement of fetal bovine serum, the basal medium, Leibovitz's L-15, without glutamine supported the proliferation of all four cell lines as well, or nearly as well, as L-15 with 2 mM glutamine. This was true over short term assays of two to four weeks and for continuous propagation. CHSE-214 also grew as well with or without 2 mM glutamine in Minimum Essential Medium with fetal bovine serum. However, when the supplement was dialyzed fetal bovine serum, CHSE-214 grew much better in L-15 without glutamine. Therefore, glutamine was not required for growth in L-15, and in fact, was inhibitory in the absence of the dialyzable fraction of serum. By contrast, glutamine appeared to be important for growth in Minimum Essential Medium. When the supplement was dialyzed fetal bovine serum, CHSE-214 grew much better in Minimum Essential Medium with 2 mM glutamine. These results suggest that the glutamine requirement for the in vitro proliferation of fish cells is conditional and depends on the basal medium and serum supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
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15
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Lee LE, Clemons JH, Bechtel DG, Caldwell SJ, Han KB, Pasitschniak-Arts M, Mosser DD, Bols NC. Development and characterization of a rainbow trout liver cell line expressing cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activity. Cell Biol Toxicol 1993; 9:279-94. [PMID: 8299006 DOI: 10.1007/bf00755606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A cell line, RTL-W1, has been developed from the normal liver of an adult rainbow trout by proteolytic dissociation of liver fragments. RTL-W1 can be grown routinely in the basal medium, L-15, supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum. In this medium, the cells have been passaged approximately 100 times over an 8-year period. The cells do not form colonies or grow in soft agar. The cultures are heteroploid. The cell shape was predominantly polygonal or epithelial-like, but as cultures became confluent, bipolar or fibroblast-like cells appeared. Among the prominent ultrastructural features of RTL-W1 were distended endoplasmic reticulum and desmosomes. Benzo[a]pyrene was cytotoxic to RTL-W1. Activity for the enzyme, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), which is a measure of the cytochrome P4501A1 protein, increased dramatically in RTL-W1 upon their exposure to increasing concentrations of either beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). With these properties, RTL-W1 should be useful for studying the expression of the cytochrome P450 enzymes and as a tool for assessing the toxic potency of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Lee
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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16
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Vijayan MM, Leatherland JF. In vivo effects of the steroid analogue RU486 on some aspects of intermediary and thyroid metabolism of brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1992; 263:265-71. [PMID: 1333515 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402630306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid analogue RU486 was administered by intraperitoneal injection to brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) to further explore the role of cortisol on aspects of intermediary and thyroid hormone metabolism of the species. RU486 significantly elevated the hepatosomatic index, hepatic G3PDH activity, and hepatic glycogen content, but was without effect on hepatic protein content, hepatic FPBase activity, or plasma glucose concentration. However, the stressor-related increase in plasma glucose concentration that was evident in brook charr 24 h following handling and injection was suppressed in RU486-treated groups. The distribution volume, turnover rates, and metabolic clearance rates of [3H]cortisol were similar in RU486- and vehicle-treated groups. Plasma T3 and T4 concentrations were similar in RU486- and vehicle-treated groups, but hepatic T3 production and hepatic T3 content were lower in RU486-treated fish; TSH had no effect on hepatic T3 content of vehicle-treated brook charr but significantly increased T3 content in the RU486-treated group. These observations support the concept of a role of cortisol in the control of peripheral monodeiodination of T4 in salmonid fish and suggest that RU486 may be a useful drug for evaluating the role of cortisol in fish in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Vijayan
- Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Lee PC, Goodrich M, Struve M, Yoon HI, Weber D. Liver and brain glucocorticoid receptor in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: down-regulation by dexamethasone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1992; 87:222-31. [PMID: 1398016 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(92)90026-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Total glucocorticoid binding sites were identified and quantitated in liver and brain of rainbow trout using an exchange method and [3H]dexamethasone as the ligand. Both tissues contained a predominantly cytosolic moiety that bound dexamethasone with high specificity. Binding was saturable, time dependent, and completely reversible. Scatchard analysis showed a linear relationship suggesting that receptors belong to a single class. Dexamethasone down-regulated both liver and brain receptors. Down-regulation was rapid (within hours) and dose dependent (ED50 = 1.5 mg/kg body weight). Dexamethasone-induced down-regulation was not a result of cytoplasm to nuclei translocation or due to increases in tissue concentrations of steroid. Dexamethasone administration resulted in a lowering of Bmax (82.3 +/- 2.5 to 20.6 +/- 10.5 fmol/mg protein) and an increase in Kd (15.6 +/- 0.2 to 44.3 +/- 5.0 nM) suggesting a conformational change in the receptor molecule as part of the mechanism. The brain and liver of the rainbow trout thus have glucocorticoid receptors similar to those described in the mammalian system. Further, these receptors are subjected to autologous regulation similar to their counterparts in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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18
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Technology and uses of cell cultures from the tissues and organs of bony fish. Cytotechnology 1991; 6:163-87. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00624756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/1991] [Accepted: 06/11/1991] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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19
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Van Oostrom JA, Bols NC. Influence of temperature on the proliferative response of rainbow trout gonadal fibroblasts to cortisol and RU 486. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 9:261-269. [PMID: 24213717 DOI: 10.1007/bf02265147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The rainbow trout gonadal cell line, RTG-2, which survives temperatures from 0 to 28°C and proliferates at 5 to 26°C, responded to cortisol from 28°C to 0°C by influencing [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA. Over the normal temperature range of rainbow trout, 10-22°C, cortisol inhibited [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation. The antiglucocorticoid RU 486 had no effect on [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation at these temperatures and blocked the response to cortisol. Another antiglucocorticoid RU 362 also had no effect but was less effective in blocking the cortisol response. During incubation at 28°C this inhibitory response to cortisol was detected inconsistently during the first 24 h but was observed consistently during the second 24 h. At 0°C, cortisol and RU 486 had no effect during short treatments, but a 60 h exposure to either steroid stimulated [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation over a 48 h labelling period. These results suggest that temperature shifts between 10-22°C, do not change the direction of a response to cortisol and support the use of the upper portion (20-22°C) of the temperature range for studies on salmonid cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Van Oostrom
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Lee LE, Bols NC. Action of cortisol on the proliferation of rainbow trout fibroblasts. CELL AND TISSUE KINETICS 1989; 22:291-301. [PMID: 2605616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1989.tb00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of cortisol on the proliferation of the rainbow trout fibroblast cell line, RTG-2, was examined in synchronous and asynchronous cultures. When the transition from G1 to S was synchronized by restoring serum to serum-deprived cultures, the addition of cortisol at the time of serum restoration delayed the entry of cells into S phase. However, if cortisol was added 24 h after serum restoration, at the G1/S transition point, the subsequent peak of DNA synthesis was unaffected. In asynchronous cultures cortisol inhibited [3H]-thymidine and [3H]-uridine but not [3H]-leucine incorporation into acid-insoluble material. If the exogenous nucleoside concentration was raised, [3H]-thymidine but not [3H]-uridine incorporation continued to be inhibited by cortisol. This suggested that cortisol's effect on [3H]-thymidine incorporation reflected a change in entry into S phase and not just on thymidine uptake and metabolism. Cortisol inhibited the proliferation of RTG-2 in asynchronous cultures. At 1000 ng/ml of cortisol a reduction in cell number became apparent before the RTG-2 cultures were confluent, whereas at 100 ng/ml the reduction only became evident in confluent cultures. The synthetic antiglucocorticoid, RU 486, which acts at the level of the corticosteroid receptor, blocked the growth inhibition by cortisol. These results suggest that cortisol regulates rainbow trout fibroblast proliferation via the corticosteroid receptor and that the G1/S transition is one point at which this regulation occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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