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O'Brien ÁC, Hallis LJ, Regnault C, Morrison D, Blackburn G, Steele A, Daly L, Tait A, Tremblay MM, Telenko DE, Gunn J, McKay E, Mari N, Salik MA, Ascough P, Toney J, Griffin S, Whitfield P, Lee M. Using Organic Contaminants to Constrain the Terrestrial Journey of the Martian Meteorite Lafayette. ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:1351-1362. [PMID: 36264546 PMCID: PMC9618387 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A key part of the search for extraterrestrial life is the detection of organic molecules since these molecules form the basis of all living things on Earth. Instrument suites such as SHERLOC (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals) onboard the NASA Perseverance rover and the Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer onboard the future ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover are designed to detect organic molecules at the martian surface. However, size, mass, and power limitations mean that these instrument suites cannot yet match the instrumental capabilities available in Earth-based laboratories. Until Mars Sample Return, the only martian samples available for study on Earth are martian meteorites. This is a collection of largely basaltic igneous rocks that have been exposed to varying degrees of terrestrial contamination. The low organic molecule abundance within igneous rocks and the expectation of terrestrial contamination make the identification of martian organics within these meteorites highly challenging. The Lafayette martian meteorite exhibits little evidence of terrestrial weathering, potentially making it a good candidate for the detection of martian organics despite uncertainties surrounding its fall history. In this study, we used ultrapure solvents to extract organic matter from triplicate samples of Lafayette and analyzed these extracts via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS). Two hundred twenty-four metabolites (organic molecules) were detected in Lafayette at concentrations more than twice those present in the procedural blanks. In addition, a large number of plant-derived metabolites were putatively identified, the presence of which supports the unconfirmed report that Lafayette fell in a semirural location in Indiana. Remarkably, the putative identification of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (or vomitoxin), alongside the report that the collector was possibly a student at Purdue University, can be used to identify the most likely fall year as 1919.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine Clare O'Brien
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, UK
- SUERC, University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, UK
| | - Lydia Jane Hallis
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, UK
| | - Clement Regnault
- Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Gavin Blackburn
- Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew Steele
- Carnegie Planets, Carnegie Science, Washington DC, USA
| | - Luke Daly
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, UK
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alastair Tait
- School of Earth, Atmosphere & Environment Monash University, Rainforest Walk Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marissa Marie Tremblay
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Darcy E.P. Telenko
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jacqueline Gunn
- School of Professional Services, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Nicola Mari
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mohammad Ali Salik
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jaime Toney
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sammy Griffin
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, UK
| | - Phil Whitfield
- Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Martin Lee
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, UK
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2
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Novack AM, Dos Reis GS, Hackbarth FV, Marinho BA, Ðolić MB, Valle JAB, Sampaio CH, Lima EC, Dotto GL, Ulson de Souza AA, Vilar VJP, Guelli Ulson de Souza SMA. Facile fabrication of hybrid titanium(IV) isopropoxide/pozzolan nanosheets (TnS-Pz) of high photocatalytic activity: characterization and application for Cr(VI) reduction in an aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:23568-23581. [PMID: 32474789 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the synthesis of a hybrid material through the use of natural pozzolan and titanium(IV) isopropoxide using the sol-gel method and its application in the photocatalytic hexavalent chromium reduction. The characterization data indicated a mesoporous material possessing a surface area of 271.7 m2 g-1. The morphology studies (SEM and TEM) showed nanosheet hybrid structures. The analysis of DRUV, FTIR, XRD, and Mössbauer spectroscopy provides a different electronic structure of the synthetized material when compared with the originals, proving the hybridization process between pozzolan and titanium(IV) isopropoxide. The photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) using the hybrid material showed a better performance than conventional photocatalysts (precursor and TiO2-P25). Operational conditions such as chromium initial concentration (0.02-0.20 mM), solution pH (3-6), and type of scavenger (citric or tartaric acid) were evaluated in order to determine the best experimental conditions for the Cr(VI) photoreduction. At their optimum (catalyst load of 15 mg L-1, tartaric acid as scavenger, [scavenger]0/[Cr(VI)]0 M ratio = 3:1, pH 3, and 25 °C), the total photoreduction of 0.20 mM Cr(VI) was achieved in 180 min. The novel hybrid materials synthesized from pozzolan and titanium(IV) isopropoxide showed to be a potential catalyst for the Cr(VI) reduction in aqueous solution. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Novack
- Laboratory of Mass Transfer, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Glaydson S Dos Reis
- Graduate Program in Mine, Metallurgical, and Materials Engineering (PPGE3M), School of Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabíola V Hackbarth
- Laboratory of Mass Transfer, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Belisa A Marinho
- Laboratory of Mass Transfer, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Maja B Ðolić
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - José A B Valle
- Laboratory of Mass Transfer, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Sampaio
- Departament d'Enginyeria Minera, Industrial i TIC, Prof. Serra Húnter, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech, Manresa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eder C Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Postal Box 15003, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Guillherme L Dotto
- Environmental Processes Laboratory (LAPAM), Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Antônio Augusto Ulson de Souza
- Laboratory of Mass Transfer, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Vítor J P Vilar
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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3
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Horgan BHN, Johnson JR, Fraeman AA, Rice MS, Seeger C, Bell JF, Bennett KA, Cloutis EA, Edgar LA, Frydenvang J, Grotzinger JP, L'Haridon J, Jacob SR, Mangold N, Rampe EB, Rivera‐Hernandez F, Sun VZ, Thompson LM, Wellington D. Diagenesis of Vera Rubin Ridge, Gale Crater, Mars, From Mastcam Multispectral Images. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2020; 125:e2019JE006322. [PMID: 33282614 PMCID: PMC7685111 DOI: 10.1029/2019je006322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Images from the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission of lacustrine sedimentary rocks of Vera Rubin ridge on "Mt. Sharp" in Gale crater, Mars, have shown stark color variations from red to purple to gray. These color differences crosscut stratigraphy and are likely due to diagenetic alteration of the sediments after deposition. However, the chemistry and timing of these fluid interactions is unclear. Determining how diagenetic processes may have modified chemical and mineralogical signatures of ancient Martian environments is critical for understanding the past habitability of Mars and achieving the goals of the MSL mission. Here we use visible/near-infrared spectra from Mastcam and ChemCam to determine the mineralogical origins of color variations in the ridge. Color variations are consistent with changes in spectral properties related to the crystallinity, grain size, and texture of hematite. Coarse-grained gray hematite spectrally dominates in the gray patches and is present in the purple areas, while nanophase and fine-grained red crystalline hematite are present and spectrally dominate in the red and purple areas. We hypothesize that these differences were caused by grain-size coarsening of hematite by diagenetic fluids, as observed in terrestrial analogs. In this model, early primary reddening by oxidizing fluids near the surface was followed during or after burial by bleaching to form the gray patches, possibly with limited secondary reddening after exhumation. Diagenetic alteration may have diminished the preservation of biosignatures and changed the composition of the sediments, making it more difficult to interpret how conditions evolved in the paleolake over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briony H. N. Horgan
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | | | - Abigail A. Fraeman
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Melissa S. Rice
- Geology Department, Physics and Astronomy DepartmentWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWAUSA
| | - Christina Seeger
- Geology Department, Physics and Astronomy DepartmentWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWAUSA
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - James F. Bell
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | | | | | - Lauren A. Edgar
- U.S. Geological SurveyAstrogeology Science CenterFlagstaffAZ
| | | | - John P. Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Jonas L'Haridon
- Laboratoire de Planétologie et GéodynamiqueCNRS, Univ Nantes, Univ AngersNantesFrance
| | - Samantha R. Jacob
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - Nicolas Mangold
- Laboratoire de Planétologie et GéodynamiqueCNRS, Univ Nantes, Univ AngersNantesFrance
| | | | | | - Vivian Z. Sun
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Lucy M. Thompson
- Planetary and Space Science CentreUniversity of New BrunswickFrederictonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Danika Wellington
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
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Fraeman AA, Johnson JR, Arvidson RE, Rice MS, Wellington DF, Morris RV, Fox VK, Horgan BHN, Jacob SR, Salvatore MR, Sun VZ, Pinet P, Bell JF, Wiens RC, Vasavada AR. Synergistic Ground and Orbital Observations of Iron Oxides on Mt. Sharp and Vera Rubin Ridge. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2020; 125:e2019JE006294. [PMID: 33042722 PMCID: PMC7539960 DOI: 10.1029/2019je006294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Visible/short-wave infrared spectral data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) show absorptions attributed to hematite at Vera Rubin ridge (VRR), a topographic feature on northwest Mt. Sharp. The goals of this study are to determine why absorptions caused by ferric iron are strongly visible from orbit at VRR and to improve interpretation of CRISM data throughout lower Mt. Sharp. These goals are achieved by analyzing coordinated CRISM and in situ spectral data along the Curiosity Mars rover's traverse. VRR bedrock within areas that have the deepest ferric absorptions in CRISM data also has the deepest ferric absorptions measured in situ. This suggests strong ferric absorptions are visible from orbit at VRR because of the unique spectral properties of VRR bedrock. Dust and mixing with basaltic sand additionally inhibit the ability to measure ferric absorptions in bedrock stratigraphically below VRR from orbit. There are two implications of these findings: (1) Ferric absorptions in CRISM data initially dismissed as noise could be real, and ferric phases are more widespread in lower Mt. Sharp than previously reported. (2) Patches with the deepest ferric absorptions in CRISM data are, like VRR, reflective of deeper absorptions in the bedrock. One model to explain this spectral variability is late-stage diagenetic fluids that changed the grain size of ferric phases, deepening absorptions. Curiosity's experience highlights the strengths of using CRISM data for spectral absorptions and associated mineral detections and the caveats in using these data for geologic interpretations and strategic path planning tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Fraeman
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - J. R. Johnson
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesWashington UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
| | - M. S. Rice
- Geology Department, Physics and Astronomy DepartmentWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWAUSA
| | - D. F. Wellington
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | | | - V. K. Fox
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - B. H. N. Horgan
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - S. R. Jacob
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - M. R. Salvatore
- Department of Astronomy and Planetary ScienceNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffAZUSA
| | - V. Z. Sun
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - P. Pinet
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNESToulouseFrance
| | - J. F. Bell
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - R. C. Wiens
- Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNMUSA
| | - A. R. Vasavada
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
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Maus D, Heinz J, Schirmack J, Airo A, Kounaves SP, Wagner D, Schulze-Makuch D. Methanogenic Archaea Can Produce Methane in Deliquescence-Driven Mars Analog Environments. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6. [PMID: 31913316 PMCID: PMC6949245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The current understanding of the Martian surface indicates that briny environments at the near-surface are temporarily possible, e.g. in the case of the presumably deliquescence-driven Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL). However, whether such dynamic environments are habitable for terrestrial organisms remains poorly understood. This hypothesis was tested by developing a Closed Deliquescence System (CDS) consisting of a mixture of desiccated Martian Regolith Analog (MRA) substrate, salts, and microbial cells, which over the course of days became wetted through deliquescence. The methane produced via metabolic activity for three methanogenic archaea: Methanosarcina mazei, M. barkeri and M. soligelidi, was measured after exposing them to three different MRA substrates using either NaCl or NaClO4 as a hygroscopic salt. Our experiments showed that (1) M. soligelidi rapidly produced methane at 4 °C, (2) M. barkeri produced methane at 28 °C though not at 4 °C, (3) M. mazei was not metabolically reactivated through deliquescence, (4) none of the species produced methane in the presence of perchlorate, and (5) all species were metabolically most active in the phyllosilicate-containing MRA. These results emphasize the importance of the substrate, microbial species, salt, and temperature used in the experiments. Furthermore, we show here for the first time that water provided by deliquescence alone is sufficient to rehydrate methanogenic archaea and to reactivate their metabolism under conditions roughly analogous to the near-subsurface Martian environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Maus
- Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik (ZAA), AG Astrobiologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany.,Metabolism of Microbial Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Heinz
- Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik (ZAA), AG Astrobiologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janosch Schirmack
- Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik (ZAA), AG Astrobiologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Airo
- Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik (ZAA), AG Astrobiologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuel P Kounaves
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Dirk Wagner
- GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Section Geomicrobiology, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk Schulze-Makuch
- Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik (ZAA), AG Astrobiologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany. .,GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Section Geomicrobiology, Potsdam, Germany. .,Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Department of Experimental Limnology, Stechlin, Germany.
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6
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Kölbl D, Pignitter M, Somoza V, Schimak MP, Strbak O, Blazevic A, Milojevic T. Exploring Fingerprints of the Extreme Thermoacidophile Metallosphaera sedula Grown on Synthetic Martian Regolith Materials as the Sole Energy Sources. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1918. [PMID: 29062303 PMCID: PMC5640722 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of metal transforming microorganisms is of a fundamental and applied importance for our understanding of past and present biogeochemical processes on Earth and in the Universe. The extreme thermoacidophile Metallosphaera sedula is a metal mobilizing archaeon, which thrives in hot acid environments (optimal growth at 74°C and pH 2.0) and utilizes energy from the oxidation of reduced metal inorganic sources. These characteristics of M. sedula make it an ideal organism to further our knowledge of the biogeochemical processes of possible life on extraterrestrial planetary bodies. Exploring the viability and metal extraction capacity of M. sedula living on and interacting with synthetic extraterrestrial minerals, we show that M. sedula utilizes metals trapped in the Martian regolith simulants (JSC Mars 1A; P-MRS; S-MRS; MRS07/52) as the sole energy sources. The obtained set of microbiological and mineralogical data suggests that M. sedula actively colonizes synthetic Martian regolith materials and releases free soluble metals. The surface of bioprocessed Martian regolith simulants is analyzed for specific mineralogical fingerprints left upon M. sedula growth. The obtained results provide insights of biomining of extraterrestrial material as well as of the detection of biosignatures implementing in life search missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Kölbl
- Extremophiles Group, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Pignitter
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario P Schimak
- Department of Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Oliver Strbak
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Amir Blazevic
- Extremophiles Group, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tetyana Milojevic
- Extremophiles Group, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Robust and Elastic Lunar and Martian Structures from 3D-Printed Regolith Inks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44931. [PMID: 28317904 PMCID: PMC5357966 DOI: 10.1038/srep44931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a comprehensive approach for creating robust, elastic, designer Lunar and Martian regolith simulant (LRS and MRS, respectively) architectures using ambient condition, extrusion-based 3D-printing of regolith simulant inks. The LRS and MRS powders are characterized by distinct, highly inhomogeneous morphologies and sizes, where LRS powder particles are highly irregular and jagged and MRS powder particles are rough, but primarily rounded. The inks are synthesized via simple mixing of evaporant, surfactant, and plasticizer solvents, polylactic-co-glycolic acid (30% by solids volume), and regolith simulant powders (70% by solids volume). Both LRS and MRS inks exhibit similar rheological and 3D-printing characteristics, and can be 3D-printed at linear deposition rates of 1–150 mm/s using 300 μm to 1.4 cm-diameter nozzles. The resulting LRS and MRS 3D-printed materials exhibit similar, but distinct internal and external microstructures and material porosity (~20–40%). These microstructures contribute to the rubber-like quasi-static and cyclic mechanical properties of both materials, with young’s moduli ranging from 1.8 to 13.2 MPa and extension to failure exceeding 250% over a range of strain rates (10–1−102 min−1). Finally, we discuss the potential for LRS and MRS ink components to be reclaimed and recycled, as well as be synthesized in resource-limited, extraterrestrial environments.
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8
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Schirmack J, Alawi M, Wagner D. Influence of Martian regolith analogs on the activity and growth of methanogenic archaea, with special regard to long-term desiccation. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:210. [PMID: 25852668 PMCID: PMC4367439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanogenic archaea have been studied as model organisms for possible life on Mars for several reasons: they can grow lithoautotrophically by using hydrogen and carbon dioxide as energy and carbon sources, respectively; they are anaerobes; and they evolved at a time when conditions on early Earth are believed to have looked similar to those of early Mars. As Mars is currently dry and cold and as water might be available only at certain time intervals, any organism living on this planet would need to cope with desiccation. On Earth there are several regions with low water availability as well, e.g., permafrost environments, desert soils, and salt pans. Here, we present the results of a set of experiments investigating the influence of different Martian regolith analogs (MRAs) on the metabolic activity and growth of three methanogenic strains exposed to culture conditions as well as long-term desiccation. In most cases, concentrations below 1 wt% of regolith in the media resulted in an increase of methane production rates, whereas higher concentrations decreased the rates, thus prolonging the lag phase. Further experiments showed that methanogenic archaea are capable of producing methane when incubated on a water-saturated sedimentary matrix of regolith lacking nutrients. Survival of methanogens under these conditions was analyzed with a 400 day desiccation experiment in the presence of regolith analogs. All tested strains of methanogens survived the desiccation period as it was determined through reincubation on fresh medium and via qPCR following propidium monoazide treatment to identify viable cells. The survival of long-term desiccation and the ability of active metabolism on water-saturated MRAs strengthens the possibility of methanogenic archaea or physiologically similar organisms to exist in environmental niches on Mars. The best results were achieved in presence of a phyllosilicate, which provides insights of possible positive effects in habitats on Earth as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janosch Schirmack
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research - Research Unit Potsdam, Potsdam Germany
| | - Mashal Alawi
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 4.5 Geomicrobiology, Potsdam Germany
| | - Dirk Wagner
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 4.5 Geomicrobiology, Potsdam Germany
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9
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Wall KT, Rowe MC, Ellis BS, Schmidt ME, Eccles JD. Determining volcanic eruption styles on Earth and Mars from crystallinity measurements. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5090. [PMID: 25277152 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Earth and Mars possess different styles of explosive basaltic volcanism. Distinguishing phreatomagmatic eruptions, driven by magma-water interaction, from 'magmatic' explosive eruptions (that is, strombolian and plinian eruptions) is important for determining the presence of near-surface water or ice at the time of volcanism. Here we show that eruption styles can be broadly identified by relative variations in groundmass or bulk crystallinity determined by X-ray diffraction. Terrestrial analogue results indicate that rapidly quenched phreatomagmatic ejecta display lower groundmass crystallinity (<35%) than slower cooling ejecta from strombolian or plinian eruptions (>40%). Numerical modelling suggests Martian plinian eruptive plumes moderate cooling, allowing 20-30% syn-eruptive crystallization, and thus reduce the distinction between eruption styles on Mars. Analysis of Mars Curiosity rover CheMin X-ray diffraction results from Gale crater indicate that the crystallinity of Martian sediment (52-54%) is similar to pyroclastic rocks from Gusev crater, Mars, and consistent with widespread distribution of basaltic strombolian or plinian volcanic ejecta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie T Wall
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Webster Physical Science Building, Room 1228, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Michael C Rowe
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Commerce A Building, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ben S Ellis
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariek E Schmidt
- Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, Saint Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1
| | - Jennifer D Eccles
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Commerce A Building, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Núñez JI, Farmer JD, Sellar RG, Swayze GA, Blaney DL. Science applications of a multispectral microscopic imager for the astrobiological exploration of Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2014; 14:132-69. [PMID: 24552233 PMCID: PMC3929460 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Future astrobiological missions to Mars are likely to emphasize the use of rovers with in situ petrologic capabilities for selecting the best samples at a site for in situ analysis with onboard lab instruments or for caching for potential return to Earth. Such observations are central to an understanding of the potential for past habitable conditions at a site and for identifying samples most likely to harbor fossil biosignatures. The Multispectral Microscopic Imager (MMI) provides multispectral reflectance images of geological samples at the microscale, where each image pixel is composed of a visible/shortwave infrared spectrum ranging from 0.46 to 1.73 μm. This spectral range enables the discrimination of a wide variety of rock-forming minerals, especially Fe-bearing phases, and the detection of hydrated minerals. The MMI advances beyond the capabilities of current microimagers on Mars by extending the spectral range into the infrared and increasing the number of spectral bands. The design employs multispectral light-emitting diodes and an uncooled indium gallium arsenide focal plane array to achieve a very low mass and high reliability. To better understand and demonstrate the capabilities of the MMI for future surface missions to Mars, we analyzed samples from Mars-relevant analog environments with the MMI. Results indicate that the MMI images faithfully resolve the fine-scale microtextural features of samples and provide important information to help constrain mineral composition. The use of spectral endmember mapping reveals the distribution of Fe-bearing minerals (including silicates and oxides) with high fidelity, along with the presence of hydrated minerals. MMI-based petrogenetic interpretations compare favorably with laboratory-based analyses, revealing the value of the MMI for future in situ rover-mediated astrobiological exploration of Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I. Núñez
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jack D. Farmer
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - R. Glenn Sellar
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Diana L. Blaney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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11
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Sullivan R, Anderson R, Biesiadecki J, Bond T, Stewart H. Cohesions, friction angles, and other physical properties of Martian regolith from Mars Exploration Rover wheel trenches and wheel scuffs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010je003625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Hamilton VE, Morris RV, Gruener JE, Mertzman SA. Visible, near-infrared, and middle infrared spectroscopy of altered basaltic tephras: Spectral signatures of phyllosilicates, sulfates, and other aqueous alteration products with application to the mineralogy of the Columbia Hills of Gusev Crater, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Ming DW, Gellert R, Morris RV, Arvidson RE, Brückner J, Clark BC, Cohen BA, d'Uston C, Economou T, Fleischer I, Klingelhöfer G, McCoy TJ, Mittlefehldt DW, Schmidt ME, Schröder C, Squyres SW, Tréguier E, Yen AS, Zipfel J. Geochemical properties of rocks and soils in Gusev Crater, Mars: Results of the Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer from Cumberland Ridge to Home Plate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Lichtenberg KA, Arvidson RE, Poulet F, Morris RV, Knudson A, Bell JF, Bellucci G, Bibring JP, Farrand WH, Johnson JR, Ming DW, Pinet PC, Rogers AD, Squyres SW. Coordinated analyses of orbital and Spirit Rover data to characterize surface materials on the cratered plains of Gusev Crater, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Guinness EA, Arvidson RE, Jolliff BL, Seelos KD, Seelos FP, Ming DW, Morris RV, Graff TG. Hyperspectral reflectance mapping of cinder cones at the summit of Mauna Kea and implications for equivalent observations on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Guinness
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Bradley L. Jolliff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Kim D. Seelos
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Frank P. Seelos
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | | | - Trevor G. Graff
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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Poulet F, Gomez C, Bibring JP, Langevin Y, Gondet B, Pinet P, Belluci G, Mustard J. Martian surface mineralogy from Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité on board the Mars Express spacecraft (OMEGA/MEx): Global mineral maps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Poulet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - C. Gomez
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - J.-P. Bibring
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - Y. Langevin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - B. Gondet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - P. Pinet
- Laboratoire Dynamique Terrestre et Planétaire/UMR5562; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Toulouse France
| | - G. Belluci
- Istituto Nazionale Di Astrofiscia dello Spazio Interplanetario; Rome Italy
| | - J. Mustard
- Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
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17
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Ruff SW, Christensen PR, Blaney DL, Farrand WH, Johnson JR, Michalski JR, Moersch JE, Wright SP, Squyres SW. The rocks of Gusev Crater as viewed by the Mini-TES instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Ruff
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - D. L. Blaney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | | | | | - J. R. Michalski
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - J. E. Moersch
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - S. P. Wright
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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18
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Diaz B, Schulze-Makuch D. Microbial survival rates of Escherichia coli and Deinococcus radiodurans under low temperature, low pressure, and UV-Irradiation conditions, and their relevance to possible Martian life. ASTROBIOLOGY 2006; 6:332-47. [PMID: 16689650 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2006.6.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Viability rates were determined for microbial populations of Escherichia coli and Deinococcus radiodurans under the environmental stresses of low temperature (-35 degrees C), low-pressure conditions (83.3 kPa), and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (37 W/m(2)). During the stress tests the organisms were suspended in saltwater soil and freshwater soil media, at variable burial depths, and in seawater. Microbial populations of both organisms were most susceptible to dehydration stress associated with low-pressure conditions, and to UV irradiation. However, suspension in a liquid water medium and burial at larger depths (5 cm) improved survival rates markedly. Our results indicate that planetary surfaces that possess little to no atmosphere and have low water availability do not constitute a favorable environment for terrestrial microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Diaz
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Morris RV, Klingelhöfer G, Schröder C, Rodionov DS, Yen A, Ming DW, de Souza PA, Fleischer I, Wdowiak T, Gellert R, Bernhardt B, Evlanov EN, Zubkov B, Foh J, Bonnes U, Kankeleit E, Gütlich P, Renz F, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE. Mössbauer mineralogy of rock, soil, and dust at Gusev crater, Mars: Spirit's journey through weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - C. Schröder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - D. S. Rodionov
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - A. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston Texas USA
| | - P. A. de Souza
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
- CVRD Group; Vitoria Brazil
| | - I. Fleischer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - T. Wdowiak
- Department of Physics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - R. Gellert
- Department of Physics; University of Guelph; Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - B. Bernhardt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | | | - B. Zubkov
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - J. Foh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
- Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - U. Bonnes
- Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - E. Kankeleit
- Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - P. Gütlich
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - F. Renz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
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20
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Cockell CS, Schuerger AC, Billi D, Friedmann EI, Panitz C. Effects of a simulated martian UV flux on the cyanobacterium, Chroococcidiopsis sp. 029. ASTROBIOLOGY 2005; 5:127-140. [PMID: 15815164 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2005.5.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dried monolayers of Chroococcidiopsis sp. 029, a desiccation-tolerant, endolithic cyanobacterium, were exposed to a simulated martian-surface UV and visible light flux, which may also approximate to the worst-case scenario for the Archean Earth. After 5 min, there was a 99% loss of cell viability, and there were no survivors after 30 min. However, this survival was approximately 10 times higher than that previously reported for Bacillus subtilis. We show that under 1 mm of rock, Chroococcidiopsis sp. could survive (and potentially grow) under the high martian UV flux if water and nutrient requirements for growth were met. In isolated cells, phycobilisomes and esterases remained intact hours after viability was lost. Esterase activity was reduced by 99% after a 1-h exposure, while 99% loss of autofluorescence required a 4-h exposure. However, cell morphology was not changed, and DNA was still detectable by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining after an 8-h exposure (equivalent to approximately 1 day on Mars at the equator). Under 1 mm of simulant martian soil or gneiss, the effect of UV radiation could not be detected on esterase activity or autofluorescence after 4 h. These results show that under the intense martian UV flux the morphological signatures of life can persist even after viability, enzymatic activity, and pigmentation have been destroyed. Finally, the global dispersal of viable, isolated cells of even this desiccation-tolerant, ionizing-radiation-resistant microorganism on Mars is unlikely as they are killed quickly by unattenuated UV radiation when in a desiccated state. These findings have implications for the survival of diverse microbial contaminants dispersed during the course of human exploratory class missions on the surface of Mars.
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21
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Bell JF, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Arneson HM, Bass D, Calvin W, Farrand WH, Goetz W, Golombek M, Greeley R, Grotzinger J, Guinness E, Hayes AG, Hubbard MYH, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson MJ, Johnson JR, Joseph J, Kinch KM, Lemmon MT, Li R, Madsen MB, Maki JN, Malin M, McCartney E, McLennan S, McSween HY, Ming DW, Morris RV, Dobrea EZN, Parker TJ, Proton J, Rice JW, Seelos F, Soderblom JM, Soderblom LA, Sohl-Dickstein JN, Sullivan RJ, Weitz CM, Wolff MJ. Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Opportunity Rover at Meridiani Planum. Science 2004; 306:1703-9. [PMID: 15576603 DOI: 10.1126/science.1105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Panoramic Camera (Pancam) images from Meridiani Planum reveal a low-albedo, generally flat, and relatively rock-free surface. Within and around impact craters and fractures, laminated outcrop rocks with higher albedo are observed. Fine-grained materials include dark sand, bright ferric iron-rich dust, angular rock clasts, and millimeter-size spheroidal granules that are eroding out of the laminated rocks. Spectra of sand, clasts, and one dark plains rock are consistent with mafic silicates such as pyroxene and olivine. Spectra of both the spherules and the laminated outcrop materials indicate the presence of crystalline ferric oxides or oxyhydroxides. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission. Astronomical observations captured solar transits by Phobos and Deimos and time-lapse observations of sunsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Bell
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA.
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22
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Bertelsen P, Goetz W, Madsen MB, Kinch KM, Hviid SF, Knudsen JM, Gunnlaugsson HP, Merrison J, Nørnberg P, Squyres SW, Bell JF, Herkenhoff KE, Gorevan S, Yen AS, Myrick T, Klingelhöfer G, Rieder R, Gellert R. Magnetic Properties Experiments on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit at Gusev Crater. Science 2004; 305:827-9. [PMID: 15297664 DOI: 10.1126/science.1100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The magnetic properties experiments are designed to help identify the magnetic minerals in the dust and rocks on Mars-and to determine whether liquid water was involved in the formation and alteration of these magnetic minerals. Almost all of the dust particles suspended in the martian atmosphere must contain ferrimagnetic minerals (such as maghemite or magnetite) in an amount of approximately 2% by weight. The most magnetic fraction of the dust appears darker than the average dust. Magnetite was detected in the first two rocks ground by Spirit.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bertelsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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23
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Klingelhöfer G, Morris RV, Bernhardt B, Rodionov D, de Souza PA, Squyres SW, Foh J, Kankeleit E, Bonnes U, Gellert R, Schröder C, Linkin S, Evlanov E, Zubkov B, Prilutski O. Athena MIMOS II Mössbauer spectrometer investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Klingelhöfer
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | | | - B. Bernhardt
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - D. Rodionov
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - P. A. de Souza
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
- Pelletizing Department; Companhia Vale do Rio Doce; Vitoria Brazil
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - J. Foh
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - E. Kankeleit
- Nuclear Physics Institute; Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - U. Bonnes
- Nuclear Physics Institute; Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - R. Gellert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - C. Schröder
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - S. Linkin
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - E. Evlanov
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - B. Zubkov
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
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24
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Madsen MB, Bertelsen P, Goetz W, Binau CS, Olsen M, Folkmann F, Gunnlaugsson HP, Kinch KM, Knudsen JM, Merrison J, Nørnberg P, Squyres SW, Yen AS, Rademacher JD, Gorevan S, Myrick T, Bartlett P. Magnetic Properties Experiments on the Mars Exploration Rover mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Madsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - P. Bertelsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - W. Goetz
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - C. S. Binau
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Olsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. Folkmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | | | - K. M. Kinch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - J. M. Knudsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - J. Merrison
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - P. Nørnberg
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Astronomy Department; Cornell University; Ithaca USA
| | - A. S. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. D. Rademacher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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25
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Bell JF, Squyres SW, Herkenhoff KE, Maki JN, Arneson HM, Brown D, Collins SA, Dingizian A, Elliot ST, Hagerott EC, Hayes AG, Johnson MJ, Johnson JR, Joseph J, Kinch K, Lemmon MT, Morris RV, Scherr L, Schwochert M, Shepard MK, Smith GH, Sohl-Dickstein JN, Sullivan RJ, Sullivan WT, Wadsworth M. Mars Exploration Rover Athena Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - J. N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - H. M. Arneson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - D. Brown
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. A. Collins
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. Dingizian
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. T. Elliot
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - E. C. Hagerott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. G. Hayes
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - M. J. Johnson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - J. Joseph
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - K. Kinch
- Neils Bohr Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Science; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | | | - L. Scherr
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. Schwochert
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. K. Shepard
- Department of Geography and Geosciences; Bloomsburg University; Bloomsburg Pennsylvania USA
| | | | | | - R. J. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - W. T. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - M. Wadsworth
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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Schuerger AC, Mancinelli RL, Kern RG, Rothschild LJ, McKay CP. Survival of endospores of Bacillus subtilis on spacecraft surfaces under simulated martian environments: implications for the forward contamination of Mars. ICARUS 2003; 165:253-276. [PMID: 14649627 DOI: 10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted in a Mars simulation chamber (MSC) to characterize the survival of endospores of Bacillus subtilis under high UV irradiation and simulated martian conditions. The MSC was used to create Mars surface environments in which pressure (8.5 mb), temperature (-80, -40, -10, or +23 degrees C), gas composition (Earth-normal N2/O2 mix, pure N2, pure CO2, or a Mars gas mix), and UV-VIS-NIR fluence rates (200-1200 nm) were maintained within tight limits. The Mars gas mix was composed of CO2 (95.3%), N2 (2.7%), Ar (1.7%), O2 (0.2%), and water vapor (0.03%). Experiments were conducted to measure the effects of pressure, gas composition, and temperature alone or in combination with Mars-normal UV-VIS-NIR light environments. Endospores of B. subtilis, were deposited on aluminum coupons as monolayers in which the average density applied to coupons was 2.47 x 10(6) bacteria per sample. Populations of B. subtilis placed on aluminum coupons and subjected to an Earth-normal temperature (23 degrees C), pressure (1013 mb), and gas mix (normal N2/O2 ratio) but illuminated with a Mars-normal UV-VIS-NIR spectrum were reduced by over 99.9% after 30 sec exposure to Mars-normal UV fluence rates. However, it required at least 15 min of Mars-normal UV exposure to reduce bacterial populations on aluminum coupons to non-recoverable levels. These results were duplicated when bacteria were exposed to Mars-normal environments of temperature (-10 degrees C), pressure (8.5 mb), gas composition (pure CO2), and UV fluence rates. In other experiments, results indicated that the gas composition of the atmosphere and the temperature of the bacterial monolayers at the time of Mars UV exposure had no effects on the survival of bacterial endospores. But Mars-normal pressures (8.5 mb) were found to reduce survival by approximately 20-35% compared to Earth-normal pressures (1013 mb). The primary implications of these results are (a) that greater than 99.9% of bacterial populations on sun-exposed surfaces of spacecraft are likely to be inactivated within a few tens of seconds to a few minutes on the surface of Mars, and (b) that within a single Mars day under clear-sky conditions bacterial populations on sun-exposed surfaces of spacecraft will be sterilized. Furthermore, these results suggest that the high UV fluence rates on the martian surface can be an important resource in minimizing the forward contamination of Mars.
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Ruff SW, Christensen PR. Bright and dark regions on Mars: Particle size and mineralogical characteristics based on Thermal Emission Spectrometer data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Ruff
- Mars Space Flight Facility, Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Philip R. Christensen
- Mars Space Flight Facility, Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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Bishop JL, Murchie SL, Pieters CM, Zent AP. A model for formation of dust, soil, and rock coatings on Mars: Physical and chemical processes on the Martian surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice L. Bishop
- SETI Institute/NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - Scott L. Murchie
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Carlé M. Pieters
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Aaron P. Zent
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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Glasauer S, Langley S, Beveridge TJ. Sorption of Fe (hydr)oxides to the surface of Shewanella putrefaciens: cell-bound fine-grained minerals are not always formed de novo. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:5544-50. [PMID: 11722905 PMCID: PMC93342 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.12.5544-5550.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shewanella putrefaciens, a gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, is active in the cycling of iron through its interaction with Fe (hydr)oxides in natural environments. Fine-grained Fe precipitates that are attached to the outer membranes of many gram-negative bacteria have most often been attributed to precipitation and growth of the mineral at the cell surface. Our study of the sorption of nonbiogenic Fe (hydr)oxides revealed, however, that large quantities of nanometer-scale ferrihydrite (hydrous ferric oxide), goethite (alpha-FeOOH), and hematite (alpha-Fe(2)O(3)) adhered to the cell surface. Attempts to separate suspensions of cells and minerals with an 80% glycerin cushion proved that the sorbed minerals were tightly attached to the bacteria. The interaction between minerals and cells resulted in the formation of mineral-cell aggregates, which increased biomass density and provided better sedimentation of mineral Fe compared to suspensions of minerals alone. Transmission electron microscopy observations of cells prepared by whole-mount, conventional embedding, and freeze-substitution methods confirmed the close association between cells and minerals and suggested that in some instances, the mineral crystals had even penetrated the outer membrane and peptidoglycan layers. Given the abundance of these mineral types in natural environments, the data suggest that not all naturally occurring cell surface-associated minerals are necessarily formed de novo on the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Glasauer
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Morris RV, Golden DC, Ming DW, Shelfer TD, Jørgensen LC, Bell JF, Graff TG, Mertzman SA. Phyllosilicate-poor palagonitic dust from Mauna Kea Volcano (Hawaii): A mineralogical analogue for magnetic Martian dust? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Thomas-Keprta KL, Bazylinski DA, Kirschvink JL, Clemett SJ, McKay DS, Wentworth SJ, Vali H, Gibson EK, Romanek CS. Elongated prismatic magnetite crystals in ALH84001 carbonate globules: potential Martian magnetofossils. GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 2000; 64:4049-4081. [PMID: 11543573 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-7037(00)00481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we have analyzed magnetite (Fe3O4) crystals acid-extracted from carbonate globules in Martian meteorite ALH84001. We studied 594 magnetites from ALH84001 and grouped them into three populations on the basis of morphology: 389 were irregularly shaped, 164 were elongated prisms, and 41 were whisker-like. As a possible terrestrial analog for the ALH84001 elongated prisms, we compared these magnetites with those produced by the terrestrial magnetotactic bacteria strain MV-1. By TEM again, we examined 206 magnetites recovered from strain MV-1 cells. Natural (Darwinian) selection in terrestrial magnetotactic bacteria appears to have resulted in the formation of intracellular magnetite crystals having the physical and chemical properties that optimize their magnetic moment. In this study, we describe six properties of magnetite produced by biologically controlled mechanisms (e.g., magnetotactic bacteria), properties that, collectively, are not observed in any known population of inorganic magnetites. These criteria can be used to distinguish one of the modes of origin for magnetites from samples with complex or unknown histories. Of the ALH84001 magnetites that we have examined, the elongated prismatic magnetite particles (similar to 27% of the total) are indistinguishable from the MV-1 magnetites in five of these six characteristics observed for biogenically controlled mineralization of magnetite crystals.
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32
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Esposito F, Colangeli L, Palomba E. Infrared reflectance spectroscopy of Martian analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Christensen PR, Bandfield JL, Clark RN, Edgett KS, Hamilton VE, Hoefen T, Kieffer HH, Kuzmin RO, Lane MD, Malin MC, Morris RV, Pearl JC, Pearson R, Roush TL, Ruff SW, Smith MD. Detection of crystalline hematite mineralization on Mars by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer: Evidence for near-surface water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Cloutis EA, Bell JF. Diaspores and related hydroxides: Spectral-compositional properties and implications for Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bell JF, McSween HY, Crisp JA, Morris RV, Murchie SL, Bridges NT, Johnson JR, Britt DT, Golombek MP, Moore HJ, Ghosh A, Bishop JL, Anderson RC, Brückner J, Economou T, Greenwood JP, Gunnlaugsson HP, Hargraves RM, Hviid S, Knudsen JM, Madsen MB, Reid R, Rieder R, Soderblom L. Mineralogic and compositional properties of Martian soil and dust: Results from Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Morris RV, Golden DC, Bell JF, Shelfer TD, Scheinost AC, Hinman NW, Furniss G, Mertzman SA, Bishop JL, Ming DW, Allen CC, Britt DT. Mineralogy, composition, and alteration of Mars Pathfinder rocks and soils: Evidence from multispectral, elemental, and magnetic data on terrestrial analogue, SNC meteorite, and Pathfinder samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Hargraves RB, Knudsen JM, Bertelsen P, Goetz W, Gunnlaugsson HP, Hviid SF, Madsen MB, Olsen M. Magnetic enhancement on the surface of Mars? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Yen AS, Murray B, Rossman GR, Grunthaner FJ. Stability of hydroxylated minerals on Mars: A study on the effects of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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McSween HY, Murchie SL, Crisp JA, Bridges NT, Anderson RC, Bell JF, Britt DT, Brückner J, Dreibus G, Economou T, Ghosh A, Golombek MP, Greenwood JP, Johnson JR, Moore HJ, Morris RV, Parker TJ, Rieder R, Singer R, Wänke H. Chemical, multispectral, and textural constraints on the composition and origin of rocks at the Mars Pathfinder landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98je02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Madsen MB, Hviid SF, Gunnlaugsson HP, Knudsen JM, Goetz W, Pedersen CT, Dinesen AR, Mogensen CT, Olsen M, Hargraves RB. The magnetic properties experiments on Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je900006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bishop JL, Froschl H, Mancinelli RL. Alteration processes in volcanic soils and identification of exobiologically important weathering products on Mars using remote sensing. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 1998; 103:31457-76. [PMID: 11542259 DOI: 10.1029/1998je900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Determining the mineralogy of the Martian surface material provides information about the past and present environments on Mars which are an integral aspect of whether or not Mars was suitable for the origin of life. Mineral identification on Mars will most likely be achieved through visible-infrared remote sensing in combination with other analyses on landed missions. Therefore, understanding the visible and infrared spectral properties of terrestrial samples formed via processes similar to those thought to have occurred on Mars is essential to this effort and will facilitate site selection for future exobiology missions to Mars. Visible to infrared reflectance spectra are presented here for the fine-grained fractions of altered tephra/lava from the Haleakala summit basin on Maui, the Tarawera volcanic complex on the northern island of New Zealand, and the Greek Santorini island group. These samples exhibit a range of chemical and mineralogical compositions, where the primary minerals typically include plagioclase, pyroxene, hematite, and magnetite. The kind and abundance of weathering products varied substantially for these three sites due, in part, to the climate and weathering environment. The moist environments at Santorini and Tarawera are more consistent with postulated past environments on Mars, while the dry climate at the top of Haleakala is more consistent with the current Martian environment. Weathering of these tephra is evaluated by assessing changes in the leachable and immobile elements, and through detection of phyllosilicates and iron oxide/oxyhydroxide minerals. Identifying regions on Mars where phyllosilicates and many kinds of iron oxides/oxyhydroxides are present would imply the presence of water during alteration of the surface material. Tephra samples altered in the vicinity of cinder cones and steam vents contain higher abundances of phyllosilicates, iron oxides, and sulfates and may be interesting sites for exobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bishop
- NRC/NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
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Jambor JL, Dutrizac JE. Occurrence and Constitution of Natural and Synthetic Ferrihydrite, a Widespread Iron Oxyhydroxide. Chem Rev 1998; 98:2549-2586. [PMID: 11848971 DOI: 10.1021/cr970105t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John L. Jambor
- CANMET, 555 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OG1
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Arvidson RE, Acton C, Blaney D, Bowman J, Kim S, Klingelhöfer G, Marshall J, Niebur C, Plescia J, Saunders RS, Ulmer CT. Rocky 7 prototype Mars rover field geology experiments: 1. Lavic Lake and Sunshine Volcanic Field, California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98je01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Morris RV, Golden DC, Bell JF. Low-temperature reflectivity spectra of red hematite and the color of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96je03993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Bell JF, Wolff MJ, James PB, Clancy RT, Lee SW, Martin LJ. Mars surface mineralogy from Hubble Space Telescope imaging during 1994-1995: Observations, calibration, and initial results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96je03990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Bell JF, Roush TL, Morris RV. Mid-infrared transmission spectra of crystalline and nanophase iron oxides/oxyhydroxides and implications for remote sensing of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94je01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Morris RV, Golden DC, Bell JF, Lauer HV. Hematite, pyroxene, and phyllosilicates on Mars: Implications from oxidized impact melt rocks from Manicouagan Crater, Quebec, Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94je01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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