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Ding WY, Davies IG, Gupta D, Lip GYH. Relationship between Renal Function, Fibrin Clot Properties and Lipoproteins in Anticoagulated Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092270. [PMID: 36140371 PMCID: PMC9496227 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mechanisms by which chronic kidney disease (CKD) influences fibrin clot properties in atrial fibrillation (AF) remain ill-defined. We aimed to investigate the effects of AF and CKD on fibrin clot properties and lipoproteins, and determine the relationship between these factors. Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study of patients recruited from cardiology services in Liverpool between September 2019 and October 2021. Primary groups consisted of anticoagulated AF patients with and without CKD in a 1:1 ratio. Control group comprised anticoagulated patients without AF or CKD. Fibrin clot properties were analysed using turbidity and permeation assays. Detailed lipoprotein characteristics, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), small dense LDL and oxidised LDL, were measured. Results: Fifty-six anticoagulated patients were enrolled (median age 72.5; 34% female); 46 with AF (23 with CKD and 23 without CKD) and 10 controls. AF was associated with changes in three indices of fibrin clot properties using PTT (Tlag 314 vs. 358 s, p = 0.047; Abspeak 0.153 vs. 0.111 units, p = 0.031; Tlysis50% 884 vs. 280 s, p = 0.047) and thrombin reagents (Tlag 170 vs. 132 s, p = 0.031; Tmax 590 vs. 462 s, p = 0.047; Tpeak50% 406 vs. 220 s, p = 0.005) while the concomitant presence of CKD led to changes in fibrin clot properties using kaolin (Tlag 1072 vs. 1640 s, p = 0.003; Tmax 1458 vs. 1962 s, p = 0.005; Tpeak50% 1294 vs. 2046, p = 0.008) and PPP reagents (Tlag 566 vs. 748 s, p = 0.044). Neither of these conditions were associated with changes in fibrin clot permeability. Deteriorating eGFR was significantly correlated to the speed of clot formation, and CKD was independently associated with unfavourable clot properties (Tlag −778, p = 0.002; Tmax −867, p = 0.004; Tpeak50% −853, p = 0.004 with kaolin reagent). AF alone was not associated with changes in lipoprotein distribution while AF patients with CKD had lower total cholesterol, LDL-C and small dense LDL due to the presence of other risk factors. No significant relationship was observed between fibrin clot properties and lipoprotein distribution. Conclusions: There are important changes that occur in fibrin clot properties with AF and CKD that may account for the increased risk of thromboembolic complications. However, these changes in fibrin clot properties were not attributable to alterations in lipoprotein distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern Yew Ding
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Ian G. Davies
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5UX, UK
| | - Dhiraj Gupta
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, UK
| | - Gregory Y. H. Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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Butyrylcholinesterase-Protein Interactions in Human Serum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910662. [PMID: 34639003 PMCID: PMC8508650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring various biochemical and cellular components in the blood is a routine procedure in clinical practice. Human serum contains hundreds of diverse proteins secreted from all cells and tissues in healthy and diseased states. Moreover, some serum proteins have specific strong interactions with other blood components, but most interactions are probably weak and transient. One of the serum proteins is butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), an enzyme existing mainly as a glycosylated soluble tetramer that plays an important role in the metabolism of many drugs. Our results suggest that BChE interacts with plasma proteins and forms much larger complexes than predicted from the molecular weight of the BChE tetramer. To investigate and isolate such complexes, we developed a two-step strategy to find specific protein–protein interactions by combining native size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with affinity chromatography with the resin that specifically binds BChE. Second, to confirm protein complexes′ specificity, we fractionated blood serum proteins by density gradient ultracentrifugation followed by co-immunoprecipitation with anti-BChE monoclonal antibodies. The proteins coisolated in complexes with BChE were identified by mass spectroscopy. These binding studies revealed that BChE interacts with a number of proteins in the human serum. Some of these interactions seem to be more stable than transient. BChE copurification with ApoA-I and the density of some fractions containing BChE corresponding to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) during ultracentrifugation suggest its interactions with HDL. Moreover, we observed lower BChE plasma activity in individuals with severely reduced HDL levels (≤20 mg/dL). The presented two-step methodology for determination of the BChE interactions can facilitate further analysis of such complexes, especially from the brain tissue, where BChE could be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AD.
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Breakfast partly restores the anti-inflammatory function of high-density lipoproteins from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ATHEROSCLEROSIS PLUS 2021; 44:43-50. [PMID: 36644668 PMCID: PMC9833245 DOI: 10.1016/j.athplu.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims High-density lipoproteins (HDL) of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have impaired anti-inflammatory activities. The anti-inflammatory activity of HDL has been determined ex vivo after isolation by different methods from blood mostly obtained after overnight fasting. We first determined the effect of the HDL isolation method, and subsequently the effect of food intake on the anti-inflammatory function of HDL from T2DM patients. Methods Blood was collected from healthy controls and T2DM patients after an overnight fast, and from T2DM patients 3 h after breakfast (n = 17 each). HDL was isolated by a two-step density gradient ultracentrifugation in iodixanol (HDLDGUC2), by sequential salt density flotation (HDLSEQ) or by PEG precipitation (HDLPEG). The anti-inflammatory function of HDL was determined by the reduction of the TNFα-induced expression of VCAM-1 in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and retinal endothelial cells (REC). Results HDL isolated by the three different methods from healthy controls inhibited TNFα-induced VCAM-1 expression in HCAEC. With apoA-I at 0.7 μM, HDLDGUC2 and HDLSEQ were similarly effective (16% versus 14% reduction; n = 3; p > 0.05) but less effective than HDLPEG (28%, p < 0.05). Since ultracentrifugation removes most of the unbound plasma proteins, we used HDLDGUC2 for further experiments. With apoA-I at 3.2 μM, HDL from fasting healthy controls and T2DM patients reduced TNFα-induced VCAM-1 expression in HCAEC by 58 ± 13% and 51 ± 20%, respectively (p = 0.35), and in REC by 42 ± 13% and 25 ± 18%, respectively (p < 0.05). Compared to preprandial HDL, postprandial HDL from T2DM patients reduced VCAM-1 expression by 56 ± 16% (paired test: p < 0.001) in HCAEC and by 34 ± 13% (paired test: p < 0.05) in REC. Conclusions The ex vivo anti-inflammatory activity of HDL is affected by the HDL isolation method. Two-step ultracentrifugation in an iodixanol gradient is a suitable method for HDL isolation when testing HDL anti-inflammatory function. The anti-inflammatory activity of HDL from overnight fasted T2DM patients is significantly impaired in REC but not in HCAEC. The anti-inflammatory function of HDL is partly restored by food intake.
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Long-term fasting improves lipoprotein-associated atherogenic risk in humans. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:4031-4044. [PMID: 33963431 PMCID: PMC8437871 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Dyslipidemia is a major health concern associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Long-term fasting (LF) has been shown to improve plasma lipid profile. We performed an in-depth investigation of lipoprotein composition. Methods This observational study included 40 volunteers (50% men, aged 32–65 years), who underwent a medically supervised fast of 14 days (250 kcal/day). Changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels, as well as in lipoprotein subclasses and particles, were measured by ultracentrifugation and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at baseline, and after 7 and 14 fasting days. Results The largest changes were found after 14 fasting days. There were significant reductions in triglycerides (TG, − 0.35 ± 0.1 mmol/L), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG (− 0.46 ± 0.08 mmol/L), VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-C, − 0.16 ± 0.03 mmol/L) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C (− 0.72 ± 0.14 mmol/L). Analysis of LDL subclasses showed a significant decrease in LDL1-C (− 0.16 ± 0.05 mmol/L), LDL2-C (− 0.30 ± 0.06 mmol/L) and LDL3-C (− 0.27 ± 0.05 mmol/L). NMR spectroscopy showed a significant reduction in large VLDL particles (− 5.18 ± 1.26 nmol/L), as well as large (− 244.13 ± 39.45 nmol/L) and small LDL particles (− 38.45 ± 44.04 nmol/L). A significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C (− 0.16 ± 0.04 mmol/L) was observed. By contrast, the concentration in large HDL particles was significantly raised. Apolipoprotein A1 decreased significantly whereas apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein(a), fibrinogen and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were unchanged. Conclusion Our results suggest that LF improves lipoprotein levels and lipoprotein subclasses and ameliorates the lipoprotein-associated atherogenic risk profile, suggesting a reduction in the cardiovascular risk linked to dyslipidemia. Trial Registration Study registration number: DRKS-ID: DRKS00010111 Date of registration: 03/06/2016 “retrospectively registered”. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-021-02578-0.
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The Free Radical Scavenging and Anti-Isolated Human LDL Oxidation Activities of Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Tea Compared to Green Tea ( Camellia sinensis). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4183643. [PMID: 33029506 PMCID: PMC7533030 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4183643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Camellia sinensis tea (CST) or green tea is widely regarded as a potent antioxidant. In Thailand, Pluchea indica (L.) Less. tea (PIT) has been commercially available as a health-promoting drink. This study focused on free radical scavenging activities of PIT, and its ability to protect isolated human low-density lipoproteins (LDL) from oxidation by chemical agents. A preliminary study to investigate the antioxidant nature of PIT was undertaken. These included common antioxidant assays involving 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and its potential to scavenge peroxynitrite. In separated experiments, isolated human LDL was challenged with either 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), copper (Cu2+), or 3-Morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1) to induce LDL oxidation. PIT exhibited antioxidant activity in all test systems and performed significantly better than CST in both DPPH (P < 0.05; IC50PIT = 245.85 ± 15.83 and CST = 315.41 ± 24.18 μg/ml) and peroxynitrite scavenging assays. PIT at 75 μg/ml almost fully prevented the peroxynitrite over a 5 h period. Moreover, it displayed similar properties to CST during the antioxidation of isolated human LDL using AAPH, Cu2+, SIN-1, and hypochlorous acid scavenging assays. However, it revealed a significantly lower ABTS scavenging activity than CST (P < 0.05; IC50PIT = 30.47 ± 2.20 and CST = 21.59 ± 0.67 μg/ml). The main constituents of the PIT were identified using LC-MS/MS. It contained 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQ), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQ), 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-CQ), 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-CQ), and 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-CQ). In conclusion, caffeoyl derivatives in PIT could play an important role in potent antioxidant properties. So, it may be further developed to be antioxidant beverages for preventing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Sarkar SK, Foo ACY, Matyas A, Asikhia I, Kosenko T, Goto NK, Vergara-Jaque A, Lagace TA. A transient amphipathic helix in the prodomain of PCSK9 facilitates binding to low-density lipoprotein particles. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2285-2298. [PMID: 31949048 PMCID: PMC7039556 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) is a ligand of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) that promotes LDLR degradation in late endosomes/lysosomes. In human plasma, 30–40% of PCSK9 is bound to LDL particles; however, the physiological significance of this interaction remains unknown. LDL binding in vitro requires a disordered N-terminal region in PCSK9's prodomain. Here, we report that peptides corresponding to a predicted amphipathic α-helix in the prodomain N terminus adopt helical structure in a membrane-mimetic environment. This effect was greatly enhanced by an R46L substitution representing an atheroprotective PCSK9 loss-of-function mutation. A helix-disrupting proline substitution within the putative α-helical motif in full-length PCSK9 lowered LDL binding affinity >5-fold. Modeling studies suggested that the transient α-helix aligns multiple polar residues to interact with positively charged residues in the C-terminal domain. Gain-of-function PCSK9 mutations associated with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and clustered at the predicted interdomain interface (R469W, R496W, and F515L) inhibited LDL binding, which was completely abolished in the case of the R496W variant. These findings shed light on allosteric conformational changes in PCSK9 required for high-affinity binding to LDL particles. Moreover, the initial identification of FH-associated mutations that diminish PCSK9's ability to bind LDL reported here supports the notion that PCSK9-LDL association in the circulation inhibits PCSK9 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Alexander C Y Foo
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Angela Matyas
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Ikhuosho Asikhia
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Tanja Kosenko
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Natalie K Goto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ariela Vergara-Jaque
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulation, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-associated Diseases (MiNICAD), 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - Thomas A Lagace
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada.
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Liu H, Li M, Wang Y, Piper J, Jiang L. Improving Single-Cell Encapsulation Efficiency and Reliability through Neutral Buoyancy of Suspension. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11010094. [PMID: 31952228 PMCID: PMC7019761 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis is of critical importance in revealing cell-to-cell heterogeneity by characterizing individual cells and identifying minority sub-populations of interest. Droplet-based microfluidics has been widely used in the past decade to achieve high-throughput single-cell analysis. However, to maximize the proportion of single-cell emulsification is challenging due to cell sedimentation and aggregation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of single-cell encapsulation and incubation through the use of neutral buoyancy. As a proof of concept, OptiPrep™ was used to create neutrally buoyant cell suspensions of THP-1, a human monocytic leukemia cell line, for single-cell encapsulation and incubation. We found that using a neutrally buoyant suspension greatly increased the efficiency of single-cell encapsulation in microdroplets and eliminated unnecessary cell loss. Moreover, the presence of OptiPrep™ was shown to not affect cellular viability. This method significantly improved the effectiveness of single-cell study in a non-toxic environment and is expected to broadly facilitate single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangrui Liu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (H.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2122, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.P.); (L.J.); Tel.: +61-2-9850-9532 (M.L.); +61-2-9850-6369 (J.P.); +61-2-9850-8115 (L.J.)
| | - Yan Wang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (H.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jim Piper
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (H.L.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.P.); (L.J.); Tel.: +61-2-9850-9532 (M.L.); +61-2-9850-6369 (J.P.); +61-2-9850-8115 (L.J.)
| | - Lianmei Jiang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.P.); (L.J.); Tel.: +61-2-9850-9532 (M.L.); +61-2-9850-6369 (J.P.); +61-2-9850-8115 (L.J.)
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High-density lipoprotein suppresses tumor necrosis factor alpha production by mycobacteria-infected human macrophages. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6736. [PMID: 29712918 PMCID: PMC5928146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to parasitic pathogens are affected by the host physiological condition. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are transporters of lipids between the liver and peripheral tissues, and modulate pro-inflammatory immune responses. Pathogenic mycobacteria are parasitic intracellular bacteria that can survive within macrophages for a long period. Macrophage function is thus key for host defense against mycobacteria. These basic facts suggest possible effects of HDL and LDL on mycobacterial diseases, which have not been elucidated so far. In this study, we found that HDL and not LDL enhanced mycobacterial infections in human macrophages. Nevertheless, we observed that HDL remarkably suppressed production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) upon mycobacterial infections. TNF-α is a critical host-protective cytokine against mycobacterial diseases. We proved that toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 is responsible for TNF-α production by human macrophages infected with mycobacteria. Subsequent analysis showed that HDL downregulates TLR2 expression and suppresses its intracellular signaling pathways. This report demonstrates for the first time the substantial action of HDL in mycobacterial infections to human macrophages.
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Seo JA, Kang MC, Ciaraldi TP, Kim SS, Park KS, Choe C, Hwang WM, Lim DM, Farr O, Mantzoros C, Henry RR, Kim YB. Circulating ApoJ is closely associated with insulin resistance in human subjects. Metabolism 2018; 78:155-166. [PMID: 28986164 PMCID: PMC5765540 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. ApolipoproteinJ (ApoJ) has been implicated in altered pathophysiologic states including cardiovascular and Alzheimer's disease. However, the function of ApoJ in regulation of glucose homeostasis remains unclear. This study sought to determine whether serum ApoJ levels are associated with insulin resistance in human subjects and if they change after interventions that improve insulin sensitivity. METHODS Serum ApoJ levels and insulin resistance status were assessed in nondiabetic (ND) and type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects. The impacts of rosiglitazone or metformin therapy on serum ApoJ levels and glucose disposal rate (GDR) during a hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp were evaluated in a separate cohort of T2D subjects. Total ApoJ protein or that associated with the HDL and LDL fractions was measured by immunoblotting or ELISA. RESULTS Fasting serum ApoJ levels were greatly elevated in T2D subjects (ND vs T2D; 100±8.3 vs. 150.6±8.5AU, P<0.0001). Circulating ApoJ levels strongly correlated with fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and BMI. ApoJ levels were significantly and independently associated with HOMA-IR, even after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI. Rosiglitazone treatment in T2D subjects resulted in a reduction in serum ApoJ levels (before vs. after treatment; 100±13.9 vs. 77±15.2AU, P=0.015), whereas metformin had no effect on ApoJ levels. The change in ApoJ levels during treatment was inversely associated with the change in GDR. Interestingly, ApoJ content in the LDL fraction was inversely associated with HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION Serum ApoJ levels are closely correlated with the magnitude of insulin resistance regardless of obesity, and decrease along with improvement of insulin resistance in response only to rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji A Seo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Kang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Theodore P Ciaraldi
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System (9111G), San Diego, CA 92161, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Charles Choe
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System (9111G), San Diego, CA 92161, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Won Min Hwang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong Mee Lim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Olivia Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Christos Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Robert R Henry
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System (9111G), San Diego, CA 92161, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Braun JBS, Ruchel JB, Adefegha SA, Coelho APV, Trelles KB, Signor C, Rubin MA, Oliveira JS, Dornelles GL, de Andrade CM, Castilhos LG, Leal DBR. Neuroprotective effects of pretreatment with quercetin as assessed by acetylcholinesterase assay and behavioral testing in poloxamer-407 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:1054-1063. [PMID: 28192878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a group of disorders characterized by excessive lipids in the bloodstream. It is associated with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and recognized as the most important factor underlying the occurrence of atherosclerosis. This study was conducted to investigate whether pretreatment with quercetin can protect against possible memory impairment and deterioration of the cholinergic system in hyperlipidemic rats. Animals were divided into ten groups (n=7): saline/control, saline/quercetin 5mg/kg, saline/quercetin 25mg/kg, saline/quercetin 50mg/kg, saline/simvastatin (0.04mg/kg), hyperlipidemia, hyperlipidemia/quercetin 5mg/kg, hyperlipidemia/quercetin 25mg/kg, hyperlipidemia/quercetin 50mg/kg and hyperlipidemia/simvastatin. The animals were pretreated with quercetin by oral gavage for a period of 30days and hyperlipidemia was subsequently induced by intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of 500mg/kg of poloxamer-407. Simvastatin was administered after the induction of hyperlipidemia. The results demonstrated that hyperlipidemic rats had memory impairment compared with the saline control group (P<0.001). However, pretreatment with quercetin and simvastatin treatment attenuated the damage caused by hyperlipidemia compared with the hyperlipidemic group (P<0.05). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the cerebral hippocampus was significantly (P<0.001) reduced in the hyperlipidemic group compared with the control saline group. Pretreatment with quercetin and simvastatin treatment in the hyperlipidemic groups significantly (P<0.05) increased AChE activity compared with the hyperlipidemic group. Our results thus suggest that quercetin may prevent memory impairment, alter lipid metabolism, and modulate AChE activity in an experimental model of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane B S Braun
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Jader B Ruchel
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Stephen A Adefegha
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula V Coelho
- Graduação em Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Kelly B Trelles
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Signor
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Maribel A Rubin
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Juliana S Oliveira
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme L Dornelles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Setor de Bioquímica e Estresse Oxidativo do Laboratório de Terapia Celular, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Cinthia M de Andrade
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Setor de Bioquímica e Estresse Oxidativo do Laboratório de Terapia Celular, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Lívia G Castilhos
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniela B R Leal
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil; Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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11
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Thomas SE, Harrison EH. Mechanisms of selective delivery of xanthophylls to retinal pigment epithelial cells by human lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1865-1878. [PMID: 27538825 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The xanthophylls, lutein and zeaxanthin, are dietary carotenoids that selectively accumulate in the macula of the eye providing protection against age-related macular degeneration. To reach the macula, carotenoids cross the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Xanthophylls and β-carotene mostly associate with HDL and LDL, respectively. HDL binds to cells via a scavenger receptor class B1 (SR-B1)-dependent mechanism, while LDL binds via the LDL receptor. Using an in-vitro, human RPE cell model (ARPE-19), we studied the mechanisms of carotenoid uptake into the RPE by evaluating kinetics of cell uptake when delivered in serum or isolated LDL or HDL. For lutein and β-carotene, LDL delivery resulted in the highest rates and extents of uptake. In contrast, HDL was more effective in delivering zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin leading to the highest rates and extents of uptake of all four carotenoids. Inhibitors of SR-B1 suppressed zeaxanthin delivery via HDL. Results show a selective HDL-mediated uptake of zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin via SR-B1 and a LDL-mediated uptake of lutein. This demonstrates a plausible mechanism for the selective accumulation of zeaxanthin greater than lutein and xanthophylls over β-carotene in the retina. We found no evidence of xanthophyll metabolism to apocarotenoids or lutein conversion to meso-zeaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Thomas
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.
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12
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Kroiss M, Plonné D, Kendl S, Schirmer D, Ronchi CL, Schirbel A, Zink M, Lapa C, Klinker H, Fassnacht M, Heinz W, Sbiera S. Association of mitotane with chylomicrons and serum lipoproteins: practical implications for treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:343-53. [PMID: 26671975 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral mitotane (o,p'-DDD) is a cornerstone of medical treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). AIM Serum mitotane concentrations >14 mg/l are targeted for improved efficacy but not achieved in about half of patients. Here we aimed at a better understanding of intestinal absorption and lipoprotein association of mitotane and metabolites o,p'-dichlorodiphenylacetic acid (o,p'-DDA) and o,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (o,p'-DDE). DESIGN Lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation from the chyle of a 29-year-old patient and serum from additional 14 ACC patients treated with mitotane. HPLC was applied for quantification of mitotane and metabolites. We assessed NCI-H295 cell viability, cortisol production, and expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker genes to study the functional consequences of mitotane binding to lipoproteins. RESULTS Chyle of the index patient contained 197 mg/ml mitotane, 53 mg/ml o,p'-DDA, and 51 mg/l o,p'-DDE. Of the total mitotane in serum, lipoprotein fractions contained 21.7±21.4% (VLDL), 1.9±0.8% (IDL), 8.9±5.5% (LDL1), 18.9±9.6% (LDL2), 10.1±4.0% (LDL3), and 26.3±13.0% (HDL2). Only 12.3±5.5% were in the lipoprotein-depleted fraction. DISCUSSION Mitotane content of lipoproteins directly correlated with their triglyceride and cholesterol content. O,p'-DDE was similarly distributed, but 87.9±4.2% of o,p'-DDA found in the HDL2 and lipoprotein-depleted fractions. Binding of mitotane to human lipoproteins blunted its anti-proliferative and anti-hormonal effects on NCI-H295 cells and reduced ER stress marker gene expression. CONCLUSION Mitotane absorption involves chylomicron binding. High concentrations of o,p'-DDA and o,p'-DDE in chyle suggest intestinal mitotane metabolism. In serum, the majority of mitotane is bound to lipoproteins. In vitro, lipoprotein binding inhibits activity of mitotane suggesting that lipoprotein-free mitotane is the therapeutically active fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kroiss
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Plonné
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Kendl
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Diana Schirmer
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schirbel
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Zink
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Klinker
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Werner Heinz
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Mah E, Sapper TN, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Failla ML, Schill KE, Clinton SK, Bobe G, Traber MG, Bruno RS. α-Tocopherol bioavailability is lower in adults with metabolic syndrome regardless of dairy fat co-ingestion: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:1070-80. [PMID: 26447154 PMCID: PMC4625597 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.118570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing dietary fat intake is expected to improve α-tocopherol bioavailability, which could be beneficial for improving α-tocopherol status, especially in cohorts at high cardiometabolic risk who fail to meet dietary α-tocopherol requirements. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to assess dose-dependent effects of dairy fat and metabolic syndrome (MetS) health status on α-tocopherol pharmacokinetics in plasma and lipoproteins. DESIGN A randomized, crossover, double-blind study was conducted in healthy and MetS adults (n = 10/group) who ingested encapsulated hexadeuterium-labeled (d6)-RRR-α-tocopherol (15 mg) with 240 mL nonfat (0.2 g fat), reduced-fat (4.8 g fat), or whole (7.9 g fat) milk before blood collection at regular intervals for 72 h. RESULTS Compared with healthy participants, those with MetS had lower (P < 0.05) baseline plasma α-tocopherol (μmol/mmol lipid) and greater oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and C-reactive protein. Regardless of health status, d6-α-tocopherol bioavailability was unaffected by increasing amounts of dairy fat provided by milk beverages, but MetS participants had lower estimated d6-α-tocopherol absorption (±SEM) than did healthy participants (26.1% ± 1.0% compared with 29.5% ± 1.1%). They also had lower plasma d6-α-tocopherol AUC from 0 to 72 h, as well as maximal concentrations (Cmax: 2.04 ± 0.14 compared with 2.73 ± 0.18 μmol/L) and slower rates of plasma disappearance but similar times to Cmax. MetS participants had lower d6-α-tocopherol AUC from t = 0-12 h (AUC0- t final) in lipoprotein fractions [chylomicron, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), LDL, high-density lipoprotein]. Percentages of d6-α-tocopherol AUC0- t final in both the chylomicron (r = -0.46 to -0.52) and VLDL (r = -0.49 to -0.68) fractions were inversely correlated with oxidized LDL, IL-10, IL-6, and C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS At dietary intakes equivalent to the Recommended Dietary Allowance, α-tocopherol bioavailability is unaffected by dairy fat quantity but is lower in MetS adults, potentially because of greater inflammation and oxidative stress that limits small intestinal α-tocopherol absorption and/or impairs hepatic α-tocopherol trafficking. These findings support higher dietary α-tocopherol requirements for MetS adults. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01787591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Mah
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences and
| | - Teryn N Sapper
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences and
| | | | - Mark L Failla
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences and
| | - Kevin E Schill
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences and
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, and
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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14
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Abdul Wahab N, Ahdan R, Ahmad Aufa Z, Kong KW, Johar MH, Shariff Mohd Z, Ismail A. Nutritional values and bioactive components of under-utilised vegetables consumed by indigenous people in Malaysia. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2704-2711. [PMID: 25410129 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse plants species in the forest remain under-utilised and they are mainly consumed only by local people. However, increasing issues in food security prompted the present study, which explores the nutritional and antioxidant aspects of Malaysian under-utilised vegetables. The studied vegetables were Paku Nyai (Stenochlaena palustris), Cemperai (Champereia manillana), Maman Pasir (Cleome viscose), Dudung (Erechtites valerianifolia) and Semambuk (Ardisia pendula). RESULTS Overall, these vegetables exhibited a low proximal content but they were high in vitamin C [7.07-1263 mg kg(-1) edible fresh sample (EFS)] and β-carotene content (18.4-43.9 mg kg(-1) kg(-1) EFS). Cemperai had the highest calcium content (565 mg kg(-1) EFS), whereas Semambuk had the highest total phenolic content [28.21 g gallic acid equivalents kg(-1) edible dried sample (EDS)] and antioxidant activity (86.1%) measured using β-carotene bleaching assay. Maman Pasir contained the highest total flavonoid content (39.99 g CE kg(-1) EDS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity (82.2%). The extracts of these vegetables had significantly prevented the oxidation of haemoglobin and low-density lipoprotein, which yielded a reduced production of malondialdehyde. CONCLUSION Semambuk and Maman Pasir are potent to be used as new food and functional food sources as they are rich in nutrients and antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norsuhaila Abdul Wahab
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rohaina Ahdan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zabidah Ahmad Aufa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kin Weng Kong
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafizan Johar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zalilah Shariff Mohd
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amin Ismail
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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15
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Munroe WH, Phillips ML, Schumaker VN. Excessive centrifugal fields damage high density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1172-81. [PMID: 25910941 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m058735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HDL is typically isolated ultracentrifugally at 40,000 rpm or greater, however, such high centrifugal forces are responsible for altering the recovered HDL particle. We demonstrate that this damage to HDL begins at approximately 30,000 rpm and the magnitude of loss increases in a rotor speed-dependent manner. The HDL is affected by elevated ultracentrifugal fields resulting in a lower particle density due to the shedding of associated proteins. To circumvent the alteration of the recovered HDL, we utilize a KBr-containing density gradient and a lowered rotor speed of 15,000 rpm to separate the lipoproteins using a single 96 h centrifugation step. This recovers the HDL at two density ranges; the bulk of the material has a density of about 1.115 g/ml, while lessor amounts of material are recovered at >1.2 g/ml. Thus, demonstrating the isolation of intact HDL is possible utilizing lower centrifuge rotor speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Munroe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Martin L Phillips
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Verne N Schumaker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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16
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Blanchard H, Boulier-Monthéan N, Legrand P, Pédrono F. The 51 kDa FADS3 is secreted in the ECM of hepatocytes and blood in rat. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:199-207. [PMID: 23966218 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid desaturase (Fads) cluster is composed of three genes encoding for the Δ5- and Δ6-desaturases and FADS3. The two former proteins are involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis; the latter one shares a high sequence identity but has still no attributed function. In a previous work performed in rat, we described three isoforms of FADS3 expressed in a tissue-dependent manner. In the present study, we demonstrated a specific subcellular targeting depending on the isoform. In cultured hepatocytes, which mainly expressed the 51 kDa protein, FADS3 was unexpectedly present in the cytosolic fraction, but was also secreted in the extracellular matrix on fibronectin-containing fibers. The secretion pathway was investigated and we determined the presence of exosome-like vesicles on the FADS3-stained fibers. In parallel, FADS3 was detected in blood of hepatic vessel, and particularly in serum. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a very specific intra- and extracellular location of FADS3 in comparison with the Δ5- and Δ6-desaturases, suggesting a unique function for this putative desaturase, even if no activity has been yet identified neither in the extracellular matrix of hepatocytes nor in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Blanchard
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine, INRA USC 2012, Agrocampus Ouest, F-35042, Rennes, France
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17
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Hesse D, Radloff K, Jaschke A, Lagerpusch M, Chung B, Tailleux A, Staels B, Schürmann A. Hepatic trans-Golgi action coordinated by the GTPase ARFRP1 is crucial for lipoprotein lipidation and assembly. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:41-52. [PMID: 24186947 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a major organ in whole body lipid metabolism and malfunctioning can lead to various diseases including dyslipidemia, fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes. Triglycerides and cholesteryl esters are packed in the liver as very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs). Generation of these lipoproteins is initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum and further maturation likely occurs in the Golgi. ADP-ribosylation factor-related protein 1 (ARFRP1) is a small trans-Golgi-associated guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) that regulates protein sorting and is required for chylomicron lipidation and assembly in the intestine. Here we show that the hepatocyte-specific deletion of Arfrp1 (Arfrp1(liv-/-)) results in impaired VLDL lipidation leading to reduced plasma triglyceride levels in the fasted state as well as after inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity by Triton WR-1339. In addition, the concentration of ApoC3 that comprises 40% of protein mass of secreted VLDLs is markedly reduced in the plasma of Arfrp1(liv-/-) mice but accumulates in the liver accompanied by elevated triglycerides. Fractionation of Arfrp1(liv-/-) liver homogenates reveals more ApoB48 and a lower concentration of triglycerides in the Golgi compartments than in the corresponding fractions from control livers. In conclusion, ARFRP1 and the Golgi apparatus play an important role in lipoprotein maturation in the liver by influencing lipidation and assembly of proteins to the lipid particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deike Hesse
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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18
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Heid H, Rickelt S, Zimbelmann R, Winter S, Schumacher H, Dörflinger Y. Lipid droplets, perilipins and cytokeratins--unravelled liaisons in epithelium-derived cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63061. [PMID: 23704888 PMCID: PMC3660578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are spherical accumulations of apolar lipids and other hydrophobic substances and are generally surrounded by a thin cortical layer of specific amphiphilic proteins (APs). These APs segregate the LDs from the mostly polar components of the cytoplasm. We have studied LDs in epithelium-derived cell cultures and in particular characterized proteins from the perilipin (PLIN) gene family - in mammals consisting of the proteins Perilipin, Adipophilin, TIP47, S3-12 and MLDP/OXPAT (PLIN 1-5). Using a large number of newly generated and highly specific mono- and polyclonal antibodies specific for individual APs, and using improved LD isolation methods, we have enriched and characterized APs in greater detail and purity. The majority of lipid-AP complexes could be obtained in the top layer fractions of density gradient centrifugation separations of cultured cells, but APs could also be detected in other fractions within such separations. The differently sized LD complexes were analyzed using various biochemical methods and mass spectrometry as well as immunofluorescence and electron- in particular immunoelectron-microscopy. Moreover, by immunoprecipitation, protein-protein binding assays and by immunoelectron microscopy we identified a direct linkage between LD-binding proteins and the intermediate-sized filaments (IF) cytokeratins 8 and 18 (also designated as keratins K8 and K18). Specifically, in gradient fractions of higher density supposedly containing small LDs, we received as co-precipitations cytidylyl-, palmitoyl- and cholesterol transferases and other specific enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. So far, common proteomic studies have used LDs from top layer fractions only and did not report on these transferases and other enzymes. In addition to findings of short alternating hydrophobic/hydrophilic segments within the PLIN protein family, we propose and discuss a model for the interaction of LD-coating APs with IF proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Heid
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Harman NL, Griffin BA, Davies IG. Separation of the principal HDL subclasses by iodixanol ultracentrifugation. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2273-2281. [PMID: 23690506 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d037432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HDL subclasses detection, in cardiovascular risk, has been limited due to the time-consuming nature of current techniques. We have developed a time-saving and reliable separation of the principal HDL subclasses employing iodixanol density gradient ultracentrifugation (IxDGUC) combined with digital photography. HDL subclasses were separated in 2.5 h from prestained plasma on a three-step iodixanol gradient. HDL subclass profiles were generated by digital photography and gel scan software. Plasma samples (n = 46) were used to optimize the gradient for the resolution of HDL heterogeneity and to compare profiles generated by IxDGUC with gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE); further characterization from participants (n = 548) with a range of lipid profiles was also performed. HDL subclass profiles generated by IxDGUC were comparable to those separated by GGE as indicated by a significant association between areas under the curve for both HDL2 and HDL3 (HDL2, r = 0.896, P < 0.01; HDL3, r = 0.894, P < 0.01). The method was highly reproducible, with intra- and interassay coefficient of variation percentage < 5 for percentage area under the curve HDL2 and HDL3, and < 1% for peak Rf and peak density. The method provides time-saving and cost-effective detection and preparation of the principal HDL subclasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Harman
- Healing Foundation Cleft and Craniofacial Clinical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce A Griffin
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ian G Davies
- Faculty of Education, Community and Leisure, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L17 6BD, United Kingdom.
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Correlation between Chemical Composition of Curcuma domestica and Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Their Antioxidant Effect on Human Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:438356. [PMID: 23243446 PMCID: PMC3519093 DOI: 10.1155/2012/438356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of the curcuminoids of Curcuma domestica L. and C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. and eight compounds which are prevalent constituents of their rhizome oils were investigated in an effort to correlate human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) antioxidant activity with the effect of the herbs and their components. The antioxidant activity was examined using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs) assay with human LDL as the oxidation substrate. The methanol extracts and rhizome oils of C. xanthorrhiza and C. domestica showed strong inhibitory activity on copper-mediated oxidation of LDL. Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, isolated from the methanol extracts of both plants, exhibited stronger activity than probucol (IC50 value 0.57 μmol/L) as reference, with IC50 values ranging from 0.15 to 0.33 μmol/L. Xanthorrhizol, the most abundant component (31.9%) of the oil of C. xanthorrhiza, showed relatively strong activity with an IC50 value of 1.93 μmol/L. The major components of C. domestica, ar-turmerone (45.8%) and zerumbone (3.5%), exhibited IC50 values of 10.18 and 24.90 μmol/L, respectively. The high levels of curcuminoids in the methanol extracts and xanthorrhizol, ar-turmerone and zerumbone in the oils, and in combination with the minor components were responsible for the high LDL antioxidant activity of the herbs.
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Jantan I, Saputri FC. Benzophenones and xanthones from Garcinia cantleyana var. cantleyana and their inhibitory activities on human low-density lipoprotein oxidation and platelet aggregation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 80:58-63. [PMID: 22640928 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Three benzophenones, 2,6,3',5'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (1), 3,4,5,3',5'-pentahydroxybenzophenone (3) and 3,5,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (4), as well as a xanthone, 1,3,6-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-7-(3'-methyl-2'-oxo-but-3'-enyl)xanthone (9), were isolated from the twigs of Garcinia cantleyana var. cantleyana. Eight known compounds, 3,4,5,3'-tetrahydroxy benzophenone (2), 1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthone (5), 1,3,8-trihydroxyxanthone (6), 2,4,7-trihydroxyxanthone (7), 1,3,5,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone (8), quercetin, glutin-5-en-3β-ol and friedelin were also isolated. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The compounds were investigated for their ability to inhibit low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and platelet aggregation in human whole blood in vitro. Most of the compounds showed strong antioxidant activity with compound 8 showing the highest inhibition with an IC₅₀ value of 0.5 μM, comparable to that of probucol. Among the compounds tested, only compound 4 exhibited strong inhibitory activity against platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen. Compounds 3, 5 and 8 showed selective inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation induced by ADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Shanmuganayagam D, Beahm MR, Kuhns MA, Krueger CG, Reed JD, Folts JD. Differential effects of grape ( Vitis vinifera ) skin polyphenolics on human platelet aggregation and low-density lipoprotein oxidation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5787-5794. [PMID: 22224546 DOI: 10.1021/jf203487g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant and antiplatelet properties of grape products are thought to be responsible for observed antiatherosclerotic effects. Diverse classes of phenolics are derived from the seed and skin (GSK) of grapes. The relative contributions of the classes of phenolics to observed properties of grape products are unknown. In this paper, GSK fractions were used to examine effects on platelet aggregation, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vitro, and relative binding of phenolics to LDL. GSK was separated into six fractions (fractions 1-6), and primary phenolics were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Fractions 4, 5, and 6, enriched in polygalloyl polyflavan-3-ols (PGPFs) with 3-6, 4-8, and 6-15 degrees of polymerization, respectively, inhibited platelet aggregation. Fractions 1-3, containing various amounts of oligosaccharides, hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, flavanols, and low molecular weight PGPFs, significantly increased platelet aggregation. Fractions 4-6 were most effective in binding LDL and inhibiting LDL oxidation. Fractions 5 and 6 exhibited the greatest inhibition of platelet aggregation and LDL oxidation, suggesting that polymeric PGPFs are responsible for the beneficial effects of grape products. Conversely, phenolics in fractions 1-3 may reduce the net biological potency of the grape products and have undesirable effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanansayan Shanmuganayagam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
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Saputri FC, Jantan I. Inhibitory Activities of Compounds from the Twigs of Garcinia hombroniana
Pierre on Human Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) Oxidation and Platelet Aggregation. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1845-50. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadlina Chany Saputri
- Drug and Herbal Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy; Universitas Indonesia; Kampus UI Depok 16424 Indonesia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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24
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Does lycopene offer human LDL any protection against myeloperoxidase activity? Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 361:181-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
This study provides new data on the various carotenoids found in bambangan (Mangifera pajang Kosterm.) peel and pulp extracts, such as all-trans-α- and β-carotene, cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene, and cryptoxanthin. Chemical and biological antioxidant assays were determined to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of bambangan peel and pulp extracts. Bambangan pulp had higher α- and β-carotene contents (7.96 ± 1.53 and 20.04 ± 1.01 mg/100 g) than its peel (4.2 ± 0.14 and 13.09 ± 0.28 mg/100 g); the cryptoxanthin contents of bambangan peel and pulp were 0.60 and 1.18 mg/100 g, respectively. The antioxidant activity results determined by chemical assay using the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method showed that bambangan peel extract had higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than its pulp. In the biological assays bambangan peel and pulp had protective effects against hemoglobin and LDL oxidation at an extract concentration of 1 ppm. Bambangan peel is a therefore a potential source of natural antioxidants and could be utilized as a functional ingredient.
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26
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Neri S, Calvagno S, Mauceri B, Misseri M, Tsami A, Vecchio C, Mastrosimone G, Di Pino A, Maiorca D, Judica A, Romano G, Rizzotto A, Signorelli SS. Effects of antioxidants on postprandial oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and Type 2 diabetes. Eur J Nutr 2010; 49:409-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-010-0099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dandler JÃ, Wilhelm B, Scheer H. Distribution of Chlorophyll- and Bacteriochlorophyll-derived Photosensitizers in Human Blood Plasma. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:182-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sun HY, Chen SF, Lai MD, Chang TT, Chen TL, Li PY, Shieh DB, Young KC. Comparative proteomic profiling of plasma very-low-density and low-density lipoproteins. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 411:336-44. [PMID: 19945452 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a natural metabolite of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in the circulation. Systematic investigation of total protein components and dynamics might provide insights into this normal metabolic process. METHODS VLDL and LDL were purified from normolipidemia pooled plasma by gradient ultracentrifugation with either ionic or non-ionic media. The protein contents were compared by liquid chromatography tandem mass analyses based on isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Our comparative lipoproteomes revealed 21 associated proteins. Combined with Western blot analysis, and on the basis of the differential expression levels we classified them into 3 groups: (i) VLDL>LDL [apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV, apo(a), apoCs, apoE, apoJ and serum amyloid A-4]; (ii) VLDL<LDL [albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, apoD, apoF, apoM, and paraoxonase-1]; and (iii) VLDL=LDL [apoA-I, apoA-II, apoB-100, apoL-I and prenylcysteine oxidase-1]. The apoA-I level positively correlated with PCYOX1 but negatively with apoM in VLDL and LDL. Furthermore, the two-dimensional maps displayed 5 apoA-I isoforms in which phosphorylation at Ser55, Ser166, Thr185, Thr221 and Ser252 residues were identified. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the VLDL- and LDL lipoproteomes and the full-spectrum protein changes during physiological VLDL-to-LDL transition. It provides a valuable dataset VLDL and LDL proteomes potentially applied to the development of diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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29
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Jackson KG, Bateman PA, Yaqoob P, Williams CM. Impact of Saturated, Polyunsaturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Micelles on Lipoprotein Synthesis and Secretion in Caco-2 Cells. Lipids 2009; 44:1081-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Holmes E, Davies I, Lowe G, Ranganath LR. Circulating ghrelin exists in both lipoprotein bound and free forms. Ann Clin Biochem 2009; 46:514-6. [DOI: 10.1258/acb.2009.008254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Ghrelin is a gastric peptide that has been implicated in the development of obesity and cardiovascular disease. It has been reported that ghrelin binds to lipoproteins, although the different binding patterns of acylated ghrelin (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG) are still to be determined. Methods Lipoprotein fractions were generated using a self-generating iodixanol gradient. AG and UAG were measured using specific enzyme immunoassays. Results AG bound to all lipoproteins in approximately equal concentrations (VLDL 26%, LDL 22%, HDL 23%) and was present as a plasma protein (27%). UAG bound more specifically to HDL (49%) and was present as a plasma protein (48%). Conclusions The different binding patterns of AG and UAG may have significant implications for their biological effects, including roles in energy metabolism, the development of obesity and potentially in the modulation of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Holmes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP
| | - I Davies
- Faculty of Education, Community and Leisure
| | - G Lowe
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - L R Ranganath
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP
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31
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Helming L, Winter J, Gordon S. The scavenger receptor CD36 plays a role in cytokine-induced macrophage fusion. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:453-9. [PMID: 19155290 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.037200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multinucleated giant cells, characteristic of granulomatous infections, originate from the fusion of macrophages. Using an antibody screening strategy we found that the scavenger receptor CD36 participates in macrophage fusion induced by the cytokines IL-4 and GM-CSF. Our results demonstrate that exposure of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface and lipid recognition by CD36 are required for cytokine-induced fusion of macrophages. We also show that CD36 acts in a heterotypic manner during giant-cell formation and that the formation of osteoclasts is independent of CD36. The discovery of molecules involved in the formation of multinucleated giant cells will enable us to determine their functional significance. Furthermore, our results suggest that lipid capture by cell surface receptors may be a general feature of cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Helming
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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Ceriello A, Esposito K, Piconi L, Ihnat M, Thorpe J, Testa R, Bonfigli AR, Giugliano D. Glucose "peak" and glucose "spike": Impact on endothelial function and oxidative stress. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 82:262-7. [PMID: 18950890 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Data suggest that 2h hyperglycaemia during an OGTT is less predictive for cardiovascular disease of the glucose "spike" (the difference between the baseline glucose level and the "peak" hyperglycaemia during the test). METHODS A euinsulinemic hyperglycaemic clamp at 10 and 15mmol/l glucose, with or without vitamin C, was given in increasing steps in diabetic and normal subjects. Moreover, a hyperglycaemic clamp, 10mmol/l, was performed in two groups of diabetic patients with different levels of fasting glycaemia. In both the experiments flow mediated dilation and nitrotyrosine were measured. RESULTS Glucose at 10 and 15mmol/l resulted in a concentration-dependent induction of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Vitamin C counterbalanced this effect. The increase of glycaemia to 10mmol/l induced a significant endothelial dysfunction and increased nitrotyrosine in both the groups of diabetics with different fasting glycaemia. However, when the delta (the difference between the basal value and the peak value) for endothelial function and nitrotyrosine was evaluated, patients with lower basal values showed a worse outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that at the same level of hyperglycaemia the grading of the endothelial dysfunction is almost super imposable, but clearly worse in terms of delta from fasting glycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ceriello
- Centre of Excellence in Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Coventry and Warwickshire, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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Yee MS, Pavitt DV, Tan T, Venkatesan S, Godsland IF, Richmond W, Johnston DG. Lipoprotein separation in a novel iodixanol density gradient, for composition, density, and phenotype analysis. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1364-71. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d700044-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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34
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Effective evaluation of small dense LDL. Proc Nutr Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665108008987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ceriello A, Esposito K, Piconi L, Ihnat MA, Thorpe JE, Testa R, Boemi M, Giugliano D. Oscillating glucose is more deleterious to endothelial function and oxidative stress than mean glucose in normal and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2008; 57:1349-54. [PMID: 18299315 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 876] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the possibility that oscillating glucose may outweigh A1C levels in determining the risk for cardiovascular diabetes complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A euinsulinemic hyperglycemic clamp at 5, 10, and 15 mmol/l glucose was given in increasing steps as a single "spike" or oscillating between basal and high levels over 24 h in normal subjects and type 2 diabetic patients. Flow-mediated dilatation, a marker of endothelial function, and plasma 3-nitrotyrosine and 24-h urinary excretion rates of free 8-iso PGF2 alpha, two markers of oxidative stress, were measured over 48 h postclamp. RESULTS Glucose at two different levels (10 and 15 mmol/l) resulted in a concentration-dependent fasting blood glucose-independent induction of both endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in both normal and type 2 diabetic patients. Oscillating glucose between 5 and 15 mmol/l every 6 h for 24 h resulted in further significant increases in endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress compared with either continuous 10 or 15 mmol/l glucose. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that oscillating glucose can have more deleterious effects than constant high glucose on endothelial function and oxidative stress, two key players in favoring cardiovascular complications in diabetes. Concomitant vitamin C infusion can reverse this impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ceriello
- Centre of Excellence in Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Coventry and Warwickshire, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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Magnoni L, Weber JM. Endurance swimming activates trout lipoprotein lipase: plasma lipids as a fuel for muscle. J Exp Biol 2007; 210:4016-23. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.007708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Fish endurance swimming is primarily powered by lipids supplied to red muscle by the circulation, but the mechanism of delivery remains unknown. By analogy to mammals, previous studies have focused on non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA bound to albumin), but lipoproteins have not been considered as an energy shuttle to working muscles. The effects of exercise on fish lipoprotein lipase (LPL) have never been investigated. We hypothesized that LPL and circulating lipoproteins would be modified by prolonged swimming. Because LPL is naturally bound to the endothelium, we have used heparin to release the enzyme in the circulation and to characterize reserve capacity for lipoprotein catabolism. The effects of exercise (4 days at 1.5 body lengths s–1 in a swim tunnel) were measured for red muscle LPL,post-heparin plasma LPL, and lipoprotein concentration/composition. Red muscle LPL activity increased from 18±5 (rest) to 49± 9 nmol fatty acids min–1 g–1 (swimming). In resting fish,heparin administration caused a 27-fold increase in plasma LPL activity that reached a maximum of 1.32± 0.67 μmol fatty acids min–1 ml–1 plasma. This heparin-induced response of plasma LPL was not different between resting controls and exercised fish. Heparin or prolonged swimming had no effect on the concentration/composition of lipoproteins that contain 92% of the energy in total plasma lipids. We conclude that (1) red muscle LPL is strongly activated by endurance swimming, (2) rainbow trout have a high reserve capacity for hydrolyzing lipoproteins, and (3) future studies should aim to measure lipoprotein flux because their concentration does not reflect changes in flux. These novel characteristics of fish LPL imply that lipoproteins are used as a metabolic shuttle between fat reserves and working muscles, a strategy exploiting an abundant source of energy in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Magnoni
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa,Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Weber
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa,Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Billington D, Maxwell E, Graham JM, Newland P. Large-scale preparation of human low- and high-density lipoproteins by density gradient centrifugation using iodixanol. Anal Biochem 2007; 367:137-9. [PMID: 17559788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Billington
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Liverpool Children's NHS Trust, UK.
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Ceriello A, Piconi L, Esposito K, Giugliano D. Telmisartan shows an equivalent effect of vitamin C in further improving endothelial dysfunction after glycemia normalization in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:1694-8. [PMID: 17456844 DOI: 10.2337/dc07-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-lasting hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetic patients induces permanent alterations of endothelial function by increased oxidative stress, even when glycemia is normalized. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, 36 type 1 diabetic patients and 12 control subjects were enrolled. The diabetic patients were divided into three groups. The first group was treated for 24 h with insulin, achieving a near normalization of glycemia. After 12 h of this treatment, vitamin C was added for the remaining 12 h. The second group was treated for 24 h with vitamin C. After 12 h of this treatment, insulin was started, achieving a near normalization of glycemia for the remaining 12 h. The third group was treated for 24 h with both vitamin C and insulin, achieving near normalization of glycemia. The same protocols were performed after 1 month of telmisartan or placebo. RESULTS Neither normalization of glycemia nor vitamin C treatment alone was able to normalize endothelial dysfunction or oxidative stress. Combining insulin and vitamin C normalized endothelial dysfunction and decreased oxidative stress to normal levels. Telmisartan significantly improved basal endothelial function and decreased nitrotyrosine plasma levels. In patients treated with telmisartan, a near normalization of both flow-mediated vasodilation and oxidative stress was achieved when glycemia was normalized, whereas adding vitamin C infusion did not show further effect on endothelial function or nitrotyrosine plasma levels. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that combining the normalization of glycemia with an antioxidant can normalize endothelial function in type 1 diabetic patients and that telmisartan works as an antioxidant like vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ceriello
- Centre of Excellence in Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Coventry and Warwickshire, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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Gao Y, Pagnon J, Feng HC, Konstantopolous N, Jowett JBM, Walder K, Collier GR. Secretion of the glucose-regulated selenoprotein SEPS1 from hepatoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 356:636-41. [PMID: 17374524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SEPS1 (also called selenoprotein S, SelS, Tanis or VIMP) is a selenoprotein, localized predominantly in the ER membrane and also on the cell surface. In this report, we demonstrate that SEPS1 protein is also secreted from hepatoma cells but not from five other types of cells examined. The secretion can be abolished by the ER-Golgi transport inhibitor Brefeldin A and by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Using a sandwich ELISA, SEPS1 was detected in the sera of 65 out of 209 human subjects (31.1%, average=15.7+/-1.1 ng/mL). Fractionation of human serum indicated that SEPS1 was associated with LDL and possibly with VLDL. The function of plasma SEPS1 is unclear but may be related to lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Division of Textile and Fibre Technology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia.
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Ceriello A, Kumar S, Piconi L, Esposito K, Giugliano D. Simultaneous control of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress normalizes endothelial function in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:649-54. [PMID: 17327335 DOI: 10.2337/dc06-2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that in type 1 diabetes endothelial dysfunction persists even when glycemia is normalized. Moreover, oxidative stress has recently been demonstrated to be the mediator of hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty-six type 1 diabetic patients and 12 control subjects were enrolled. The diabetic patients were divided into three groups. The first group was treated for 24 h with insulin, achieving a near-normalization of glycemia. After 12 h of this treatment, vitamin C was added for the remaining 12 h. The second group was treated for 24 h with vitamin C. After 12 h of this treatment, insulin was started, with achievement of near-normalization of glycemia for the remaining 12 h. The third group was treated for 24 h with both vitamin C and insulin, achieving near-normalization of glycemia. RESULTS Neither normalization of glycemia nor vitamin C treatment alone was able to normalize endothelial dysfunction or oxidative stress. However, a combination of insulin and vitamin C normalized endothelial dysfunction and decreased oxidative stress to normal levels. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that long-lasting hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetic patients induces permanent alterations in endothelial cells, which may contribute to endothelial dysfunction by increased oxidative stress even when hyperglycemia is normalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ceriello
- Centre of Excellence in Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Coventry and Warwickshire, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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Tsao FHC, Shanmuganayagam D, Zachman DK, Khosravi M, Folts JD, Meyer KC. A continuous fluorescence assay for the determination of calcium-dependent secretory phospholipase A2 activity in serum. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 379:119-26. [PMID: 17292873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium-dependent secretory phospholipase A(2)-IIA (sPLA(2)-IIA) in the circulation is a marker of inflammation, associated with acute and chronic disease processes. We describe a quick, sensitive and reliable microplate continuous fluorescence assay for determining sPLA(2) activity in serum. METHODS Liposomes composed of a fluorescent probe and varying amounts of L-alpha-phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and 1,2-dioleoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) were used as substrates to determine the optimal protocol for sPLA(2) activity determination without interference from serum albumin and lipoproteins. RESULTS Hydrolysis of the labeled substrate by sPLA(2)-IIA, characterized by increase in fluorescence intensity (FI) and confirmed by end-product analysis, occurred in a time-, calcium-, and protein-dependent manner. Liposomes containing 100% PG were most suitable for measurement of sPLA(2) activity without interference from serum components; LDL produced a Ca(2+)-independent increase in FI when liposomes containing DOPC were used. The assay determined that sPLA(2) activity in serum spiked with sPLA(2)-IIA and illustrated that endogenous sPLA(2) activity was markedly higher in sera from patients with sepsis than in healthy subjects. Intra-assay and inter-assay CVs were in the ranges of 1.6-8.8% and 3.0-11.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The described method has potential for rapid and sensitive screening of sPLA(2) activity in both clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis H C Tsao
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Vohra RS, Murphy JE, Walker JH, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Ponnambalam S. Functional refolding of a recombinant C-type lectin-like domain containing intramolecular disulfide bonds. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 52:415-21. [PMID: 17196395 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein scavenger receptor (LOX-1) is a pro-inflammatory marker and Type II membrane protein expressed on vascular cells and tissues. The LOX-1 extracellular domain mediates recognition of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) particles that are implicated in the development of atherosclerotic plaques. To study the molecular basis for LOX-1-mediated ligand recognition, we have expressed, purified and refolded a recombinant LOX-1 protein and assayed for its biological activity using a novel fluorescence-based assay to monitor binding to lipid particles. Overexpression of a hexahistidine-tagged cysteine-rich LOX-1 extracellular domain in bacteria leads to the formation of aggregates that accumulated in bacterial inclusion bodies. The hexahistidine-tagged LOX-1 molecule was purified by affinity chromatography from solubilized inclusion bodies. A sequential dialysis procedure was used to refold the purified but inactive and denatured LOX-1 protein into a functionally active form that mediated recognition of oxLDL particles. This approach allowed slow LOX-1 refolding and assembly of correct intrachain disulfide bonds. Circular dichroism analysis of the refolded LOX-1 molecule demonstrated a folded state with substantial alpha-helical content. Using immobilized recombinant, refolded LOX-1 we demonstrated a 70-fold preferential recognition for oxLDL over native LDL particles. Thus, a protein domain containing intrachain disulfide bonds can be reconstituted into a functionally active state using a relatively simple dialysis-based technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder S Vohra
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Langlois MR, Blaton VH. Historical milestones in measurement of HDL-cholesterol: Impact on clinical and laboratory practice. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 369:168-78. [PMID: 16579980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) comprises a family of particles with differing physicochemical characteristics. Continuing progress in improving HDL-C analysis has originated from two separate fields-one clinical, reflecting increased attention to HDL-C in estimating risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), and the other analytical, reflecting increased emphasis on finding more reliable and cost-effective HDL-C assays. Epidemiologic and prospective studies established the inverse association of HDL-C with CHD risk, a relationship that is consistent with protective mechanisms demonstrated in basic research and animal studies. Atheroprotective and less atheroprotective HDL subpopulations have been described. Guidelines on primary and secondary CHD prevention, which increased the workload in clinical laboratories, have led to a revolution in HDL-C assay technology. Many analytical techniques including ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis, chromatography, and polyanion precipitation methods have been developed to separate and quantify HDL-C and HDL subclasses. More recently developed homogeneous assays enable direct measurement of HDL-C on an automated analyzer, without the need for manual pretreatment to separate non-HDL. Although homogeneous assays show improved accuracy and precision in normal serum, discrepant results exist in samples with atypical lipoprotein characteristics. Hypertriglyceridemia and monoclonal paraproteins are important interfering factors. A novel approach is nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that allows rapid and reliable analysis of lipoprotein subclasses, which may improve the identification of individuals at increased CHD risk. Apolipoprotein A-I, the major protein of HDL, has been proposed as an alternative cardioprotective marker avoiding the analytical limitations of HDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R Langlois
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, AZ St. Jan Hospital, Ruddershove 10, B-8000 Brugge, Belgium.
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Peng HH, Wu S, Davis JJ, Wang L, Roth JA, Marini FC, Fang B. A rapid and efficient method for purification of recombinant adenovirus with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-modified fibers. Anal Biochem 2006; 354:140-7. [PMID: 16707084 PMCID: PMC1475777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adenoviral vectors (adenovectors) have been subject to various genetic modifications to improve their transduction efficiency and targeting capacity. Production and purification of adenovectors with modified capsid proteins can be problematic using conventional two-cycle CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation. We have developed a new method for purifying recombinant adenovectors in two steps: iodixanol discontinuous density gradient ultracentrifugation and size exclusion column chromatography. The purity and infectious activity of adenovectors isolated by the two methods were comparable. The new method yielded three to four times more adenovectors with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-modified fiber proteins than did the conventional CsCl method. For other fiber-modified and wild-type adenovectors, the yields of the two methods were comparable. Thus, the iodixanol-based method can be used not only to improve the production of RGD-modified adenovectors but also to purify adenovectors with or without fiber modifications. Moreover, the whole procedure can be completed in 3h. Therefore, this method is rapid and efficient for production of recombination adenovectors, especially those with RGD-modified fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Peng
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
| | - Shuhong Wu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
| | | | - Li Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
| | - Jack A Roth
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
| | - Frank C Marini
- Department of blood and marrow transplant, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
- *To whom correspondence and reprints should be addressed at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Unit 445, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030. Fax: (713) 794-4669. E-mail:
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McNamara JR, Warnick GR, Cooper GR. A brief history of lipid and lipoprotein measurements and their contribution to clinical chemistry. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 369:158-67. [PMID: 16740255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study of modern lipid chemistry began in the 17th and 18th centuries with early observations by Robert Boyle, Poulletier de la Salle, Antoine François de Fourcroy and others. The 19th century chemist, Chevreul, identified several fatty acids, suggested the name 'cholesterine' for the fatty substance in gallstones, coined the word 'glycerine', and showed that fats were comprised of glycerol and fatty acids. The 20th century brought many advances in the understanding of lipoprotein structure and function, and explored relationships between lipoproteins and disease states. The development of the ultracentrifuge and other lipoprotein separation techniques, and reagents for accurate, standardized quantitative measurement have steadily increased our understanding of the important role of lipoprotein metabolism in both healthy and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith R McNamara
- Lipid Research Laboratory, New England Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Anderson RA, Evans LM, Ellis GR, Khan N, Morris K, Jackson SK, Rees A, Lewis MJ, Frenneaux MP. Prolonged deterioration of endothelial dysfunction in response to postprandial lipaemia is attenuated by vitamin C in Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2006; 23:258-64. [PMID: 16492208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction (ED) has been described in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We have described previously a diminution of flow-mediated arterial dilatation and, by implication, further ED in T2DM in response to postprandial lipaemia (PPL) at 4 h. This is possibly mediated by oxidative stress/alteration of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway. T2DM subjects tend to exhibit both exaggerated and prolonged PPL. We therefore studied the relationship of PPL to the duration of ED in T2DM subjects and oxidative stress with or without the antioxidant, vitamin C. METHODS Twenty subjects with T2DM with moderate glycaemic control (mean HbA1c 8.4%) were studied. After an overnight fast, all subjects consumed a standard fat meal. Endothelial function (EF), lipid profiles, and venous free radicals were measured in the fasting, peak lipaemic phase (4 h) and postprandially to 8 h. The study was repeated in a double-blinded manner with placebo, vitamin C (1 g) therapy for 2 days prior to re-testing and with the fat meal. Oxidative stress was assessed by lipid-derived free radicals in plasma, ex vivo by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and by markers of lipid peroxidation (TBARS). Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in endothelial function in response to PPL from baseline (B) 1.3 +/- 1.3% to 4 h 0.22 +/- 1.1% (P < 0.05) and 8 h 0.7 +/- 0.9% (P < 0.05) (mean +/- sem). The endothelial dysfunction seen was attenuated at each time point with vitamin C. Baseline EF with vitamin C changed from (fasting) 3.8 +/- 0.9-2.8 +/- 0.8 (at 4 h) and 2.9 +/- 1.3 (at 8 h) in response to PPL. Vitamin C attenuated postprandial (PP) oxidative stress significantly only at the 4-h time point [301.1 +/- 118 (B) to 224.7 +/- 72 P < 0.05] and not at 8 h 301.1 +/- 118 (B) to 260 +/- 183 (P = NS). There were no changes with placebo treatment in any variable. PPL was associated with a PP rise in TG levels (in mmol/l) from (B) 1.8 +/- 1 to 2.7 +/- 1 at 4 h and 1.95 +/- 1.2 at 8 h (P = 0.0002 and 0.33, respectively). CONCLUSION PPL is associated with prolonged endothelial dysfunction for at least 8 h after a fatty meal. Vitamin C treatment improves endothelial dysfunction at all time points and attenuates PPL-induced oxidative stress. This highlights the importance of low-fat meals in T2DM and suggests a role for vitamin C therapy to improve endothelial function during meal ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Anderson
- Wales Heart Research Institute, University of Wales, College of Medicine, Cadddif, Wales.
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Frank N, Elliott SB, Allin SB, Ramsay EC. Blood lipid concentrations and lipoprotein patterns in captive and wild American black bears (Ursus americanus). Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:335-41. [PMID: 16454642 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.2.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare blood lipid concentrations and lipoprotein patterns for captive and wild American black bears (Ursus americanus). ANIMALS 7 captive and 9 wild adult (> or = 4 years old) black bears. PROCEDURE Blood was collected from 2 groups of captive black bears (groups A and B) and 1 group of wild black bears (group C). Blood triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol concentrations were compared among groups. Plasma lipoproteins were isolated by use of a self-generating gradient of iodixanol, and lipoprotein patterns were compared between groups A and B. RESULTS Captive bears (mean +/- SD, 187.8 +/- 44.4 kg) weighed significantly more than wild bears (mean, 104.8 +/- 41.4 kg), but mean body weight did not differ between groups A and B. Mean blood TG concentrations for groups B (216.8 +/- 16.0 mg/dL) and C (190.7 +/- 34.0 mg/dL) were significantly higher than that of group A (103.9 +/- 25.3 mg/dL). Mean blood cholesterol concentration was also significantly higher for group B (227.8 +/- 8.2 mg/dL) than for groups A (171.7 +/- 35.5 mg/dL) or C (190.8 +/- 26.8 mg/dL). Mean very-low-density lipoprotein TG and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were 2- and 3-fold higher, respectively, for group B, compared with concentrations for group A. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Blood lipid concentrations vary significantly among populations of black bears. Plasma lipoprotein patterns of captive bears differed significantly between colonies and may have reflected differences in diet or management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Frank
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Schenk S, Harris JR, Hoeger U. A discoidal lipoprotein from the coelomic fluid of the polychaete Nereis virens. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 143:236-43. [PMID: 16378741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A discoidal lipoprotein was isolated from the coelomic fluid of the polychaete, Nereis virens, by density gradient centrifugation. The lipoprotein was present in both sexes and moved as a uniform band in an agarose gel. The average diameter of the lipoprotein particles determined by electron microscopy was 42 nm with a thickness of 10 nm. SDS electrophoresis showed two apoprotein subunits with molecular masses of 247 and 85 kDa, respectively. In lectin blots, both apoproteins were reactive with Concanavalin A indicating the presence of N-glycans. The small subunit was also reactive with peanut lectin, indicating additional O-glycosylation. The total lipid content was 48% and consisted mainly of phospholipids and some diglycerides as judged by thin layer chromatography. The estimated native molecular mass of N. virens lipoprotein ( approximately 675 kDa) lies in the range of vertebrate high-density lipoprotein and insect lipophorins. The size of the apoproteins is similar to those found in insects, while the composition of the lipid fraction is more similar to that of crustacean lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schenk
- Institut für Zoologie, Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Kralova J, Synytsya A, Pouckova P, Koc M, Dvorak M, Kral V. Novel Porphyrin Conjugates with a Potent Photodynamic Antitumor Effect: Differential Efficacy of Mono- and Bis-β-cyclodextrin Derivatives In Vitro and In Vivo. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:432-8. [PMID: 16613522 DOI: 10.1562/2005-05-06-ra-516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the photosensitizing properties of two novel mono- and bis-cyclodextrin tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin derivatives in several tumor cell lines and in BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneously transplanted syngeneic mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1. Both studied sensitizers were localized mainly in lysosomes and were found to induce cell death by triggering apoptosis in human leukemic cells HL-60. In 4T1 and other cell lines both apoptotic and necrotic modes of cell death occurred depending on drug and light doses. Mono-cyclodextrin porphyrin derivative P(beta-CD)1 exhibited stronger in vitro phototoxic effect than bis-cyclodextrin derivative P(beta-CD)2. However, in vivo P(beta-CD)2 displayed faster tumor uptake with maximal accumulation 6 h after application, leading to complete and prolonged elimination of subcutaneous tumors within 3 days after irradiation (100 J cm(-2)). In contrast, P(beta-CD)1 uptake was slower (48 h) and the reduction of tumor mass was only transient, reaching the maximum at the 12 h interval when a favorable tumor-to-skin ratio appeared. Thus, P(beta-CD)2 represents a new photosensitizing drug displaying fast and selective tumor uptake, strong antitumor activity and fast elimination from the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Kralova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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