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Park JA, Seo Y, Sohn H, Park C, Min J, Lee T. Recent Trends in Biosensors Based on Electrochemical and Optical Techniques for Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin Detection. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Jacinavicius FR, Geraldes V, Crnkovic CM, Delbaje E, Fiore MF, Pinto E. Effect of ultraviolet radiation on the metabolomic profiles of potentially toxic cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6006873. [PMID: 33242088 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between climate change and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) have a substantial impact on aquatic ecosystems, especially on photosynthetic organisms. To counteract the damaging effects of UVR, cyanobacteria developed adaptive strategies such as the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of UVR on the metabolomic profiles of potentially toxic cyanobacteria. Twelve strains were irradiated with ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation and parabolic aluminized reflector lamps for 3 days, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis to assess changes in metabolomic profiles. Matrices were used to generate principal component analysis biplots, and molecular networks were obtained using the Global Natural Products platform. Most strains showed significant changes in their metabolomic profiles after UVR exposure. On average, 7% of MS features were shown to be exclusive to metabolomic profiles before UVR exposure, while 9% were unique to metabolomic profiles after UVR exposure. The identified compounds included aeruginosins, spumigins, cyanopeptolins, microginins, namalides, pseudospumigins, anabaenopeptins, mycosporine-like amino acids, nodularins and microcystins. Data showed that cyanobacteria display broad metabolic plasticity upon UVR exposure, including the synthesis and differential expression of a variety of secondary metabolites. This could result in a competitive advantage, supporting cyanobacterial blooms under various UVR light exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Geraldes
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Camila M Crnkovic
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Endrews Delbaje
- University of São Paulo, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Marli F Fiore
- University of São Paulo, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,University of São Paulo, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
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Riba M, Kiss-Szikszai A, Gonda S, Boros G, Vitál Z, Borsodi AK, Krett G, Borics G, Ujvárosi AZ, Vasas G. Microcystis Chemotype Diversity in the Alimentary Tract of Bigheaded Carp. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E288. [PMID: 31121822 PMCID: PMC6563263 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cyanobacterial organisms included in the genus Microcystis can produce a wide repertoire of secondary metabolites. In the mid-2010s, summer cyanobacterial blooms of Microcystis sp. occurred regularly in Lake Balaton. During this period, we investigated how the alimentary tract of filter-feeding bigheaded carps could deliver different chemotypes of viable cyanobacteria with specific peptide patterns. Twenty-five Microcystis strains were isolated from pelagic plankton samples (14 samples) and the hindguts of bigheaded carp (11 samples), and three bloom samples were collected from the scums of cyanobacterial blooms. An LC-MS/MS-based untargeted approach was used to analyze peptide patterns, which identified 36 anabaenopeptin, 17 microginin, and 13 microcystin variants. Heat map clustering visualization was used to compare the identified chemotypes. A lack of separation was observed in peptide patterns of Microcystis that originated from hindguts, water samples, and bloom-samples. Except for 13 peptides, all other congeners were detected from the viable and cultivated chemotypes of bigheaded carp. This finding suggests that the alimentary tract of bigheaded carps is not simply an extreme habitat, but may also supply the cyanobacterial strains that represent the pelagic chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milán Riba
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Attila Kiss-Szikszai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gergely Boros
- Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Vitál
- Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Kériné Borsodi
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- Danube Research Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gergely Krett
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Borics
- Danube Research Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Zsuzsanna Ujvárosi
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Shunmugam S, Gayathri M, Prasannabalaji N, Thajuddin N, Muralitharan G. Unraveling the presence of multi-class toxins from Trichodesmium bloom in the Gulf of Mannar region of the Bay of Bengal. Toxicon 2017; 135:43-50. [PMID: 28606423 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichodesmium is an enigmatic bloom forming, non-heterocystous cyanobacterium reported most frequently in the coastal waters of India. However, the toxigenic potential of this globally significant N2 fixing cyanobacterium has not been characterized. In this study, we report for the first time the presence of potent multi-class neurotoxins such as Anatoxin-a, Saxitoxins, Gonyautoxin and hepatotoxins like MC-LR, MC-YA from a bloom material of Trichodesmium sp. MBDU 524 collected at the Gulf of Mannar region. Toxins were determined using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) analysis of HPLC purified aqueous and solvent fractions. Molecular phylogenetic analysis through 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed the close relationship with Trichodesmium erythraeum clade. The toxigenic potential was validated through brine shrimp toxicity assay and showed 100% mortality after 48 h of incubation. The results suggest the potential toxigenic and environmental impacts of Trichodesmium bloom sample from the Gulf of Mannar region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumathy Shunmugam
- Department of Microbiology, Centre of Excellence in Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Manickam Gayathri
- Department of Microbiology, Centre of Excellence in Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Nainangu Prasannabalaji
- Department of Microbiology, Centre of Excellence in Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Nooruddin Thajuddin
- Department of Microbiology, Centre of Excellence in Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Gangatharan Muralitharan
- Department of Microbiology, Centre of Excellence in Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamilnadu, India.
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Qi Y, Bortoli S, Volmer DA. Detailed study of cyanobacterial microcystins using high performance tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1253-1262. [PMID: 24781456 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MC) are a large group of toxic cyclic peptides, produced by cyanobacteria in eutrophic water systems. Identification of MC variants mostly relies on liquid chromatography (LC) combined with collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrometry. Deviations from the essential amino acid complement are a common feature of these natural products, which makes the CID analysis more difficult and not always successful. Here, both CID and electron capture dissociation (ECD) were applied in combination with ultra-high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to study a cyanobacteria strain isolated from the Salto Grande Reservoir in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, without prior LC separation. CID was shown to be an effective dissociation technique for quickly identifying the MC variants, even those that have previously been difficult to characterize by CID. Moreover, ECD provided even more detailed and complementary information, which enabled us to precisely locate metal binding sites of MCs for the first time. This additional information will be important for environmental chemists to study MC accumulation and production in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Bortoli S, Volmer DA. Account: characterization and identification of microcystins by mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2014; 20:1-19. [PMID: 24881451 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this brief overview, the authors describe mass spectral techniques for the detection and identification of microcystin toxins. Microcystins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria. Determination of these toxic compounds and discovery of new variants is very important as they pose a great danger to the human food chain. Cyanobacterial blooms frequently occur in many areas worldwide and have the potential to contaminate the water via cyanotoxin release, especially microcystins. Among the various analytical techniques used for analysis, mass spectrometry has become the most important method as it allows simultaneous quantification and structural characterization of multiple microcystin variants. This brief overview article focuses on mass spectrometry techniques for identification of microcystins, including ionization methods, mass spectral fragmentation routes, profiling techniques, tandem and high-resolution mass spectrometry as well as typing of cyanobacterial strains.
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Pavlova V, Stoyneva M, Georgieva V, Donchev D, Spoof L, Meriluoto J, Bratanova Z, Karadjova I. New Records of Microcystins in Some Bulgarian Water Bodies of Health and Conservational Importance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2014.65044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kaloudis T, Zervou SK, Tsimeli K, Triantis TM, Fotiou T, Hiskia A. Determination of microcystins and nodularin (cyanobacterial toxins) in water by LC-MS/MS. Monitoring of Lake Marathonas, a water reservoir of Athens, Greece. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 263 Pt 1:105-115. [PMID: 23958137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of the hepatotoxic cyanotoxins microcystins (MCs, i.e. MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LA) and nodularin (NOD) in water was developed using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) after solid phase extraction (SPE). New patterns of fragmentation of MC-LA were observed under the experimental conditions used. The method was fully validated to meet accreditation criteria. Mean recoveries at three concentration levels (0.006, 0.1 and 1 μg L(-1)) ranged between 70 and 114% with %RSD values generally below 20%. Detection limits were 2 ng L(-1) for all hepatotoxins. The method was applied to study the occurrence of MCs and NOD in Lake Marathonas, a water reservoir of Athens, over a period from July 2007 to December 2010. The protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA) was additionally used for fast screening of samples. MC-YR, MC-LR and MC-RR were detected and found to vary seasonally with consistent peaks during early autumn, having maximum concentrations of 717, 451 and 174 ng L(-1), respectively. The results of this study constitute the first report on the presence, concentration levels and seasonal variations of MCs in Lake Marathonas. None of the target cyanotoxins were detected in treated drinking water samples during the period of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Quality Control Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (EYDAP SA), Oropou 156, 11146 Galatsi, Athens, Greece
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Dörr FA, Oliveira-Silva D, Lopes NP, Iglesias J, Volmer DA, Pinto E. Dissociation of deprotonated microcystin variants by collision-induced dissociation following electrospray ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1981-1992. [PMID: 21698681 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MC) are a family of hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by a number of different cyanobacterial species. Considering the recent advances in the characterization of deprotonated peptides by mass spectrometry, the fragmentation behavior of four structurally related microcystin compounds was investigated using collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments on an orbitrap mass spectrometer. It is demonstrated in this study that significant structural information can be obtained from the CID spectra of deprotonated microcystins. A predominant ring-opening reaction at the isoMeAsp residue, as well as two major complementary fragmentation pathways, was observed, reducing the complexity of the product ion spectra in comparison with spectra observed from protonated species. This proposed fragmentation behavior was applied to characterize [Leu(1)]MC-LR from a cyanobacterial cell extract. In conclusion, CID spectra of microcystins in the negative ion mode provide rich structurally informative mass spectra which greatly enhance confidence in structural assignments, in particular when combined with complementary positive ion CID spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Augusto Dörr
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Dörr FA, Pinto E, Soares RM, Feliciano de Oliveira e Azevedo SM. Microcystins in South American aquatic ecosystems: Occurrence, toxicity and toxicological assays. Toxicon 2010; 56:1247-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Tsutsumi T, Nagata S, Yoshida F, Ueno Y, Harada KI. Development and Application of Highly Sensitive Anti-immune Complex ELISAs for Microcystins in Tap Water. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100050140768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Tsutsumi
- a Research Institute for Biosciences and Department of Toxicology and Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Science University of Tokyo , Ichigaya Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , 162-0826 , Japan
| | - S. Nagata
- a Research Institute for Biosciences and Department of Toxicology and Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Science University of Tokyo , Ichigaya Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , 162-0826 , Japan
| | - F. Yoshida
- a Research Institute for Biosciences and Department of Toxicology and Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Science University of Tokyo , Ichigaya Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , 162-0826 , Japan
| | - Y. Ueno
- a Research Institute for Biosciences and Department of Toxicology and Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Science University of Tokyo , Ichigaya Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , 162-0826 , Japan
| | - K.-I. Harada
- b Faculty of Pharmacy , Meijo University , Tempaku , Nagoya , 4680077 , Japan
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Oehrle SA, Southwell B, Westrick J. Detection of various freshwater cyanobacterial toxins using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Toxicon 2010; 55:965-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Trojanowicz M. Chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic determination of microcystins. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:359-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Schmidtkunz C, Bernd Stich H, Welsch T. Improving the Selectivity and Confidence in the HPLC Analysis of Microcystins in Lake Sediments. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902767999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schmidtkunz
- a Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry , Ulm University , Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans Bernd Stich
- b Institute for Lake Research–State Institute for Environment, Measurement and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg , Langenargen, Germany
| | - Thomas Welsch
- a Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry , Ulm University , Ulm, Germany
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Osswald J, Rellán S, Gago A, Vasconcelos V. Toxicology and detection methods of the alkaloid neurotoxin produced by cyanobacteria, anatoxin-a. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2007; 33:1070-89. [PMID: 17673293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater resources are under stress due to naturally occurring conditions and human impacts. One of the consequences is the proliferation of cyanobacteria, microphytoplankton organisms that are capable to produce toxins called cyanotoxins. Anatoxin-a is one of the main cyanotoxins. It is a very potent neurotoxin that was already responsible for some animal fatalities. In this review we endeavor to divulgate much of the internationally published information about toxicology, occurrence and detection methods of anatoxin-a. Cyanobacteria generalities, anatoxin-a occurrence and production as well as anatoxin-a toxicology and its methods of detection are the aspects focused in this review. Remediation of anatoxin-a occurrence will be addressed with a public health perspective. Final remarks call the attention for some important gaps in the knowledge about this neurotoxin and its implication to public health. Alterations of aquatic ecosystems caused by anatoxin-a is also addressed. Although anatoxin-a is not the more frequent cyanotoxin worldwide, it has to be regarded as a health risk that can be fatal to terrestrial and aquatic organisms because of its high toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Osswald
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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Nivsarkar M, Kaushik MP. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY DETERMINATION AND LC-ESI-MS ANALYSIS OF MICROCYSTIN-LR FROM PCC STRAINS OFMICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120003265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nivsarkar
- a Process Technology Development Division , Defense Research & Development Establishment , Jhansi Road, Gwalior, M.P., 474002, India
| | - M. P. Kaushik
- a Process Technology Development Division , Defense Research & Development Establishment , Jhansi Road, Gwalior, M.P., 474002, India
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Determination of trace amount of microcystins in water samples using liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mazur-Marzec H, Meriluoto J, Pliński M, Szafranek J. Characterization of nodularin variants in Nodularia spumigena from the Baltic Sea using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2023-32. [PMID: 16755614 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nodularin is a potent hepatotoxic cyclic pentapeptide produced by planktonic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena. Bloom and culture samples of the cyanobacterium collected and isolated from the Gulf of Gdańsk, southern Baltic Sea, were analyzed. Hybrid quadrupole-time-of-flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (TOF-LC/MS/MS) with ionspray (ISP) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) were used to characterize nodularin and its analogues. The identification process was based on the comparison of recorded product ion spectra with the previously reported FAB-MS/CID (high-energy) mass spectra of the corresponding nodularin variants. Amino acid structures and sequences were derived from the fragmentation pattern of the [M+H](+) ions. Apart from unmodified nodularin with an arginine residue (NOD-R), three demethylated variants have been found. The sites of demethylation were located on aspartic acid [Asp(1)]NOD, the Adda residue [DMAdda(3)]NOD, and dehydrobutyric acid [dhb(5)]NOD. In two other nodularin variants an additional methyl group is located in the Adda [MeAdda]NOD and Glu [Glu(4)(OMe)]NOD residues. The linear NOD and the geometrical isomer of NOD-R, reported earlier in N. spumigena from New Zealand, have also been detected. Two of the total eight nodularin variants characterized in the present study, [dhb(5)]NOD and [MeAdda]NOD, have not been described earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland.
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Furey A, Crowley J, Hamilton B, Lehane M, James KJ. Strategies to avoid the mis-identification of anatoxin-a using mass spectrometry in the forensic investigation of acute neurotoxic poisoning. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1082:91-7. [PMID: 16038198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a (AN) is a potent neurotoxin, produced by a number of cyanobacterial species, and consumption of freshwater contaminated with this toxin has led to animal deaths. Forensic investigations of suspected AN poisonings are frequently hampered by difficulties in detecting this toxin in biological matrices due to its rapid decay. In addition, detection of AN using single quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS) is suspect due to the presence of the amino acid, phenylalanine (Phe), since these compounds are isobaric and elute similarly in reversed phase liquid chromatography (LC). Approaches to prevent the misidentification of AN that have been explored in these studies included: (a) fluorimetric LC following derivatisation using 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F); (b) methylation using diazomethane prior to LC-MS determination; (c) multiple tandem MS using a quadrupole ion-trap (LC-MS3); and (d) hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF). Interference from Phe was not observed in any of procedures, (a)-(c), and the high mass accuracy obtained in method (d), readily distinguished between AN (165.11536) and Phe (165.07898). LC-MSn was also employed to study the fragmentation pathway of Phe and multi-stage MS spectra provided characteristic fragmentation information that clearly distinguished between AN and Phe. The difficulties associated with the over reliance on low resolution MS without MS/MS data in forensic toxicology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrose Furey
- PROTEOBIO, Mass Spectrometry Centre for Proteomics and Biotoxin Research, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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Ghassempour A, Najafi NM, Mehdinia A, Davarani SSH, Fallahi M, Nakhshab M. Analysis of anatoxin-a using polyaniline as a sorbent in solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1078:120-7. [PMID: 16007989 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method for determining anatoxin-a in aqueous samples was developed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection. Three forms of polyaniline (PANI) films and a single form of polypyrrole (PPY) film were prepared and applied for SPME. The extraction properties of these films to anatoxin-a were examined and it was shown that leucoemeraldine form of PANI displayed a better selectivity to this compound. SPME conditions were optimized by selecting the appropriate extraction parameters, including type of coating (leucoemeraldine form of PANI at 32 microm thicknesses), salt concentration (10%, w/v), time of extraction (30 min) and stirring rate (1000 rpm). The calibration curve was linear in the range from 50 to 10,000 ng/ml, with the detection limit (S/N = 3) of 11.2 ng/ml. This method was successfully applied for the analysis of anatoxin-a in the cultured media of two species of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ghassempour
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicin Plant Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, P.O. Box 19835-389, Tehran, Iran.
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Luckas B, Dahlmann J, Erler K, Gerdts G, Wasmund N, Hummert C, Hansen PD. Overview of key phytoplankton toxins and their recent occurrence in the North and Baltic Seas. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2005; 20:1-17. [PMID: 15712332 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and intensity of harmful algal blooms (HABs) appear to be on the rise globally. There is also evidence of the geographic spreading of toxic strains of these algae. Consequently, methods had to be established and new ones are still needed for the evaluation of possible hazards caused by increased algal toxin production in the marine food chain. Different clinical effects of algae-related poisoning have attracted scientific attention; paralytic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, and amnesic shellfish poisoning are among the most common. Additionally, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in brackish waters often produce neurotoxic and hepatotoxic substances. Bioassays with mice or rats are common methods to determine algal and cyanobacterial toxins. However, biological tests are not really satisfactory because of their low sensitivity. In addition, there is growing public opposition to animal testing. Therefore, there has been increasing effort to determine algal toxins by chemical methods. Plankton samples from different European marine and brackish waters were taken during research cruises and analyzed on board directly. The ship routes covered marine areas in the northwest Atlantic, Orkney Islands, east coast of Scotland, and the North and Baltic seas. The first results on the occurrence and frequency of harmful algal species were obtained in 1997 and 1998. During the 2000 cruise an HPLC/MS coupling was established on board, and algal toxins were measured directly after extraction of the plankton samples. In contrast to earlier cruises, the sampling areas were changed in 2000 to focusing on coastal zones. The occurrence of toxic algae in these areas was compared to toxin formation during HABs in the open sea. It was found that the toxicity of the algal blooms depended on the prevailing local conditions. This observation was also confirmed by monitoring cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea. Optimal weather conditions, for example, during the summers of 1997 and 2003, favored blooms of cyanobacteria in all regions of the Baltic. The dominant species regarding the HABs in the Baltic was Nodularia spumigena. However, in addition to high concentrations of Nodularia spumigena in coastal zones, other blue-green algae are involved in bloom formation, with changes in plankton communities influencing both toxin profiles and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Luckas
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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22
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James KJ, Crowley J, Hamilton B, Lehane M, Skulberg O, Furey A. Anatoxins and degradation products, determined using hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight and quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry: forensic investigations of cyanobacterial neurotoxin poisoning. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:1167-75. [PMID: 15816010 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The potent neurotoxins from cyanobacteria, anatoxin-a (AN), its methyl analogue, homoanatoxin-a (HMAN), and their degradation products, have been studied using nano-electrospray hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QqTOF-MS). The anatoxin degradation products, which are readily produced in vivo by either reduction or epoxidation, were also examined in this study. The high mass accuracy QqTOF-MS data was used to confirm formula assignments for major product ions and quadrupole ion-trap (QIT)-MS was used to construct fragmentation pathways for anatoxins. Significant differences between these fragmentation pathways were observed. Comparisons between the spectra of compounds that differ in side-chain length (the AN and HMAN series) were used to identify ions that are characteristic of the homologues. The application to forensic samples in which the principal neurotoxin had undergone rapid biodegradation has been demonstrated and used to confirm anatoxin poisoning of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J James
- PROTEOBIO, Mass Spectrometry Centre for Proteomics and Biotoxin Research, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
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23
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Cameán A, Moreno IM, Ruiz MJ, Picó Y. Determination of microcystins in natural blooms and cyanobacterial strain cultures by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004; 380:537-44. [PMID: 15365676 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-2755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2004] [Revised: 07/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An analytical procedure based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was developed for determining three microcystins (MCs) in natural water blooms and cyanobacteria strain cultures. The procedure involves sample homogenization with C(18), washed with dichloromethane to eliminate interfering compounds, and elution with acidic methanol. Results were compared to those achieved by using an organic solvent standard method. Mean recoveries of MCs with MSPD were 85-92% with intra-day relative standard deviation (RSDs) of 9-19%, whereas organic solvent extraction resulted in recovery rates of 92-105% with intra-day RSDs ranging from 8 to 18%. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were 1 microg g(-1) dry weight for the MCs either by MSPD or organic solvent extraction. The two analytical methods tested were specific and sensitive to the extraction of MCs and were applied to the detection of MCs in water blooms and culture strains. The concentration of MCs varied from 7 to 3,330 microg g(-1) of lyophilized cells with MC-LR always showing the highest concentration. MCs levels were higher in culture strains than in water blooms, except for MC-LR, whose concentration in blooms was slightly superior to that determined in culture strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cameán
- Area de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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24
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Dell'Aversano C, Eaglesham GK, Quilliam MA. Analysis of cyanobacterial toxins by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1028:155-64. [PMID: 14969289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The combination of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) has been investigated as a tool for the analysis of assorted toxins produced by cyanobacteria. Toxins examined included saxitoxin and its various analogues (1-18), anatoxin-a (ATX-a, 19), cylindrospermopsin (CYN, 20), deoxycylindrospermopsin (doCYN, 21), and microcystins-LR (22) and -RR (23). The saxitoxins could be unequivocally detected in one isocratic analysis using a TSK gel Amide-80 column eluted with 65% B, where eluent A is water and B is a 95% acetonitrile/water solution, both containing 2.0 mM ammonium formate and 3.6 mM formic acid. The analysis of ATX-a, CYN and doCYN required 75% B isocratic. Simultaneous determination of 1-21 was also possible by using gradient elution. HILIC proved to be suitable for the analysis of microcystins, but peak shape was not symmetric and it was concluded that these compounds are best analysed using existing reversed-phase methods. The HILIC-MS method was applied to the analysis of field and cultured samples of Anabaena circinalis and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. In general, the method proved quite robust with similar results obtained in two different laboratories using different instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3Z1.
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25
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Spoof L, Vesterkvist P, Lindholm T, Meriluoto J. Screening for cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, microcystins and nodularin in environmental water samples by reversed-phase liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1020:105-19. [PMID: 14661762 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Water samples taken from 93 freshwater and brackish water locations in Aland (SW Finland) in 2001 were analysed for biomass-bound microcystins and nodularin, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins, by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in selected ion recording (SIR) and multiple reaction monitoring modes, HPLC-UV, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The extracted toxins were separated on a short C18 column with a gradient of acetonitrile and 0.5% formic acid, and quantified on a Micromass Quattro Micro triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electrospray ion source operated in the positive SIR or scan mode. An injection of 50 pg of microcystin-LR, m/z 995.5, on column gave a signal-to-noise ratio of 17 (peak-to-peak) at the chosen SIR conditions. In-source or MS-MS fragmentation to m/z 135.1, a fragment common to most microcystins and nodularin, was used for confirmatory purposes. Microcystins with a total toxin concentration equal to or higher than 0.2 microg l(-1) were confirmed by all three methods in water samples from 14 locations. The highest toxin concentration in a water sample was 42 microg l(-1). The most common toxins found were microcystins RR, LR and YR with different degrees of demethylation (non-, mono- or didemethylated). Parallel results achieved with ELISA and HPLC-UV were generally in good agreement with the LC-MS SIR results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Spoof
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Abo Akademi University, P.O. Box 66, 20521 Turku, Finland
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26
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Furey A, Crowley J, Shuilleabhain AN, Skulberg OM, James KJ. The first identification of the rare cyanobacterial toxin, homoanatoxin-a, in Ireland. Toxicon 2003; 41:297-303. [PMID: 12565752 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The first identification of the rare cyanobacterial neurotoxin, homoanatoxin-a, in Ireland is reported. A sensitive fluorimetric liquid chromatographic (LC) method was applied to the analysis of homoanatoxin-a in the low microg/l range. The analysis of the anatoxins in water samples required weak cation exchange solid phase extraction, fluorimetric derivatisation with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F), and isocratic reversed-phase LC. Confirmation of toxin identity was made using LC with electrospray mass spectrometry (MS) of the NBD-derivatised homoanatoxin-a as well as LC-MS/MS of the free toxin. Application of the fluorimetric LC protocol to examine cyanotoxins in 20 Irish lakes resulted in the detection of homoanatoxin-a at four locations, Lough Sillan (24 microg/l), Inniscarra Reservoir (34 microg/l), Lough Key (12 microg/l), Caragh Lake (1.4 microg/l). An improved procedure for the isolation of homoanatoxin-a from cyanobacteria was also developed and confirmation of homoanatoxin-a was achieved by chromatographic and mass spectral comparison with authentic toxin isolated from a laboratory clone culture of Planktothrix (formerly Oscillatoria) formosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrose Furey
- PROTEOBIO, Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Centre for Proteomics and Biotoxin Research, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Bishopstown, Ireland
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27
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Furey A, Crowley J, Lehane M, James KJ. Liquid chromatography with electrospray ion-trap mass spectrometry for the determination of anatoxins in cyanobacteria and drinking water. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:583-588. [PMID: 12621621 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a (AN) and homoanatoxin-a (HMAN) are potent neurotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacterial species. A new, sensitive liquid chromatography/multiple tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS(n)) method has been developed for the determination of these neurotoxins. The LC system was coupled, via an electrospray ionisation (ESI) source, to an ion-trap mass spectrometer in positive ion mode. The [M+H](+) ions at m/z 166 (anatoxin-a) and m/z 180 (homoanatoxin-a) were used as the precursor ions for multiple MS experiments. MS(2)bond;MS(4) spectra displayed major fragment ions at m/z 149 (AN), 163 (HMAN), assigned to [Mbond;NH(3)+H](+); m/z 131 (AN), 145 (HMAN), assigned to [Mbond;NH(3)bond;H(2)O+H](+), and m/z 91 [C(7)H(7)](+). Although the chromatographic separation of these neurotoxins is problematic, reversed-phase LC, using a C(18) Luna column, proved successful. Calibration data for anatoxin-a using spiked water samples (10 mL) in LC/MS(n) modes were: LC/MS (25-1000 microg/L), r(2) = 0.998; LC/MS(2) (5-1000(microg/L), r(2) = 0.9993; LC/MS(3) (2.5-1000 microg/L), r(2) = 0.9997. Reproducibility data (% RSD, N = 3) for each LC/MS(n) mode ranged between 2.0 at 500 microg/L and 7.0 at 10 microg/L. The detection limit (S/N = 3) for AN was better than 0.03 ng (on-column) for LC/MS(3) which corresponded to 0.6 microg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrose Furey
- PROTEOBIO, Mass Spectrometry Centre for Proteomics and Biotoxin Research, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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28
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Barco M, Rivera J, Caixach J. Analysis of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in water samples by microbore reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2002; 959:103-11. [PMID: 12141535 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A method based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with positive electrospray ionisation was developed for the analysis of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in environmental samples. The chromatographic separation was performed using two microbore columns, 2 mm and 1 mm I.D. columns, which allowed the coupling of liquid chromatography to mass spectrometry with no flow splitting. Analytes were eluted using two different water-acetonitrile, both acidified with formic acid gradients. Mass spectrometric parameters were optimised in order to maximise sensitivity. Detection limits for the 2 mm I.D. column ranged from 0.077 to 2.057 ng in full scan and from 0.021 to 1.153 ng in SIM mode. However, limits of detection as low as 60-340 pg in full scan and 6-72 pg in SIM mode were achieved for the 1 mm I.D. column. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the analysis of microcystins and nodularins in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Barco
- Department of Ecotechnologies, IIQAB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Hummert C, Dahlmann J, Reichelt M, Luckas B. Analytical techniques for monitoring harmful cyanobacteria in lakes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1770.2001.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Hummert
- Friedrich‐Schiller‐University of Jena, Department of Food Chemistry, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J. Dahlmann
- Friedrich‐Schiller‐University of Jena, Department of Food Chemistry, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - M. Reichelt
- Friedrich‐Schiller‐University of Jena, Department of Food Chemistry, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - B. Luckas
- Friedrich‐Schiller‐University of Jena, Department of Food Chemistry, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
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30
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Hummert C, Reichelt M, Weiss J, Liebert HP, Luckas B. Identification of microcystins in cyanobacteria from the Bleiloch former drinking-water reservoir (Thuringia, Germany). CHEMOSPHERE 2001; 44:1581-1588. [PMID: 11545524 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microcystins in cyanobacterial samples collected from the Bleiloch reservoir, formerly an important drinking-water supply in Thuringia, Germany, was proven by application of a combination of recently developed analytical methods. The raw extracts were cleaned by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) or solid-phase extraction (SPE). The determination of microcystins was achieved by different HPLC separation followed by the application of alternative detection methods (UV, diode array detection (DAD), and mass spectrometry (MS), respectively). Furthermore, the different results of clean-up by SPE and SEC are demonstrated. The identity of microcystins was verified by MS/MS measurements. In the cyanobacterial sample from 1998, microcystin-RR, -LR and -YR were found, whereas in 1999 only microcystin-LR and -YR were detectable. In addition to detection of cell-bound microcystins, in 1999 traces of dissolved microcystins in water from the Bleiloch reservoir were detected. It can be assumed that not only the Bleiloch reservoir is contaminated with hepatotoxins but also many similar lakes still used for drinking water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hummert
- Department of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University and University of Jena, Germany.
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31
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Simultaneous determination of cyanobacterial hepato-and neurotoxins in water samples by ion-pair supported enrichment and HPLC-ESI-MS-MS. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Lawrence JF, Menard C. Determination of microcystins in blue-green algae, fish and water using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection after sample clean-up employing immunoaffinity chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2001; 922:111-7. [PMID: 11486855 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anti-microcystin LR immunnoaffinity cartridges were evaluated for their ability to selectively remove microcystins from extracts of blue-green algae, fish and water samples for subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection at 238 nm. Blue-green algae and fish samples were extracted with 75% methanol in water. A portion of the extract was diluted and passed through an immunoaffinity cartridge. Water samples were applied directly to the cartridge. The cartridge was rinsed with water and 25% methanol in water. The microcystins were eluted with 80% methanol in water containing 4% acetic acid. It was found that the cartridges were effective in isolating the microcystins from blue-green algae, fish and water samples, resulting in extracts that were clean enough to enable direct LC-UV detection down to approximately 0.03 microg/g in the blue-green algae and fish samples, and as low as 0.02 ng/ml for water samples. The cartridges were found to have a capacity of approximately 200 ng each for a mixture of microcystins RR, YR, LR and LA, or as much as 525-800 ng for individual compounds. Recoveries trough the complete analytical procedure ranged from 64 to 115% (all values) with an overall average of approximately 80% at spiking levels of 0.5-4.0 microg/g for the microcystins in blue-green algae. The average recoveries (n=8) from spiked (0.1-0.5 microg/g) fish samples were 73% for RR, 79% for YR, 81% for LR and 77% for LA, while from the spiked (2.0-0.04 ng/g) tap and river water samples (n=6), recoveries were 78% for RR, 86% for YR, 94% for LR and 89% for LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Lawrence
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Banting Research Centre, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
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33
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Draisci R, Ferretti E, Palleschi L, Marchiafava C. Identification of anatoxins in blue-green algae food supplements using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2001; 18:525-31. [PMID: 11407751 DOI: 10.1080/02652030118558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in tablets and capsules, which are marketed as health food supplements, were investigated for the presence of neurotoxins related to anatoxin-a. These neurotoxins, which are nicotinic agonists, were investigated using isocratic micro-liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry (micro-LC-MS-MS). The investigated compounds were anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a, together with their degradation products, dihydroanatoxin-a, epoxyanatoxin-a, dihydrohomoanatoxin-a and epoxyhomoanatoxin-a which were synthesized from the parent toxins. The analytes were extracted with methanol followed by isocratic chromatography on a micro C18 reversed-phase column using acetonitrile-water, 50:50 (v/v), containing 20 mm acetic acid at 30 microl min(-1). The toxins were ionized in an ionspray (IS) interface operating in the positive ion mode, where the intact protonated molecules, [M + H]+, were generated at m/z 166, m/z 168, m/z 182, m/z 180, m/z 182 and m/z 196, for anatoxin-a, dihydroanatoxin-a, epoxyanatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, dihydrohomoanatoxin-a and epoxyhomoanatoxin-a, respectively. These served as precursor ions for collision-induced-dissociation (CID) and diagnostic product ions for these anatoxins were identified to carry out toxin confirmation by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) LC-MS-MS analysis. Dihydrohomoanatoxin-a and a novel isomer of epoxyanatoxin-a were identified in blue-green algae tablets. This finding suggests that a potential human health hazard could be associated with the consumption of these food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Draisci
- Veterinary Medicine Laboratory, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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34
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Pereira P, Onodera H, Andrinolo D, Franca S, Araújo F, Lagos N, Oshima Y. Paralytic shellfish toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, isolated from Montargil reservoir, Portugal. Toxicon 2000; 38:1689-702. [PMID: 10858510 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Montargil reservoir, located in a dry flat area in the centre of Portugal, was filled in 1958 to fulfil agricultural, electric and industrial requirements. In May 1996, an intensive bloom of phytoplankton was detected. The algal community was strongly dominated by cyanobacteria with predominance of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae from May to June and Microcystis aeruginosa from July to August. Extracts of samples collected during the bloom period showed high toxicity by mouse bioassay. During the M. aeruginosa predominance period, the toxicity was ascribed to the presence of hepatotoxins, but clear symptoms of paralytic shellfish poison were observed when A. flos-aquae was the dominant species. In order to confirm the production of neurotoxins a strain of A. flos-aquae was isolated and established in culture. In this manuscript, we show the morphological characteristics and confirm paralytic shellfish toxins production by the strain isolated and maintained in culture. Identification of the saxitoxin analogs was achieved using high performance liquid chromatography with postcolumn fluorescence derivatization (HPLC-FLD) and liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry technique (LC-MS). The toxins found in the culture extract were GTX5 (64.5 mol%), neoSTX (23.0 mol%), dcSTX (6.1 mol%), STX (5.4 mol%) and GTX6 (1.1 mol%). This is, to our knowledge, the first report of unambiguous evidence of paralytic shellfish toxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria in Portugal. The toxin profile is rather different from the previously reported PSP producing A. flos-aquae and demonstrates its diversity in terms of toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pereira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
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35
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Zweigenbaum JA, Henion JD, Beattie KA, Codd GA, Poon GK. Direct analysis of microcystins by microbore liquid chromatography electrospray ionization ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 23:723-33. [PMID: 10975248 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are a group of structurally similar cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins and tumor promoters, produced by cyanobacteria. A microbore liquid chromatography electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-ITMS) method has been developed which is capable of separating and detecting trace amounts of microcystin variants in environmental samples. Extracted water sample was loaded onto a LC trapping column and, using a column switching technique, the compounds of interest were back-flushed onto a 1-mm LC column. Structural elucidation was achieved using ion-trap with tandem mass spectrometry in the data dependent scan mode. Collision-induced dissociation to MS3 allowed tentative identification of these cyclic peptides. Full-scan LC-ESI-MS mass spectrum was obtained when 250 pg of the authentic compound was injected onto the HPLC column, which represents the detection limit for microcystin-LR. This study demonstrated that LC-ESI-ITMS is a reliable and sensitive technique for analysing trace levels of microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Zweigenbaum
- Analytical Toxicology Diagnostic Laboratory , New York College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14850, USA
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36
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Pomati F, Sacchi S, Rossetti C, Giovannardi S, Onodera H, Oshima Y, Neilan BA. THE FRESHWATER CYANOBACTERIUM PLANKTOTHRIX SP. FP1: MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND DETECTION OF PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING TOXINS. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2000; 36:553-562. [PMID: 29543999 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A filamentous cyanobacterium, belonging to the Order of Oscillatoriales, was found to be responsible for a toxic algal bloom in Lake Varese, Italy, during the summer of 1997. Morphological characters, as well as near complete 16S rRNA gene sequencing, revealed that the dominant species of the bloom was most closely related to the genus Planktothrix. In addition, genetic analysis of the phycocyanin operon of Planktothrix sp. FP1 revealed a novel primary structure, previously undescribed within the cyanobacteria, which was used as a genetic marker for rapid detection and identification of this toxic strain. The occurrence of saxitoxin (STX), a principal toxin in paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), was confirmed in the natural bloom sample by both pre-column and post-column derivatization high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses, and eventually by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The toxicity of this field sample was also revealed by electrophysiological assays in which the extract inhibited 90% of the voltage-dependent Na+ current in human neuroblastoma cells at the STX concentration of 80 nM. The cultured strain showed a lower physiologic activity than the bloom sample (67% blockage of Na+ current at a toxin concentration of 200 nM), and STX was detected only by pre-column HPLC, indicating the presence of a compound structurally close to STX. Chemical and molecular genetic analyses performed here add Planktothrix sp. FP1 to the growing list of diverse cyanobacterial species capable of synthesizing STX and its related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pomati
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, ItalyLaboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981 8555, JapanSchool of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, ItalyLaboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981 8555, JapanSchool of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carlo Rossetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, ItalyLaboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981 8555, JapanSchool of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefano Giovannardi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, ItalyLaboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981 8555, JapanSchool of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hideyuki Onodera
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, ItalyLaboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981 8555, JapanSchool of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yasukatsu Oshima
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, ItalyLaboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981 8555, JapanSchool of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brett A Neilan
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, ItalyLaboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981 8555, JapanSchool of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
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Chapter 11B Toxins of freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(00)80063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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38
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Yuan M, Namikoshi M, Otsuki A, Watanabe MF, Rinehart KL. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis of microcystins, cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins: modulation of charge states and [M + H]+ to [M + Na]+ ratio. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1999; 10:1138-1151. [PMID: 10536820 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(99)00088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to develop a rapid, sensitive, and accurate method for determination and identification of hepatotoxic microcystins, cyanobacterial cyclic heptapeptides. To optimize the electrospray ionization conditions, factors affecting charge state distribution, such as amino acid components of sample, proton affinity of the additives, and additive concentration, were investigated in detail and a method for controlling charge states was developed to provide molecular-related ions for assignment of molecular weight and reasonably abundant precursor ions for MS/MS analysis. A procedure for identification of microcystins consisting of known amino acids was proposed: for microcystins giving abundant [M + 2H]2+ ions, the addition of nitrogen-containing bases to the aqueous sample solution is effective to obtain an increased intensity of [M + H]+ ions, whereas the addition of Lewis acids containing nitrogen can produce increased abundances of [M + 2H]2+ ions for microcystins giving weak [M + 2H]2+ ions. Microcystins possessing no arginine residue always give sodium adduct ions [M + Na]+ as the base peak, and these are difficult to fragment via low energy collision-induced dissociation to yield structurally informative products; the addition of oxalic acid increases [M + H]+ ion abundances, and these fragment readily.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yuan
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Japan
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39
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Lagos N, Onodera H, Zagatto PA, Andrinolo D, Azevedo SM, Oshima Y. The first evidence of paralytic shellfish toxins in the fresh water cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, isolated from Brazil. Toxicon 1999; 37:1359-73. [PMID: 10414862 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The blooms of toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are causing problems in many countries. During a screening of toxic freshwater cyanobacteria in Brazil, three strains isolated from the State of Sao Paulo were found toxic by the mouse bioassay. They all were identified as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii by a close morphological examination. Extracts of cultured cells caused acute death to mice when injected intraperitoneally after developing neurotoxic symptoms which resembled to those caused by paralytic shellfish toxins. The analysis of the sample by HPLC-FLD postcolumn derivatization method for paralytic shellfish toxins resulted in the detection of several saxitoxin analogs. To avoid being misled by false peaks, the sample was reanalyzed after purification and also under the different postcolumn derivatizing conditions. Finally, the newly developed LC-MS method for paralytic shellfish toxins was applied to unambiguously identify the toxins. One isolate produced neosaxitoxin predominantly with saxitoxin as a minor component. The other two showed identical toxin profiles containing saxitoxin and gonyautoxins 2/3 isomers in the ratio of 1:9. This is the first evidence of paralytic shellfish toxins in this species and also the occurrence of the toxin producing cyanobacterium in South American countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lagos
- Dept. de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
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40
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Yuan M, Namikoshi M, Otsuki A, Rinehart KL, Sivonen K, Watanabe MF. Low-energy collisionally activated decomposition and structural characterization of cyclic heptapeptide microcystins by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 1999; 34:33-43. [PMID: 10028690 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9888(199901)34:1<33::aid-jms754>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry/collision-induced dissociation (ESIMS/CID) mass spectra of microcystins, cyanobacterial cyclic heptapeptide hepatoxins, were examined. The collision conditions showed remarkable effects on the quality of the CID mass spectra, which were divided into three patterns according to the number of Arg residues. A characteristic cleavage reaction and neutral losses of MeOH, NH3 and guanidine group(s) from the (2S,3S,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4 E,6E-dienoic acid (Adda) and Arg residues were observed in the ESI and ESIMS/CID mass spectra, suggesting the most probable protonation sites in [M + H]+ and [M + 2H]2+ ions of microcystins. Microcystins with no Arg residue showed only [M + H]+ ions with a proton reacting at the methoxyl group in the Adda residue, and the ESIMS/CID/MS data revealed their structures unambiguously. The protonation site in [M + H]+ ions of microcystins with Arg residue(s) was the guanidine group. The [M + 2H]2+ ions of microcystins possessing one Arg residue had one proton on the Arg residue and probably another proton on the Adda residue, while the [M + 2H]2+ ions of microcystins having two Arg residues showed protonation at both Arg residues and the ESIMS/CID/MS data assigned their sequences. Structures of microcystins possessing one Arg residue can be assigned by ESIMS/CID/MS of [M + H]+ ions combined with those of [M + 2H]2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yuan
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Japan
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41
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Pouria S, de Andrade A, Barbosa J, Cavalcanti RL, Barreto VT, Ward CJ, Preiser W, Poon GK, Neild GH, Codd GA. Fatal microcystin intoxication in haemodialysis unit in Caruaru, Brazil. Lancet 1998; 352:21-6. [PMID: 9800741 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)12285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After a drought in February, 1996, all 126 patients in a haemodialysis unit in Caruaru, north-east Brazil, developed signs and symptoms of acute neurotoxicity and subacute hepatotoxicity following the use of water from a lake with massive growth of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). 60 patients died. METHODS Besides recording clinical details and outcome at follow-up, we arranged laboratory, radiological, and histological investigations on the patients and toxicological studies of serum and haemodialysis water filters. FINDINGS The acute presentation was with malaise, myalgia and weakness, nausea and vomiting, and tender hepatomegaly, with a range of neurological symptoms from tinnitus, vertigo, headaches, and deafness to blindness and convulsions. Liver injury ranged from abnormal liver-function test results to rapidly progressive and fatal hepatic failure. Biochemical investigations revealed gross hyperbilirubinaemia, abnormal liver enzyme activities, and hypertriglyceridaemia, but there was no evidence of haemolysis or microangiopathy. Histology revealed a novel acute toxic hepatitis with diffuse panlobular hepatocyte necrosis, neutrophil infiltration, canalicular cholestasis, and regenerative multinucleate hepatocytes. Samples of serum, dialysis filters, and water-treatment columns contained microcystins, the highly toxic low-molecular-weight hepatotoxins produced by cyanobacteria. INTERPRETATION Cyanobacteria present water-borne hazards to health via drinking water and recreational water. Haemodialysis presents an additional high-risk exposure route: when they enter directly into the circulation, microcystins can lead to fatal clinical syndromes ranging from acute neurotoxic illness to subacute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pouria
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, University College London Medical School, UK
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42
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Meriluoto J, Kincaid B, Smyth MR, Wasberg W. Electrochemical detection of microcystins, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins, following high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998; 810:226-30. [PMID: 9691298 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel amperometric HPLC detection method for the cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) peptide toxins microcystin-LR, -YR and -RR was developed. Purified microcystins and cyanobacterial extracts were chromatographed using an internal surface reversed-phase column with acetate- and phosphate-based mobile phase systems. Electrochemical oxidation reactions at 1.20 V vs. Ag/AgCl (glassy carbon working electrode) were show to originate in arginine and tyrosine residues of microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Meriluoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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James KJ, Furey A, Sherlock IR, Stack MA, Twohig M, Caudwell FB, Skulberg OM. Sensitive determination of anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a and their degradation products by liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. J Chromatogr A 1998; 798:147-57. [PMID: 9542136 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial neurotoxins have been implicated in animal deaths resulting from drinking contaminated water. Anatoxin-a (AN) and homoanatoxin-a (HMAN) have previously been analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection, but this procedure is insufficiently sensitive and is subject to interferences. A sensitive fluorimetric (FL) method for determining AN was recently developed using derivatisation with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) and this has been applied to the simultaneous determination of AN, HMAN and their epoxy and dihydro degradation products. Microscale syntheses were used to prepare the dihydro and epoxy derivatives from AN and HMAN. These compounds were produced in high yields, as confirmed by electrospray MS and HPLC-FL of their benzoxadiazole derivatives. All six NBD derivatives were readily separated using isocratic reversed-phase HPLC. The recoveries of these compounds from spiked water samples, using weak cation-exchange (WCX) solid-phase extraction (SPE), were 83.2-84.9% at concentrations of 10 micrograms/l. The R.S.D. values were 1.7-3.9% (n = 8) and the limits of detection were better than 10 ng/l for all six compounds, illustrating the high sensitivity of the method. This methodology was successfully applied to the analysis toxin degradation products in natural samples. Dihydroanatoxin-a (0.8 mg/g) was isolated from a benthic Oscillatoria bloom from Caragh Lake, Ireland, and was found to contain two isomers but their ratio was different from that found in the synthetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J James
- Chemistry Department, Cork RTC, Bishopstown, Ireland
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James KJ, Sherlock IR, Stack MA. Anatoxin-a in Irish freshwater and cyanobacteria, determined using a new fluorimetric liquid chromatographic method. Toxicon 1997; 35:963-71. [PMID: 9241789 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A new sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was used to determine anatoxin-a in freshwater, following blooms of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Anatoxin-a was converted into a highly fluorescent derivative using 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole and HPLC analysis gave good linear calibrations even at low concentration ranges (1-10 micrograms/liter, r = 0.997). The detection limit for anatoxin-a was 0.02 ng/ml, and this new HPLC method should prove useful for the routine analysis of potable waters. Anatoxin-a was discovered in three major lakes in Ireland using this method and identification was confirmed using gas chromatraphy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), following acetylation. Anatoxin-a was found in Anabaena, a planktonic cyanobacterium, as well as in a benthic Oscillatoria species. This is the first identification of anatoxin-a in Irish freshwater and this toxin was also implicated as the causative agent in incidents of fatal canine neurotoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J James
- Chemistry Department, Cork RTC, Republic of Ireland
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47
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Lin G, McKay G, Midha KK. Characterization of metabolites of clozapine N-oxide in the rat by micro-column high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with electrospray interface. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1996; 14:1561-77. [PMID: 8877864 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(96)01738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of clozapine N-oxide was investigated in the rat (n = 6) after a single oral dose of 20 mg kg-1. The organic extracts of rat urine were separated by conventional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and individual collected fractions were analyzed by micro-column electrospray HPLC/mass spectroscopy. The compounds identified in rat urine were clozapine N-oxide, clozapine, N-desmethylclozapine, 8-deschloro-8-hydroxyclozapine, 8-deschloro-8-thiomethylclozapine, N-desmethylclozapine, 8-deschloro-8-hydroxyclozapine, 8-deschloro-8-thiomethylclozapine, N-desmethyl-8-deschloro-8-thiomethylclozapine and 8-deschloro-8-methylsulfinylclozapine. With the exception of the unchanged clozapine N-oxide, no other metabolite containing a N-oxide functional group could be found, the concentrations of clozapine N-oxide, clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine excreted from rat urine were determined utilizing a conventional HPLC procedure with UV detection. The recoveries of these three analytes reported as the percentage of the dosage from the 0.24 h urine are 0.93 +/- 0.54%, 0.06 +/- 0.03% and 0.01 +/- 0.006% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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48
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Careri M, Mangia A, Musci M. Applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry interfacing systems in food analysis: pesticide, drug and toxic substance residues. J Chromatogr A 1996; 727:153-84. [PMID: 8919666 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews applications of different LC-MS techniques for the determination of xenobiotic substances in foods. Specific examples of contaminants discussed are pesticides, herbicides, insecticides and drugs; concerning toxic substances, mycotoxins, phycotoxins, cyanobacterial toxins, mutagenic and heterocyclic amines and beta-carbolines, arsenic, tin and inorganic halogen compounds, packaging materials and various epoxy resins are considered. Advantages and limitations are outlined for the different LC-MS interfacing systems (particle beam, thermospray, atmospheric pressure ionization with electrospray, ionspray and heated pneumatic nebulizer). The impact of developments in instrumental analysis on methodology and the limitations of the various LC-MS methods are discussed. Further, the coupling of LC with element-selective detection systems such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is discussed, with emphasis on speciation of trace toxic elements in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Careri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy
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49
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Bateman KP, Thibault P, Douglas DJ, White RL. Mass spectral analyses of microcystins from toxic cyanobacteria using on-line chromatographic and electrophoretic separations. J Chromatogr A 1995; 712:253-68. [PMID: 8556152 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00438-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The application of capillary electrophoresis and of reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry is presented for the analysis of microcystins isolated from toxic strains of Microcystis aeruginosa. The separation performance of these two techniques is compared in terms of both sensitivity and of resolution of closely related microcystins. Quantitation of microcystin-LR present at low micrograms/ml concentrations in cell extracts is demonstrated using both techniques. A marked advantage of capillary electrophoresis over liquid chromatography was its ability to resolve different desmethyl microcystin-LR analogues. Identification of these positional isomers was facilitated using capillary electrophoresis combined with tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). Rationalization of fragment ions observed in MS-MS spectra of microcystins was made possible through comparison with 15N labelled microcystins obtained from stable isotope feeding experiments. The potential of tandem mass spectrometry in providing selective detection of microcystins in cell extracts, and in structural characterization of novel microcystins, was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Bateman
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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50
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Niessen W, Tinke A. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry General principles and instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)01198-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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