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Review of Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Environmental Quality Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154801. [PMID: 35956751 PMCID: PMC9370042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy is an optical spectroscopic method that has been applied for the assessment of environmental quality extensively during the last 20 years. Most of the earlier works have used conventional light sources in spectrofluorometers to assess quality. Many recent works have used laser sources of light for the same purpose. The improvement of the energy sources and of the higher resolution spectrometers has led to a tremendous increase in applications. The motivation for the present review study is the increasing use of laser sources in environmental applications. The review is divided in two parts. The fundamental principles of fluorescence spectroscopy are described in the first part. The environmental applications are described in the second part.
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Thiäner JB, Nett L, Zhou S, Preibisch Y, Hollert H, Achten C. Identification of 7-9 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coals and petrol coke using High performance liquid chromatography - Diode array detection coupled to Atmospheric pressure laser ionization - Mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-APLI-MS). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:723-732. [PMID: 31195173 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing at least 24 carbon atoms (≥C24-PAH) are often associated with pyrogenic processes such as combustion of fuel, wood or coal, and occur in the environment in diesel particulate matter, black carbon and coal tar. Some of the ≥C24-PAH, particularly the group of dibenzopyrenes (five isomers, six aromatic rings) are known to show high mutagenic and carcinogenic activita. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry is a well-established method for the analysis of lower molecular weight PAH but is not optimally suited for the analysis of ≥C24-PAH due to their low vapor pressures. Also, hundreds of ≥C24-PAH isomers are possible but only a few compounds are commercially available as reference standards. Therefore, in this study, a combination of multidimensional liquid chromatography, UV-Vis diode array detection, PAH selective and highly sensitive atmospheric pressure laser ionization - mass spectrometry is used to detect and unequivocally identify PAH. For identification of PAH in two bituminous coals and one petrol coke sample, unique and compound specific UV-Vis spectra were acquired. It was possible to identify ten compounds (naphtho[1,2,3,4-ghi]perylene, dibenzo[b,ghi]perylene, dibenzo[e,ghi]perylene, dibenzo[cd,lm]perylene, benzo[a]coronene, phenanthrol[5,4,3,2-abcde]perylene, benzo[ghi]naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene, benzo[pqr]naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene, naphtho[8,1,2-abc]coronene and tribenzo[e,ghi,k]perylene) by comparison of acquired spectra with spectra from literature. Additionally, it was possible to detect similar distribution patterns in different samples and signals related to alkylated naphthopyrenes, naphthofluoranthenes or dibenzopyrenes. Subsequent effect-directed analysis of a bituminous coal sample using the microEROD (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) bioassay showed high suitability and revealed lower EROD induction for the ≥C24-PAH (TEQ range 0.67-10.07 ng/g) than for the allover < C24-PAH containing fraction (TEQ 84.00 ng/g). Nevertheless, the toxicity of ≥C24-PAH has a significant impact compared with <C24-PAH and must be considered for risk assessment. The LC-DAD-APLI-MS method, presented in this study, is a powerful tool for the unequivocal identification of these ≥ C24-PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B Thiäner
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Linus Nett
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Shangbo Zhou
- RTWH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yves Preibisch
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- RTWH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christine Achten
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Thiäner JB, Richter-Brockmann S, Achten C. Analysis of 6- and 7-ring PAH and other non-EPA PAH by atmospheric pressure laser ionization – mass spectrometry (APLI-MS) in environmental certified reference materials NIST 1941b, NIST 1649b, BAM CC013a and IRMM BCR 535. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1581-1582:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abaroa-Pérez B, Sánchez-Almeida G, Hernández-Brito JJ, Vega-Moreno D. In Situ Miniaturised Solid Phase Extraction (m-SPE) for Organic Pollutants in Seawater Samples. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:7437031. [PMID: 29805837 PMCID: PMC5901848 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7437031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid phase extraction (SPE) is a consolidated technique for determining pollutants in seawater samples. The current tendency is to miniaturise systems that extract and determine pollutants in the environment, reducing the use of organic solvents, while maintaining the quality in the extraction and preconcentration. On the other hand, there is a need to develop new extraction systems that can be fitted to in situ continual monitoring buoys, especially for the marine environment. This work has developed a first model of a low-pressure micro-SPE (m-SPE) for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that can be simply applied to in situ monitoring in the marine environment. This system reduces the volumes of sample and solvents required in the laboratory in comparison with conventional SPE. In the future, it could be used in automated or robotic systems in marine technologies such as marine gliders and oceanographic buoys. This system has been optimised and validated to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in seawater samples, but it could also be applied to other kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Sánchez-Almeida
- Chemistry Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de G.C (ULPGC), Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | - D. Vega-Moreno
- Chemistry Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de G.C (ULPGC), Las Palmas, Spain
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Capabilities and limitations of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic drop for the extraction of organic pollutants from water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 805:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Xie SM, Zhang M, Wang ZY, Yuan LM. Porous metal membranes for solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Analyst 2011; 136:3988-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sobhi HR, Kashtiaray A, Farahani H, Javaheri M, Ganjali MR. Quantitation of mononitrotoluenes in aquatic environment using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 175:279-283. [PMID: 19880251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method (known as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME)) combined with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) has been successfully developed for the extraction and determination of mononitrotoluenes (MNTs) in aquatic samples. The effects of parameters such as the nature and volume of the extracting and disperser solvents on the microextraction efficiency were also investigated. The volume of the extracting solvent (chlorobenzene) and that of the disperser solvent (acetonitrile) were obtained to be equal to 10.0 microL and 0.5 mL, respectively, in the optimal microextraction conditions established. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit of the method was 0.5 microg L(-1) and the relative standard deviations (RSDs%) for determination of the MNTs were in the range of 8.0-9.4. Linearity was found to be in the range of 1-1000 microg L(-1); also, the pre-concentration factors were in the range of 351-357. Finally, the method was applied to determine the trace amounts of the MNTs in several real aquatic samples and satisfactory results were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sobhi
- Department of Chemistry, Tehran Payamenoor University, P.O. Box 15986-86613, Tehran, Iran.
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Ballesteros-Gómez A, Rubio S. Hemimicelles of Alkyl Carboxylates Chemisorbed onto Magnetic Nanoparticles: Study and Application to the Extraction of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Water Samples. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9012-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9016264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias. Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Soledad Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias. Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Determination of priority carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater and surface water by coacervative extraction and liquid chromatography–fluorimetry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1203:168-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Comparison of thin-film microextraction and stir bar sorptive extraction for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples with controlled agitation conditions. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1196-1197:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Ceraulo L, Fanara S, Ferrugia M, Turco Liveri V. Partitioning study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between water and some selected water-insoluble phases. ANNALI DI CHIMICA 2007; 97:915-924. [PMID: 17970307 DOI: 10.1002/adic.200790076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An investigation on the partitioning of naphthalene and phenanthrene between water and some water-insoluble phases has been carried out by Uv-vis-NIR spectrophotometry. The analysis of the experimental results emphasized the role of intermolecular interactions and structural features of the hosting phases as driving forces of the partitioning of these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The critical comparison of the resulting distribution constants allowed to evaluate the potentials of some extracting phases to set up sensitive analytical methods and/or effective environment remediation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Ceraulo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, via Archirafi n.32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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Luque N, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Use of coacervates for the on-site extraction/preservation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzalkonium surfactants. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 584:181-8. [PMID: 17386602 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The suitability of coacervates for the preservation of organic pollutants after their extraction from water samples was investigated for the first time. Acid-induced sodium dodecanesulfonic acid (SDSA) micelle-based coacervates were selected for this purpose. Their capacity to preserve benzalkonium homologue (C(12), C(14) and C(16)) surfactants (BASs) and different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(ghi)perylene (BghiP), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA) and indene(1,2,3-c-d)pyrene (IP)] was investigated. BASs and PAHs were efficiently extracted by the coacervate by formation of mixed aggregates and hydrophobic interactions, respectively. Their stability into the coacervate was investigated under three temperature conditions (room temperature, 4 degrees C and -20 degrees C) and two hydrochloric acid concentrations (3.75 M and 4.2 M), which was used to induce coacervation. No losses were observed during at least 3 months at the different experimental conditions tested. The increase of the temperature up to 35 degrees C for a month did not affect the stability of the target compounds. No influence of the water matrix (distilled, river or wastewater) on the stabilization of BASs and PAHs was observed. The high-stabilizing capacity of the coacervate for the target compounds and its low volume make easy the transport and storage of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Luque
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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13
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Lehotay J, Hromul'áková K. HPLC Determination of Trace Levels of Benzylchloride, Chlorobenzene, Naphthalene, and Biphenyl in Environmental Samples. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Lehotay
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Slovak Technical University , Radlinského, 9 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - K. Hromul'áková
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Slovak Technical University , Radlinského, 9 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Beltrán JL, Ferrer R, Guiteras J. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by HPLC with Spectrofluorimetric Detection and Wavelength Programming. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079608001229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Beltrán
- a Departament de Química Analítica , Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal , 647 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. Ferrer
- a Departament de Química Analítica , Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal , 647 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Guiteras
- a Departament de Química Analítica , Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal , 647 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Wang X, Mitra S. Enhancing micro-scale membrane extraction by implementing a barrier film. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1122:1-6. [PMID: 16696992 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 04/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hollow fiber based microextraction techniques have shown much promise in the extraction and preconcentration of analytes. Typically, a solvent held in the membrane is used as an extractant (or an acceptor). However, the acceptor also permeates out during long extractions and vigorous agitation. The stabilization of the acceptor is important for high enrichment and good reproducibility. Coating the membrane with a low permeability barrier film can provide diffusional resistance to reduce the outflow of the acceptor. Several compounds were evaluated as potential barrier films. They were found to protect the organic acceptor and significantly enhance extraction performance. In a study with six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), enrichment factors ranged between 494 and 4555 were obtained and the detection limits were at low ppb to ppt levels. Good reproducibility with RSDs between 1.60 and 7.65%, and large linear dynamic ranges with good linearity (R2 between 0.9870 and 0.9997) were also achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Santana Rodríguez JJ, Halko R, Betancort Rodríguez JR, Aaron JJ. Environmental analysis based on luminescence in organized supramolecular systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:525-45. [PMID: 16601954 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of organized supramolecular systems-including micellar media and cyclodextrin inclusion complexes-combined with luminescence techniques in the study and determination of compounds and elements of environmental interest from 1990 to 2005 is reviewed. Analyses of environmental samples performed using fluorescence, photochemically induced fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopy as well as liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and flow injection with luminescence detection in the presence of these organized media are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Santana Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Las Palmas de G.C., 35017 Las Palmas, Spain
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Jánská M, Tomaniová M, Hajslová J, Kocourek V. Optimization of the procedure for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in fish tissue: Estimation of measurements uncertainty. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:309-25. [PMID: 16517533 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500401207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Three alternative procedures were employed for the isolation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 15 of 16 US EPA priority pollutants and benzo[e]pyrene), their methyl-derivatives and sulphur analogues from fish tissue: (1) Soxhlet extraction, (2) batch extraction enhanced by sonication, and (3) saponification of the sample followed by re-extraction of analytes into hexane. Soxhlet extraction using hexane-acetone (1:1, v/v) was the most efficient extraction technique, with analyte recoveries in the range 70-108%. Within optimization of the clean-up step, several types of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) systems were tested: two types of polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer gels (PSDVB), both 'soft' gel type (Bio-Beads S-X3) and 'rigid' gels type (PL gel and Envirogel) in combination with various mobile phases were compared. Bio-Beads S-X3 and mobile phase chloroform were the most appropriate for purifying of crude extracts before the final determinative step. High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection (HPLC/FLD) was used for identification and quantification of PAHs in purified fish extracts. The uncertainties of PAHs measurements were estimated by employing two alternative approaches. Both provided similar results: the expanded uncertainties obtained for individual PAHs by the 'top-down' approach were in the range 9-53%, their values resulting from application of the 'bottom-up' approach were in the range 16-52%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jánská
- Technická 3, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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Lage-Yusty MA, López-González J, Simal-Lozano J. Resolution of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by constant-wavelength synchronous spectrofluorometry. ANAL SCI 2006; 21:1203-6. [PMID: 16270579 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A method capable of determining 13 PAHs (acenaphthene, anthracene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenzo[ah]anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, indene[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, phenanthrene and pyrene) in a mixture of 16 EPA PAHs by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorometry in the constant wavelength mode was developed. It has not been possible to determine the following PAHs in the mixture: acenaphthylene, benzo[ghi]perylene and naphthalene. The approach studied allows the sensitive, rapid and inexpensive identification and quantitation of 13 PAHs in a solution of hexane. The detection limits are <1 microg L(-1) (except for chrysene and phenanthrene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Asunción Lage-Yusty
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Area of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Martínez Galera M, Barranco Martínez D, Parrilla Vázquez P, Gil García MD. Online trace enrichment to determine pyrethroids in river water by HPLC with column switching and photochemical induced fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2259-67. [PMID: 16342789 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The potential of online trace enrichment on a highly apolar short column in LC was evaluated for the determination of pyrethroids in river water. Twelve millilitres of water samples, modified with 8 mL ACN (ACN/water 40:60, v/v), were passed through 50 x 4.6 mm ID first separation column packed with 5 microm Hypersil Elite C18. Pesticides were preconcentrated in this column while the matrix background was eluted to waste. Separation of pesticides was performed on a 3.5 microm symmetric C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm ID) with an ACN step gradient as mobile phase and fluorescence detection was used after postcolumn derivatization by using UV light. The use of photochemically induced fluorescence for detection improved sensitivity and selectivity. Quantification limits ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 microg/L and pesticide recoveries at two concentration levels (0.1 and 0.5 microg/L) were between 93.1 and 118.6%, with RSD between 2.5 and 7.5% (n = 3) in river water samples. No matrix effect was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Martínez Galera
- Department of Hydrogeology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, Spain.
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Busetti F, Heitz A, Cuomo M, Badoer S, Traverso P. Determination of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous and solid samples from an Italian wastewater treatment plant. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1102:104-15. [PMID: 16256127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A robust procedure for the determination of 16 US EPA PAHs in both aqueous (e.g. wastewaters, industrial discharges, treated effluents) and solid samples (e.g. suspended solids and sludge) from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is presented. Recovery experiments using different percentages of organic modifier, sorbents and eluting solvent mixtures were carried out in Milli-Q water (1000 mL) spiked with a mixture of the PAH analytes (100 ng/L of each analyte). The solid phase extraction (SPE) procedures applied to spiked waste water samples (1000 mL; 100 ng/L spiking level) permitted simultaneous recovery of all the 16PAHs with yields >70% (6-13% RSD). SPE clean up procedures applied to sewage and stabilized sludge extracts, showed percent recoveries in the range 73-92% (7-13% RSD) and 71-89% (7-12% RSD), respectively. The methods were used for the determination of PAHs in aqueous and solid samples from the WWTP of Fusina (Venice, Italy). Mean concentrations, as the sum of the 16PAHs in aqueous and suspended solid samples, were found to be approx. in the 1.12-4.62 microg/L range. Sewage and stabilized sludge samples contained mean PAH concentrations, as sum of 16 compounds, in the concentration range of 1.44-1.26 mg/kg, respectively. Extraction and clean up procedures for sludge samples were validated using EPA certified reference material IRM-104 (CRM No. 912). Instrumental analyses were performed by coupling HPLC with UV-diode array detection (UV-DAD) and fluorescence detection (FLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Busetti
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
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Dosoretz CG, Böddeker KW. Removal of trace organics from water using a pumped bed-membrane bioreactor with powdered activated carbon. J Memb Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2003.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Jánská M, Tomaniová M, Hajšlová J, Kocourek V. Appraisal of “classic” and “novel” extraction procedure efficiencies for the isolation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives from biotic matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Barranco A, Alonso-Salces RM, Corta E, Berrueta LA, Gallo B, Vicente F, Sarobe M. Comparison of donor–acceptor and alumina columns for the clean-up of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from edible oils. Food Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Use of cotton as a sorbent for on-line precolumn enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters prior to liquid chromatography determination. Microchem J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Garcı́a-Falcón M, Pérez-Lamela C, Simal-Gándara J. Strategies for the extraction of free and bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in run-off waters rich in organic matter. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Bagheri H, Salemi A. Coupling of a Modified In-Tube Solid Phase Microextraction Technique with High Perfor- mance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection for the Ultra-Trace Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Application of a polysiloxane-based extraction method combined with column liquid chromatography to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Chen Z, Megharaj M, Naidu R. Determination of Tetrachloroethene, Trichloroethylene, and Their Metabolites at Trace Levels in Ground Waters by On‐Line Solid Phase Extraction/HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120029705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ZuLiang Chen
- a Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation , University of South Australia , Mawson Lake , South Australia , 5095 , Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- a Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation , University of South Australia , Mawson Lake , South Australia , 5095 , Australia
| | - Ravendra Naidu
- a Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation , University of South Australia , Mawson Lake , South Australia , 5095 , Australia
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29
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Flotron V, Delteil C, Bermond A, Camel V. Remediation of Matrices Contaminated by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Use of Fenton's Reagent. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/713743539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Kolahgar B, Hoffmann A, Heiden AC. Application of stir bar sorptive extraction to the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2002; 963:225-30. [PMID: 12187974 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The technique of stir bar sorptive extraction is used for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in aqueous samples. The PAHs are extracted with 10-mm stir bars (Gerstel Twister) coated with 0.5 mm polydimethylsiloxane and analyzed with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system. The influence of methanol and hyamine addition to the samples for preventing wall effects is investigated at 100 ng/l. The results indicate improved sensitivity using hyamine addition to the samples. The optimal extraction time was found to be between 3 and 4 h. The reproducibility of the method, as determined by nine replicate measurements, is between 5 and 15% at 10 ng/l and between 3 and 9% at 50 ng/l. Carry-over, which was evaluated at 500 ng/l by desorbing the same Twister three times, seems to be negligible for most of the compounds. In worst cases, carry-over of up to 7% was found for indeno[1,2,3]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene. The technique shows excellent linearities for 5 point calibrations. Detection limits are between 0.1 and 2 ng/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Kolahgar
- Gerstel GmbH & Co. KG, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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31
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Comparison of adsorbents for on-line solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons before liquid chromatography with UV detection. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Gimeno RA, Altelaar AFM, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycylic aromatic sulfur heterocycles by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry detection in seawater and sediment samples. J Chromatogr A 2002; 958:141-8. [PMID: 12134811 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Two methods for determining 10 polycyclic aromatic compounds were developed. Both methods were based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but one method used fluorescence detection, while the other used atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS). For water analysis, solid-phase extraction (SPE) was on-line coupled to the separation system. Using a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (PLRP-s) as sorbent in the SPE and adding 20% of acetonitrile to the water sample before its preconcentration, recoveries were above 70% for most of the compounds. For the fluorescence method, all compounds were detected and six of them could be quantified at concentrations higher than 0.02 microg 1(-1). For the MS detection method, only seven of the compounds were detected and six were quantified at concentrations higher than 0.06 microg 1(-1). To analyse sediment samples, an extraction with dichloromethane was used and, due to the complexity of the matrix, a standard addition calibration was carried out. Seawater and sediment samples taken from the Tarragona fishing port and marina on the coast of Catalonia (Spain) were analysed, and five compounds (benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene) were quantified in the sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Gimeno
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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33
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Pino V, Ayala JH, Afonso AM, González V. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection following micelle-mediated preconcentration. J Chromatogr A 2002; 949:291-9. [PMID: 11999746 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene-10-lauryl ether has been used for the extraction and preconcentration of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, classified as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency, from seawater samples. The cloud-point preconcentration previous separation by HPLC and quantification using fluorimetric detection and wavelength programming allow to determine these pollutants with detection limits ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 x 10(2) ng/l with RSDs better than 10.4%. The methodology is evaluated using well-established extraction and preconcentration methods and GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, Spain
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34
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Development of Fluorescent Markers Using Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Vaseline. J Forensic Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs15240j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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Li N, Lee HK. Solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water. Negative effect of humic acid. J Chromatogr A 2001; 921:255-63. [PMID: 11471809 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of humic acid on solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from surface water was studied. The hydrophobic PAHs show significant association with humic acid, and this was confirmed to be the cause of negative effect when conventional reversed-phase solid-phase extraction (RP-SPE) was employed to extract the analytes from aqueous samples. As an alternative, dynamic ion-exchange (DIE) SPE could simultaneously extract both the fraction of the analytes which was associated with humic acid, and that which was freely dissolved. Using the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs as model compounds, the recoveries of the highly hydrophobic components by DIE-SPE were 10-30% higher than those by RP-SPE for a 1000-ml water sample dissolved with Aldrich humic acid (of 4.1 mg/l dissolved organic carbon content). A similar result was also obtained for 500 ml of natural surface water although the difference in recoveries between the two methods for this sample was smaller than that for the simulated sample. For validation of the method, the artifacts in connection with DIE-SPE in extracting the fraction of analytes which was freely dissolved and that which was associated with humic acid were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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36
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Application of stir bar sorptive extraction in combination with column liquid chromatography for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00895-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Carabias-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Moreno-Cordero B, Pérez-Pavón JL, García-Pinto C, Fernández Laespada E. Surfactant cloud point extraction and preconcentration of organic compounds prior to chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:251-65. [PMID: 11192158 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of preconcentration steps based on phase separation by the cloud point technique offers a convenient alternative to more conventional extraction systems. It has been used successfully for the preconcentration of species of widely differing character and nature, such as metal ions, proteins and other biomaterials, or organic compounds of strongly differing polarity. Here we address the most recent analytical applications of this methodology when used as an isolation and trace enrichment step prior to the analysis of organic compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated compounds, pesticides, phenolic derivatives, aromatic amines, vitamins, etc.) via liquid and gas chromatography or capillary electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Carabias-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, School of Chemistry, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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38
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Abstract
Among the environmental areas, in this review attention will be focused on water matrices and both on organic (e.g., pesticides, herbicides, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), inorganic species and anion pollutants, since these kinds of substances include a wide number of compounds with different physical and chemical properties and different effects on human health. Analytical methods for control of quality of waters are required to be highly specific and possibly highly sensitive for the determination of even low amounts of pollutants. The main problems encountered during the analysis are the separation of matrix components from the pollutants of interest and the achievement of low detection limits. Therefore an overview on different materials and techniques available for sample concentration and/or matrix removal will be provided and discussed according to the chemical characteristics of the pollutant that has to be enriched.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bruzzoniti
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Turin, Italy
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39
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Popp P, Bauer C, Möder M, Paschke A. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waste water by off-line coupling of solid-phase microextraction with column liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2000; 897:153-9. [PMID: 11128198 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in waste water using solvent-free solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is described. The PAHs are extracted with a 100 microm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber, desorbed in 40 microl acetonitrile and measured with LC and fluorescence detection. The detection limits of this very simple method under the given conditions (extraction from 5 ml sample, extraction time 1 h) are in the range of 1-6 ng l(-1). The standard deviations (n = 6) at a concentration level of 0.8 microg l(-1) are between 1.8 and 14.4%. The procedure was used for the determination of PAHs in contaminated water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Popp
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Leipzig, Germany.
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40
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Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) for two groups of polyaromatic compounds--polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and naphthalenesulfonates--with completely different problems in the extraction process are reviewed. The sorbents used in each case and the different steps of SPE are studied. Particular problems encountered in the SPE of each group are described. Adsorption problems of PAHs which require an organic solvent or a surfactant to be added to the sample are explained. The need of ion-pair solid-phase extraction for extracting naphthalenesulfonates and the influence of the inorganic species in the extraction are discussed. The on-line systems are described for both group of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Marcé
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
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41
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Surface water preparation procedure for chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. Talanta 1999; 50:985-91. [DOI: 10.1016/s0039-9140(99)00193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/1998] [Revised: 03/30/1999] [Accepted: 06/24/1999] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Miège C, Bouzige M, Nicol S, Dugay J, Pichon V, Hennion MC. Selective immunoclean-up followed by liquid or gas chromatography for the monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban waste water and sewage sludges used for soil amendment. J Chromatogr A 1999; 859:29-39. [PMID: 10563413 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A selective clean-up procedure using immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction was applied for the trace-level determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban waste water and sewage sludges used for soil amendment. Anti-pyrene antibodies have been immobilized on a silica-based sorbent and the cross-reactivity of the antibodies towards structurally related compounds were allowed to extract the whole class of priority PAHs. The selectivity of the antibodies provided clean extracts from sludges and, therefore, the identification and quantification were shown to be easier using either liquid chromatography (LC) with UV diode array and fluorescence detection in series or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), although some loss of up to 50% was observed for the clean-up. The identification of the PAHs by matching of UV and MS spectra was greatly improved. The procedure, including immunoclean-up and LC coupled to diode array and fluorescence detection, was validated using certified reference materials with native PAHs of concentrations in the range of 0.57-2.16 mg/kg (dry sludges).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Miège
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique (CNRS 657), Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de Paris, France.
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43
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Hennion MC. Solid-phase extraction: method development, sorbents, and coupling with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:3-54. [PMID: 10526783 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to provide updated information about the most important features of the new solid-phase extraction (SPE) materials, their interaction mode and their potential for modern SPE. First, the recent developments are given in formats, phases, automation, high throughput purpose and set-up of new types of procedures. Emphasis is then placed on the large choice of sorbents for trapping analytes over a wide range of polarities, such as highly cross-linked copolymers, functionalized copolymers, graphitized carbons or some specific n-alkylsilicas. The method development is given which is based on prediction from liquid chromatographic retention data or solvation parameters in order to determine the main parameters of any sequence (type and amount of sorbent, sample volume which can be applied without loss of recovery, composition and volume of the clean-up solution, composition and volume of the desorption solution). Obtaining extracts free from matrix interferences in a few steps--one step when possible--is now included in the development of SPE procedure. New selective phases such as mixed-mode and restricted access matrix sorbents or emerging phases such as immunosorbents or molecularly imprinted polymers are reviewed. Selectivity obtained by combining two sorbents is described with the use of ion-exchange or ion-pair sorbents. Special attention is given to complete automation of the SPE sequence with its on-line coupling with liquid chromatography followed by various detection modes. This represents a fast, modern and reliable approach to trace analysis. Many examples illustrate the various features of modern SPE which are discussed in this review. They have been selected in both biological and environmental areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hennion
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie de Paris, France.
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44
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Quina FH, Hinze WL. Surfactant-Mediated Cloud Point Extractions: An Environmentally Benign Alternative Separation Approach. Ind Eng Chem Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ie980389n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank H. Quina
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, P.O. Box 7486, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109
| | - Willie L. Hinze
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, P.O. Box 7486, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109
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45
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Casero I, Sicilia D, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. An Acid-Induced Phase Cloud Point Separation Approach Using Anionic Surfactants for the Extraction and Preconcentration of Organic Compounds. Anal Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ac990106g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Casero
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, Avda San Alberto Magno s/n, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - D. Sicilia
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, Avda San Alberto Magno s/n, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - S. Rubio
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, Avda San Alberto Magno s/n, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - D. Pérez-Bendito
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, Avda San Alberto Magno s/n, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain
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46
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van Bommel MR, de Jong AP, Tjaden UR, Irth H, van der Greef J. Enzyme amplification as detection tool in continuous-flow systems. II. On-line coupling of liquid chromatography to enzyme-amplified biochemical detection after pre-column derivatization with biotin. J Chromatogr A 1999; 855:397-409. [PMID: 10519083 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-amplified biochemical detection (EA-BCD) was used as a post-column detection technique, coupled on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The enzyme detection system was developed to detect biotin or biotin containing compounds. Biotinylation is widely used to label analytes of interest ranging from small molecules to proteins and DNA. Naphthalene aldehyde and anthracene aldehyde were used as model compounds. Both compounds were biotinylated off-line with biotin aminocaproic hydrazide (BACH). On-column biotinylation was performed by preconcentration of anthracene aldehyde on copper phthalocyanine. After biotinylation, samples were introduced to the HPLC system. Enzyme-labeled streptavidin, which possesses high affinity to biotin, was added post-column to the HPLC effluent. Excess of enzyme-labeled affinity protein was removed by means of an immobilized biotin column. After separation of free and bound fraction, substrate was added, which was converted to a fluorescent product by the enzyme label. Using alkaline phosphatase as an enzyme label, a mass detection limit after on-column preconcentration and biotinylation of 250 fmol was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R van Bommel
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center of Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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47
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48
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Manoli E, Samara C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in natural waters: sources, occurrence and analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(99)00111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Sicilia D, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D, Maniasso N, Zagatto E. Anionic surfactants in acid media: a new cloud point extraction approach for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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50
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Ferrer R, Guiteras J, Beltrán J. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples by synchronous fluorescence. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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