1
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Mayers JR, Varon J, Zhou RR, Daniel-Ivad M, Beaulieu C, Bhosle A, Glasser NR, Lichtenauer FM, Ng J, Vera MP, Huttenhower C, Perrella MA, Clish CB, Zhao SD, Baron RM, Balskus EP. A metabolomics pipeline highlights microbial metabolism in bloodstream infections. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)00579-8. [PMID: 38885650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The growth of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) highlights an urgent need to identify bacterial pathogenic functions that may be targets for clinical intervention. Although severe infections profoundly alter host metabolism, prior studies have largely ignored microbial metabolism in this context. Here, we describe an iterative, comparative metabolomics pipeline to uncover microbial metabolic features in the complex setting of a host and apply it to investigate gram-negative bloodstream infection (BSI) in patients. We find elevated levels of bacterially derived acetylated polyamines during BSI and discover the enzyme responsible for their production (SpeG). Blocking SpeG activity reduces bacterial proliferation and slows pathogenesis. Reduction of SpeG activity also enhances bacterial membrane permeability and increases intracellular antibiotic accumulation, allowing us to overcome AMR in culture and in vivo. This study highlights how tools to study pathogen metabolism in the natural context of infection can reveal and prioritize therapeutic strategies for addressing challenging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared R Mayers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jack Varon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ruixuan R Zhou
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Martin Daniel-Ivad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Amrisha Bhosle
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Glasser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Julie Ng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mayra Pinilla Vera
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark A Perrella
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sihai D Zhao
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Rebecca M Baron
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Emily P Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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2
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Sadek ASM, Farghaly DS, Kadada H, Mashaal A. Immunomodulatory potential of Sarcophaga argyostoma larval hemolymph as a natural alternative to berenil in treating Trypanosoma evansi in vivo. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6972. [PMID: 38521853 PMCID: PMC10960805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared effects of diminazene aceturate (berenil), commonly used to treat domestic animals infected with Trypanosoma evansi, with the hemolymph of Sarcophaga argyostoma larva. The hemolymph may be acting as a possible natural alternative to berenil, based on immunomodulation mediated inflammatory response. Inflammatory mediators and histopathological changes in liver, kidney, and spleen of albino mice experimentally infected with T. evansi were studied. Mice were divided into five groups: G1, uninfected, untreated (negative control); G2, T. evansi infected (positive control); G3, infected and treated with berenil; G4, infected and treated with hemolymph; G5, infected and treated with hemolymph 3 days before infection (prophylactic group). Animals in (G4) and (G5) exhibited a significant overall reduction in serum levels of IFN-γ. However, the reduction in TNF-α and IL-6 levels was more limited compared to (G2) and (G3). Notably, an elevation in IL-10 levels was observed compared to animals in other groups. Furthermore, the groups treated with hemolymph demonstrated an alleviation of T. evansi infection in contrast to the other groups. This study highlights that the administration of Sarcophaga argyostoma larval hemolymph at a dosage of 0.5 ml/kg significantly inhibited T. evansi organisms in vivo, showcasing a pronounced trypanocidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Shaimaa M Sadek
- Parasitology, Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science (for Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Doaa S Farghaly
- Medical Entomology, Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science (for Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala Kadada
- Taxonomy, Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science (for Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alya Mashaal
- Immunology, Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science (for Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Gharbaran R, Sayibou Z, Atamturktur S, Ofosu-Mensah JJ, Soto J, Boodhan N, Kolya S, Onwumere O, Chang L, Somenarain L, Redenti S. Diminazene aceturate-induced cytotoxicity is associated with the deregulation of cell cycle signaling and downregulation of oncogenes Furin, c-MYC, and FOXM1 in human cervical carcinoma Hela cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23527. [PMID: 37681557 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Diminazene aceturate (DIZE) is an FDA-listed small molecule known for the treatment of African sleeping sickness. In vivo studies showed that DIZE may be beneficial for a range of human ailments. However, there is very limited information on the effects of DIZE on human cancer cells. The current study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic responses of DIZE, using the human carcinoma Hela cell line. WST-1 cell proliferation assay showed that DIZE inhibited the viability of Hela cells in a dose-dependent manner and the observed response was associated with the downregulation of Ki67 and PCNA cell proliferation markers. DIZE-treated cells stained with acridine orange-ethidium and JC-10 dye revealed cell death and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm), compared with DMSO (vehicle) control, respectively. Cellular immunofluorescence staining of DIZE-treated cells showed upregulation of caspase 3 activities. DIZE-treated cells showed downregulation of mRNA for G1/S genes CCNA2 and CDC25A, S-phase genes MCM3 and PLK4, and G2/S phase transition/mitosis genes Aurka and PLK1. These effects were associated with decreased mRNA expression of Furin, c-Myc, and FOXM1 oncogenes. These results suggested that DIZE may be considered for its effects on other cancer types. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effect of DIZE on human cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Gharbaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College/City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College/City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Zouberou Sayibou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College/City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Seher Atamturktur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College/City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jeithy Jason Ofosu-Mensah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College/City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - John Soto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College/City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas Boodhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College/City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Saaimah Kolya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College/City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Onyekwere Onwumere
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College/City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Biology Doctoral Program, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lynne Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College/City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Latchman Somenarain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College/City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Stephen Redenti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College/City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Biology Doctoral Program, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
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4
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Mayers JR, Varon J, Zhou RR, Daniel-Ivad M, Beaulieu C, Bholse A, Glasser NR, Lichtenauer FM, Ng J, Vera MP, Huttenhower C, Perrella MA, Clish CB, Zhao SD, Baron RM, Balskus EP. Identification and targeting of microbial putrescine acetylation in bloodstream infections. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.21.558834. [PMID: 37790300 PMCID: PMC10542159 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.558834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has highlighted an urgent need to identify bacterial pathogenic functions that may be targets for clinical intervention. Although severe bacterial infections profoundly alter host metabolism, prior studies have largely ignored alterations in microbial metabolism in this context. Performing metabolomics on patient and mouse plasma samples, we identify elevated levels of bacterially-derived N-acetylputrescine during gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSI), with higher levels associated with worse clinical outcomes. We discover that SpeG is the bacterial enzyme responsible for acetylating putrescine and show that blocking its activity reduces bacterial proliferation and slows pathogenesis. Reduction of SpeG activity enhances bacterial membrane permeability and results in increased intracellular accumulation of antibiotics, allowing us to overcome AMR of clinical isolates both in culture and in vivo. This study highlights how studying pathogen metabolism in the natural context of infection can reveal new therapeutic strategies for addressing challenging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared R. Mayers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | - Jack Varon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Ruixuan R. Zhou
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA 61820
| | - Martin Daniel-Ivad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142
| | | | - Amrisha Bholse
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Nathaniel R. Glasser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
| | | | - Julie Ng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Mayra Pinilla Vera
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark A. Perrella
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Clary B. Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142
| | - Sihai D. Zhao
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA 61820
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA 61820
| | - Rebecca M. Baron
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Emily P. Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 02138
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Mdachi RE, Ogolla KO, Auma JE, Wamwiri FN, Kurgat RK, Wanjala KB, Mugunieri LG, Alusi PM, Chemuliti JK, Mukiria PW, Okoth SO. Variation of sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi isolates from Isiolo and Marsabit counties of Kenya to locally available trypanocidal drugs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281180. [PMID: 36730273 PMCID: PMC9894490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanocidal resistance is a major cause of treatment failure. This study evaluated the sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi field isolates collected from Marsabit and Isiolo counties, Kenya. A total of 2,750 camels were screened using parasitological tests for trypanosomes. Of the screened camels, 113 tested positive from which 40 T. evansi isolates were tested using the single dose mice sensitivity test. Five treatment groups each comprising of 6 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1x105 trypanosomes of each isolate and treated 24 hours later with isometamidium chloride at 1 mg/kg, homidium chloride at 1mg/kg, diminazene aceturate at 20 mg/kg and quinapyramine sulphate & chloride at 1 mg/kg. The fifth group was left untreated (positive control). The mice were monitored daily for 60 days. A survey on camel owners' practices that influence development of resistance to trypanocidal drugs was then conducted. Results indicated presence of drug resistance in all the 7 study sites that had infected camels. Seven of the isolates tested were resistant to diminazene aceturate whereas, 28, 33 and 34 were resistant to isometamidium chloride, quinapyramine sulphate & chloride and homidium chloride, respectively. Seven (17.5%) isolates of the 40 tested were sensitive to all 4 drugs, whereas, 7.5%, 10%,55% and 10% were resistant to 1,2,3 and 4 drugs, respectively. The prevalence of multiple drug resistance was 75%. Survey data indicated that camel management practices influenced the prevalence and degree of drug resistance. In conclusion, the multiple drug resistance observed in the two counties may not be an indication of total trypanocidal drug failure. Judicious treatment of confirmed trypanosomiasis cases with correct dosage would still be effective in controlling the disease since the observed resistance was at the population and not clonal level. However, integrated control of the disease and the vectors using available alternative methods is recommended to reduce drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sylvance O. Okoth
- East African Science and Technology Commission (EASTECO)\East African Community, Kigali, Rwanda
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6
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Kandeel M, Al-Taher A, Venugopala KN, Marzok M, Morsy M, Nagaraja S. Camel Proteins and Enzymes: A Growing Resource for Functional Evolution and Environmental Adaptation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:911511. [PMID: 35903143 PMCID: PMC9315206 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.911511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In less agroecological parts of the Asian, Arabian, and African deserts, Camelus dromedarius play an important role in human survival. For many years, camels have been employed as a source of food, a tool of transportation, and a means of defense. They are becoming increasingly important as viable livestock animals in many desert climates. With the help of camel genetics, genomics and proteomics known so far, this review article will summarize camel enzymes and proteins, which allow them to thrive under varied harsh environmental situations. An in-depth study of the dromedary genome revealed the existence of protein-coding and fast-developing genes that govern a variety of metabolic responses including lipid and protein metabolism, glucoamylase, flavin-containing monooxygenase and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase are other metabolic enzymes found in the small intestine, liver, pancreas, and spleen. In addition, we will discuss the handling of common medications by camel liver cytochrome p 450, which are different from human enzymes. Moreover, camels developed several paths to get optimum levels of trace elements like copper, zinc, selenium, etc., which have key importance in their body for normal regulation of metabolic events. Insulin tolerance, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, xenobiotics metabolizing enzymes, vimentin functions, behavior during the rutting season, resistance to starvation and changes in blood composition and resistance to water loss were among the attractive aspects of camel enzymes and proteins peculiarities in the camels. Resolving the enigma of the method of adaptation and the molecular processes linked with camel life is still a developing repository full of mysteries that need additional exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Abdulla Al-Taher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Sreeharsha Nagaraja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
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7
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Diall O, Desquesnes M, Faye B, Dia ML, Jacquiet P, Sazmand A, Otranto D, Touratier L. Development of a progressive control pathway for Trypanosoma evansi infection (surra) in camels in Africa. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Zhang X, Jia F, Ma W, Li X, Zhou X. DAD3 targets ACE2 to inhibit the MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways and protect against LPS-induced inflammation in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet Res 2022; 53:104. [PMID: 36482404 PMCID: PMC9733329 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the ACE 2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis, has become a new anti-inflammatory target. As a specific activator of ACE2, diminazene aceturate (DA) can promote anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis. However, due to the reported toxicity of DA, its application has been limited. In the current study, we synthesized a low toxicity DA derivative 3 (DAD3) and sought to determine whether DAD3 can also activate ACE2 in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) and regulate the RAS system to inhibit inflammation. We found that both DA and DAD3 can activate and promote ACE2 expression in BMEC. iRNA-mediated knockdown of ACE2 demonstrated that DAD3 activates the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis and plays an anti-inflammatory role in BMEC. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of DA and DAD3 on the protein phosphorylation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways were reduced in ACE2-silenced BMEC. Our findings show that ACE2 is a target of DAD3, which leads to inhibition of the MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways and protects against LPS-induced inflammation in BMEC. Thus, DAD3 may provide a new strategy to treat dairy cow mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zhang
- grid.260987.20000 0001 2181 583XKey Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
| | - Fang Jia
- grid.260987.20000 0001 2181 583XKey Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China ,grid.410612.00000 0004 0604 6392Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110 China
| | - Weiwu Ma
- grid.260987.20000 0001 2181 583XKey Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
| | - Xueqiang Li
- grid.260987.20000 0001 2181 583XKey Laboratory of Energy Sources and Chemical Engineering, Development Center of Natural Products and Medication and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 China
| | - Xuezhang Zhou
- grid.260987.20000 0001 2181 583XKey Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
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9
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da Silva Oliveira GL, da Silva APDSCL. Evaluation of the non-clinical toxicity of an antiparasitic agent: diminazene aceturate. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2003-2013. [PMID: 33685320 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1894741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The diminazene aceturate (C14H15N7.2C4H7NO3) is a chemotherapeutic agent with more than six decades of use, however more studies regarding its toxicity still need to be performed. Thus, the present study determined the acute toxicity (14 days) of diminazene acetate (DIZE) in male and female swiss mice by changes in body mass, food consumption, biochemical and hematological parameters, locomotor activity and motor coordination. DIZE was administered at a single dose (1000 and 2000 mg/kg) orally. In addition, in vitro antioxidant capacity, hemolytic activity, toxicity in Artemia salina and in silico evaluation were also performed. The results obtained include several signs of toxicity (hypoactivity, loss of the straightening reflex and tachycardia), reduction of behavioral activity (locomotor activity and motor coordination) and significant changes (p < 0.05) in biochemical and hematological parameters. According to the in silico study, the DIZE can be classified based on the mean lethal dose (LD50) in category 4 (300 mg/kg < LD50 ≤ 2000 mg/kg, ProTox-II) or 3 (50 mg/kg < LD50 ≤ 300 mg/kg, AdmetSAR 1.0). Additionally, DIZE (30.3-969.9 nM) was not toxic to A. salina in the first 48 hours of treatment and was not cytotoxic to rat red blood cells after induced hemolysis. In vitro results indicated low antioxidant capacity against DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals. Therefore, DIZE induces several adverse effects with influence on the central nervous system, changes in hematological and biochemical parameters and even mortality at the highest dose. However, absence of toxicity was observed in A. salina and rats red blood cells.
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10
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El-Khaldi AT, Homeida AM. Effects of androgens and rutting season on drug metabolizing enzymes in dromedary camels. Anim Reprod 2020; 17:e20190119. [PMID: 32714453 PMCID: PMC7375875 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2019-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of rutting season on metabolism of testosterone (T) and its effect on drug metabolizing enzymes in dromedary camels. Serum and tissue samples were collected from liver, testes and poll glands of rutting and non- rutting camels treated with T at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg or 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg, given intramuscularly for 7 days. Liver samples were also used to monitor drug metabolizing enzymes. Testosterone and DHT concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) increased in testicular tissue and peripheral circulation of rutting camels compared to non-rutting camels and in non-rutting camels treated with T or DHT. Drug metabolizing enzymes of phase-1 reaction were significantly (P<0.05) inhibited in livers of rutting camels and in non-rutting camels treated with T and DHT. It is suggested that co-administration of drugs metabolized by oxidation with androgens should be avoided. Such drugs may cause adverse drug reaction in rutting camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Thamer El-Khaldi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelgadir Musa Homeida
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Boushaki D, Adel A, Dia ML, Büscher P, Madani H, Brihoum BA, Sadaoui H, Bouayed N, Kechemir Issad N. Epidemiological investigations on Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels in the South of Algeria. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02086. [PMID: 31372547 PMCID: PMC6656995 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemiological study of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) infection in dromedaries was conducted in four wilayate (localities) of Southern Algeria: Béchar, El Bayadh, Ouargla, Tamanrasset. Between February 2014 and April 2016, 1056 camels of different ages and both sexes from 84 herds were sampled. The prevalence was determined through parasitological examination (Giemsa stained thin smear, GST), serological tests (CATT/T. evansi, ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2, immune trypanolysis), and molecular tests (T. evansi type A specific RoTat 1.2 PCR and T. evansi type B specific EVAB PCR). The overall prevalence was 2.4 % with GST, 32.4% with CATT/T. evansi, 23.1% with ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2, 21.0% with immune trypanolysis (TL), 11.2 % with RoTat 1.2 PCR and 0% with EVAB PCR. El Bayadh was the most affected wilaya with 11.8% positives in GST, 74.9% in CATT/T. evansi, 70.1% in ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2 and 62.2% in immune trypanolysis. Only in Béchar, a non-significantly higher prevalence (13.6%) was observed with RoTat1.2 PCR than in El Bayadh (13.0%). We didn't find any evidence of the presence of T. evansi type B in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Boushaki
- Inspection Vétérinaire de la Wilaya d’Alger, Direction des Services Agricoles, Ministère de l’Agriculture, du Développement Rural et de la Pêche, Alger, Algeria
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
- Laboratoire de biodiversité et environnement, Interaction génomes, Faculté des sciences biologiques, Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumediène, Alger, Algeria
| | - Amel Adel
- Université Blida1, Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, B.P. 270, Route de Soumaa, Blida, Algeria
| | | | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hafsa Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Brahim Aymard Brihoum
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Vétérinaire Régional, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Hassiba Sadaoui
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Nadera Bouayed
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Nadia Kechemir Issad
- Laboratoire de biodiversité et environnement, Interaction génomes, Faculté des sciences biologiques, Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumediène, Alger, Algeria
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Velkoska E, Patel SK, Griggs K, Burrell LM. Diminazene Aceturate Improves Cardiac Fibrosis and Diastolic Dysfunction in Rats with Kidney Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161760. [PMID: 27571511 PMCID: PMC5003360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 is a negative regulator of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) through its role to degrade angiotensin II. In rats with subtotal nephrectomy (STNx), adverse cardiac remodelling occurs despite elevated cardiac ACE2 activity. We hypothesised that diminazene aceturate (DIZE), which has been described as having an off-target effect to activate ACE2, would have beneficial cardiac effects in STNx rats. STNx led to hypertension, diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and increased cardiac ACE, ACE2, Ang II and Ang 1-7 levels. Cardiac gene expression of ADAM17 was also increased. In STNx, two-weeks of subcutaneous DIZE (15mg/kg/d) had no effect on blood pressure but improved diastolic dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis, reduced ADAM17 mRNA and shifted the cardiac RAS balance to a cardioprotective profile with reduced ACE and Ang II. There was no change in cardiac ACE2 activity or in cardiac Ang 1-7 levels with DIZE. In conclusion, our results suggest that DIZE exerts a protective effect on the heart under the pathological condition of kidney injury. This effect was not due to improved kidney function, a fall in blood pressure or a reduction in LVH but was associated with a reduction in cardiac ACE and cardiac Ang II levels. As in vitro studies showed no direct effect of DIZE on ACE2 or ACE activity, the precise mechanism of action of DIZE remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Velkoska
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheila K. Patel
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Griggs
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M. Burrell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Combination of diminazene aceturate and resveratrol reduces the toxic effects of chemotherapy in treating Trypanosoma evansi infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-015-2154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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14
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Altaher Y, Nakanishi M, Kandeel M. Annotation of Camel Genome for Estimation of Drug Binding Power, Evolution and Adaption of Cytochrome P450 1a2. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2015.243.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Altaher Y, Kandeel M. Molecular analysis of some camel cytochrome P450 enzymes reveals lower evolution and drug-binding properties. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:115-24. [PMID: 25640974 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1014423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Camels bear unique genotypes and phenotypes for adaptation of their harsh environment. They have unique visual systems, sniffing, water metabolism, and heat-control mechanisms that are different from other creatures. The recent announcement for the complete sequence of camel genome will allow for the discovery of many secrets of camel life. In this context, the genetic bases of camel drug-metabolizing enzymes are still unknown. Furthermore, the genomic content of camel that rendered it highly susceptible to some drugs (as monensin and salinomycin) and became easily intoxicated needs to be investigated. The objectives of this work are the annotation of camel genome and retrieval of camel for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, 2C, and 3A enzymes. This is followed by comprehensive phylogenetic, evolution, molecular modeling, and docking studies. In comparison with the human enzymes, camel CYPs showed lower evolution rate, especially CYP1A1. Furthermore, the binding of monensin, salinomycin, alfa-naphthoflavone, felodepine, and ritonavir was weaker in camel enzymes. Interestingly, rerank score indicated instable binding of monensin and salinomycin with camel CYP1A1 as well as salinomycin with camel CYP2C. The results of this work suggest that camels are more susceptible to toxicity with compounds undergoing metabolic oxidation. This conclusion was based on lower evolution rate and lower binding potency of camels compared with the human enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Altaher
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources , King Faisal University , Alhofuf, Alahsa , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology , King Faisal University , Alhofuf, Alahsa , Saudi Arabia.,c Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Kafrelshikh University , Kafrelshikh 33516 , Egypt
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16
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Lucchesini F, Pocci M, Alfei S, Bertini V, Buffoni F. Synthesis of 2,6-disubstituted benzylamine derivatives as reversible selective inhibitors of copper amine oxidases. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1558-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lewis KM, Cohn LA, Marr HS, Birkenheuer AJ. Failure of efficacy and adverse events associated with dose-intense diminazene diaceturate treatment of chronic Cytauxzoon felis infection in five cats. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 16:157-63. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13502974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytauxzoon felis is a hemoprotozoan parasite of cats. While many infected cats die of acute illness, some enter a chronic carrier state. To date, no treatment has been documented to clear the chronic carrier state, leaving recovered cats to act as a potential indirect source of infection via a tick vector. Diminazene diaceturate is an anti-protozoal therapy that has been suggested for use in the treatment of acute cytauxzoonosis, but which failed to clear the carrier state at the dose used in acute illness. We hypothesized that a dose-intensified regimen of diminazene could reduce or eliminate parasitemia from five domestic cats naturally infected with C felis. Cats were administered 4 mg/kg of diminazene diaceturate intramuscularly for 5 consecutive days. Clearance of the organism was assessed via semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and light microscopy 1, 3, 6 and 10 weeks after starting treatment. Additionally, cats were monitored for adverse drug reactions by daily observation and examination. Complete blood count, biochemical profile and urinalysis were performed at 1, 3 and 10 weeks. Adverse events were common and included profuse salivation and nausea at the time of injection, monoparesis in the injected leg, proteinuria and potential hepatotoxicity. Severity of parasitemia was not reduced. Diminazene diaceturate cannot be recommended for elimination of the carrier state of C felis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Lewis
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Columbia, MO, USA
- Current address: South Texas Veterinary Specialists, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Leah A Cohn
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Henry S Marr
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Adam J Birkenheuer
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Qi Y, Zhang J, Cole-Jeffrey CT, Shenoy V, Espejo A, Hanna M, Song C, Pepine CJ, Katovich MJ, Raizada MK. Diminazene aceturate enhances angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and attenuates ischemia-induced cardiac pathophysiology. Hypertension 2013; 62:746-52. [PMID: 23959549 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays a critical role against myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesized that activation of intrinsic ACE2 would be protective against ischemia-induced cardiac pathophysiology. Diminazene aceturate (DIZE), a small molecule ACE2 activator, has been used to evaluate this hypothesis. DIZE (15 mg/kg per day, s.c.) was injected 2 days before MI surgery and continued throughout the study period. MI rats showed a 62% decrease in fractional shortening (%; control, 51.1±3.2; DIZE alone, 52.1±3.2; MI, 19.1±3.0), a 55% decrease in contractility (dP/dtmax mm Hg/s; control, 9480±425.3; DIZE alone, 9585±597.4; MI, 4251±657.7), and a 27% increase in ventricular hypertrophy (mg/mm; control, 26.5±1.5; DIZE alone, 26.9±1.4; MI, 33.4±1.1). DIZE attenuated the MI-induced decrease in fractional shortening by 89%, improved dP/dtmax by 92%, and reversed ventricular hypertrophy by 18%. MI also significantly increased ACE and angiotensin type 1 receptor levels but decreased ACE2 activity by 40% (control, 246.2±25.1; DIZE alone, 254.2±20.6; MI, 148.9±29.2; RFU/min), which was reversed by DIZE treatment. Thus, DIZE treatment decreased the infarct area, attenuated LV remodeling post-MI, and restored normal balance of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system. In addition, DIZE treatment increased circulating endothelial progenitor cells, increased engraftment of cardiac progenitor cells, and decreased inflammatory cells in peri-infarct cardiac regions. All of the beneficial effects associated with DIZE treatment were abolished by C-16, an ACE2 inhibitor. Collectively, DIZE and DIZE-like small molecules may represent promising new therapeutic agents for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Qi
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610.
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Ahmad AF, Heaselgrave W, Andrew PW, Kilvington S. The In Vitro Efficacy of Antimicrobial Agents Against the Pathogenic Free-Living Amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2013; 60:539-43. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arine F. Ahmad
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation; University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Building; University Road Leicester LE1 9HN United Kingdom
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Building; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Wayne Heaselgrave
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation; University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Building; University Road Leicester LE1 9HN United Kingdom
- Institute of Science and the Environment; University of Worcester, Henwick Grove; Worcester WR2 6AJ United Kingdom
| | - Peter W. Andrew
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation; University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Building; University Road Leicester LE1 9HN United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kilvington
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation; University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Building; University Road Leicester LE1 9HN United Kingdom
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20
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Kuriakose S, Muleme HM, Onyilagha C, Singh R, Jia P, Uzonna JE. Diminazene aceturate (Berenil) modulates the host cellular and inflammatory responses to Trypanosoma congolense infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48696. [PMID: 23144931 PMCID: PMC3492428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma congolense are extracellular and intravascular blood parasites that cause debilitating acute or chronic disease in cattle and other domestic animals. Diminazene aceturate (Berenil) has been widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent for trypanosomiasis in livestock since 1955. As in livestock, treatment of infected highly susceptible BALB/c mice with Berenil leads to rapid control of parasitemia and survival from an otherwise lethal infection. The molecular and biochemical mechanisms of action of Berenil are still not very well defined and its effect on the host immune system has remained relatively unstudied. Here, we investigated whether Berenil has, in addition to its trypanolytic effect, a modulatory effect on the host immune response to Trypanosoma congolense. Methodology/Principal Findings BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were infected intraperitoneally with T. congolense, treated with Berenil and the expression of CD25 and FoxP3 on splenic cells was assessed directly ex vivo. In addition, serum levels and spontaneous and LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by splenic and hepatic CD11b+ cells were determined by ELISA. Berenil treatment significantly reduced the percentages of CD25+ cells, a concomitant reduction in the percentage of regulatory (CD4+Foxp3+) T cells and a striking reduction in serum levels of disease exacerbating pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-12, TNF and IFN-γ. Furthermore, Berenil treatment significantly suppressed spontaneous and LPS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines by splenic and liver macrophages and significantly ameliorated LPS-induced septic shock and the associated cytokine storm. Conclusions/Significance Collectively, these results provide evidence that in addition to its direct trypanolytic effect, Berenil also modulates the host immune response to the parasite in a manner that dampen excessive immune activation and production of pathology-promoting pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that this drug may also be beneficial for treatment of disease conditions caused by excessive production of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiby Kuriakose
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Helen M. Muleme
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Rani Singh
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ping Jia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jude E. Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lewis K, Cohn L, Marr H, Birkenheuer A. Diminazene Diaceturate for Treatment of ChronicCytauxzoon felisParasitemia in Naturally Infected Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1490-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K.M. Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia; MO
| | - L.A. Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia; MO
| | - H.S. Marr
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh; NC
| | - A.J. Birkenheuer
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh; NC
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22
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Oguejiofor CF, Ochiogu IS, Umeoduagu CJ. Increasing doses of diminazene aceturate: adverse reproductive effects in female Wistar rats. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(10)60213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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23
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Lapidge SJ, Eason CT, Humphrys ST. A review of chemical, biological and fertility control options for the camel in Australia. RANGELAND JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/rj09033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since their introduction to Australia in 1840 the one-humped camel, Camelus dromedarius, has gone from the colonist’s companion to a conservationist’s conundrum in the fragile arid ecosystems of Australia. Current management techniques are failing to curb present population growth and alternatives must be sought. This review assess the applicability of currently registered and developmental vertebrate pesticides and fertility control agents for camel control, as well as examining the potential usefulness of known C. dromedarius diseases for biological control. Not surprisingly, little is known about the lethality of most vertebrate pesticides used in Australia to camels. More has been published on adverse reactions to pharmaceuticals used in agriculture and the racing industry. An examination of the literature on C. dromedarius diseases, such as camel pox virus, contagious ecthyma and papillomatosis, indicates that the infections generally result in high morbidity but not necessarily mortality and this alone may not justify their consideration for use in Australia. The possibility exists that other undiscovered or unstudied biological control agents from other camilid species may offer greater potential for population control. As a long-lived species the camel is also not ideally suited to fertility control. Notwithstanding, anti-fertility agents may have their place in preventing the re-establishment of camel populations once they have been reduced through mechanical, biological or chemical means. Delivery of any generic chemical or fertility control agent will, however, require a species-tailored pathway and an appropriate large-scale deployment method. Accordingly, we put forward avenues of investigation to yield improved tools for camel control.
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McGrath AP, Hilmer KM, Collyer CA, Shepard EM, Elmore BO, Brown DE, Dooley DM, Guss JM. Structure and inhibition of human diamine oxidase. Biochemistry 2009; 48:9810-22. [PMID: 19764817 DOI: 10.1021/bi9014192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Humans have three functioning genes that encode copper-containing amine oxidases. The product of the AOC1 gene is a so-called diamine oxidase (hDAO), named for its substrate preference for diamines, particularly histamine. hDAO has been cloned and expressed in insect cells and the structure of the native enzyme determined by X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 1.8 A. The homodimeric structure has the archetypal amine oxidase fold. Two active sites, one in each subunit, are characterized by the presence of a copper ion and a topaquinone residue formed by the post-translational modification of a tyrosine. Although hDAO shares 37.9% sequence identity with another human copper amine oxidase, semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase or vascular adhesion protein-1, its substrate binding pocket and entry channel are distinctly different in accord with the different substrate specificities. The structures of two inhibitor complexes of hDAO, berenil and pentamidine, have been refined to resolutions of 2.1 and 2.2 A, respectively. They bind noncovalently in the active-site channel. The inhibitor binding suggests that an aspartic acid residue, conserved in all diamine oxidases but absent from other amine oxidases, is responsible for the diamine specificity by interacting with the second amino group of preferred diamine substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P McGrath
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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25
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Bawm S, Matsuura H, Elkhateeb A, Nabeta K, Subeki, Nonaka N, Oku Y, Katakura K. In vitro antitrypanosomal activities of quassinoid compounds from the fruits of a medicinal plant, Brucea javanica. Vet Parasitol 2008; 158:288-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
A new drug molecule (IMOL 881) was synthesized and is showing interesting trypanocidal properties. The test results on animal models indicate activity against several trypanosome species, both in the veterinary and in the human medicine application fields. The species tested so far include: T. evansi, T. equiperdum, T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. The good activity combined with a relatively low toxicity results in a high therapeutic index (> 100). In addition to its curative properties, the drug also seems to exhibit a prophylactic potential, as evidenced by tests on drug treated mice, subsequently infected with T. evansi.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Maes
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, St. Genesius-Rode, Belgium
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Abstract
Chemotherapy for trypanosomiasis in domestic livestock depends on only a few compounds, of which several are chemically closely related. Of these compounds, the most widely used therapeutic agent in cattle, sheep and goats is diminazene aceturate. Diminazene was first described in 1955. Subsequently, a substantial body of data has been generated on various pharmacological aspects of the compound. In this review, we consider the current status of knowledge concerning the therapeutic spectrum of diminazene, resistance to diminazene in trypanosomes, and combination therapeutic regimens in which diminazene has been administered together with other compounds. Analytical techniques for diminazene, the pharmacokinetics of diminazene, data concerning diminazene's toxicity, and the different molecular mechanisms by which diminazene may exhibit trypanocidal action are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Peregrine
- International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), Nairobi, Kenya
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28
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Abstract
Specific recommendations for drug dosages for the camel are rare and doses for this species are usually extrapolated from those recommended for other species. The pharmacology and toxicity of drugs likely to be used in the camel needs to be further studied to ensure the efficacy and safety of these drugs in this species. Most of the reported work is on the chemotherapeutic efficacy of a few drugs long in use in other species against trypanosomiasis, mange and gastrointestinal nematodes. Areas of study most deficient are pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism. The anatomical, physiological and biochemical peculiarities of the camel warrant more pharmacological and toxicological studies in this species. This article surveys the literature on the pharmacology, toxicity and therapeutic uses of some antiparasitic and antibacterial drugs and central nervous system depressants commonly used in the camel. It appears that camels are more susceptible to the toxic action of some trypanocidal drugs than other species. In certain cases they may metabolize some drugs differently. In general, the camel appears to be a good subject for analgesics and anaesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Ali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Khartoum North, Sudan
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29
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Kuussaari J, Lindberg LA, Talanti S. Diminazene/Berenil: bioavailability and disposition in dairy goats. Acta Vet Scand 1985. [PMID: 6534166 DOI: 10.1186/bf03546926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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30
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Ali BH, Hassan T, Malik KH. A clinical evaluation of Samorin in Trypanosoma evansi infections in Camelus dromedarius. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1985; 8:208-10. [PMID: 4020952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Aliu YO, Odegaard S. Pharmacokinetics of diminazene in sheep. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS 1985; 13:173-84. [PMID: 4057056 DOI: 10.1007/bf01059397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic behavior of diminazene in plasma after administration of 2 mg/kg i.v. and 3.5 mg/kg i.m. was studied in four healthy Dala x Ryggja rams. Following i.v. injection, the data were satisfactorily described by a tri-exponential equation; the apparent volume of distribution at the steady-state was 0.56 +/- 0.04 L/Kg (mean +/- SD; n = 4); total body clearance averaged 1.1 +/- 0.09 ml/kg/min and elimination half-life was 9.30 +/- 1.40 hr. After intramuscular administration peak plasma levels of 6.30-7.57 micrograms/ml were reached in 20 to 45 min and the mean absorption time averaged 5.83 +/- 1.61 hr. Systemic availability relative to the intravenous dose was 95.10 +/- 23.21% and mean residence time averaged 14.16 +/- 1.55 hr. The partition of diminazene between erythrocytes and plasma averaged 0.64 +/- 0.10; plasma protein binding was high (65-85%) and concentration-dependent. Based on the experimental data obtained, an initial i.m. dose of 2.5 mg/kg followed by 2 mg/kg 24 hr later should be safe and effective in cases of babesiosis and trypanosomiasis sensitive to diminazene. A preslaughter withdrawal period of 14-26 days was estimated.
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Mitema ES, Maribei JM. Quinuronium induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Lett 1985; 24:53-8. [PMID: 3975929 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(85)90139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity.
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Doyle J, Moloo S, Borowy N. Development of improved control methods of animal trypanosomiasis: A review. Prev Vet Med 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-5877(84)90047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Elamin EA, Homeida AM, Adam SE, Mahmoud MM. The efficacy of berenil (diminazene aceturate) against Trypanosoma evansi infection in mice. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1982; 5:259-65. [PMID: 7183794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1982.tb00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of berenil (diminazene aceturate) was studied in experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in albino mice. The criteria used for the assessment of the anti-trypanosomal effect of berenil included the examination of the blood and tissues for T. evansi and the clinical, pathological and enzyme histochemical changes seen in the lungs, heart, liver, kidney and spleen at intervals after treatment. Single doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg of berenil given intraperitoneally or intramuscularly to infected mice produced a complete elimination of the protozoon and caused a slow tissue recovery mirrored in the persistence of lesions in different organs. Single doses of 3.5 mg/kg of berenil were less effective and none of the three dose levels of the drug used induced toxic effects in albino mice.
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