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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review fundamentals in adrenal gland histophysiology. Key findings regarding the important signaling pathways involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis and adrenal growth are summarized. We illustrate how adrenal gland morphology and function are deeply interconnected in which novel signaling pathways (Wnt, Sonic hedgehog, Notch, β-catenin) or ionic channels are required for their integrity. Emphasis is given to exploring the mechanisms and challenges underlying the regulation of proliferation, growth, and functionality. Also addressed is the fact that while it is now well-accepted that steroidogenesis results from an enzymatic shuttle between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, key questions still remain on the various aspects related to cellular uptake and delivery of free cholesterol. The significant progress achieved over the past decade regarding the precise molecular mechanisms by which the two main regulators of adrenal cortex, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and angiotensin II act on their receptors is reviewed, including structure-activity relationships and their potential applications. Particular attention has been given to crucial second messengers and how various kinases, phosphatases, and cytoskeleton-associated proteins interact to ensure homeostasis and/or meet physiological demands. References to animal studies are also made in an attempt to unravel associated clinical conditions. Many of the aspects addressed in this article still represent a challenge for future studies, their outcome aimed at providing evidence that the adrenal gland, through its steroid hormones, occupies a central position in many situations where homeostasis is disrupted, thus highlighting the relevance of exploring and understanding how this key organ is regulated. © 2014 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 4:889-964, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Koshimizu TA, Nakamura K, Egashira N, Hiroyama M, Nonoguchi H, Tanoue A. Vasopressin V1a and V1b Receptors: From Molecules to Physiological Systems. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1813-64. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurohypophysial hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) is essential for a wide range of physiological functions, including water reabsorption, cardiovascular homeostasis, hormone secretion, and social behavior. These and other actions of AVP are mediated by at least three distinct receptor subtypes: V1a, V1b, and V2. Although the antidiuretic action of AVP and V2 receptor in renal distal tubules and collecting ducts is relatively well understood, recent years have seen an increasing understanding of the physiological roles of V1a and V1b receptors. The V1a receptor is originally found in the vascular smooth muscle and the V1b receptor in the anterior pituitary. Deletion of V1a or V1b receptor genes in mice revealed that the contributions of these receptors extend far beyond cardiovascular or hormone-secreting functions. Together with extensively developed pharmacological tools, genetically altered rodent models have advanced the understanding of a variety of AVP systems. Our report reviews the findings in this important field by covering a wide range of research, from the molecular physiology of V1a and V1b receptors to studies on whole animals, including gene knockout/knockdown studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taka-aki Koshimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Egashira
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masami Hiroyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonoguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akito Tanoue
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
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Gagliardi L, Hotu C, Casey G, Braund WJ, Ling KH, Dodd T, Manavis J, Devitt PG, Cutfield R, Rudzki Z, Scott HS, Torpy DJ. Familial vasopressin-sensitive ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (VPs-AIMAH): clinical studies of three kindreds. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 70:883-91. [PMID: 19018784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cushing's syndrome due to familial ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) has been reported in small kindreds. In vasopressin-sensitive AIMAH (VPs-AIMAH), VP stimulates an aberrant, ACTH-independent increase in cortisol. The aims of this study were to (i) delineate the preclinical phenotype of VPs-AIMAH in a three-generation kindred (AIMAH-01) and two smaller kindreds (AIMAH-02 and AIMAH-03) and (ii) investigate the aetiology of VP sensitivity in AIMAH-01. DESIGN Clinical studies of three kindreds for adrenal tumours or early Cushing's and molecular studies of adrenal tumours (AIMAH-01). PATIENTS Thirty-three individuals, from three kindreds, were screened for perturbations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis or adrenal tumours. MEASUREMENTS Patients underwent clinical, biochemical and adrenal imaging investigations. Evaluation included low-dose (1 IU/70 kg) VP stimulation. Adrenal VP receptor (AVPR1A, AVPR1B, AVPR2) expression (AIMAH-01) was assessed using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC for VP was also performed. RESULTS AIMAH-01 had three siblings with Cushing's, and four individuals with suppressed ACTH/aberrant VP responses and/or adrenal nodules. In AIMAH-02, a father and son were affected. AIMAH-03 had three siblings with Cushing's. RT-PCR showed adrenal overexpression of AVPR1A and AVPR1B. IHC detected AVPR1A. The adrenal tumour from one patient also stained weakly for VP and AVPR2. CONCLUSION Adrenal nodules, suppressed ACTH and increased VP sensitivity may represent preclinical disease, allowing early detection, and treatment, of affected individuals. In AIMAH-01, increased VP sensitivity may be due to adrenal VP receptor overexpression. In these kindreds, VPs-AIMAH is familial, and autosomal dominant inheritance is most likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Gagliardi
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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Copland JA, Jeng YJ, Strakova Z, Ives KL, Hellmich MR, Soloff MS. Demonstration of functional oxytocin receptors in human breast Hs578T cells and their up-regulation through a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. Endocrinology 1999; 140:2258-67. [PMID: 10218979 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.5.6723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) receptors (OTRs) have been demonstrated in a number of human breast tumors and tumor cells, but it was not clear whether the receptors were functional. We examined the regulation and function of OTR in a tumor cell line, Hs578T, derived from human breast. These cells expressed moderate levels of OTR when cultured in 10% FBS, as demonstrated by RT-PCR and binding analyses. Serum deprivation resulted in the loss of OTRs, with no effect on cell viability. Restoration of serum and addition of 1 microM dexamethasone (DEX) increased OTR levels by about 9-fold. Up-regulation was blocked by the addition of phospholipase C and PKC inhibitors. Serum/DEX treatment also increased steady state OTR messenger RNA levels. OT increased intracellular Ca2+ in a time- and dose-responsive manner, and the effects of OT were lost when OTRs were down-regulated by serum starvation. Serum/DEX up-regulation of OTR restored the responsiveness to OT. OT also stimulated ERK-2 (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) phosphorylation and PGE2 synthesis in Hs578T cells. In addition to showing that OTRs in the breast tumor cells are functional, these studies show that Hs578T cells can be used to study molecular regulation of OTR gene expression and intracellular signaling pathways stimulated by OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Copland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1062, USA
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Xu Y, Hopfner RL, McNeill JR, Gopalakrishnan V. Vasopressin accelerates protein synthesis in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 1999; 195:183-90. [PMID: 10395082 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006961330375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been shown to promote vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia of fibroblasts. The present study examines the effect of AVP and endothelin-1 (ET-1) on protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis in primary cultures of serum deprived neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (RC) as assessed by changes in [3H] phenylalanine, [3H] thymidine, and [14C] uridine incorporation respectively. Both AVP and ET-1 evoked significant increases in protein synthesis in RC of 36 +/- 12% (p < 0.05) and 53 +/- 22% (p < 0.01) respectively. The stimulating action of AVP on [3H] phenylalanine incorporation was abolished by pretreatment with 2-nitro-4carboxyphenyl-N, N-diphenylcarbamate (NCDC), a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor. [14C] uridine incorporation was significantly higher in cells incubated with ET-1 (95 +/- 12%) but not AVP (9 +/- 11%). Neither AVP nor ET-1 significantly affected cell number or [3H]thymidine incorporation, suggesting a lack of a hyperplastic effect. AVP evoked an increase in [Ca2+]i levels (162 +/- 12 nmol/L from a basal value of 77 +/- 6 nmol/L) which was completely abolished by pretreatment with either NCDC or cyclopiazonic acid (sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ pump inhibitor) but unaffected by ryanodine (ryanodine sensitive SR Ca2+ store depletor). Taken together, these data suggest that AVP, in a PLC dependent manner, both stimulates protein synthesis and augments [Ca2+]i release in RC from ryanodine insensitive (IP3 sensitive) Ca2+ stores. Thus, AVP may promote cardiac hypertrophy via direct effects on cardiomyocyte protein synthesis secondary to IP3 mediated [Ca2+]i release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Denef C. Autocrine/Paracrine Intermediates in Hormonal Action and Modulation of Cellular Responses to Hormones. Compr Physiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Côté M, Muyldermans J, Chouinard L, Gallo-Payet N. Involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation and MAPK activation in the mechanism of action of ACTH, angiotensin II and vasopressin. Endocr Res 1998; 24:415-9. [PMID: 9888517 DOI: 10.3109/07435809809032625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ACTH, Angiotensin II (Ang II) and Vasopressin (AVP) are among the well known regulators of aldosterone secretion and also have a trophic action on the adrenal gland. According to classic studies, Ang II and AVP activate phospholipase C (PLC), diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol phosphate (InsPs) production whereas ACTH activates cAMP production. However, our data indicate that the three peptides are able to induce a time-dependent increase in the level of Tyr-phosphorylation of several proteins. Western Blot analysis indicates a biphasic activation of Tyr-phosphorylation by AVP, with a peak at 30 s and a second one at 15 min incubation. Ang II induced a rapid (2 min) and sustained activation of Tyr-phosphorylation, while ACTH induced a progressive time course with a plateau reached at 15 min. Ang II and AVP also increased phosphorylation of p42mapk and p44mapk, while ACTH did not affect MAPK activity. Moreover, pre-incubation of the cells with genistein (Tyr-kinase inhibitor) and PD 098059 (a MAPK inhibitor) did not affect InsPs production or aldosterone secretion induced by Ang II or AVP. These results suggest that the MAPK pathway is involved in the control of cell growth rather than aldosterone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Côté
- Service of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Arnaldi G, de Keyzer Y, Gasc JM, Clauser E, Bertagna X. Vasopressin receptors modulate the pharmacological phenotypes of Cushing's syndrome. Endocr Res 1998; 24:807-16. [PMID: 9888581 DOI: 10.3109/07435809809032691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the expression profiles of the different vasopressin receptors (V1, V2, V3) that can be expressed in the three different types of tumors associated with Cushing's syndrome. V3 (V1b) receptor cDNA was cloned from a pituitary tumor responsible for Cushing's disease. We show that it is overexpressed in these tumors and can respond to DD-AVP. High expression of the V3 receptor on highly differentiated, ACTH-secreting, bronchial carcinoid tumors explain why these non-pituitary tumors occasionally respond to vasopressin, mimicking a "pituitary-like" behavior. A retrospective analysis showed that vasopressin induced an ACTH-independent cortisol rise in 27% of the adrenocortical tumors responsible for Cushing's syndrome. V1 mRNA was detected in normal adrenal cortex and in all tumors. Adenomas had significantly higher levels than carcinomas. V1 mRNA levels were higher in responders than in non-responders. One adenoma which had a brisk cortisol response in vivo, also had in vitro cortisol responses that were inhibited by a specific V1 antagonist. In situ hybridization showed the presence of V1 mRNA in the normal human adrenal cortex where the signal predominated in the compact cells of the zona reticularis. A positive signal was also present in the tumors with high V1 mRNA levels determined by RT-PCR; its distribution pattern was heterogeneous and showed preferential association with compact cells. High-and not ectopic-expression of the V1 receptor occurs in a minority of adrenal cortical tumors which become directly responsive to vasopressin stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arnaldi
- Groupes d'Etude en Physiopathologie Endocrinienne, UPR-CNRS 1524 and Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris, France
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Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Hinson JP, Bornstein SR, Scherbaum WA, Vinson GP. Intraadrenal interactions in the regulation of adrenocortical steroidogenesis. Endocr Rev 1998; 19:101-43. [PMID: 9570034 DOI: 10.1210/edrv.19.2.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function by transgenic expression of interleukin-6 in the CNS of mice. J Neurosci 1998. [PMID: 9391003 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.17-24-09473.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor mRNA and protein have been reported in different brain regions under normal and pathophysiological conditions. Although much is known about the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stimulation after acute administration, less is known about the chronic effects of IL-6 on the function of the HPA axis. In the present study, we examined the function of the HPA axis in transgenic mice in which constitutive expression of IL-6 under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter was targeted to astrocytes in the CNS. GFAP-IL6 mice heterozygous or homozygous for the IL-6 transgene had normal basal plasma corticosterone levels but, after restraint stress, showed abnormally increased levels in a gene dose-dependent manner. The increased plasma corticosterone levels in the IL-6 transgenic mice were associated with increased adrenal corticosterone content and hyperplasia of both adrenal cortex and medulla. Notably, plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) levels and pituitary ACTH content were either not changed or decreased in these mice, whereas plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) was increased, supporting a role for AVP in response to acute immobilization stress. The reduced ACTH response together with the adrenal hyperplasia in the IL-6 transgenic mice suggests direct activation at the level of the adrenal gland that may be directly activated by AVP or sensitized to ACTH. A similar mechanism may play a role in the blunted ACTH response and elevated corticosterone levels under pathophysiological conditions observed in humans with high brain levels of IL-6.
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Bornstein SR, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Scherbaum WA. Morphological and functional studies of the paracrine interaction between cortex and medulla in the adrenal gland. Microsc Res Tech 1997; 36:520-33. [PMID: 9142698 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19970315)36:6<520::aid-jemt9>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Within the last years it has become evident that besides the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, extrapituitary mechanisms exist that regulate the activity of the adrenal cortex. In this context, intra-adrenal regulatory mechanisms play an important role. Several secretory products from adrenomedullary cells are able to influence adrenocortical steroidogenesis. Since the main blood flow within the adrenal is directed centripetally from the cortex to the medulla, chromatin cells should act on cortical cells in a paracrine manner. The morphological prerequisite for this regulatory pathway is seen in the close apposition of the two tissues. Within the mammalian adrenal, the two endocrine tissues are interwoven to an astonishing degree with cortical cells located within the medulla and vice versa. It is concluded from morphological and functional studies that paracrine interactions between cortex and medulla play an important role in the regulation of adrenocortical steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Bornstein
- Universität Leipzig, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Leipzig, Germany
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Malendowicz LK, Nussdorfer GG, Markowska A, Tortorella C, Nowak M. Investigations on the acute effects of neuropeptides on the pituitary-adrenocortical function in normal and cold-stressed rats. II. Neurotensin and neuromedin N. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 1995; 47:41-5. [PMID: 7719120 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-2993(11)80282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a subcutaneous bolus injection of 2 micrograms neurotensin (NT) or neuromedin N (NMN) on the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis were investigated in both normal and cold-stressed rats. The blood concentrations of ACTH, corticosterone (B) and aldosterone (ALDO) were measured by specific radioimmunoassays 1, 2 or 4 h after the neuropeptide administration. Cold stress enhanced plasma levels of ACTH, B and ALDO, and these rises lasted unchanged until 4 h. NT did not affect either basal or stress-stimulated plasma levels of ACTH and B, while it lowered the plasma ALDO concentration at 4 h in normal rats and increased it at 1 h in stressed animals. NMN did not change the basal plasma level of ACTH, but it did markedly raise blood levels of both B and ALDO; on the other hand, in cold-stressed rats NMN strongly depressed ACTH response and decreased B plasma concentration at 2 h, without evoking apparent changes in ALDO response. In light of these findings the following conclusions and hypotheses can be drawn and suggested: (i) NT and NMN, when administered at a relatively high dose, do not affect ACTH release in rats under basal conditions; (ii) NMN, but not NT, is able to prevent cold stress-induced stimulation of ACTH secretion, probably by inhibiting hypothalamic thermoregulatory centers; and (iii) NT and NMN exert direct adrenocortical antisecretagogue and secretagogue effects, respectively, which could explain the evident lack of correlation between the levels of circulating ACTH and the plasma concentrations of the main adrenal steroid hormones in both normal and stressed rats after neuropeptide administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Malendowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Poznan, Poland
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Brinton RD, Monreal AW, Fernandez JG. Vasopressin-induced neurotrophism in cultured hippocampal neurons via V1 receptor activation. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1994; 25:380-94. [PMID: 8077964 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480250404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Structural enhancement of nerve cell morphology has been postulated to be an integral step in the cellular process leading to information storage in the nervous system. To investigate this postulate, we determined whether vasopressin (AVP), a neural peptide that can enhance memory function, would enhance the cytoarchitectural features of hippocampal neurons in culture. Results of these studies demonstrated that in the presence of serum, vasopressin (1 microM), induced a significant increase in the number of neurites, in neuritic length, and in neurite diameter following 48 h of exposure. Morphological complexity was also enhanced following vasopressin exposure as indicated by a significant increase in the number of filopodia/branches, in the sum of branch lengths, and in the number of branch bifurcation points. The number of microspikes decorating neuritic branches was also significantly increased following vasopressin exposure. To determine whether the neurotrophic effect of vasopressin was dependent upon factors present in serum, hippocampal nerve cells were cultured in serum-free media and exposed to 100-1000 nM AVP. Results of these studies demonstrated that in the absence of serum, AVP induced significant enhancement of hippocampal nerve cell growth and that the minimally effective concentration was reduced from 1 microM, as required in the presence serum, to 100 nM. In addition, the time required for a significant increase in nerve cell growth to become apparent decreased from 48 to 24 h. These results demonstrate that AVP-induced neurotrophism is not dependent upon unidentified factors in serum. AVP-induced neurotrophism was found to be mediated by V1 receptor activation. Significant enhancement of nerve cell growth occurred following exposure to V1 receptor agonist (100-1000 nM), whereas exposure to V2 receptor agonist (100-1000 nM) did not increase any of the morphological parameters measured. Considered together, these data indicate that vasopressin can exert a significant neurotrophic effect upon hippocampal nerve cells in culture. Moreover, AVP-induced neurotrophism is a direct effect and not dependent upon unidentified factors present in serum. Enhancement of hippocampal nerve cell growth occurred in the presence of a specific V1 receptor agonist and not following exposure to a V2 agonist, suggesting that activation of the phosphatidyl inositol pathway via V1 receptor activation mediates AVP-induced neurotrophism. Results of these studies are discussed with respect to their implications for understanding vasopressin involvement during neural development and induction of cytoarchitectural modifications associated with memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Brinton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033
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Serradeil-Le Gal C, Bourrié B, Raufaste D, Carayon P, Garcia C, Maffrand JP, Le Fur G, Casellas P. Effect of a new, potent, non-peptide V1a vasopressin antagonist, SR 49059, on the binding and the mitogenic activity of vasopressin on Swiss 3T3 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 47:633-41. [PMID: 8129742 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of SR 49059, a new non-peptide, selective arginine vasopressin (AVP), V1a antagonist, were investigated both on AVP's receptors and on the mitogenic effects of AVP on Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. We characterized the AVP V1a receptors on Swiss 3T3 cell membranes using the new highly specific AVP V1a radioiodinated ligand, 125I-linear AVP antagonist. Specific binding of the 125I-linear AVP antagonist was saturable, time-dependent and reversible. A single class of high affinity binding sites was identified with an apparent Kd of 40 +/- 20 pM and a Bmax of 63 +/- 20 fmol/mg protein. 125I-Linear AVP antagonist binding to its receptors was potently inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by AVP, by the peptide V1a antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP and by the synthetic V1a antagonist, SR 49059 (IC50 in the nanomolar range) while OPC-21268, another non-peptide compound, was about 100-fold less potent. Both DDAVP, a selective V2 agonist, and oxytocin exhibited low affinity (IC50 > 1 microM) in agreement with the AVP V1a nature of the site identified on Swiss 3T3 cells. In addition, the broad-spectrum antiproliferative agent [Arg6, D-Trp7,9, MePhe8] substance P (6-11), was also able to interact at 3T3 AVP V1a receptors (IC50 = 395 +/- 170 nM). The mitogenic effects of AVP on quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells, assessed through [3H]thymidine incorporation, were selectively, stereospecifically and strongly inhibited by SR 40959 (IC50 = 14 +/- 2 nM) while OPC-21268 was inactive up to 220 nM. SR 49059 was even about six times more efficient than d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP in inhibiting AVP-induced DNA synthesis. Moreover, SR 49059 fully inhibited Swiss 3T3 fibroblast proliferation since it completely blocked AVP-stimulated 3T3 cell growth from the G1/G0 into the S/G2M phase, as evidenced by cell cycle analysis using a cytofluorometer. In summary, SR 49059, through direct interaction at AVP V1a receptors, exerts the most potent antiproliferative effect yet described for any V1a antagonist on Swiss 3T3 cells.
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Mazzocchi G, Markowska A, Malendowicz LK, Musajo F, Meneghelli V, Nussdorfer GG. Evidence that endogenous arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is involved in the maintenance of the growth and steroidogenic capacity of rat adrenal zona glomerulosa. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993; 45:251-6. [PMID: 8388707 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(93)90339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A 7-day subcutaneous infusion with the AVP antagonist [Deamino-Pen1, Val4, D-Arg8]-vasopressin (AVP-A; 3 nmol.kg-1 x min-1) significantly lowered plasma aldosterone concentration in rats, without affecting the plasma levels of ACTH and corticosterone. Prolonged AVP-A treatment caused a marked atrophy of adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) and its parenchymal cells, without inducing any significant change in zona fasciculata morphology. Isolated ZG cells from AVP-A-infused rats evidenced a notable decrease in both their basal and maximally-stimulated aldosterone production. The simultaneous infusion of rats with AVP (3 nmol.kg-1 x min-1) completely reversed all these effects of AVP-A. These findings suggest that endogenous AVP may be specifically involved in the maintenance of the growth and steroidogenic capacity of rat adrenal ZG. Moreover, they seem to indicate that under basal conditions the pituitary-adrenal-glucocorticoid axis is independent of AVP release.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mazzocchi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Padua, Italy
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Carter DA, Fai CK, Murphy D. Neurohypophyseal peptides as regulators of growth and development. A review. J Mol Neurosci 1993; 4:11-9. [PMID: 8318355 DOI: 10.1007/bf02736686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their classical hormonal role, the neurohypophyseal peptides vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) are also implicated as regulators of growth and development. Mitogenic actions of AVP are particularly well characterized and may underly the potential role of AVP as an autocrine regulator of tumor growth. Effects of AVP and OT on neural development are suggested by numerous studies, but definitive physiological evidence is lacking. Current studies on the molecular characterization of AVP and OT receptors, and on transgenic animals will provide insights into the developmental actions of neurohypophyseal peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Carter
- Neuropeptide Laboratory, National University of Singapore
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17
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Mazzocchi G, Malendowicz LK, Rocco S, Musajo F, Nussdorfer GG. Arginine-vasopressin release mediates the aldosterone secretagogue effect of neurotensin in rats. Neuropeptides 1993; 24:105-8. [PMID: 8459909 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4179(93)90028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acute and chronic systemic administrations of neurotensin (NT) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) significantly increases plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) in rats. Deamino-Pen1, Val4, D-Arg8-vasopressin (AVP-A), a potent AVP antagonist, completely reversed both acute and chronic aldosterone secretagogue actions of NT and AVP. AVP-A acute administration did not affect basal PAC, while chronic AVP-A treatment significantly lowered it. Taken together our findings suggest that both NT and AVP exert a marked aldosterone secretagogue effect in rats, and that the mechanism underlying NT action may involve the stimulation of AVP release. Moreover, they indicate that endogenous AVP plays an essential role in the maintenance of the mineralocorticoid secretory capacity of rat zona glomerulosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mazzocchi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Padua, Italy
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18
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Malendowicz LK, Nussdorfer GG, Markowska A, Nowak KW, Torlinski L. Effects of neuromedin-N on the pituitary-adrenocortical axis of dexamethasone-suppressed rats. Neuropeptides 1993; 24:1-4. [PMID: 8381527 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4179(93)90034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuromedin-N (NMN) (6 micrograms/100 g body weight for 2 d) partially reversed the dexamethasone (Dx)-induced inhibition of ACTH release and the consequent adrenal atrophy and decrease in glucocorticoid (corticosterone) plasma concentration in rats. Dx administration did not alter the level of circulating mineralocorticoid (aldosterone), but NMN (2 or 6 micrograms/100 g body weight for 2 d) significantly increased it. These findings suggest that the mechanism underlying the glucocorticoid (but not the mineralocorticoid) secretagogue action of NMN involves the stimulation of hypophyseal ACTH release. The hypothesis is advanced that the potent mineralocorticoid secretagogue effect of NMN may be mediated either by a direct action on zona glomerulosa cells or by the enhanced release of other regulatory peptides exerting aldosterone stimulating effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Malendowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology (School of Medicine), University of Poznan, Poland
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19
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Lesniewska B, Nussdorfer GG, Nowak M, Malendowicz LK. Comparison of the effects of neurotensin and vasopressin on the adrenal cortex of dexamethasone-suppressed rats. Neuropeptides 1992; 23:9-13. [PMID: 1407418 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4179(92)90003-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) and vasopressin (AVP) share some similarities as far as their actions on the adrenal weight and secretion are concerned. The present study aimed to compare the in vivo chronic effect of these two peptides on the adrenal cortex of dexamethasone (Dx)-treated rats. NT or AVP were ip. infused at a rate of 2 micrograms/rat/d for 7 d. In the animals concomitantly treated with 15 micrograms Dx/100 g/d for 7 d, both NT and AVP partially prevented adrenal atrophy. AVP enhanced plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), but not that of corticosterone (PBC). On the other hand, NT did not affect either PAC or PBC. In rats treated with 35 micrograms Dx/100 g/d for 14 d, neither NT nor AVP administered for the last 7 d exerted any effect on the adrenal weight. However, also under these conditions of profound adrenal atrophy AVP was still able to notably raise PAC, while NT was ineffective. Our findings indicate that the mechanism underlying the aldosterone secretagogue action of AVP does not require, unlike that of NT, the presence of ACTH. Moreover, in light of many recent literature data they could suggest the possibility that in vivo NT acts on the rat adrenal cortex via AVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lesniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University School of Medicine, Poznan, Poland
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20
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Bell J, Adler MW, Greenstein JI. The effect of arginine vasopressin on the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1992; 14:93-103. [PMID: 1533854 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(92)90109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a nonapeptide that has been shown to be released from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus during stress. Although noted primarily for its hemodynamic as well as homeostatic properties, AVP also appears to have an effect on the immune system. It may modulate cellular immunity via its enhancement of the autologous mixed lymphocyte response (AMLR), an effect which we have demonstrated to occur over a wide dose range with a maximum at 10(-7) M. The increase in proliferation following a single addition of AVP in a 6-day culture appears to be augmented when the peptide is added daily throughout the same culture period. Enhanced proliferation appears to be a specific response that is influenced by arginine residues in position 8 of this nonapeptide. Having provided evidence for the existence of receptors with moderate affinity for AVP, we suggest a potential modulatory role for AVP in support of the concept of a communication between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. Since various autoimmune conditions may be aggravated by stress, stress-induced release of neuropeptides such as AVP may play an important role in modulating immune regulation of these disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bell
- Temple University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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21
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Angiotensin II stimulates protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in a calcium-dependent manner. Mol Cell Biol 1991. [PMID: 1701016 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.12.6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses to epidermal growth factor (EGF) are dependent on the tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity of the cell-surface EGF receptor. Previous studies using WB rat liver epithelial cells have detected at least 10 proteins whose phosphotyrosine (P-Tyr) content is increased by EGF. In this study, we have examined alternate modes of activating tyrosine phosphorylation. Treatment of WB cells with hormones linked to Ca2+ mobilization and protein kinase C (PKC) activation, including angiotensin II, [Arg8]vasopressin, or epinephrine, stimulated rapid (less than or equal to 15-s) and transient increases in the P-Tyr content of several proteins (p120/125, p75/78, and p66). These proteins, detected by anti-P-Tyr immunoblotting, were similar in molecular weight to a subset of EGF-sensitive P-Tyr-containing proteins (P-Tyr-proteins). The increased P-Tyr content was confirmed by [32P]phosphoamino acid analysis of proteins recovered by anti-P-Tyr immunoprecipitation. Elevating intracellular [Ca2+] with the ionophore A23187 or ionomycin or with the tumor promoter thapsigargin mimicked the effects of hormones on tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas treatment with a PKC-activating phorbol ester did not. In addition, responses to angiotensin II were not diminished in PKC-depleted cells. Ca2+ mobilization, measured by fura-2 fluorescence, was coincident with the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation in response to angiotensin II or thapsigargin. Loading cells with the intracellular Ca2+ chelator bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N ,N ,N' , N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) inhibited the appearance of all P-Tyr-proteins in response to angiotensin II, thapsigargin, or ionophores, as well as two EGF-stimulated P-Tyr-proteins. The majority of EGF-stimulated P-Tyr-proteins were not affected by BAPTA. These studies indicate that angiotensin II can alter protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in a manner that is secondary to, and apparently dependent on, Ca2+ mobilization. Thus, ligands such as EGF and angiotensin II, which act through distinct types of receptors, may activate secondary pathways involving tyrosine phosphorylation. These results also raise the possibility that certain growth-promoting effects of Ca2+ -mobilizing agents such as angiotensin II may be mediated via tyrosine phosphorylation.
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22
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Lesniewska B, Nowak M, Miskowiak B, Nussdorfer GG, Malendowicz LK. Effects of arginine vasopressin on the pituitary-adrenocortical axis of intact and dexamethasone-suppressed rats. EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1991; 43:181-8. [PMID: 1665802 DOI: 10.1016/s0232-1513(11)80115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Weekly infusion with arginine vasopressin (AVP) (2 micrograms.kg-1.day-1) exerted a slight stimulatory effect on the adrenal growth of intact female rats and induced a 2-fold rise in plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), without apparently affecting corticosterone (B) and ACTH secretions. Weekly dexamethasone (Dx) administration (125 micrograms.kg-1.day-1) caused a marked adrenal atrophy, a conspicuous suppression of B and ACTH productions, and a 5-fold increase in PAC. AVP infusion reversed the Dx-induced adrenal atrophy. It did not counteract the suppression of B and ACTH secretions, nor did it change PAC. These findings suggest that chronic AVP treatment is able to stimulate adrenal growth by a Dx-insensitive mechanism (i.e. independent of any change in ACTH secretion). Conversely, AVP may enhance the steroid secretory capacity only in adrenocortical cells in which the maintenance of the steroidogenic machinery is assured by normal levels of circulating ACTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lesniewska
- Poznan Academy of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryoloy, Poland
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23
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Huckle WR, Prokop CA, Dy RC, Herman B, Earp S. Angiotensin II stimulates protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in a calcium-dependent manner. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:6290-8. [PMID: 1701016 PMCID: PMC362904 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.12.6290-6298.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses to epidermal growth factor (EGF) are dependent on the tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity of the cell-surface EGF receptor. Previous studies using WB rat liver epithelial cells have detected at least 10 proteins whose phosphotyrosine (P-Tyr) content is increased by EGF. In this study, we have examined alternate modes of activating tyrosine phosphorylation. Treatment of WB cells with hormones linked to Ca2+ mobilization and protein kinase C (PKC) activation, including angiotensin II, [Arg8]vasopressin, or epinephrine, stimulated rapid (less than or equal to 15-s) and transient increases in the P-Tyr content of several proteins (p120/125, p75/78, and p66). These proteins, detected by anti-P-Tyr immunoblotting, were similar in molecular weight to a subset of EGF-sensitive P-Tyr-containing proteins (P-Tyr-proteins). The increased P-Tyr content was confirmed by [32P]phosphoamino acid analysis of proteins recovered by anti-P-Tyr immunoprecipitation. Elevating intracellular [Ca2+] with the ionophore A23187 or ionomycin or with the tumor promoter thapsigargin mimicked the effects of hormones on tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas treatment with a PKC-activating phorbol ester did not. In addition, responses to angiotensin II were not diminished in PKC-depleted cells. Ca2+ mobilization, measured by fura-2 fluorescence, was coincident with the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation in response to angiotensin II or thapsigargin. Loading cells with the intracellular Ca2+ chelator bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N ,N ,N' , N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) inhibited the appearance of all P-Tyr-proteins in response to angiotensin II, thapsigargin, or ionophores, as well as two EGF-stimulated P-Tyr-proteins. The majority of EGF-stimulated P-Tyr-proteins were not affected by BAPTA. These studies indicate that angiotensin II can alter protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in a manner that is secondary to, and apparently dependent on, Ca2+ mobilization. Thus, ligands such as EGF and angiotensin II, which act through distinct types of receptors, may activate secondary pathways involving tyrosine phosphorylation. These results also raise the possibility that certain growth-promoting effects of Ca2+ -mobilizing agents such as angiotensin II may be mediated via tyrosine phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Huckle
- Cell Biology Program of the Lineberger Cancer Research Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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24
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Roskelley CD, Auersperg N. Density separation of rat adrenocortical cells: morphology, steroidogenesis, and P-450scc expression in primary culture. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1990; 26:493-501. [PMID: 2161828 DOI: 10.1007/bf02624091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a method that separates rat adrenocortical cells by density into populations which retain zone specific properties in primary culture. Two different parenchymal populations were obtained and designated 2FASC (1.034 g/ml, 18.0 microns cell diameter) and 7GLOM (1.069 g/ml, 11.7 microns cell diameter). In freshly isolated cell suspensions the physical characteristics and differential steroidogenic responses to adrenocorticotropin and angiotensin II suggested that 2FASC cells originated predominantly from the zona fasciculata and 7GLOM cells from the zona glomerulosa. In primary culture (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium-F12 medium with 15% horse serum and 2.5% fetal bovine serum) the two populations exhibited different morphologies. 2FASC cells retained lipid and formed cohesive epithelial monolayers that remained stationary for 3 wk. 7GLOM cells were initially epithelial but rapidly lost lipid, spread, and assumed fibroblastic shapes. Both cell types were positive for the cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 by immunofluorescence. Therefore, the morphologic changes seen in 7GLOM cultures were due to modulation, not fibroblastic overgrowth. This phenotypic plasticity may reflect the mesodermal origin of the adrenal cortex, and the subcapsular location of 7GLOM cells in vivo. In contrast, cells such as 2FASC which are located deeper in the cortex seem to have a more restricted, fully committed parenchymal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Roskelley
- Department of Anatomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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25
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Woodcock EA, Tanner JK, Caroccia LM, Little PJ. Mechanisms involved in the stimulation of aldosterone production by angiotensin II, vasopressin and endothelin. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1990; 17:263-7. [PMID: 2189608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1990.tb01318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Endothelin (ET), vasopressin (VP) and angiotensin II (AII) all stimulate aldosterone production in adrenal glomerulosa cells but the response to AII is greater than that to either ET or VP. 2. Total inositol phosphate responses to AII and ET were similar but the response to VP was lower. 3. Cytosolic free Ca2+ responses to AII were higher than to either of the other peptides. 4. Metabolism of 145IP3 was different under stimulation by the three different peptides. 5. Adrenal glomerulosa cells can distinguish between three different agonists which stimulate phosphatidylinositol turnover and produce a selective response to each peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Woodcock
- Baker Medical Research Institute, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Geisterfer AA, Owens GK. Arginine vasopressin-induced hypertrophy of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 1989; 14:413-20. [PMID: 2793215 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.14.4.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently we reported that the contractile agonist angiotensin II induces hypertrophy, not hyperplasia, in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (Geisterfer AAT, Peach MJ, Owens GK: Angiotensin II induces hypertrophy, not hyperplasia, of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1988;62:749-756). We have further explored the hypothesis that contractile agonists are important regulators of smooth muscle cell growth by examining the effects of another contractile agonist, arginine vasopressin, on growth of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Autoradiographic analysis as well as cell number determinations showed that arginine vasopressin (1 microM) did not stimulate proliferation in cells made quiescent in a defined serum-free media nor did it augment proliferation in 0.4% fetal bovine serum. However, flow cytometric analysis of cellular protein content demonstrated that arginine vasopressin (1 microM) did induce cellular hypertrophy in quiescent cultures after 4 days of treatment, increasing smooth muscle cell protein content by 35% as compared with vehicle-treated controls. The increase in protein content showed a concentration dependence. Cellular hypertrophy was accompanied by an increase in [35S]methionine incorporation, which was elevated 45% by 24 hours. Both the increase in [35S]methionine incorporation and the increase in protein content could be prevented by the specific arginine vasopressin receptor antagonist. [1-beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid), 2-(O-methyl)tyrosine] arginine vasopressin. An increase in [35S]methionine incorporation was observed between 12 and 24 hours after treatment of quiescent smooth muscle cells for only 5 minutes with arginine vasopressin (1 microM). Arginine vasopressin-induced increases in [35S]methionine incorporation was increased within 6 hours after treatment. These studies show that arginine vasopressin, like angiotensin II, induces hypertrophy but not hyperplasia of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Geisterfer
- Department of Physiology University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908
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27
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Identification of specific vasopressin binding sites on cell membranes of rat adenohypophysis, liver, kidneys, and adrenals. Bull Exp Biol Med 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00841733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Delost P, Laury MC, Tournaire C, Zizine L, Bertin R, Portet R. Evidence for a cold-induced aldosterone stimulation in the rat. Steroids 1989; 54:55-69. [PMID: 2815157 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(89)90075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the secretion of aldosterone by male Long-Evans rats acclimated for six weeks to moderate cold (15 C), in comparison with rats maintained at thermo-neutral temperature (28 C). The following determinations were made: corticosteroids in plasma and adrenals, PRA, and hydromineral balance. Cold acclimation highly increased the plasma and adrenal levels of aldosterone and corticosterone. The cold stimulation of aldosterone was induced neither by the renin-angiotensin system, nor by alterations of hydromineral balance: PRA, plasma sodium and potassium concentrations, blood hematocrit, and hydromineral balance at 15 C and 28 C did not differ. Moreover this stimulation was induced neither by ACTH, nor by any other hypophyseal factors, since plasma aldosterone levels remained high in hypophysectomized rats. This study provides evidence of an aldosterone stimulation which appeared during moderate cold acclimation; the origin of this stimulation must be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Delost
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale et U.A. C.N.R.S. 1123, Université de Clermont II, Aubière, France
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29
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Plećas B, Ugresić N, Hristić M, Popović A, Jovović D. The response of rat adrenal medulla to oxytocin. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1989; 97:303-8. [PMID: 2482721 DOI: 10.3109/13813458909075070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Effects of oxytocin (OT) on the adrenal chromaffin tissue of male rats were examined by coupled morphometric and biochemical techniques. Synthetic OT was administered in doses of 0.14 and 0.25 IU/100 g/d during 7 or 10 consecutive days and the effects were followed 1, 24, 72 and 168 hours after the last injection. The function and structure of chromaffin cells were affected by the higher dose of OT only. They caused divergent responses on their amine contents. Adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine contents were increased, while serotonin content was decreased. These changes were different in duration and time of incidence. Stereological analysis showed an enhanced number of chromaffin cells and an increase in their total volume. The parallelism between the changes in chromaffin cell number and the catecholamine content strongly suggests a mitogenic effect of the applied OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Plećas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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30
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Robinzon B, Koike TI, Neldon HL, Kinzler SL, Hendry IR, el Halawani ME. Physiological effects of arginine vasotocin and mesotocin in cockerels. Br Poult Sci 1988; 29:639-52. [PMID: 3224294 DOI: 10.1080/00071668808417090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
1. The effects of continuous infusion of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mU/min/kg body weight of arginine vasotocin (AVT) or mesotocin (MT) on cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses, on plasma osmolality and ionic composition and on plasma concentrations of AVT, MT, prolactin and aldosterone, were investigated in conscious White Leghorn cockerels. 2. Neither of the peptides, at any dose, affected cardiovascular functions, plasma ions and osmolality. Infusion of MT at the rate of 10 mU/min/kg body weight increased respiratory rate. Both peptides at doses of 1 and 10 mU/min/kg reduced the temperatures of the comb and shank but had no effect on the skin and cloaca. 3. Doses of 0.1 and 1.0 mU MT/min/kg reduced plasma aldosterone and at 10 mU/min/kg increased plasma AVT. At any given dose MT had no effect on plasma prolactin. AVT at 0.1 and 1.0 mU/min/kg of AVT reduced plasma MT. AVT at 1.0 mU/min/kg increased plasma prolactin and at 10 mU/min/kg reduced plasma aldosterone. 4. During saline infusion, plasma MT was positively correlated with plasma AVT and negatively correlated with respiratory rate and cloacal temperature. Plasma AVT showed a positive correlation with plasma MT and aldosterone and a negative correlation with respiratory rate and skin temperature. 5. During saline infusion, there was no significant correlation between cardiovascular functions, or plasma osmolality and ionic composition and plasma MT or AVT. 6. The present study suggests that interrelationships between circulating concentrations of AVT and MT do exist and that AVT affects aldosterone secretion. These neurohypophysical peptides are involved in thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Robinzon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock 72205
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31
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Langlois D, Arroub M, Saez JM, Begeot M. Vasopressin induces breakdown of phosphoinositides in adrenal tumor Y-1 cells without a steroidogenic effect. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1988; 58:199-205. [PMID: 2850247 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(88)90155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Y-1 adrenal cells contain specific vasopressin (VP) binding sites (27,000 +/- 2,000 sites/cell) of high affinity (KD = 2.2 +/- 0.5 X 10(-9) M). VP which alone has no effect on cAMP production inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (ID50 = 3.5 +/- 0.7 X 10(-11) M) the ACTH-induced cAMP production by Y-1 cells. The inhibitory effect was completely blunted by a 24 h pretreatment of cells with 1 microgram/ml of pertussis toxin. Moreover, VP also stimulated in a dose-dependent manner (ED50 = 2.4 +/- 0.8 X 10(-9) M) the accumulation of inositol phosphates indicating that the VP receptors in Y-1 cells were of the V1 subtype. However, neither VP nor a phorbol ester (4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, PMA) was able to stimulate Y-1 cell steroidogenesis. Since in a previous work we have shown that Y-1 cells contain high levels of protein kinase C, the present results indicate that the steroidogenic refractoriness of these cells to VP and PMA might involve some step beyond protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Langlois
- INSERM U 307, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France
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32
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Tribollet E, Barberis C, Dreifuss JJ, Jard S. Autoradiographic localization of vasopressin and oxytocin binding sites in rat kidney. Kidney Int 1988; 33:959-65. [PMID: 3392884 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1988.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of vasopressin receptors of the V1 (vascular) type and of oxytocin receptors in the rat kidney was investigated using an autoradiographical approach. Rat kidney sections were incubated with tritiated vasopressin ([3H]vasopressin, 1.5 nM) or oxytocin ([3H]oxytocin, 3 nM). The ligand selectivity of the [3H]vasopressin binding sites detected was deduced from competition experiments using one selective unlabeled ligand for V2 (antidiuretic) vasopressin receptors (1-deamino-[8-D-arginine]-vasopressin, dDAVP) and one selective unlabeled ligand for V1 receptors (des-glycineamide-[1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid]-arginine vasopressin, des(Gly(NH2)9d(CH2)5-AVP). Specific and dense [3H]vasopressin labeling was observable in the medullopapillary and cortical portions of the kidney. Specific [3H]vasopressin binding in the cortex was insensitive to the V1-selective ligand, des(Gly(NH2)9d(CH2)5-AVP, but was inhibited by dDAVP. Glomerular structures identified as such by microscopical observation of the kidney sections were specifically labeled with [3H]oxytocin and [125I]-SAR1-angiotensin II but not with [3H]vasopressin. It is concluded that V1 receptors which have been evidenced on mesangial cells in culture are not expressed in a detectable quantity on mesangial cells in situ. The specific [3H]oxytocin binding to glomeruli might reflect the presence on glomerular structures of oxytocin receptors involved in the effects of the hormone on renal hemodynamics, and possibly in some of the effects ascribed to vasopressin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tribollet
- Departement de Physiologie, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
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Welsh CJ, Cao HT, Chabbott H, Cabot MC. Vasopressin is the only component of serum-free medium that stimulates phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis and accumulation of diacylglycerol in cultured REF52 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 152:565-72. [PMID: 3365241 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vasopressin stimulates phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis in REF52 cells, and this phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis results in increases in choline containing metabolites in the culture medium (2.3 x control levels) and accumulation of cellular diacylglycerol (6.5 x control levels). Vasopressin is the only component of a 6-component mixture of the serum-free medium for REF52 cells that induces the phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis response. The effect of vasopressin is both time- and concentration-dependent. Maximal levels of both phosphatidyl-choline hydrolysis and accumulation of diacylglycerol are observed between 10 and 20 min after treatment with vasopressin. Effects are maximal at vasopressin concentrations of 100 ng/ml; the ED50 for vasopressin-stimulated phosphatidyl-choline hydrolysis is approximately 0.7 ng/ml. The evolution of diacylglycerol occurs in a time frame that is consistent with the diacylglycerol activating protein kinase C in a "second phase" agonist response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Welsh
- Lipid Biochemistry Laboratory, W. Alton Jones Cell Science Center, Inc., Lake Placid, NY 12946
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Hawthorn J, Nussey SS, Henderson JR, Jenkins JS. Immunohistochemical localization of oxytocin and vasopressin in the adrenal glands of rat, cow, hamster and guinea pig. Cell Tissue Res 1987; 250:1-6. [PMID: 3652153 DOI: 10.1007/bf00214646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of oxytocin and vasopressin in the adrenals of rat, cow, hamster and guinea pig has been studied by use of immunohistochemical techniques. In all the species studied the adrenal cortex contained both peptides; the staining in the zona glomerulosa being more intense than that in zona fasciculata or zona reticularis. The medulla, however, showed considerable species variation. In the cow, both peptides appear to be present in the adrenergic and noradrenergic cells, though staining was particularly prominent in cortical islands interspersed within the medullary tissue. In the rat, groups of medullary cells positive for both peptides were found, though it was not possible to associate these groups with particular chromaffin cell types. In the hamster oxytocin was present only in adrenaline-containing cells, whereas vasopressin was present in all medullary cells. The guinea pig medulla, which contains only adrenaline-secreting cells, was positive for both peptides. The possibilities that vasopressin and oxytocin have an autocrine or paracrine role in functioning of the adrenal gland is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hawthorn
- Department of Medicine II, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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Guillon G, Gallo-Payet N. Specific vasopressin binding to rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. Relationship to inositol lipid breakdown. Biochem J 1986; 235:209-14. [PMID: 3741381 PMCID: PMC1146669 DOI: 10.1042/bj2350209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells from the zona glomerulosa of rat adrenals were isolated and maintained for 3 days in primary culture. Specific vasopressin binding was determined by using [3H]vasopressin. [3H]Vasopressin binding was time-dependent (half-time of about 2 min for 6 nM free ligand) and reversible on addition of unlabelled vasopressin (80% dissociation within 30 min). Dose-dependent [3H]vasopressin binding at equilibrium indicated that vasopressin interacted with two populations of sites: high-affinity sites (dissociation constant, Kd = 1.8 nM; maximal binding capacity = 10 fmol/10(6) cells) and low-affinity sites. Vasopressin increased the cellular content of labelled inositol mono-, bis- and tris-phosphate in cells prelabelled with myo-[3H]inositol. The vasopressin concentration eliciting half-maximal inositol phosphate accumulation was very close to the Kd value for vasopressin binding to high-affinity sites. Competition experiments using agonists and antagonists with enhanced selectivity for previously characterized vasopressin receptors indicated that vasopressin receptors from rat glomerulosa cells are V1 receptors of the vascular or hepatic subtype. The detected specific vasopressin-binding sites might represent the specific receptors mediating the mitogenic and steroidogenic effects of vasopressin on glomerulosa cells from rat adrenals.
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Snijdewint FG, Boer GJ, Swaab DF. Body and brain growth following continuous perinatal administration of arginine- and lysine-vasopressin to the homozygous Brattleboro rat. Brain Res 1985; 354:269-77. [PMID: 4052816 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(85)90178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Using a recently developed controlled-drug-delivery implantation technique, arginine-vasopressin (AVP) or lysine-vasopressin (LVP) was administered to homozygous (HOM) Brattleboro rats throughout pregnancy in order to study the influence of compensation for the deficiency of AVP on body and brain development in their HOM offspring. This mutant is retarded in both body and brain growth from the neonatal period onwards. In one subgroup the LVP-treatment was continued postnatally by means of subcutaneous implantation in the pups. AVP treatment had no growth-stimulating effect either on pup body weight at day one or on postnatal body growth, nor did it affect noticeably the day of eye opening, or a number of brain parameters measured at one month of age. LVP treatment, in contrast, resulted in higher body weights at birth, which could be maintained postnatally if the pups were reared with a Wistar foster-mother. At one month of age body as well as brain weights were still larger in the treated pups. Although cerebellar weight was larger than in untreated Brattleboro pups in this group, cerebellar DNA content or gross morphology, known to be impaired in HOM rats, were not changed. LVP treatment of the pups, as well as maternal AVP-treatment beginning on day 15 of pregnancy, had inhibiting rather than growth-stimulating effects, high-lighting the different effects created by these two peptides at different stages of development.
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Abstract
A wealth of literature has become available about lasting functional consequences of perinatal psychotropic drug exposure, having affected brain development in a subtle rather than gross structural way (behavioral teratology or functional neuroteratology). The underlying mechanism is thought to result from changing levels of neurotransmitters during neurogenesis induced by these neuroactive drugs, which as a consequence appears to lead to impaired cell acquisition and receptor setting i.e., to irreversible changes in particular neuronal circuitries. Neuropeptides are true candidates for a neurotransmission function as well, and are also present early in brain development. As for the classical neurotransmitters, a role for neuropeptides in the growth and functional organization of the nervous system, might therefore be expected. Anomalies in neuropeptide levels also would lead to functional neuroteratology. Although not overwhelming, several studies support this view, and the current state is summarized in this paper: a trophic role for some neuropeptides as well as neuroteratological effects upon perinatal manipulation for others were revealed. However, more detailed studies are necessary, certainly also because of the crying need for exposing possible adverse effects at a time when clinical applications of neuropeptides and their analogues are becoming a mode.
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