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Johannesen KM, Liu Y, Koko M, Gjerulfsen CE, Sonnenberg L, Schubert J, Fenger CD, Eltokhi A, Rannap M, Koch NA, Lauxmann S, Krüger J, Kegele J, Canafoglia L, Franceschetti S, Mayer T, Rebstock J, Zacher P, Ruf S, Alber M, Sterbova K, Lassuthová P, Vlckova M, Lemke JR, Platzer K, Krey I, Heine C, Wieczorek D, Kroell-Seger J, Lund C, Klein KM, Au PYB, Rho JM, Ho AW, Masnada S, Veggiotti P, Giordano L, Accorsi P, Hoei-Hansen CE, Striano P, Zara F, Verhelst H, Verhoeven JS, Braakman HMH, van der Zwaag B, Harder AVE, Brilstra E, Pendziwiat M, Lebon S, Vaccarezza M, Le NM, Christensen J, Grønborg S, Scherer SW, Howe J, Fazeli W, Howell KB, Leventer R, Stutterd C, Walsh S, Gerard M, Gerard B, Matricardi S, Bonardi CM, Sartori S, Berger A, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Mastrangelo M, Darra F, Vøllo A, Motazacker MM, Lakeman P, Nizon M, Betzler C, Altuzarra C, Caume R, Roubertie A, Gélisse P, Marini C, Guerrini R, Bilan F, Tibussek D, Koch-Hogrebe M, Perry MS, Ichikawa S, Dadali E, Sharkov A, Mishina I, Abramov M, Kanivets I, Korostelev S, Kutsev S, Wain KE, Eisenhauer N, Wagner M, Savatt JM, Müller-Schlüter K, Bassan H, Borovikov A, Nassogne MC, Destrée A, Schoonjans AS, Meuwissen M, Buzatu M, Jansen A, Scalais E, Srivastava S, Tan WH, Olson HE, Loddenkemper T, Poduri A, Helbig KL, Helbig I, Fitzgerald MP, Goldberg EM, Roser T, Borggraefe I, Brünger T, May P, Lal D, Lederer D, Rubboli G, Heyne HO, Lesca G, Hedrich UBS, Benda J, Gardella E, Lerche H, Møller RS. Genotype-phenotype correlations in SCN8A-related disorders reveal prognostic and therapeutic implications. Brain 2022; 145:2991-3009. [PMID: 34431999 PMCID: PMC10147326 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report detailed functional analyses and genotype-phenotype correlations in 392 individuals carrying disease-causing variants in SCN8A, encoding the voltage-gated Na+ channel Nav1.6, with the aim of describing clinical phenotypes related to functional effects. Six different clinical subgroups were identified: Group 1, benign familial infantile epilepsy (n = 15, normal cognition, treatable seizures); Group 2, intermediate epilepsy (n = 33, mild intellectual disability, partially pharmaco-responsive); Group 3, developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (n = 177, severe intellectual disability, majority pharmaco-resistant); Group 4, generalized epilepsy (n = 20, mild to moderate intellectual disability, frequently with absence seizures); Group 5, unclassifiable epilepsy (n = 127); and Group 6, neurodevelopmental disorder without epilepsy (n = 20, mild to moderate intellectual disability). Those in Groups 1-3 presented with focal or multifocal seizures (median age of onset: 4 months) and focal epileptiform discharges, whereas the onset of seizures in patients with generalized epilepsy was later (median: 42 months) with generalized epileptiform discharges. We performed functional studies expressing missense variants in ND7/23 neuroblastoma cells and primary neuronal cultures using recombinant tetrodotoxin-insensitive human Nav1.6 channels and whole-cell patch-clamping. Two variants causing developmental and epileptic encephalopathy showed a strong gain-of-function (hyperpolarizing shift of steady-state activation, strongly increased neuronal firing rate) and one variant causing benign familial infantile epilepsy or intermediate epilepsy showed a mild gain-of-function (defective fast inactivation, less increased firing). In contrast, all three variants causing generalized epilepsy induced a loss-of-function (reduced current amplitudes, depolarizing shift of steady-state activation, reduced neuronal firing). Functional effects were known for 170 individuals. All 136 individuals carrying a functionally tested gain-of-function variant had either focal (n = 97, Groups 1-3) or unclassifiable (n = 39) epilepsy, whereas 34 individuals with a loss-of-function variant had either generalized (n = 14), no (n = 11) or unclassifiable (n = 6) epilepsy; only three had developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Computational modelling in the gain-of-function group revealed a significant correlation between the severity of the electrophysiological and clinical phenotypes. Gain-of-function variant carriers responded significantly better to sodium channel blockers than to other anti-seizure medications, and the same applied for all individuals in Groups 1-3. In conclusion, our data reveal clear genotype-phenotype correlations between age at seizure onset, type of epilepsy and gain- or loss-of-function effects of SCN8A variants. Generalized epilepsy with absence seizures is the main epilepsy phenotype of loss-of-function variant carriers and the extent of the electrophysiological dysfunction of the gain-of-function variants is a main determinant of the severity of the clinical phenotype in focal epilepsies. Our pharmacological data indicate that sodium channel blockers present a treatment option in SCN8A-related focal epilepsy with onset in the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine M Johannesen
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment, The Danish Epilepsy Center, 4293 Dianalund, Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Koko
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Cathrine E Gjerulfsen
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment, The Danish Epilepsy Center, 4293 Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Lukas Sonnenberg
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julian Schubert
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christina D Fenger
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment, The Danish Epilepsy Center, 4293 Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Ahmed Eltokhi
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maert Rannap
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nils A Koch
- Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Lauxmann
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Krüger
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Josua Kegele
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Laura Canafoglia
- Department of Diagnostics and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologio Carlo Besta, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Franceschetti
- Department of Diagnostics and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologio Carlo Besta, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Mayer
- Epilepsy Center Kleinwachau, 01454 Dresden-Radeberg, Germany
| | | | - Pia Zacher
- Epilepsy Center Kleinwachau, 01454 Dresden-Radeberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Ruf
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children’s Hospital, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Alber
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children’s Hospital, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Katalin Sterbova
- Department of Child Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Lassuthová
- Department of Child Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vlckova
- Department of Child Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, 4275 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, 4275 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ilona Krey
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, 4275 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Constanze Heine
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, 4275 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Clinic, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40210 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Judith Kroell-Seger
- Children’s Department, Swiss Epilepsy Centre, Clinic Lengg, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Lund
- National Centre for Rare Epilepsy-Related Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, 0001 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl Martin Klein
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2P 0A1, Canada
| | - P Y Billie Au
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, AB T6G 2T4, Canada
| | - Jong M Rho
- Section of Pediatric Neurology, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2P 0A1, Canada
| | - Alice W Ho
- Section of Pediatric Neurology, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2P 0A1, Canada
| | - Silvia Masnada
- Department of Child Neurology, V. Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Department of Child Neurology, V. Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20125 Milan, Italy
- ‘L. Sacco’ Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Giordano
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Civilian Hospital, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Accorsi
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Civilian Hospital, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Christina E Hoei-Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16121 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS ‘G. Gaslini’ Institute, 16121 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Helene Verhelst
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Gent University Hospital, 9042 Gent, Belgium
| | - Judith S Verhoeven
- Academic Center for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe/Maastricht University Medical Center, 5591 Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M H Braakman
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Zwaag
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3553 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aster V E Harder
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3553 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Brilstra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3553 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manuela Pendziwiat
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig Holstein Campus Kiel, 24106 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lebon
- Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Woman Mother Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Vaccarezza
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ngoc Minh Le
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44102, USA
| | - Jakob Christensen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sabine Grønborg
- Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON 66777, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON 66777, Canada
| | - Jennifer Howe
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Bonn, 53229 Bonn, Germany
| | - Walid Fazeli
- Institute for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cologne, 50667 Cologne, Germany
- Neurology Department, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, 3002 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine B Howell
- Neurology Department, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, 3002 Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, 3052 Parkville, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, 3052 Parkville, Australia
| | - Richard Leventer
- Neurology Department, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, 3002 Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, 3052 Parkville, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, 3052 Parkville, Australia
| | - Chloe Stutterd
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, 3052 Parkville, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, 3052 Parkville, Australia
| | - Sonja Walsh
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children’s Hospital, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, 1099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marion Gerard
- Genetics Department, CHU Côte de Nacre, 14118 Caen, France
| | | | - Sara Matricardi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Children’s Hospital G. Salesi, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudia M Bonardi
- Department of Woman’s and Child’s Health, Padova University Hospital, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Sartori
- Child Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Padova University Hospital, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Berger
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Klinikum Weiden, Kliniken Nordoberpfalz AG, 92637 Weiden, Germany
| | | | - Massimo Mastrangelo
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Vittore Buzzi Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Darra
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, 37121 Verona, Italy
| | - Arve Vøllo
- Department of Pediatrics, Oestfold Hospital, 1712 Graalum, Norway
| | - M Mahdi Motazacker
- Laboratory of Genome Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1019 Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Phillis Lakeman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1019 Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Cornelia Betzler
- Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik, 83569 Vogtareuth, Germany
- Research Institute ‘Rehabilitation, Transition, Palliation’, PMU Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cecilia Altuzarra
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Jacques Hospital, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Roseline Caume
- Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Agathe Roubertie
- Département de Neuropédiatrie, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Gélisse
- Département de Neuropédiatrie, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Carla Marini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, 50131 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Frederic Bilan
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Daniel Tibussek
- Child Neurology, Center for Pediatric and Teenage Health Care, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | | | - M Scott Perry
- Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children’s Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX 76101, USA
| | - Shoji Ichikawa
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA 92637, USA
| | - Elena Dadali
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 125412 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Sharkov
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 125412 Moscow, Russia
- Genomed Ltd., 100000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Mishina
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Abramov
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 125412 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Kanivets
- Svt. Luka’s Institute of Child Neurology & Epilepsy, 100000 Moscow, Russia
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 100000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Korostelev
- Svt. Luka’s Institute of Child Neurology & Epilepsy, 100000 Moscow, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 100000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Kutsev
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Karen E Wain
- Geisinger Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Nancy Eisenhauer
- Geisinger Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Monisa Wagner
- Geisinger Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Juliann M Savatt
- Geisinger Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Karen Müller-Schlüter
- Epilepsy Center for Children, University Hospital Neuruppin, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Haim Bassan
- Pediatric Neurology & Development Center, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofe), Be'er Ya'akov, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 5296001 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Marie Cecile Nassogne
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Destrée
- Institute for Pathology and Genetics, 6040 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - An Sofie Schoonjans
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marije Meuwissen
- Pediatric Neurology, Marie Curie Hospital—CHU Charleroi, 6032 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Marga Buzatu
- Pediatric Neurology, Marie Curie Hospital—CHU Charleroi, 6032 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Anna Jansen
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Scalais
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, 1313 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Siddharth Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02108, USA
| | - Wen Hann Tan
- Department of Genetics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02108, USA
| | - Heather E Olson
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02108, USA
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02108, USA
| | - Tobias Loddenkemper
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02108, USA
| | - Annapurna Poduri
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02108, USA
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02108, USA
| | - Katherine L Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Epilepsy Neurogenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Epilepsy Neurogenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mark P Fitzgerald
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Epilepsy Neurogenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ethan M Goldberg
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Epilepsy Neurogenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timo Roser
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Haunersches Children’s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Borggraefe
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Haunersches Children’s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Ludwig-Maximilian- University of Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Brünger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University Luxembourg, L-4243 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Patrick May
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44102, USA
| | - Dennis Lal
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University Luxembourg, L-4243 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44102, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, 50667 Cologne, Germany
| | - Damien Lederer
- Institute for Pathology and Genetics, 6040 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Guido Rubboli
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment, The Danish Epilepsy Center, 4293 Dianalund, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrike O Heyne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, 4275 Leipzig, Germany
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 320 Helsinki, Finland
- Program for Medical and Population Genetics/Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02108, USA
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Groupement Hospitalier Est and ERN EpiCARE, University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), 69001 Lyon, France
- Institut Neuromyogène, CNRS UMR 5310 - INSERM U1217, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69001 Lyon, France
| | - Ulrike B S Hedrich
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jan Benda
- Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Elena Gardella
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment, The Danish Epilepsy Center, 4293 Dianalund, Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment, The Danish Epilepsy Center, 4293 Dianalund, Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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