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Nowak-Jary J, Machnicka B. In vivo Biodistribution and Clearance of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Medical Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4067-4100. [PMID: 37525695 PMCID: PMC10387276 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s415063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (magnetite and maghemite) are intensively studied due to their broad potential applications in medical and biological sciences. Their unique properties, such as nanometric size, large specific surface area, and superparamagnetism, allow them to be used in targeted drug delivery and internal radiotherapy by targeting an external magnetic field. In addition, they are successfully used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hyperthermia, and radiolabelling. The appropriate design of nanoparticles allows them to be delivered to the desired tissues and organs. The desired biodistribution of nanoparticles, eg, cancerous tumors, is increased using an external magnetic field. Thus, knowledge of the biodistribution of these nanoparticles is essential for medical applications. It allows for determining whether nanoparticles are captured by the desired organs or accumulated in other tissues, which may lead to potential toxicity. This review article presents the main organs where nanoparticles accumulate. The sites of their first uptake are usually the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, but with the appropriate design of nanoparticles, they can also be accumulated in organs such as the lungs, heart, or brain. In addition, the review describes the factors affecting the biodistribution of nanoparticles, including their size, shape, surface charge, coating molecules, and route of administration. Modern techniques for determining nanoparticle accumulation sites and concentration in isolated tissues or the body in vivo are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nowak-Jary
- University of Zielona Gora, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Zielona Gora, 65-516, Poland
| | - Beata Machnicka
- University of Zielona Gora, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Zielona Gora, 65-516, Poland
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2
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Targeted Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems to Restore Docetaxel Sensitivity in Resistant Tumors. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020292. [PMID: 35214025 PMCID: PMC8876228 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of chemotherapeutic agents such as docetaxel (DTX) in anticancer therapy is often correlated to side effects and the occurrence of drug resistance, which substantially impair the efficacy of the drug. Here, we demonstrate that self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) coated with enoxaparin (Enox) are a promising strategy to deliver DTX in resistant tumors. DTX partition studies between the SEDDS pre-concentrate and the release medium (water) suggest that the drug is well retained within the SEDDS upon dilution in the release medium. All SEDDS formulations show droplets with a mean diameter between 110 and 145 nm following dilution in saline and negligible hemolytic activity; the droplet size remains unchanged upon sterilization. Enox-coated SEDDS containing DTX exhibit an enhanced inhibition of cell growth compared to the control on cells of different solid tumors characterized by high levels of FGFR, which is due to an increased DTX internalization mediated by Enox. Moreover, only Enox-coated SEDDS are able to restore the sensitivity to DTX in resistant cells expressing MRP1 and BCRP by inhibiting the activity of these two main efflux transporters for DTX. The efficacy and safety of these formulations is also confirmed in vivo in resistant non-small cell lung cancer xenografts.
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3
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Orellana N, Palma S, Torres E, Cordero ML, Vio V, Ruso JM, Juárez J, Topete A, Araya E, Vasquez-Contreras R, Kogan MJ, Hassan N. Study of the interaction of folic acid-modified gold nanorods and fibrinogen through microfluidics: implications for protein adsorption, incorporation and viability of cancer cells. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17807-17821. [PMID: 34668502 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are an attractive nanomaterial for potential applications in therapy and diagnostics due to their capability to direct toward specific sites in the organism. However, when exposed to plasma, GNPs can interact with different biomolecules that form a dynamic nano-bio interface called a "protein corona" (PC). Remarkably, the PC could affect multiple biological processes, such as cell targeting and uptake, cytotoxicity, and nanoparticle (NP) clearance. The interaction of nanomaterials with plasmatic proteins has been widely studied under bulk conditions, however, under dynamic conditions, it has just recently been explored. Thus, to mimic a dynamic natural environment found in arteries and veins, microfluidic devices were used. In this work, gold nanorods (GNRs) were synthesized and conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to reduce their interaction with plasma proteins and increase their biocompatibility. Then, GNRs were functionalized with folic acid, a targeting ligand typically used to recognize tumor cells. The resulting nanosystem was exposed to fibrinogen (FB) to study the development and biological impact of PC formation through two strategies: bulk and laminar flow conditions. The obtained nanosystems were characterized by absorption spectrophotometry, DLS, laser Doppler microelectrophoresis, neutron activation analysis, circular dichroism spectroscopy and TEM. Finally, cell viability and cellular uptake assays were performed to study the influence of the PC on the cell viability and delivery of nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacaroha Orellana
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la I+D+I, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, San Joaquín, Chile.
| | - Sujey Palma
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la I+D+I, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, San Joaquín, Chile.
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis), Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Estefania Torres
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la I+D+I, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, San Joaquín, Chile.
| | - María Luisa Cordero
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 850, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Vio
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis), Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M Ruso
- Soft Matter and Molecular Biophysics Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Josué Juárez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Antonio Topete
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Eyleen Araya
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Vasquez-Contreras
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis), Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo J Kogan
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis), Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Hassan
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la I+D+I, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, San Joaquín, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis), Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
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4
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Sinha B, Staufenbiel S, Müller RH, Möschwitzer JP. Sub-50 nm ultra-small organic drug nanosuspension prepared by cavi-precipitation and its brain targeting potential. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:120983. [PMID: 34371150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to show whether it is possible to prepare sub 100 nm or preferably sub-50 nm drug nanosuspension (NS) of suitable quality for intravenous administration. Furthermore, we have studied how the brain targeting potential of such small size organic NS differs from relatively bigger size NS. Two combination technologies (cavi-precipitation, H96) and a standard high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technology were used to prepare drug NS of different sizes. The cavi-precipitation process generated the smallest AmB NS, i.e., 27 nm compared to 79 nm by H96 technology and 252 nm by standard HPH technology. Dialysis of the nanosuspension in the original dispersion media was found to be the most efficient solvent removal method without negatively affecting particle size. The removal of organic solvent was found to drastically improve the stability of the formulations. The protein adsorption pattern shows that the small size NS particles obtained by the cavi-precipitation process have the potential to circulate longer in the bloodstream and have the potential to be taken up by the blood-brain barrier. The cavi-precipitation process generated ultrafine NS particles, which fulfilled the quality requirements for intravenous administration and offer a potential solution for brain targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswadip Sinha
- Institute of Pharmacy, Dept. Of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and Nutricosmetics, Freie University of Berlin, Kelchstrasse 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Staufenbiel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Dept. Of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and Nutricosmetics, Freie University of Berlin, Kelchstrasse 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer H Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Dept. Of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and Nutricosmetics, Freie University of Berlin, Kelchstrasse 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan P Möschwitzer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Dept. Of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and Nutricosmetics, Freie University of Berlin, Kelchstrasse 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Yeo ELL, Azman N'A, Kah JCY. Stealthiness and Hematocompatibility of Gold Nanoparticles with Pre-Formed Protein Corona. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4913-4923. [PMID: 33861611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies have established that a serum protein corona pre-formed around gold nanorods (NRs) could be exploited for loading photosensitizers and chemotherapeutics to result in efficient cell kill in vitro with an extremely low dose. In this study, we further demonstrated that pre-forming a serum protein corona (PC) around citrate-capped NRs (NR-Cit) to form NR-PC conferred them stealth property and high hematocompatibility similar to the common strategy of PEGylating NRs, which would otherwise not be able to evade the immune system. Specifically, the NR-PC caused minimal complement activation with significantly lower formation of the terminal complement complex SC5b-9 measured in human serum containing NR-PC, and this resulted in low uptake by phagocytic U937 monocytes of 5.9% of the initial gold dose compared to 55.8% of NR-Cit. In addition, NR-PC exhibited very low hemolytic activity of less than 0.2% hemolysis with no observable effect on RBC morphology as opposed to 0.6% for NR-Cit at the same concentration of 1 nM NRs. Furthermore, we showed that the high hematocompatibility and stealth property of NR-PC were maintained even after the loading of small molecules, photosensitizer Chlorine e6 (Ce6), into the protein corona, thus further establishing the potential clinical relevance of exploiting the inevitably formed serum protein corona on nanoparticles as an effective delivery vector for small molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Li Ling Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Block E4, #04-08, 117583 Singapore
| | - Nurul 'Ain Azman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Block E4, #04-08, 117583 Singapore
| | - James Chen Yong Kah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Block E4, #04-08, 117583 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119077 Singapore
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6
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Viana IMDO, Roussel S, Defrêne J, Lima EM, Barabé F, Bertrand N. Innate and adaptive immune responses toward nanomedicines. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:852-870. [PMID: 33747756 PMCID: PMC7955583 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the commercialization of the first liposomes used for drug delivery, Doxil/Caelyx® and Myocet®, tremendous progress has been made in understanding interactions between nanomedicines and biological systems. Fundamental work at the interface of engineering and medicine has allowed nanomedicines to deliver therapeutic small molecules and nucleic acids more efficiently. While nanomedicines are used in oncology for immunotherapy or to deliver combinations of cytotoxics, the clinical successes of gene silencing approaches like patisiran lipid complexes (Onpattro®) have paved the way for a variety of therapies beyond cancer. In parallel, the global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has highlighted the potential of mRNA vaccines to develop immunization strategies at unprecedented speed. To rationally design therapeutic and vaccines, chemists, materials scientists, and drug delivery experts need to better understand how nanotechnologies interact with the immune system. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the innate and adaptative immune systems and emphasizes the intricate mechanisms through which nanomedicines interact with these biological functions.
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7
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Papini E, Tavano R, Mancin F. Opsonins and Dysopsonins of Nanoparticles: Facts, Concepts, and Methodological Guidelines. Front Immunol 2020; 11:567365. [PMID: 33154748 PMCID: PMC7587406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.567365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effects mediated by a set of nanoparticle (NP)-bound host biomolecules, often indicated with the umbrella term of NP corona, is essential in nanomedicine, nanopharmacology, and nanotoxicology. Among the NP-adsorbed proteome, some factors mediate cell binding, endocytosis, and clearing by macrophages and other phagocytes (opsonins), while some others display few affinities for the cell surface (dysopsonins). The functional mapping of opsonins and dysopsonins is instrumental to design long-circulating and nanotoxicologically safe next-generation nanotheranostics. In this review, we critically analyze functional data identifying specific proteins with opsonin or dysopsonin properties. Special attention is dedicated to the following: (1) the simplicity or complexity of the NP proteome and its modulation, (2) the role of specific host proteins in mediating the stealth properties of uncoated or polymer-coated NPs, and (3) the ability of the innate immune system, and, in particular, of the complement proteins, to mediate NP clearance by phagocytes. Emerging species-specific peculiarities, differentiating humans from preclinical animal models (the murine especially), are highlighted throughout this overview. The operative definition of opsonin and dysopsonin and the measurement schemes to assess their in vitro efficacy is critically re-examined. This provides a shared and unbiased approach useful for NP opsonin and dysopsonin systematic identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Papini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Centre for Innovative Biotechnological Research, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Regina Tavano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Centre for Innovative Biotechnological Research, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mancin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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8
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Ahmed A, Sarwar S, Hu Y, Munir MU, Nisar MF, Ikram F, Asif A, Rahman SU, Chaudhry AA, Rehman IU. Surface-modified polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery to cancer cells. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:1-24. [PMID: 32905714 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1822321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The utilization of polymeric nanoparticles, as drug payloads, has been extensively prevailed in cancer therapy. However, the precise distribution of these nanocarriers is restrained by various physiological and cellular obstacles. Nanoparticles must avoid nonspecific interactions with healthy cells and in vivo compartments to circumvent these barriers. Since in vivo interactions of nanoparticles are mainly dependent on surface properties of nanoparticles, efficient control on surface constituents is necessary for the determination of nanoparticles' fate in the body. AREAS COVERED In this review, the surface-modified polymeric nanoparticles and their utilization in cancer treatment were elaborated. First, the interaction of nanoparticles with numerous in vivo barriers was highlighted. Second, different strategies to overcome these obstacles were described. Third, some inspiring examples of surface-modified nanoparticles were presented. Later, fabrication and characterization methods of surface-modified nanoparticles were discussed. Finally, the applications of these nanoparticles in different routes of treatments were explored. EXPERT OPINION Surface modification of anticancer drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles can enhance the efficacy, selective targeting, and biodistribution of the anticancer drug at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Ahmed
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Sarwar
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad , Lahore, Pakistan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha , Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Yong Hu
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammad Usman Munir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University , Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Farrukh Nisar
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Fakhera Ikram
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anila Asif
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ur Rahman
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqif Anwar Chaudhry
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ihtasham Ur Rehman
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad , Lahore, Pakistan.,Bioengineering, Engineering Department, Lancaster University , Lancaster, UK
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9
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Crist RM, Dasa SSK, Liu CH, Clogston JD, Dobrovolskaia MA, Stern ST. Challenges in the development of nanoparticle-based imaging agents: Characterization and biology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1665. [PMID: 32830448 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite imaging agents being some of the earliest nanomedicines in clinical use, the vast majority of current research and translational activities in the nanomedicine field involves therapeutics, while imaging agents are severely underrepresented. The reasons for this lack of representation are several fold, including difficulties in synthesis and scale-up, biocompatibility issues, lack of suitable tissue/disease selective targeting ligands and receptors, and a high bar for regulatory approval. The recent focus on immunotherapies and personalized medicine, and development of nanoparticle constructs with better tissue distribution and selectivity, provide new opportunities for nanomedicine imaging agent development. This manuscript will provide an overview of trends in imaging nanomedicine characterization and biocompatibility, and new horizons for future development. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Crist
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Siva Sai Krishna Dasa
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina H Liu
- Nanodelivery Systems and Devices Branch, Cancer Imaging Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Clogston
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephan T Stern
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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10
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Liu GW, Pippin JW, Eng DG, Lv S, Shankland SJ, Pun SH. Nanoparticles exhibit greater accumulation in kidney glomeruli during experimental glomerular kidney disease. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14545. [PMID: 32786069 PMCID: PMC7422806 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss and dysfunction of glomerular podocytes result in increased macromolecule permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier and nephrotic syndrome. Current therapies can induce and maintain disease remission, but cause serious and chronic complications. Nanoparticle drug carriers could mitigate these side effects by delivering drugs to the kidneys more efficiently than free drug through tailoring of carrier properties. An important extrinsic factor of nanoparticle biodistribution is local pathophysiology, which may drive greater nanoparticle deposition in certain tissues. Here, we hypothesized that a "leakier" filtration barrier during glomerular kidney disease would increase nanoparticle distribution into the kidneys. We examined the effect of nanoparticle size and disease state on kidney accumulation in male BALB/c mice. The effect of size was tested using a panel of fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles of size 20-200 nm, due to the relevance of this size range for drug delivery applications.Experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was induced using an anti-podocyte antibody that causes abrupt podocyte depletion. Nanoparticles were modified with carboxymethyl-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) for stability and biocompatibility. After intravenous injection, fluorescence from nanoparticles of size 20 and 100 nm, but not 200 nm, was observed in kidney glomeruli and peritubular capillaries. During conditions of experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, the number of fluorescent nanoparticle punctae in kidney glomeruli increased by 1.9-fold for 20 and 100 nm nanoparticles compared to normal conditions. These findings underscore the importance of understanding and leveraging kidney pathophysiology in engineering new, targeted drug carriers that accumulate more in diseased glomeruli to treat glomerular kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W. Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Department of MedicineDivision of NephrologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Diana G. Eng
- Department of MedicineDivision of NephrologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
| | - Shixian Lv
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Stuart J. Shankland
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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11
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Wen L, Huang S, Du W, Zhu C, Xu H. Effects of the molecular weight and molar ratio of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-based lipid on the pH sensitivity, stability, and antitumor efficacy of liposomes. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:283-295. [PMID: 31944130 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1717514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated and screened the effects of the molecular weight (MW) and molar ratio of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-cholesteryl methyl carbonate (PEtOz-CHMC) on the pH sensitivity, stability, and antitumor efficacy of liposomes. The pH sensitivity of PEtOz-CHMC with different MWs and molar ratios was screened by drug release and cytotoxicity experiments at different pH levels. Results indicated that the liposomes coated with PEtOz1k-CHMC (7% molar ratio) and PEtOz2k-CHMC (5% molar ratio) exhibited the desirable pH responsiveness. When the MW of PEtOz was relatively low, 7% of the modified ratio obtained the strongest stability, but the turbidity of the liposomes did not obviously change when the molar ratio of PEtOz-CHMC was further increased. A375 cells were used as models to investigate the cellular uptake and intracellular localization of coumarin-6-loaded liposomes (C6-L), PEGylated liposomes (PEG-C6-L), and PEtOzylated liposomes. PEtOz1k-C6-L and PEtOz2k-C6-L presented remarkably stronger fluorescence intensity at low pH than at pH 7.4, whereas C6-L and PEG-C6-L did not achieve any obvious diversity at different pH conditions. Compared with C6-L and PEG-C6-L, PEtOz-C6-L showed efficient intracellular trafficking, including endosomal/lysosomal escape and cytoplasmic release. Pharmacokinetic experiments demonstrated that half-lives of PEG2k-C6-L, PEtOz2k-C6-L, and PEtOz1k-C6-L were 11.89-, 7.00-, and 5.29-fold times higher than those of C6-L, respectively. Among the liposomes, the DOX·HCl-loaded liposomes coated with PEtOz2k-CHMC demonstrated the strongest antitumor efficacy against B16 tumor xenograft models in vivo. These findings provide the feasibility of using PEtOz-CHMC with optimal pH sensitivity and long circulation to extend the application of liposomes to efficient anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqiao Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouzhen Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiang Du
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Caili Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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12
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Shreffler JW, Pullan JE, Dailey KM, Mallik S, Brooks AE. Overcoming Hurdles in Nanoparticle Clinical Translation: The Influence of Experimental Design and Surface Modification. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6056. [PMID: 31801303 PMCID: PMC6928924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are becoming an increasingly popular tool for biomedical imaging and drug delivery. While the prevalence of nanoparticle drug-delivery systems reported in the literature increases yearly, relatively little translation from the bench to the bedside has occurred. It is crucial for the scientific community to recognize this shortcoming and re-evaluate standard practices in the field, to increase clinical translatability. Currently, nanoparticle drug-delivery systems are designed to increase circulation, target disease states, enhance retention in diseased tissues, and provide targeted payload release. To manage these demands, the surface of the particle is often modified with a variety of chemical and biological moieties, including PEG, tumor targeting peptides, and environmentally responsive linkers. Regardless of the surface modifications, the nano-bio interface, which is mediated by opsonization and the protein corona, often remains problematic. While fabrication and assessment techniques for nanoparticles have seen continued advances, a thorough evaluation of the particle's interaction with the immune system has lagged behind, seemingly taking a backseat to particle characterization. This review explores current limitations in the evaluation of surface-modified nanoparticle biocompatibility and in vivo model selection, suggesting a promising standardized pathway to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amanda E. Brooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA; (J.W.S.); (J.E.P.); (K.M.D.); (S.M.)
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13
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Giarra S, Lupo N, Campani V, Carotenuto A, Mayol L, De Rosa G, Bernkop-Schnürch A. In vitro evaluation of tumor targeting ability of a parenteral enoxaparin-coated self-emulsifying drug delivery system. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Rezaei G, Daghighi SM, Raoufi M, Esfandyari-Manesh M, Rahimifard M, Mobarakeh VI, Kamalzare S, Ghahremani MH, Atyabi F, Abdollahi M, Rezaee F, Dinarvand R. Synthetic and biological identities of polymeric nanoparticles influencing the cellular delivery: An immunological link. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 556:476-491. [PMID: 31473538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced understanding of bio-nano interaction requires recognition of hidden factors such as protein corona, a layer of adsorbed protein around nano-systems. This study compares the biological identity and fingerprint profile of adsorbed proteins on PLGA-based nanoparticles through nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The total proteins identified in the corona of nanoparticles (NPs) with different in size, charge and compositions were classified based on molecular mass, isoelectric point and protein function. A higher abundance of complement proteins was observed in modified NPs with an increased size, while NPs with a positive surface charge exhibited the minimum adsorption for immunoglobulin proteins. A correlation of dysopsonin/opsonin ratio was found with cellular uptake of NPs exposed to two positive and negative Fc receptor cell lines. Although the higher abundance of dysopsonins such as apolipoproteins may cover the active sites of opsonins causing a lower uptake, the correlation of adsorbed dysopsonin/opsonin proteins on the NPs surface has an opposite trend with the intensity of cell uptake. Despite the reduced uptake of corona-coated NPs in comparison with pristine NPs, the dysopsonin/opsonin ratio controlled by the physicochemistry properties of NPs could potentially be used to tune up the cellular delivery of polymeric NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassem Rezaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran; Medical Biomaterials Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Daghighi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Raoufi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mehdi Esfandyari-Manesh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mahban Rahimifard
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sara Kamalzare
- Department of Hepatitis and HIV, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaee
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
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15
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Gunnarsson SB, Bernfur K, Englund-Johansson U, Johansson F, Cedervall T. Analysis of complexes formed by small gold nanoparticles in low concentration in cell culture media. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218211. [PMID: 31199838 PMCID: PMC6568402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
New nanomaterials are constantly developed with applications in everything from cosmetics to high tech electronics. Assessing their biological impact has been done by analysis of their adsorbed protein corona, in vitro cell assays, and larger scale ecotoxicological studies. This has proved to be a huge challenge due to the wide range of available nanomaterials and their unpredictable behaviour in different environments. Furthermore, the enormous number of experimental variables make comparisons difficult. Concentration is one of these variables and can vary greatly depending on the aim of the study. When analysing the protein corona, concentrations are often higher than in cell assays. Using a combination of complementary techniques, we have characterised 20 nm gold nanoparticles in a concentration level commonly used in cell studies. We compare their behaviour in a commonly used, protein rich medium and one protein poor medium over 24 hours. Under these conditions, the NPs were stable in protein rich environment but underwent gradual aggregation in protein poor medium. We characterise the biomolecular corona in both media. In protein poor medium, we can describe the often overlooked aggregation. The aggregates' morphology is confirmed by cryo-TEM. Finally, in the protein poor medium, by infrared spectroscopy, we have identified the amino acid arginine in the biomolecular corona which drives the aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefán B. Gunnarsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katja Bernfur
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Tommy Cedervall
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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16
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Karaman DŞ, Sarparanta MP, Rosenholm JM, Airaksinen AJ. Multimodality Imaging of Silica and Silicon Materials In Vivo. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703651. [PMID: 29388264 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the development of silica- and silicon-based multimodality imaging nanoprobes has advanced their use in image-guided drug delivery, and the development of novel systems for nanotheranostic and diagnostic applications. As biocompatible and flexibly tunable materials, silica and silicon provide excellent platforms with high clinical potential in nanotheranostic and diagnostic probes with well-defined morphology and surface chemistry, yielding multifunctional properties. In vivo imaging is of great value in the exploration of methods for improving site-specific nanotherapeutic delivery by silica- and silicon-based drug-delivery systems. Multimodality approaches are essential for understanding the biological interactions of nanotherapeutics in the physiological environment in vivo. The aim here is to describe recent advances in the development of in vivo imaging tools based on nanostructured silica and silicon, and their applications in single and multimodality imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Şen Karaman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, FI, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Mirkka P Sarparanta
- Department of Chemistry-Radiochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, POB 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, FI, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu J Airaksinen
- Department of Chemistry-Radiochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, POB 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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17
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18
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Gunnarsson SB, Bernfur K, Mikkelsen A, Cedervall T. Analysis of nanoparticle biomolecule complexes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:4246-4257. [PMID: 29436548 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08696b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles exposed to biological fluids adsorb biomolecules on their surface forming a biomolecular corona. This corona determines, on a molecular level, the interactions and impact the newly formed complex has on cells and organisms. The corona formation as well as the physiological and toxicological relevance are commonly investigated. However, an acknowledged but rarely addressed problem in many fields of nanobiotechnology is aggregation and broadened size distribution of nanoparticles following their interactions with the molecules of biological fluids. In blood serum, TiO2 nanoparticles form complexes with a size distribution from 30 nm to more than 500 nm. In this study we have separated these complexes, with good resolution, using preparative centrifugation in a sucrose gradient. Two main apparent size populations were obtained, a fast sedimenting population of complexes that formed a pellet in the preparative centrifugation tube, and a slow sedimenting complex population still suspended in the gradient after centrifugation. Concentration and surface area dependent differences are found in the biomolecular corona between the slow and fast sedimenting fractions. There are more immunoglobulins, lipid binding proteins, and lipid-rich complexes at higher serum concentrations. Sedimentation rate and the biomolecular corona are important factors for evaluating any experiment including nanoparticle exposure. Our results show that traditional description of nanoparticles in biological fluids is an oversimplification and that more thorough characterisations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefán B Gunnarsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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19
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Liu Y, Ma Y, Xu J, Chen Y, Xie J, Yue P, Zheng Q, Yang M. Apolipoproteins adsorption and brain-targeting evaluation of baicalin nanocrystals modified by combination of Tween80 and TPGS. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 160:619-627. [PMID: 29031222 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To help baicalin pass across BBB and improve its targeting in brain, we designed a novel formulation strategy of baicalin nanocrystals that preferentially adsorbing apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and repelling protein adsorption of opsonins. Intravenous baicalin nanocrystals suspensions (BCL-NS) modified by different surfactant were prepared by high-pressure homogenization. The targeting potential of surface-modified BCL-NS with mean particles size of about 250nm was assessed by in vitro protein adsorption studies using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE), and further evaluated in vivo pharmacokinetics. The protein adsorption results showed that BCL-NS/TPGS, BCL-NS/TW80 and BCL-NS/TPGS+TW80 adsorbed very high amounts of apolipoproteins (ApoA-I, ApoA-Ⅱ, ApoA-IV, ApoC-III, ApoE, ApoJ) and relative low amounts of opsonins (fibrinogen, immunoglobulin heavy chain gamma, immunoglobulin light chain). The pharmacokinetics results demonstrated the AUC (0-∞) in brain of the BCL-NS/TW80+TPGS was 6.67 times as high as that of the BCL solution, and 2.59 times as high as that of the BCL-NS/TW80. It could be attributed to the most ApoE and Apo J adsorption indicative of strong BBB penetration, and least IgG γ and fibrinogen loading minimizing the risk of hepatic uptake. Combination of TW80 and TPGS can be rational choice of surfactants of baicalin nanocrystals for brain-targeting mediated by ApoE adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yueqin Ma
- Departments of Pharmacy, 94th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanchang, China
| | - Junnan Xu
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yingchong Chen
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jin Xie
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Pengfei Yue
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.
| | - Qin Zheng
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.
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20
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Yeo ELL, Cheah JUJ, Neo DJH, Goh WI, Kanchanawong P, Soo KC, Thong PSP, Kah JCY. Exploiting the protein corona around gold nanorods for low-dose combined photothermal and photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2016; 5:254-268. [PMID: 32263544 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02743a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A nanodevice comprising human serum (HS) protein corona coated gold nanorods (NRs) has been developed to perform both photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) simultaneously at a very low dose under irradiation by a single laser. Here, we exploit the protein corona to load a photosensitizer, chlorin e6 (Ce6), to form NR-HS-Ce6, whose excitation wavelength matches with the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of NRs. When excited by a single laser, the NRs caused photothermal ablation of cancer cells while Ce6 simultaneously produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill cancer cells through oxidative stress in PDT. We found that the protein corona did not affect the photothermal heating of NRs and observed more than 5-fold increase in ROS generation when Ce6 was loaded on NR-HS compared to free HS-Ce6 dissolved in HS. The uptake of Ce6 by Cal 27 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells also increased 57-fold when loaded on NR-HS compared to free HS-Ce6. While both PDT and PTT have established modest success in reducing cancer cell viability on their own, we have shown that the combined therapy can achieve near complete eradication (95.2% cell kill) of cancer cells even at an extremely low dose of 50 pM of NR-HS-Ce6 containing an equivalent of 7.67 μg mL-1 Au and 4.83 nM Ce6. This near complete cell kill at such a low dose has not been reported previously. The advantages of this nanoscale delivery system showcase the application of protein corona in cancer treatment instead of considering it as an undesirable biological artefact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Li Ling Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, E4-04-08, Singapore 117583.
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21
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Koh WL, Tham PH, Yu H, Leo HL, Yong Kah JC. Aggregation and protein corona formation on gold nanoparticles affect viability and liver functions of primary rat hepatocytes. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2275-87. [PMID: 27527273 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We examined the impact of aggregation and protein corona formation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the cytotoxicity, uptake and metabolism, specifically urea and albumin synthesis, of primary rat hepatocytes. MATERIALS & METHODS The AuNPs were synthesized via citrate reduction and the human serum protein corona was preformed on the AuNPs. Primary hepatocytes were isolated from male Wistar rats via two-step in situ collagenase perfusion method, and were dosed with both citrate-capped (AuNP-Cit) and protein corona coated AuNPs (AuNP-Cor). RESULTS The AuNP-Cor showed higher cell uptake and reduced cell viability compared with aggregated AuNP-Cit. Urea and albumin secretions showed AuNP dose dependency. Both AuNP-Cit and AuNP-Cor exerted only an acute effect on the albumin synthesis of hepatocytes with no chronic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Ling Koh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phoebe Huijun Tham
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, Singapore.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hwa Liang Leo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Chen Yong Kah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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22
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Mohammadzade S, Beig Parikhani A, Askari H. Assessment of Behavior of Rice Root Peroxidase in the Presence of Silver Nanoparticles. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/ajmb-30943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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23
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Corbo C, Molinaro R, Parodi A, Toledano Furman NE, Salvatore F, Tasciotti E. The impact of nanoparticle protein corona on cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity and target drug delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:81-100. [PMID: 26653875 PMCID: PMC4910943 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a perfect sequence of events, nanoparticles (NPs) are injected into the bloodstream where they circulate until they reach the target tissue. The ligand on the NP surface recognizes its specific receptor expressed on the target tissue and the drug is released in a controlled manner. However, once injected in a physiological environment, NPs interact with biological components and are surrounded by a protein corona (PC). This can trigger an immune response and affect NP toxicity and targeting capabilities. In this review, we provide a survey of recent findings on the NP-PC interactions and discuss how the PC can be used to modulate both cytotoxicity and the immune response as well as to improve the efficacy of targeted delivery of nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Corbo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
- Fondazione SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Molinaro
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
- Fondazione SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Naama E Toledano Furman
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology s.c.a.r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
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24
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Mirshafiee V, Kim R, Park S, Mahmoudi M, Kraft ML. Impact of protein pre-coating on the protein corona composition and nanoparticle cellular uptake. Biomaterials 2015; 75:295-304. [PMID: 26513421 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are functionalized with targeting ligands to enable selectively delivering drugs to desired locations in the body. When these functionalized NPs enter the blood stream, plasma proteins bind to their surfaces, forming a protein corona that affects NP uptake and targeting efficiency. To address this problem, new strategies for directing the formation of a protein corona that has targeting capabilities are emerging. Here, we have investigated the feasibility of directing corona composition to promote targeted NP uptake by specific types of cells. We used the well-characterized process of opsonin-induced phagocytosis by macrophages as a simplified model of corona-mediated NP uptake by a desired cell type. We demonstrate that pre-coating silica NPs with gamma-globulins (γ-globulins) produced a protein corona that was enriched with opsonins, such as immunoglobulins. Although immunoglobulins are ligands that bind to receptors on macrophages and elicit phagocytois, the opsonin-rich protein corona did not increase NP uptake by macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Immunolabeling experiments indicated that the binding of opsonins to their target cell surface receptors was impeded by other proteins in the corona. Thus, corona-mediated NP targeting strategies must optimize both the recruitment of the desired plasma proteins as well as their accessibility and orientation in the corona layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mirshafiee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Soyun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mary L Kraft
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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25
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Azhdarzadeh M, Saei AA, Sharifi S, Hajipour MJ, Alkilany AM, Sharifzadeh M, Ramazani F, Laurent S, Mashaghi A, Mahmoudi M. Nanotoxicology: advances and pitfalls in research methodology. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2931-52. [PMID: 26370561 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As research progresses, nanoparticles (NPs) are becoming increasingly promising tools for medical diagnostics and therapeutics. Despite this rise, their potential risks to human health, together with environmental issues, has led to increasing concerns regarding their use. As such, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions that occur at the nano-bio interface is required in order to design safe, reliable and efficient NPs for biomedical applications. To this end, extensive studies have been dedicated to probing the factors that define various properties of the nano-bio interface. However, the literature remains unclear and contains conflicting reports on cytotoxicity and biological fates, even for seemingly identical NPs. This uncertainty reveals that we frequently fail to identify and control relevant parameters that unambiguously and reproducibly determine the toxicity of nanoparticles, both in vitro and in vivo. An effective understanding of the toxicological impact of NPs requires the consideration of relevant factors, including the temperature of the target tissue, plasma gradient, cell shape, interfacial effects and personalized protein corona. In this review, we discuss the factors that play a critical role in nano-bio interface processes and nanotoxicity. A proper combinatorial assessment of these factors substantially changes our insight into the cytotoxicity, distribution and biological fate of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Azhdarzadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center & Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Nanotechnology Research Center & Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahriar Sharifi
- Department of Biomaterials Science & Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad J Hajipour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alaaldin M Alkilany
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center & Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramazani
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, T6G 2R3, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic & Biomedical Chemistry, NMR & Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Nanotechnology Research Center & Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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26
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Moser M, Behnke T, Hamers-Allin C, Klein-Hartwig K, Falkenhagen J, Resch-Genger U. Quantification of PEG-Maleimide Ligands and Coupling Efficiencies on Nanoparticles with Ellman’s Reagent. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9376-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Moser
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Behnke
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolina Hamers-Allin
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Klein-Hartwig
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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Eustaquio T, Leary JF. Nanobarcoded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for nanomedicine: Quantitative studies of cell-nanoparticle interactions by scanning image cytometry. Cytometry A 2015; 89:207-16. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Eustaquio
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana
| | - James F. Leary
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Bindley Bioscience Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana
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Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is widely utilized in drug delivery and nanotechnology due to its reported "stealth" properties and biocompatibility. It is generally thought that PEGylation allows particulate delivery systems and biomaterials to evade the immune system and thereby prolong circulation lifetimes. However, numerous studies over the past decade have demonstrated that PEGylation causes significant reductions in drug delivery, including enhanced serum protein binding, reduced uptake by target cells, and the elicitation of an immune response that facilitates clearance in vivo. This report reviews some of the extensive literature documenting the detrimental effects of PEGylation, and thereby questions the wisdom behind employing this strategy in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan J F Verhoef
- University of Utrecht, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, 3584 CG The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Anchordoquy
- University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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Beck-Broichsitter M, Nicolas J, Couvreur P. Design attributes of long-circulating polymeric drug delivery vehicles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:304-17. [PMID: 25857838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Following systemic administration polymeric drug delivery vehicles allow for a controlled and targeted release of the encapsulated medication at the desired site of action. For an elevated and organ specific accumulation of their cargo, nanocarriers need to avoid opsonization, activation of the complement system and uptake by macrophages of the mononuclear phagocyte system. In this respect, camouflaged vehicles revealed a delayed elimination from systemic circulation and an improved target organ deposition. For instance, a steric shielding of the carrier surface by poly(ethylene glycol) substantially decreased interactions with the biological environment. However, recent studies disclosed possible deficits of this approach, where most notably, poly(ethylene glycol)-modified drug delivery vehicles caused significant immune responses. At present, identification of novel potential carrier coating strategies facilitating negligible immune reactions is an emerging field of interest in drug delivery research. Moreover, physical carrier properties including geometry and elasticity seem to be very promising design attributes to surpass numerous biological barriers, in order to improve the efficacy of the delivered medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Beck-Broichsitter
- Institut Galien UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud XI, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud XI, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud XI, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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Näkki S, Rytkönen J, Nissinen T, Florea C, Riikonen J, Ek P, Zhang H, Santos HA, Närvänen A, Xu W, Lehto VP. Improved stability and biocompatibility of nanostructured silicon drug carrier for intravenous administration. Acta Biomater 2015; 13:207-15. [PMID: 25463492 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has attracted considerable interest in the field of biomedicine, where various nanoparticles (NPs) have been introduced as efficient drug carrier systems. Mesoporous silicon (PSi) is one of the most promising materials in this field due to its low toxicity, good biodegradability, high surface area, tunable pore size and controllable surface functionality. However, recognition by the reticuloendothelial system and particle agglomeration hinder the use of PSi for intravenous applications. The present paper describes a dual-PEGylation method, where two PEG molecules with different sizes (0.5 and 2 kDa) were grafted simultaneously in a single process onto thermally oxidized PSi NPs to form a high-density PEG coating with both brush-like and mushroom-like conformation. The material was characterized in detail and the effects of the dual-PEGylation on cell viability, protein adsorption and macrophage uptakes were evaluated. The results show that dual-PEGylation improves the colloidal stability of the NPs in salt solutions, prolongs their half-lives, and minimizes both protein adsorption and macrophage uptake. Therefore, these new dual-PEGylated PSi NPs are potential candidates for intravenous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simo Näkki
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Rytkönen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo Nissinen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cristina Florea
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Joakim Riikonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paul Ek
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ale Närvänen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Wujun Xu
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Vesa-Pekka Lehto
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Li Z, Qiu L, Chen Q, Hao T, Qiao M, Zhao H, Zhang J, Hu H, Zhao X, Chen D, Mei L. pH-sensitive nanoparticles of poly(L-histidine)-poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate for anti-tumor drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2015; 11:137-50. [PMID: 25242647 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel pH-sensitive polymer, poly(L-histidine)-poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (PLH-PLGA-TPGS), was synthesized to design a biocompatible drug delivery system for cancer chemotherapy. The structure of the PLH-PLGA-TPGS copolymer was confirmed by (1)H-NMR, FTIR and GPC. The apparent pKa of the PLH-PLGA-TPGS copolymer was calculated to be 6.33 according to the acid-base titration curve. The doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded nanoparticles (PLH-PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles and PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles) and corresponding blank nanoparticles were prepared by a co-solvent evaporation method. The blank PLH-PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles showed an acidic pH-induced increase in particle size. The DOX-loaded nanoparticles based on PLH-PLGA-TPGS showed a pH-triggered drug-release behavior under acidic conditions. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity experiment on MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells showed that the DOX-loaded PLH-PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles resulted in lower cell viability versus the PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles and free DOX solution. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showed that DOX-loaded PLH-PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles were internalized by MCF-7/ADR cells after 1 and 4h incubation and most of them accumulated in lysosomes to accelerate DOX release under acidic conditions. In summary, the PLH-PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles have great potential to be used as carriers for anti-tumor drug delivery.
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Lee YK, Choi EJ, Webster TJ, Kim SH, Khang D. Effect of the protein corona on nanoparticles for modulating cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 10:97-113. [PMID: 25565807 PMCID: PMC4275058 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s72998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) is greatly influenced by their interactions with blood proteins, toxic effects resulting from blood interactions are often ignored in the development and use of nanostructured biomaterials for in vivo applications. Protein coronas created during the initial reaction with NPs can determine the subsequent immunological cascade, and protein coronas formed on NPs can either stimulate or mitigate the immune response. Along these lines, the understanding of NP-protein corona formation in terms of physiochemical surface properties of the NPs and NP interactions with the immune system components in blood is an essential step for evaluating NP toxicity for in vivo therapeutics. This article reviews the most recent developments in NP-based protein coronas through the modification of NP surface properties and discusses the associated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Kyung Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Choi
- Division of Sport Science, College of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Program in Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Khang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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Staufenbiel S, Weise C, Müller RH. Targeting of Intravenous Polymeric Nanoparticles by Differential Protein Adsorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201400062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Staufenbiel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology & NutriCosmetics; FU Berlin; 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry; FU Berlin; 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Rainer H. Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology & NutriCosmetics; FU Berlin; 14195 Berlin Germany
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Shielding of Lipid Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery: Impact on Physicochemical Properties, Cytokine Induction, and Efficacy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e210. [PMID: 25405467 PMCID: PMC4459547 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Formulation of short interfering RNA (siRNA) into multicomponent lipid nanoparticles (LNP) is an effective strategy for hepatic delivery and therapeutic gene silencing. This study systematically evaluated the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) density on LNP physicochemical properties, innate immune response stimulation, and in vivo efficacy. Increased PEG density not only shielded LNP surface charge but also reduced hemolytic activity, suggesting the formation of a steric barrier. In addition, increasing the PEG density reduced LNP immunostimulatory potential as reflected in cytokine induction both in vivo and in vitro. Higher PEG density also hindered in vivo efficacy, presumably due to reduced association with apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a protein which serves as an endogenous targeting ligand to hepatocytes. This effect could be overcome by incorporating an exogenous targeting ligand into the highly shielded LNPs, thereby circumventing the requirement for ApoE association. Therefore, these studies provide useful information for the rational design of LNP-based siRNA delivery systems with an optimal safety and efficacy profile.
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PEG — A versatile conjugating ligand for drugs and drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2014; 192:67-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
In recent years, hundreds of genes have been linked to a variety of human diseases, and the field of gene therapy has emerged as a way to treat this wide range of diseases. The main goal of gene therapy is to find a gene delivery vehicle that can successfully target diseased cells and deliver therapeutic genes directly to their cellular compartment. The two main types of gene delivery vectors currently being investigated in clinical trials are recombinant viral vectors and synthetic nonviral vectors. Recombinant viral vectors take advantage of the evolutionarily optimized viral mechanisms to deliver genes, but they can be hard to specifically target in vivo and are also associated with serious side effects. Synthetic nonviral vectors are made out of highly biocompatible lipids or polymers, but they are much less efficient at delivering their genetic payload due to the lack of any active delivery mechanism. This mini review will introduce the current state of gene delivery in clinical trials, and discuss the specific challenges associated with each of these vectors. It will also highlight some specific gaps in knowledge that are limiting the advancement of this field and touch on the current areas of research being explored to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Liu
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Rohrs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Vllasaliu D, Fowler R, Stolnik S. PEGylated nanomedicines: recent progress and remaining concerns. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 11:139-54. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.866651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Salmaso S, Caliceti P. Stealth properties to improve therapeutic efficacy of drug nanocarriers. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2013; 2013:374252. [PMID: 23533769 PMCID: PMC3606770 DOI: 10.1155/2013/374252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, nanocarriers for drug delivery have emerged as powerful tools with unquestionable potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs. Many colloidal drug delivery systems are underdevelopment to ameliorate the site specificity of drug action and reduce the systemic side effects. By virtue of their small size they can be injected intravenously and disposed into the target tissues where they release the drug. Nanocarriers interact massively with the surrounding environment, namely, endothelium vessels as well as cells and blood proteins. Consequently, they are rapidly removed from the circulation mostly by the mononuclear phagocyte system. In order to endow nanosystems with long circulation properties, new technologies aimed at the surface modification of their physicochemical features have been developed. In particular, stealth nanocarriers can be obtained by polymeric coating. In this paper, the basic concept underlining the "stealth" properties of drug nanocarriers, the parameters influencing the polymer coating performance in terms of opsonins/macrophages interaction with the colloid surface, the most commonly used materials for the coating process and the outcomes of this peculiar procedure are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Salmaso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Caliceti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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40
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Casals E, Puntes VF. Inorganic nanoparticle biomolecular corona: formation, evolution and biological impact. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1917-30. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Physicochemical changes to inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) in biological environments determine their impact. Blood, lymph, mucus, complete cell culture media and other biological fluids contain a large amount and variety of different molecules. NPs dispersed in these fluids are sensitive to such environments. One of the most significant alterations is the formation of the NP–protein corona (PC) as a result of the adsorption of proteins onto the inorganic surface. This process is currently gaining attention in the field of inorganic NPs since this spontaneous coating gives a biological identity to the composite NP–PC and determines the interactions between the NP and the host in living systems. Therefore, knowledge of NP–PC formation is crucial for understanding the evolution, biodistribution and reactivity of NPs inside organisms and, therefore, for the safe design of engineered NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eudald Casals
- CIN2 (ICN-CSIC), Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology & Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus de la UAB, Edifici Q, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor F Puntes
- Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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Eustaquio T, Leary JF. Nanobarcoding: detecting nanoparticles in biological samples using in situ polymerase chain reaction. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5625-39. [PMID: 23144562 PMCID: PMC3493259 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s37433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determination of the fate of nanoparticles (NPs) in a biological system, or NP biodistribution, is critical in evaluating an NP formulation for nanomedicine. Current methods to determine NP biodistribution are greatly inadequate, due to their limited detection thresholds. Herein, proof of concept of a novel method for improved NP detection based on in situ polymerase chain reaction (ISPCR), coined "nanobarcoding," is demonstrated. METHODS Nanobarcoded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NB-SPIONs) were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and hyperspectral imaging measurements. Cellular uptake of Cy5-labeled NB-SPIONs (Cy5-NB-SPIONs) was imaged by confocal microscopy. The feasibility of the nanobarcoding method was first validated by solution-phase PCR and "pseudo"-ISPCR before implementation in the model in vitro system of HeLa human cervical adenocarcinoma cells, a cell line commonly used for ISPCR-mediated detection of human papilloma virus (HPV). RESULTS Dynamic light-scattering measurements showed that NB conjugation stabilized SPION size in different dispersion media compared to that of its precursor, carboxylated SPIONs (COOH-SPIONs), while the zeta potential became more positive after NB conjugation. Hyperspectral imaging confirmed NB conjugation and showed that the NB completely covered the SPION surface. Solution-phase PCR and pseudo-ISPCR showed that the expected amplicons were exclusively generated from the NB-SPIONs in a dose-dependent manner. Although confocal microscopy revealed minimal cellular uptake of Cy5-NB-SPIONs at 50 nM over 24 hours in individual cells, ISPCR detected definitive NB-SPION signals inside HeLa cells over large sample areas. CONCLUSION Proof of concept of the nanobarcoding method has been demonstrated in in vitro systems, but the technique needs further development before its widespread use as a standardized assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Eustaquio
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James F Leary
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Chao Y, Makale M, Karmali PP, Sharikov Y, Tsigelny I, Merkulov S, Kesari S, Wrasidlo W, Ruoslahti E, Simberg D. Recognition of dextran-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle conjugates (Feridex) via macrophage scavenger receptor charged domains. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1003-9. [PMID: 22515422 DOI: 10.1021/bc200685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (dextran-SPIO conjugates) offer the attractive possibility of enhancing MRI imaging sensitivity so that small or diffuse lesions can be detected. However, systemically injected SPIOs are rapidly removed by macrophages. We engineered embryonic cells (HEK293T) to express major macrophage scavenger receptor (SR) subtypes including SR-AI, MARCO, and endothelial receptor collectin-12. These SRs possess a positively charged collagen-like (CL) domain and they promoted SPIO uptake, while the charge neutral lipoprotein receptor SR-BI did not. In silico modeling indicated a positive net charge on the CL domain and a net negative charge on the cysteine-rich (CR) domain of MARCO and SR-AI. In vitro experiments revealed that CR domain deletion in SR-AI boosted uptake of SPIO 3-fold, while deletion of MARCO's CR domain abolished this uptake. These data suggest that future studies might productively focus on the validation and further exploration of SR charge fields in SPIO recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chao
- Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, ‡Department of Neurosciences, and ⊥San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California, United States
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Dufort S, Sancey L, Coll JL. Physico-chemical parameters that govern nanoparticles fate also dictate rules for their molecular evolution. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:179-89. [PMID: 21983079 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are efficient to safely deliver therapeutic and imaging contrast agents to tumors for cancer diagnostic and therapy, if they can escape the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and accumulate in tumors either passively due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect or actively via a specific ligand. The main hallmark of nanoparticles is their large surface areas, which, depending of their chemical compositions, surface coatings, electric charges, sizes and shapes, will generate complex, extremely dynamic and continuous interactions and exchanges between the nanoparticles and the different molecules present in the blood. Special attention will be paid to explain how the nanoparticles were improved step by step in order to adapt our increasing knowledge on their biophysics. In particular, we will discuss the influence of PEGylation, the difficulties to generate actively targeted particles and finally the actual trends in the manufacturing of "third-generation" smart particles.
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Zhang LW, Bäumer W, Monteiro-Riviere NA. Cellular uptake mechanisms and toxicity of quantum dots in dendritic cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:777-91. [PMID: 21793671 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Quantum dots (QDs) are nanoparticles with strong fluorescent emission and are novel tools used in biomedical applications, but the toxicity and mechanism of cellular uptake are poorly understood. QD655-COOH (negative charge, 18 nm) consist of a cadmium/selenide core and a zinc sulfide shell with a carboxylic acid coating with an emission wavelength of 655 nm. MATERIALS & METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from porcine blood by gradient centrifugation, and monocytes, which are CD14 positive, were purified. Monocytes were differentiated into dendritic cells (DCs) with GM-CSF and IL-4. RESULTS Monocytes showed cellular uptake of QD655-COOH, while lymphocytes did not. Monocyte differentiation into DCs increased the cellular uptake by sixfold when dosed with 2 nM of QD655-COOH. Transmission electron microscopy depicted QD655-COOH in the cytoplasmic vacuoles of DCs. Twelve endocytic inhibitors demonstrated QD655-COOH endocytosis in DCs, which was recognized by clathrin and scavenger receptors and regulated by F-actin and phospholipase C. In addition, DC maturation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused an increase in QD655-COOH uptake compared with DCs without LPS stimulation. Viability assays, including 96AQ, CCK-8, alamar blue and ApoTox, exhibited minimal toxicity in DCs dosed with QD655-COOH at 24 h. However, glutathione levels showed a significant decrease with 10 nM of QD655-COOH. Finally, QD655-COOH exposure was associated with a decrease in CD80/CD86 expression after LPS stimulation, suggesting suppression with DC maturation. CONCLUSION These findings shed light on the mechanism of QD655-COOH uptake in DCs and that cellular uptake pathways are dependent on cell type and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leshuai W Zhang
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research & Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Andresen TL. Factors controlling nanoparticle pharmacokinetics: an integrated analysis and perspective. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 52:481-503. [PMID: 22035254 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intravenously injected nanoparticulate drug carriers provide a wide range of unique opportunities for site-specific targeting of therapeutic agents to many areas within the vasculature and beyond. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of these carriers are controlled by a complex array of interrelated core and interfacial physicochemical and biological factors. Pertinent to realizing therapeutic goals, definitive maps that establish the interdependency of nanoparticle size, shape, and surface characteristics in relation to interfacial forces, biodistribution, controlled drug release, excretion, and adverse effects must be outlined. These concepts are critically evaluated and an integrated perspective is provided on the basis of the recent application of nanoscience approaches to nanocarrier design and engineering. The future of this exciting field is bright; some regulatory-approved products are already on the market and many are in late-phase clinical trials. With concomitant advances in extensive computational knowledge of the genomics and epigenomics of interindividual variations in drug responses, the boundaries toward development of personalized nanomedicines can be pushed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Moghimi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Bertrand N, Leroux JC. The journey of a drug-carrier in the body: an anatomo-physiological perspective. J Control Release 2011; 161:152-63. [PMID: 22001607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in chemistry and material sciences have witnessed the emergence of an increasing number of novel and complex nanosized carriers for the delivery of drugs and imaging agents. Nevertheless, this raise in complexity does not necessarily offer more efficient systems. The lack of performance experienced by several colloidal drug carriers during the preclinical and clinical development processes can be explained by inadequate pharmacokinetic/biodistribution profiles and/or unacceptable toxicities. A comprehensive understanding of the body characteristics is necessary to predict and prevent these problems from the early stages of nanomaterial conception. In this manuscript, we review and discuss the anatomical and physiological elements which must be taken into account when designing new carriers for delivery or imaging purposes. This article gives a general overview of the main organs involved in the elimination of nanosized materials and briefly summarizes the knowledge acquired over more than 30 years of research and development in the field of drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bertrand
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7
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Complement activation by carbon nanotubes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1031-41. [PMID: 21669239 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube interaction with an important part of the innate immune system, complement, needs to be taken into account when envisaging their use in biomedical applications. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and other synthetic materials are recognized by various components of the complement system in human or mammalian blood and also collectins in the lungs. Modification of the surface chemistry of CNTs alters their interactions with complement proteins and collectins. Functionalizations of CNTs which have been tested so far do not completely prevent complement activation or plasma protein binding. The interaction of the functionalized CNTs with the complement system proteins in blood may influence the adhesion of CNTs to phagocytic cells and red blood cells. Excessive activation of complement can have a harmful effect on human tissues and therefore significantly limit CNT applications in biomedicine.
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Estevanato L, Cintra D, Baldini N, Portilho F, Barbosa L, Martins O, Lacava B, Miranda-Vilela AL, Tedesco AC, Báo S, Morais PC, Lacava ZGM. Preliminary biocompatibility investigation of magnetic albumin nanosphere designed as a potential versatile drug delivery system. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1709-17. [PMID: 21980234 PMCID: PMC3184931 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s21323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The magnetic albumin nanosphere (MAN), encapsulating maghemite nanoparticles, was designed as a magnetic drug delivery system (MDDS) able to perform a variety of biomedical applications. It is noteworthy that MAN was efficient in treating Ehrlich’s tumors by the magnetohyperthermia procedure. Methods and materials: In this study, several nanotoxicity tests were systematically carried out in mice from 30 minutes until 30 days after MAN injection to investigate their biocompatibility status. Cytometry analysis, viability tests, micronucleus assay, and histological analysis were performed. Results: Cytometry analysis and viability tests revealed MAN promotes only slight and temporary alterations in the frequency of both leukocyte populations and viable peritoneal cells, respectively. Micronucleus assay showed absolutely no genotoxicity or cytotoxicity effects and histological analysis showed no alterations or even nanoparticle clusters in several investigated organs but, interestingly, revealed the presence of MAN clusters in the central nervous system (CNS). Conclusion: The results showed that MAN has desirable in vivo biocompatibility, presenting potential for use as a MDDS, especially in CNS disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Estevanato
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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Bakalova R, Zhelev Z, Kokuryo D, Spasov L, Aoki I, Saga T. Chemical nature and structure of organic coating of quantum dots is crucial for their application in imaging diagnostics. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1719-32. [PMID: 21980235 PMCID: PMC3184932 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s17995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most attractive properties of quantum dots is their potential to extend the opportunities for fluorescent and multimodal imaging in vivo. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether the composition and structure of organic coating of nanoparticles are crucial for their application in vivo. METHODS We compared quantum dots coated with non-crosslinked amino-functionalized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, quantum dots encapsulated in crosslinked carboxyl-functionalized PAMAM dendrimers, and silica-shelled amino-functionalized quantum dots. A multimodal fluorescent and paramagnetic quantum dot probe was also developed and analyzed. The probes were applied intravenously in anesthetized animals for visualization of brain vasculature using two-photon excited fluorescent microscopy and visualization of tumors using fluorescent IVIS(®) imaging (Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, MA) and magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Quantum dots coated with non-crosslinked dendrimers were cytotoxic. They induced side effects in vivo, including vasodilatation with a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. The quantum dots penetrated the vessels, which caused the quality of fluorescent imaging to deteriorate. Quantum dots encapsulated in crosslinked dendrimers had low cytotoxicity and were biocompatible. In concentrations <0.3 nmol quantum dots/kg bodyweight, these nanoparticles did not affect blood pressure and heart rate, and did not induce vasodilatation or vasoconstriction. PEGylation (PEG [polyethylene glycol]) was an indispensable step in development of a quantum dot probe for in vivo imaging, based on silica-shelled quantum dots. The non-PEGylated silica-shelled quantum dots possessed low colloidal stability in high-salt physiological fluids, accompanied by rapid aggregation in vivo. The conjugation of silica-shelled quantum dots with PEG1100 increased their stability and half-life in the circulation without significant enhancement of their size. In concentrations <2.5 nmol/kg bodyweight, these quantum dots did not affect the main physiological variables. It was possible to visualize capillaries, which makes this quantum dot probe appropriate for investigation of mediators of vasoconstriction, vasodilatation, and brain circulation in intact animals in vivo. The multimodal silica-shelled quantum dots allowed visualization of tumor tissue in an early stage of its development, using magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSION THE PRESENT STUDY SHOWS THAT THE TYPE AND STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC/BIOORGANIC SHELLS OF QUANTUM DOTS DETERMINE THEIR BIOCOMPATIBILITY AND ARE CRUCIAL FOR THEIR APPLICATION IN IMAGING IN VIVO, DUE TO THE EFFECTS OF THE SHELL ON THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES: colloidal stability, solubility in physiological fluids, influence of the basic physiological parameters, and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Bakalova
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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Synthesis and characterization of mannosylated pegylated polyethylenimine as a carrier for siRNA. Int J Pharm 2011; 427:123-33. [PMID: 21864664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a promising strategy for research and treatment of numerous diseases. In this study, we develop and characterize a delivery system for siRNA composed of polyethylenimine (PEI), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and mannose (Man). Cationic PEI complexes and compacts siRNA, PEG forms a hydrophilic layer outside of the polyplex for steric stabilization, and mannose serves as a cell binding ligand for macrophages. The PEI-PEG-mannose delivery system was constructed in two different ways. In the first approach, mannose and PEG chains are directly conjugated to the PEI backbone. In the second approach, mannose is conjugated to one end of the PEG chain and the other end of the PEG chain is conjugated to the PEI backbone. The PEI-PEG-mannose delivery systems were synthesized with 3.45-13.3 PEG chains and 4.7-3.0 mannose molecules per PEI. The PEI-PEG-Man-siRNA polyplexes displayed a coarse surface in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. Polyplex sizes were found to range from 169 to 357 nm. Gel retardation assays showed that the PEI-PEG-mannose polymers are able to efficiently complex with siRNA at low N/P ratios. Confocal microscope images showed that the PEI-PEG-Man-siRNA polyplexes could enter cells and localized in the lysosomes at 2h post-incubation. Pegylation of the PEI reduced toxicity without any adverse reduction in knockdown efficiency relative to PEI alone. Mannosylation of the PEI-PEG could be carried out without any significant reduction in knockdown efficiency relative to PEI alone. Conjugating mannose to PEI via the PEG spacer generated superior toxicity and gene knockdown activity relative to conjugating mannose and PEG directly onto the PEI backbone.
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