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Saidi H, Bounihi A, Bouazza A, Hichami A, Koceir EHA, Khan NA. Spirulina reduces diet-induced obesity through downregulation of lipogenic genes expression in Psammomys obesus. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1001-1009. [PMID: 32207345 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1743724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the protective effect of spirulina against diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders in Psammomys obesus, an animal model of metabolic syndrome. Psammomys obesus lives on a low-energy diet, in order to remain healthy. However, under a standard laboratory chow diet (SLCD), this animal exhibits insulin resistance, which occurs as a result of obesity. Psammomys obesus was maintained on SLCD, in order to evaluate the effect of spirulina on obesity development with a particular focus on glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as the mRNA expression of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. After 12 weeks of treatment with spirulina, there was a significant reduction in body weight gain, plasma glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels. There was also a significant reduction in the mRNA expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and inflammation. Spirulina improved insulin sensitivity, glucose and lipid metabolism. These findings highlight the positive effect of spirulina on weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Saidi
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Abdenour Bounihi
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Asma Bouazza
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Aziz Hichami
- INSERM U1231, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - El Hadj Ahmed Koceir
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- INSERM U1231, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Atek-Mebarki F, Hichami A, Abdoul-Azize S, Bitam A, Koceïr EA, Khan NA. Eicosapentaenoic acid modulates fatty acid metabolism and inflammation in Psammomys obesus. Biochimie 2014; 109:60-6. [PMID: 25528298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The desert gerbil, Psammomys obesus, is a unique polygenic animal model of metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes), and these pathological conditions resemble to those in human beings. In this study, the animals were fed ad libitum either a natural diet (ND) which contained desertic halophile plants or a standard laboratory diet (STD) or a diet which contained eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), hence, termed as EPA diet (EPAD). In EPAD, 50% of total lipid content was replaced by EPA oil. By employing real-time PCR, we assessed liver expression of key genes involved in fatty acid metabolism such as PPAR-α, SREBP-1c, LXR-α and CHREBP. We also studied the expression of two inflammatory genes, i.e., TNF-α and IL-1β, in liver and adipose tissue of these animals. The STD, considered to be a high caloric diet for this animal, triggered insulin resistance and high lipid levels, along with high hepatic SREBP-1c, LXR-α and CHREBP mRNA expression. TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA were also high in liver of STD fed animals. Feeding EPAD improved plasma glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol levels along with hepatic lipid composition. These observations suggest that EPA exerts beneficial effects in P. obesus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feriel Atek-Mebarki
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/Agro-Sup, Dijon 21000, France; Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Physiology Department, FSB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumédiene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Aziz Hichami
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/Agro-Sup, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Souleymane Abdoul-Azize
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/Agro-Sup, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Arezki Bitam
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Physiology Department, FSB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumédiene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Elhadj Ahmed Koceïr
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Physiology Department, FSB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumédiene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/Agro-Sup, Dijon 21000, France.
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Shafrir E, Ziv E, Kalman R. Nutritionally Induced Diabetes in Desert Rodents as Models of Type 2 Diabetes: Acomys cahirinus (Spiny Mice) and Psammomys obesus (Desert Gerbil). ILAR J 2006; 47:212-24. [PMID: 16804196 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.47.3.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary effects of hyperglycemia increasingly result in type 2 diabetes in humans. Two species, the spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) and the desert gerbil (Psammomys obesus), which have different metabolic responses to such effects, are discussed. Spiny mice exemplify a pathway that leads to diabetes without marked insulin resistance due to low supply of insulin on abundant nutrition, possibly characteristic of a desert animal. They respond with obesity and glucose intolerance, beta-cell hyperplasia, and hypertrophy on a standard rodent diet supplemented with fat-rich seeds. The accompanying hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia are mild and intermittent but after a few months, the enlarged pancreatic islets suddenly collapse, resulting in loss of insulin and ketosis. Glucose and other secretagogues produce only limited insulin release in vivo and in vitro, pointing to the inherent disability of the beta-cells to respond with proper insulin secretion despite their ample insulin content. On a 50% sucrose diet there is marked lipogenesis with hyperlipidemia without obesity or diabetes, although beta-cell hypertrophy is evident. P.obesus is characterized by muscle insulin resistance and the inability of insulin to activate the insulin signaling on a high-energy (HE) diet. Insulin resistance imposes a vicious cycle of Hyperglycemia and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, leading to beta-cell failure and increased secretion of proinsulin. Ultrastructural studies reveal gradual disappearance of beta-cell glucokinase, GLUT 2 transporter, and insulin, followed by apoptosis of beta-cells. Studies using the non-insulin-resistant HE diet-fed animals maintained as a control group are discussed. The insulin resistance that is evident to date in the normoglycemic state on a low-energy diet indicates sparing of glucose fuel in muscles of a desert-adapted animal for the benefit of glucose obligatory tissues. Also discussed are the effect of Psammomys age on the disabetogenicity of the HE diet; the impaired function of several components of the insulin signal transduction pathway in muscles, which reduces the availability of GLUT4 transporter; the testing of several antidiabetic modalities for the prevention of nutritional diabetes in Psammomys; and various complications related to the diabetic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Shafrir
- Diabetes Center, Hadassah University Hospital, and Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Hillel J, Gefel D, Kalman R, Ben-Ari G, David L, Orion O, Feldman MW, Bar-On H, Blum S, Raz I, Schaap T, Shpirer I, Lavi U, Shafrir E, Ziv E. Evidence for a major gene affecting the transition from normoglycaemia to hyperglycaemia in Psammomys obesus. Heredity (Edinb) 2005; 95:158-65. [PMID: 15931239 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mode of inheritance of nutritionally induced diabetes in the desert gerbil Psammomys obesus (sand rat), following transfer from low-energy (LE) to high-energy (HE) diet which induces hyperglycaemia. Psammomys selected for high or low blood glucose level were used as two parental lines. A first backcross generation (BC(1)) was formed by crossing F(1) males with females of the diabetes-prone line. The resulting 232 BC(1) progeny were assessed for blood glucose. All progeny were weaned at 3 weeks of age (week 0), and their weekly assessment of blood glucose levels proceeded until week 9 after weaning, with all progeny maintained on HE diet. At weeks 1 to 9 post weaning, a clear bimodal distribution statistically different from unimodal distribution of blood glucose was observed, normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic at a 1:1 ratio. This ratio is expected at the first backcross generation for traits controlled by a single dominant gene. From week 0 (prior to the transfer to HE diet) till week 8, the hyperglycaemic individuals were significantly heavier (4--17%) than the normoglycaemic ones. The bimodal blood glucose distribution in BC(1) generation, with about equal frequencies in each mode, strongly suggests that a single major gene affects the transition from normo- to hyperglycaemia. The wide range of blood glucose values among the hyperglycaemic individuals (180 to 500 mg/dl) indicates that several genes and environmental factors influence the extent of hyperglycaemia. The diabetes-resistant allele appears to be dominant; the estimate for dominance ratio is 0.97.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hillel
- The Robert H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences & Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Shafrir E, Ziv E. Cellular mechanism of nutritionally induced insulin resistance: the desert rodent Psammomys obesus and other animals in which insulin resistance leads to detrimental outcome. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 1999; 9:347-85. [PMID: 10212843 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.1998.9.2-4.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal species with genetic or nutritionally induced insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity (diabesity) may be divided into two broad groups: those with resilient pancreatic beta-cells, e.g. ob/ob mice and fa/fa rats, capable of long-lasting compensatory insulin over-secretion, and those with labile beta-cells in which the secretion pressure leads to irreversible beta-cell degranulation, e.g. db/db mice, Macaca mulatta primates, ZDF diabetic rats. Prominent in this group is the Israeli desert gerbil Psammomys obesus (sand rat), which features low insulin receptor density in liver and muscle. On a diet of relatively high energy, the capacity of insulin to activate the receptor tyrosine kinase (TK) is reduced, in the face of hyperinsulinemia. With the following hyperglycemia, the rising insulin resistance imposes a vicious cycle of insulinemia and glycemia, accentuating the TK activation failure and the beta-cell failure. Among various factors affecting the insulin signaling pathway, multisite phosphorylation, including serine and threonine on the receptor beta-subunit, due to overexpression of certain protein kinase C isoforms, seems to be responsible for the inhibition of the critical step of TK phosphorylation activity. The compromised TK activation is reversible by diet restriction which restores to normal the glycemia and insulinemia. The beta-cell response to long-lasting stimulation and the receptor malfunction in diabesity have implications for a similar etiology in human insulin resistance syndrome and type 2 diabetes, particularly in populations emerging from a food scarce environment into nutritional affluence, inappropriate to the human metabolic capacity. It is suggested that the "thrifty gene" is characterized by a low threshold for insulin secretion and low capacity for insulin clearance. Thus, nutritionally-induced hyperinsulinemia is potentiated and becomes the primary phenotypic expression of the thrifty gene, linked to the insulin receptor signaling pathway malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shafrir
- Diabetes Research Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Merkel M, Weinstock PH, Chajek-Shaul T, Radner H, Yin B, Breslow JL, Goldberg IJ. Lipoprotein lipase expression exclusively in liver. A mouse model for metabolism in the neonatal period and during cachexia. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:893-901. [PMID: 9727057 PMCID: PMC508954 DOI: 10.1172/jci2912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride hydrolysis, is normally not expressed in the liver of adult humans and animals. However, liver LPL is found in the perinatal period, and in adults it can be induced by cytokines. To study the metabolic consequences of liver LPL expression, transgenic mice producing human LPL specifically in the liver were generated and crossed onto the LPL knockout (LPL0) background. LPL expression exclusively in liver rescued LPL0 mice from neonatal death. The mice developed a severe cachexia during high fat suckling, but caught up in weight after switching to a chow diet. At 18 h of age, compared with LPL0 mice, liver-only LPL-expressing mice had equally elevated triglycerides (10,700 vs. 14,800 mg/dl, P = NS), increased plasma ketones (4.3 vs. 1.7 mg/dl, P < 0.05) and glucose (28 vs. 15 mg/dl, P < 0.05), and excessive amounts of intracellular liver lipid droplets. Adult mice expressing LPL exclusively in liver had slower VLDL turnover than wild-type mice, but greater VLDL mass clearance, increased VLDL triglyceride production, and three- to fourfold more plasma ketones. In summary, it appears that liver LPL shunts circulating triglycerides to the liver, which results in a futile cycle of enhanced VLDL production and increased ketone production, and subsequently spares glucose. This may be important to sustain brain and muscle function at times of metabolic stress with limited glucose availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Merkel
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York 10021, USA
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Shafrir E, Gutman A. Psammomys obesus of the Jerusalem colony: a model for nutritionally induced, non-insulin-dependent diabetes. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 1993; 4:83-99. [PMID: 8679513 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.1993.4.1-2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Shafrir
- Department of Biochemistry, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Kalman R, Adler JH, Lazarovici G, Bar-On H, Ziv E. The efficiency of sand rat metabolism is responsible for development of obesity and diabetes. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 1993; 4:57-68. [PMID: 8679511 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.1993.4.1-2.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two separate lines--diabetic and partially diabetes-resistant--have been isolated from the sand rat (Psammomys obesus), each with different growth characteristics in response to diets of varying digestible caloric densities (high energy, HE, 2.93 kcal/g, or low energy, LE, 2.38 kcal/g). Over a two week period all animals consumed similar quantities (c. 125 g) irrespective of the diet consumed. Weight gains were as follows: diabetic line on HE diet - 59.7 g, on LE - 46.2 g; non-diabetic animals from the diabetes-resistant line on HE - 44 g. Only animals from the diabetic line, fed the HE diet, developed hyperinsulinemia, obesity and diabetes. The energy cost of weight gain for the diabetic line fed either HE or LE diets was 6.0 - 6.3 kcal/g whereas for the diabetes-resistant line on the HE diet, the cost of growth was 50% higher at 9.3 kcal/g. These differences could be due either to alterations in the content of tissue laid down or to differences in energy expenditure. It has already been established that diet-induced obesity and diabetes develop in the diabetic line with features typical of insulin resistance in the metabolism of the pancreas, liver and peripheral tissues. Some of the animals of the diabetes-resistant line may also develop diabetes over a long time period and go through a phase of transient hyperinsulinemia-normoglycemia. This may represent an intermediate stage in the development of the diabetic syndrome and serve as a model of type 2 diabetes in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kalman
- Department of Physiology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Shafrir E. Animal models of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. DIABETES/METABOLISM REVIEWS 1992; 8:179-208. [PMID: 1292911 DOI: 10.1002/dmr.5610080302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Shafrir
- Department of Biochemistry, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Bessesen DH, Robertson AD, Eckel RH. Weight reduction increases adipose but decreases cardiac LPL in reduced-obese Zucker rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 261:E246-51. [PMID: 1872386 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1991.261.2.e246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and mRNA levels were measured in cardiac muscle and adipose tissue from lean, obese, and weight-stable reduced-obese Zucker rats, both fasted and 2 h after feeding. Fasting epididymal fat LPL activity was substantially higher in obese rats relative to lean rats [6.9 vs. 0.2 nmol free fatty acid (FFA).10(6) cells-1.min-1; P = 0.0001], and was higher still in reduced-obese rats (15.7 nmol FFA.10(6) cells-1.min-1; P = 0.002). Adipose tissue LPL increased with feeding in all three groups. In marked contrast, fasting cardiac muscle LPL was lower in obese rats relative to lean (28.8 vs. 38.5 nmol FFA.g-1.min-1; P = 0.0064) and was lower still in reduced-obese rats (14.5 nmol FFA.g-1.min-1; P = 0.0001). LPL mRNA levels increased in adipose tissue along with enzyme activity; however, the magnitude of the changes were relatively small, suggesting that the primary regulatory steps are posttranslational. Weight reduction studies were also carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats with similar results. These studies show that sustained weight reduction results in coordinate changes in tissue-specific LPL, favoring delivery of lipoprotein triglyceride fatty acids to adipose tissue relative to cardiac muscle and the restoration of energy stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Bessesen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
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