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Wang R, Lin Y, Le S, Lu D, Gao L, Feng C, Wang G, Xiao P. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in breast milk in Shanghai, China: Occurrence, characteristics, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123690. [PMID: 38452837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
As novel contaminants, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) have been of great concern in the past several years. Shanghai was one of the provinces with the largest chlorinated paraffins (CPs) emission in China; nevertheless, there is currently little information on the human exposure to SCCPs and MCCPs, particularly MCCPs. In this study, 25 breast milk samples were collected in Shanghai from 2016 to 2017. The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were determined using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC × GC-orbitrap-HRMS) to investigate their characteristics and assess the associated health risks for breast-fed infants. Compared with the previous studies in other areas, the current study presented the higher CPs concentrations, with median concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs up to 771 and 125 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively. The exposure profiles of the CPs were characterized by C10 and Cl6-7 as the predominant congeners of SCCPs, while C14 and Cl7-9 were identified as the dominant groups of MCCPs. CP-42 and CP-52 were identified as potential sources of CPs found in breast milk samples collected in Shanghai. The concentrations of MCCPs exhibited a positive correlation (p value < 0.05) with the dietary consumption of meat and poultry. No significant positive correlations were observed for SCCPs and MCCPs with polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) congeners. A preliminary exposure assessment showed that SCCPs in breast milk potentially posed high risks to the breast-fed infants in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhua Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Yuanjie Lin
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Sunyang Le
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Chao Feng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Ping Xiao
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200336, China.
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Chen S, Gong Y, Luo Y, Cao R, Yang J, Cheng L, Gao Y, Zhang H, Chen J, Geng N. Toxic effects and toxicological mechanisms of chlorinated paraffins: A review for insight into species sensitivity and toxicity difference. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108020. [PMID: 37354881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), a group of chlorinated alkane mixtures, are frequently detected in various environmental matrices and human bodies. Recently, CPs have garnered considerable attention owing to their potential to induce health hazards in wildlife and human. Several reviews have discussed short-chain CPs (SCCPs) induced ecological risk; however, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying toxic mechanisms and a comparison among SCCPs, medium-, and long-chain CPs (MCCPs and LCCPs, respectively) are yet to be established. This review summarizes the latest research progress on the toxic effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of CPs. The main toxicity mechanisms of CPs include activation of several receptors, oxidative stress, disturbance of energy metabolism, and inhibition of gap junction-mediated communication. The sensitivity of different species to CP-mediated toxicities varies markedly, with aquatic organisms exhibiting the highest sensitivity to CP-induced toxicity. The toxicity comparison analysis indicated that MCCPs may be unsafe as potential substitutes for SCCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yufeng Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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Mu YW, Cheng D, Zhang CL, Zhao XL, Zeng T. The potential health risks of short-chain chlorinated paraffin: A mini-review from a toxicological perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162187. [PMID: 36781137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are ubiquitously distributed in various environmental matrics due to their wide production and consumption globally in the past and ongoing production and use in some developing countries. SCCPs have been detected in various human samples including serum, milk, placenta, nail, and hair, and internal SCCP levels were found to be positively correlated with biomarkers of some diseases. While the environmental occurrence has been reported in a lot of studies, the toxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms of SCCPs remain largely unknown. The current tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) recommended by the world health organization/international programme on chemical safety (WHO/IPCS, 100 μg/kg bw/d) and the UK Committee on Toxicity (COT, 30 μg/kg bw/d) were obtained based on a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of SCCP from the repeated-dose study (90 d exposure) in rodents performed nearly 40 years ago. Importantly, the health risks assessment of SCCPs in a variety of studies has shown that the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) may approach and even over the established TDI by UK COT. Furthermore, recent studies revealed that lower doses of SCCPs could also result in damage to multiple organs including the liver, kidney, and thyroid. Long-term effects of SCCPs at environmental-related doses are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wen Mu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Health Test and Detection, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Darnerud PO, Bergman Å. Critical review on disposition of chlorinated paraffins in animals and humans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107195. [PMID: 35447436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Even though the chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been on the environmental pollution agenda throughout the last 50 years it is a class of chemicals that only now is discussed in terms of an emerging issue with extensive annual publication rates. Major reviews on CPs have been produced, but a deeper understanding of the chemical fate of CPs, including formation of metabolites in animals and humans, is still missing. Thus, the present review aims to critically compile our present knowledge on the disposition, i.e. Adsorption, Disposition, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) of CPs in biota and to identify research needs. We conclude that CPs could be effectively absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract (GI) tract, and probably also from the lungs, and transported to various organs. A biphasic elimination is suggested, with a rapid initial phase followed by a terminal phase, the latter (e.g., fat tissues) covering half-lives of weeks and months. CPs are metabolized in the liver and excreted mainly via the bile and faeces, and the metabolic rate and type of metabolites are dependent on chlorine content and chain length. Results that strengthen CP metabolism are in vivo findings of phase II metabolites in bile, and CP degradation to carbon fragments in experimental animals. Still the metabolic transformations of CPs are poorly studied, and no metabolic scheme has yet been presented. Further, toxicokinetic mass balance calculations suggest that a large part of a given dose (not found as parent compound) is transformation products of CPs, and in vitro metabolism studies present numerous CP metabolites (e.g., chloroalkenes, chlorinated ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Ola Darnerud
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Åke Bergman
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 92 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Sun Y, Cui H, Li T, Tao S, Hu J, Wan Y. Protein-affinity guided identification of chlorinated paraffin components as ubiquitous chemicals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106165. [PMID: 33053452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been extensively examined to identify their components. Short-chain CPs with a carbon number of 10-13 have been strictly restricted or banned due to their addition to the list of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the world. However, more constituents with potential toxicities in these complicated mixtures are still unclear. In the present study, a purification method based on the protein affinity of thyroid hormone-related proteins (transthyretin and thyroid receptor) was established. The protein-based affinity extraction coupled with high-throughput scanning successfully discover a new group of chlorinated compounds (CP(O2)) in commercial CP mixtures. The CP(O2)s were purified from the commercial mixtures and identified to be chlorinated fatty acid methyl esters (CFAMEs) with a carbon chain length of 17-19 and 3-11 chlorines by a combination of liquid-liquid extraction, hydrolysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The newly identified CFAMEs were found to be ubiquitous in the environmental matrices, and concentration ratios of ∑CFAMEs/∑CPs ranged from 0.01 to 35 in air, soil and food samples. CFAMEs were also detected in blood samples of general populations, and accumulated in humans through dietary uptake. CFAMEs can compete with T4 for binding TTR with higher potencies than CPs, possibly leading to disruptions of thyroid hormone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Sun
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongyang Cui
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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6
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Liu Y, Aamir M, Li M, Liu K, Hu Y, Liu N, Xu Y, Du J, Xu J, Liu W. Prenatal and postnatal exposure risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in mothers and neonates: Occurrence, congener profile, and transfer behavior. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 395:122660. [PMID: 32344298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gestation and lactation are very sensitive and vulnerable stages for human growth and development. During these two periods, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) can be transported to neonates via transplacental and breastfeeding transfers, and eventually posing potential adverse effects to neonates. Up to date, no simultaneous investigation of prenatal and postnatal exposure of CPs is reported. To bridge this knowledge gap, we have analyzed SCCPs and MCCPs in 20 complete sets of maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, placenta, and breast milk. The levels of both ∑SCCP and ∑MCCP followed the order of maternal serum > breast milk > cord serum > placenta. The breastfeeding transfer ratios (RBM, ≈ 1.0) of CPs were greater than the corresponding transplacental transfer ratios (RCM, < 1.0), demonstrating the higher transport of CPs during the lactation period. The placental retention/or accumulation ratios (RPM) showed that CPs were effectively retained by the placental barrier. Furthermore, the total exposure amount of SCCPs and MCCPs during the lactation period was> 100 times higher than the gestation exposure amounts. This study helps to better understand the prenatal and postnatal exposure of CPs and provides a solid basis for accurate human health risk assessment of CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yuhong Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Mianyang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Yunfeng Xu
- Mianyang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Jiyu Du
- Mianyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Mianyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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7
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Brüschweiler B, Leonards P, Rose M, Binaglia M, Horváth Z, Ramos Bordajandi L, Nielsen E. Risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e05991. [PMID: 32874241 PMCID: PMC7447893 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food. The data for experimental animals were reviewed and the CONTAM Panel identified the liver, kidney and thyroid as the target organs for the SCCP and MCCP mixtures tested in repeated dose toxicity studies. Decreased pup survival and subcutaneous haematoma/haemorrhage were also identified as critical effects for an MCCP mixture. For the LCCP mixtures tested, the liver was identified as the target organ. The Panel selected as reference points a BMDL 10 of 2.3 mg/kg bw per day for increased incidence of nephritis in male rats, and of 36 mg/kg bw per day for increased relative kidney weights in male and female rats for SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively. For LCCPs, a reference point relevant for humans could not be identified. Due to the limitations in the toxicokinetic and toxicological database, the Panel concluded that derivation of a health-based guidance value was not appropriate. Only limited data on the occurrence of SCCPs and MCCPs in some fish species were submitted to EFSA. No data were submitted for LCCPs. Thus, a robust exposure assessment and consequently a complete risk characterisation could not be performed. A preliminary risk characterisation based only on the consumption of fish was performed, and the calculated margins of exposure suggested no health concern for this limited scenario. The Panel noted that dietary exposure will be higher due to the contribution of CPs from other foods. The Panel was not able to identify reference points for farm animals, horses and companion animals. No occurrence data for feed were submitted to EFSA. Therefore, no risk characterisation could be performed for any of these animal species.
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Castro M, Breitholtz M, Yuan B, Athanassiadis I, Asplund L, Sobek A. Partitioning of Chlorinated Paraffins (CPs) to Daphnia magna Overlaps between Restricted and in-Use Categories. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9713-9721. [PMID: 30074385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are high-production volume industrial chemicals consisting of n-alkanes (with 10 to 30 carbon atoms in the chain) with chlorine content from 30 to 70% of weight. In Europe, the use of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) has been restricted by the Stockholm Convention on POPs due to their PBT (persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic) properties. Medium (MCCPs) and long chain (LCCPs) chlorinated paraffins are used as substitution products. In this work we studied the partitioning behavior of five different CP technical mixtures from the established categories (2 SCCPs, 1 MCCP, 1 LCCP and 1 CP technical mixture covering all categories) using passive dosing, by determining the partitioning coefficient of CP technical mixtures between silicone and water ( Ksilicone-water) as well as between organic matter and water ( Koc-water). We show that both silicone-water and organic carbon-water partition coefficients overlap between different categories of CP technical mixtures. These results indicate that in-use MCCPs and LCCPs may be equally or more bioaccumulative than restricted SCCPs. For the tested mixtures, both chlorine content and carbon chain length showed a significant correlation with both Ksilicone-water and Koc-water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Castro
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , 106-91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Magnus Breitholtz
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , 106-91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , 106-91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ioannis Athanassiadis
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , 106-91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Lillemor Asplund
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , 106-91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anna Sobek
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , 106-91 Stockholm , Sweden
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Li C, Xie HB, Chen J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Qiao X. Predicting gaseous reaction rates of short chain chlorinated paraffins with ·OH: overcoming the difficulty in experimental determination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13808-13816. [PMID: 25372845 DOI: 10.1021/es504339r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are under evaluation for inclusion in the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. However, information on their reaction rate constants with gaseous ·OH (kOH) is unavailable, limiting the evaluation of their persistence in the atmosphere. Experimental determination of kOH is confined by the unavailability of authentic chemical standards for some SCCP congeners. In this study, we evaluated and selected density functional theory (DFT) methods to predict kOH of SCCPs, by comparing the experimental kOH values of six polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs) with those calculated by the different theoretical methods. We found that the M06-2X/6-311+G(3df,2pd)//B3LYP/6-311 +G(d,p) method is time-effective and can be used to predict kOH of PCAs. Moreover, based on the calculated kOH of nine SCCPs and available experimental kOH values of 22 PCAs with low carbon chain, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed. The molecular structural characteristics determining the ·OH reaction rate were discussed. logkOH was found to negatively correlate with the percentage of chlorine substitutions (Cl%). The DFT calculation method and the QSAR model are important alternatives to the conventional experimental determination of kOH for SCCPs, and are prospective in predicting their persistence in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
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10
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A Mechanism for the induction of renal tumours in male Fischer 344 rats by short-chain chlorinated paraffins. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:233-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Overview of the Mammalian and Environmental Toxicity of Chlorinated Paraffins. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2010_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Feo M, Eljarrat E, Barceló D, Barceló D. Occurrence, fate and analysis of polychlorinated n-alkanes in the environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Bezchlebová J, Cernohlávková J, Kobeticová K, Lána J, Sochová I, Hofman J. Effects of short-chain chlorinated paraffins on soil organisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2007; 67:206-11. [PMID: 17382391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that chlorinated paraffins have been produced in relatively large amounts, and high concentrations have been found in sewage sludge applied to soils, there is little information on their concentrations in soils and the effect on soil organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of chlorinated paraffins in soils. The effects of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (64% chlorine content) on invertebrates (Eisenia fetida, Folsomia candida, Enchytraeus albidus, Enchytraeus crypticus, Caenorhabditis elegans) and substrate-induced respiration of indigenous microorganisms were studied. Differences were found in the sensitivity of the tested organisms to short-chain chlorinated paraffins. F. candida was identified as the most sensitive organism with LC(50) and EC(50) values of 5733 and 1230 mg/kg, respectively. Toxicity results were compared with available studies and the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) of 5.28 mg/kg was estimated for the soil environment, based on our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Bezchlebová
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Research Centre for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Kamenice 126/3, Brno, 625 00 Czech Republic
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Cooley HM, Fisk AT, Wiens SC, Tomy GT, Evans RE, Muir DC. Examination of the behavior and liver and thyroid histology of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to high dietary concentrations of C(10)-, C(11)-, C(12)- and C(14)-polychlorinated n-alkanes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2001; 54:81-99. [PMID: 11451428 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(00)00172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to high dietary concentrations of six polychlorinated n-alkane (PCAs) (C(10)H(15.5)C(6.5), C(10)H(15.3)Cl(6.7),C(11)H(18.4)Cl(5.6),C(12)H(19.5)Cl(6.5),C(14)H(24.9)Cl(5.1) and C(14)H(23.3)Cl(6.7)) for 21 to assess their effects on behavior and liver and thyroid histology and for 85 days to assess histology for a longer term exposure. This is the first histological work using PCAs of known carbon chain length and chlorine content and the first effort to examine the histopathology of fish exposed to PCAs. PCAs, also known as chlorinated paraffins, are complex industrial products for which there is a lack of toxicological data on individual congeners. With the exception of trout exposed to C(14)H(24.9)Cl(5.1), which had much lower exposure concentrations, many of the trout exposed to the PCAs (whole fish concentrations 0.22-5.5 microg g(-1)) showed a diminished or no startle response, loss of equilibrium, and developed a dark coloration. These responses are indicative of a narcotic toxicological mode-of-action. Histopathological lesions were observed in the livers of trout from each exposure group. However, the most severe histopathologies were observed in the livers of fish exposed to C(10)H(15.3)Cl(6.7) and C(11)H(18.4)Cl(5.6) (whole fish concentrations 0.92 and 5.5 microg g(-1), respectively), in which extensive fibrous lesions were present that were not observed in any other exposure group. Other alterations observed in all treatment groups included hepatocyte necrosis, sites of inflammation, and glycogen/lipid depletion. The relative sizes of hepatocytes of PCA exposed trout were smaller than control trout, although only a few of the observed differences were statistically significant. No lesions were present in the thyroid, although trout exposed to C(10)H(15.5)Cl(6.5) (whole fish concentration 0.84 microg g(-1)) had slightly more active thyroids, as indicated by an increased mean thyroid epithelium cell height relative to controls. It would appear that PCA toxicity is inversely related to carbon chain length, as has been observed in similar studies using mammals. The concentrations in the fish from this experiment were at levels that have been reported in invertebrates and fish from contaminated sites in the Great Lakes. However, the exposure concentrations were likely much greater in these experiments compared with the environment and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Cooley
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3N 2N6
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Tomy GT, Fisk AT, Westmore JB, Muir DC. Environmental chemistry and toxicology of polychlorinated n-alkanes. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1998; 158:53-128. [PMID: 9751033 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-1708-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated-n-alkanes (PCAs) or chlorinated paraffins consist of C10 to C30 n-alkanes with chlorine content from 30% to 70% by mass. PCAs are used as high-temperature lubricants, plasticizers, flame retardants, and additives in adhesives, paints, rubber, and sealants. This review presents the existing data on the environmental chemistry and toxicology of PCAs and a preliminary exposure and risk assessment. There is limited information on the levels, fate, or biological effects of PCAs in the environment. This results both from the difficulty associated with quantifying PCAs, because of the complexity inherent to commercial formulations, and from the limited knowledge of their physicochemical properties and biodegradation rates. There are indications that PCAs are widespread environmental contaminants at ng/L levels in surface waters and ng/g (wet wt) levels in biota. However, environmental measurements of PCAs are very limited in the U.S. and Canada, and are only slightly more detailed in western Europe. Assuming that reported water concentrations are mainly caused by the short chain (C10-C13) compounds, aquatic organisms may be at risk from exposure to PCAs. Fugacity level II modeling for two representative PCAs, using the best available physicochemical property data and estimated degradation rates, suggested that C16C24Cl10 would achieve higher concentrations in biota, sediment, and soil than C12H20Cl6 because of slower degradation rates and lower water solubility. Environmental residence time of C16H24Cl10 is estimated to be 520 d compared to 210 d for C12H20Cl6. Future studies will require better analytical methods and reference materials certified for PCA content. Additional data are needed to evaluate exposure of biota to PCAs in the environment, particularly in light of their continued production and usage around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Tomy
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, Canada
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16
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Kato Y, Kenne K. Inhibition of cell-cell communication by commercial chlorinated paraffins in rat liver epithelial IAR 20 cells. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1996; 79:23-8. [PMID: 8841092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1996.tb00236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of six commercial chlorinated paraffins of different carbon chains length and chlorine content (Cereclor 50LV [C50LV], Hüls 60 [H60], Cereclor S45 [CS45], Cereclor S52 [CS52], Cereclor 42 [C42] and Cereclor 48 [C48] on cell communication have been investigated in the scrape-loading/dye-transfer assay in IAR 20 rat liver epithelial cells, as well as the effects of these compounds on connexin 43 (cx 43), the main gap junction protein in this cell line. The results clearly demonstrated that at non-cytotoxic concentrations C50LV, H60, CS45 and CS52 completely inhibited the cell communication within 1 hr. The short carbon chain length chlorinated paraffins (C50LV and H60) were inhibiting the cell communication at lower concentration than the intermediate carbon chain length chlorinated paraffins (CS45 and CS52). Almost complete inhibition of the cell communication was maintained for at least 24 hrs of H60 exposure. Immunoblots of IAR 20 cell extracts after H60-exposure showed a decreased phosphorylation of cx 43 after 1, 4 and 24 hrs of treatment. The phosphorylation pattern of cx 43 prepared from H60- or CS52-exposed cells was different from that prepared from 12-O-tetradecanoylphobol-13-acetate (TPA)-exposed cells after 1 hr treatment. The results show that the short and intermediate, but not the long carbon chain length chlorinated paraffins, are potent inhibitors of gap junction intercellular communication. Thus, our findings suggest that these compounds may act as tumour promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kato
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wärngárd L, Bager Y, Kato Y, Kenne K, Ahlborg UG. Mechanistical studies of the inhibition of intercellular communication by organochlorine compounds. ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT. = ARCHIV FUR TOXIKOLOGIE. SUPPLEMENT 1996; 18:149-59. [PMID: 8678790 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-61105-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Many hydrocarbons are environmental pollutants that, due to their lipophilicity and chemical stability, accumulate in biological systems including milk and body fat. A number of investigations have demonstrated that many organochlorine compounds can act as tumour promoters in vivo and inhibit gap junctional intercellular communication between cells in culture. In the present study we have investigated the dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), different polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated paraffins and the pesticide endosulfan. Using techniques of scrape loading dye/transfer and Western blot analysis the function, expression and phosphorylation of different connexins in vitro and in vivo were studied. The results show a good correlation between the ability to act as a tumour promoter and to interfere with gap junctional intercellular communication. All tested compounds inhibited the intercellular communication in a liver derived cell line (IAR 20). However, the results show that the time to inhibition varies between the different agents. Endosulfan and chlorinated paraffins inhibit the communication within one hour, whereas dioxin like substances need to expose the cells for 48 hours before the communication is affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wärngárd
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Poon R, Lecavalier P, Chan P, Viau C, Håkansson H, Chu I, Valli VE. Subchronic toxicity of a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin in the rat. J Appl Toxicol 1995; 15:455-63. [PMID: 8603933 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2550150607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Groups of ten male and female weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diet containing 0, 5, 50, 500 or 5000 ppm of a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin (C14-17, 52% chlorination) for a period of 13 weeks. Increased relative liver weight was observed at 500 and 5000 ppm in females and at 5000 ppm in males. Relative kidney weight was increased at 5000 ppm in both sexes. Serum cholesterol was increased in the females in a dose-related manner starting at 50 ppm. At 5000 ppm, animals of both sexes had elevated hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity while only females showed increased aminopyrine N-demethylase activity. Increased urinary N-acetylglucosaminidase activity occurred at 5000 ppm in females. Increased urinary ascorbic acid excretion monitored at week 12 and a decreased hepatic vitamin A level were detected in females receiving the 500 ppm diet and male and female rats at 5000 ppm. Mild, adaptive histopathological changes were detected in the liver of rats of both sexes at 500 and 5000 ppm, and in the thyroid of males and females starting at 500 and 50 ppm respectively. Minimal changes were observed in the kidney proximal tubules of male rats fed the 5000 ppm diet and in the inner medulla tubules of female rats fed the 500 and 5000 ppm diets. These data indicate that the medium-chain chlorinated paraffin produces biochemical and histological changes at dietary levels of greater than or = 50 ppm in females and greater than or = 500 ppm in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Poon
- Environmental and Occupational Toxicology Division, Health Canada, Ottawa
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Rieger R, Ballschmiter K. Semivolatile organic compounds ? polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF), biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 4,4'-DDE and chlorinated paraffins (CP) ? as markers in sewer films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00323054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Wyatt I, Coutts CT, Elcombe CR. The effect of chlorinated paraffins on hepatic enzymes and thyroid hormones. Toxicology 1993; 77:81-90. [PMID: 8442021 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(93)90139-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Male rats and mice were administered chlorinated paraffins (CPs) by daily gavage in corn oil for 14 days. Chlorowax 500C (short chain CP with 58% chlorination), Cereclor 56L (short chain CP with 56% chlorination) and Chlorparaffin 40G (medium chain CP with 40% chlorination) were the CPs studied at dose levels of 0, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg for both rats and mice. The no effect levels for hepatic peroxisome proliferation for the above chemicals, as determined by the CN- insensitive palmitoyl co-enzyme A beta-oxidation (PCO) assay, were calculated as 184, 600 and 473 mg/kg and 180, 120 and 252 mg/kg for rats and mice, respectively, whilst those for percent liver weight/body weight were calculated as 74, 51 and 31 mg/kg and 215, 70 and 426 mg/kg for rats and mice, respectively. The short chain CPs were more potent peroxisome proliferators than the medium chain CP, with the mouse proving to be more responsive than the rat. Rats administered the highest dose of CPs showed a depressed plasma thyroxine (T4) level, with a concomitant increase in the plasma concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The decreased plasma T4 levels appeared to be the result of increased T4 glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Wyatt
- ICI Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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21
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Yang JJ, Roy TA, Neil W, Krueger AJ, Mackerer CR. Percutaneous and oral absorption of chlorinated paraffins in the rat. Toxicol Ind Health 1987; 3:405-12. [PMID: 3686542 DOI: 10.1177/074823378700300312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Parallel percutaneous absorption studies of two 14C-labelled chlorinated paraffins (C18, 50-53% chlorination; C28, 47% chlorination) were carried out in the Sprague-Dawley rat. The dermally applied dose (66 mg/cm2) was approximately equivalent to 2.0 g/kg of body weight. An oral absorption study with the C18-chlorinated paraffin (0.5 g/kg) was carried out in rats for comparison. Less than 1% of the dermally applied dose of [1-14C]polychlorooctadecane (50-53% chlorination) and less than 0.1% of the applied dose of [14,15-14C]polychlorooctacosane (47% chlorination) were recovered in excreta, expired air and tissues after 96 hours. In contrast, approximately 86% of the orally administered dose of [1-14C]polychlorooctadecane (0.5 g/kg) was recovered. These results indicate that rat skin acts as an effective barrier to chlorinated paraffins containing eighteen or more carbons and more than 40% chlorine by weight. The oral absorption of the C18 chlorinated paraffin can be estimated to be nearly 100 times greater than its dermal absorption. Based on current toxicity results from rodent experiments and these present findings, chlorinated paraffins of the type tested would be expected to have little or no effect in animals as a result of dermal exposure. It is reasonable to assume that such chlorinated paraffins are unlikely to be systemically toxic to humans by skin contact under normal conditions of production and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Yang
- Environmental and Health Science Laboratory, Mobil Oil Corporation, Princeton, NJ 08540
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22
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23
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Brunström B. Effects of chlorinated paraffins on liver weight, cytochrome P-450 concentration and microsomal enzyme activities in chick embryos. Arch Toxicol 1985; 57:69-71. [PMID: 3874616 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sublethal doses of three technical preparations of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) (Cereclor 42 (C22-26, 42% Cl w/w), Cereclor 50LV (C10-13, 49% Cl w/w) and Cereclor 70L (C10-13, 70% Cl w/w)) were injected into the yolks of hens' eggs after 4 days of incubation. The liver weight, the cytochrome P-450 concentration in the liver and the liver microsomal activity of aminopyrine N-demethylase (APND), aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase (AHH) and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECOD) were determined in chick embryos incubated for 20 days. The degree of chlorination and probably also the carbon chain length of the CPs were of importance for their effects. Cereclor 70L was the most potent in causing increases in liver weight, cytochrome P-450 concentration and APND activity. Cereclor 42 was the least potent in these respects, even causing reduced APND activity. A decrease in AHH activity occurred in chick embryos treated with Cereclor 50LV, and a reduction in ECOD activity was noted as a result of treatment with Cereclor 42 and Cereclor 50LV.
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24
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Müller MD, Schmid PP. GC/MS analysis of chlorinated paraffins with negative ion chemical ionization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240070106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Darnerud PO, Bengtsson BE, Bergman A, Brandt I. Chlorinated paraffins: disposition of a polychloro-[1-14C]-hexadecane in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and bleak (Alburnus alburnus). Toxicol Lett 1983; 19:345-51. [PMID: 6419402 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(83)90141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The disposition of polychloro-[1-14C]hexadecane (PCHD, 34% chlorine w/w) was studied in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and bleak (Alburnus alburnus). After intra-arterial (i.a.) injection in carp about 6% of dose was excreted as 14CO2 in 96 h. The autoradiographic distribution pattern after administration of PCHD to carp (i.a.) and bleak (up to 14 days of exposure in PCHD-contaminated water) was characterized by a strong labelling in the bile/intestinal contents. High radioactivity also appeared in the kidney, liver, gills and, particularly in bleak, in the nasal cavity, lens and skin.
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Brunström B. Toxicity in chick embryos of three commercial mixtures of chlorinated paraffins and of toxaphene injected into eggs. Arch Toxicol 1983; 54:353-7. [PMID: 6686759 DOI: 10.1007/bf01234488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Three commercial mixtures of chlorinated paraffins (Cereclor 42 (C22-26, 42% Cl w/w), Cereclor 50 LV (C10-13, 49% Cl w/w), and Cereclor 70 L (C10-13, 70% Cl w/w) did not affect the hatchability of hens' eggs when injected into the yolks in doses of up to 200 mg/kg egg. The hatching rate of eggs treated with 200 mg/kg of the insecticide Toxaphene was significantly lower than that of the control eggs. Toxaphene also affected the growth of the chicks and had neurotoxic effects.
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Biessmann A, Darnerud PO, Brandt I. Chlorinated paraffins: disposition of a highly chlorinated polychlorohexadecane in mice and quail. Arch Toxicol 1983; 53:79-86. [PMID: 6411047 DOI: 10.1007/bf01460004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Uniformly 14C-labelled 1-chloro-polychlorohexadecane (PCHD) of high chlorine content (69% w/w) was given to Japanese quail and to C57Bl mice perorally (p.o.) and intravenously (i.v.). The degradation of PCHD to 14CO2, measured during 8 h, was found to be minute (about 1% of dose) in both species after either route of administration. In mice 66 and 43% of dose was eliminated in the feces during 96 h following p.o. and i.v. administration, respectively; the urinary excretion was about 3% in both cases. In quail, the combined fecal and urinary excretion during 96 h after p.o. administration was 58% of dose. The autoradiographic distribution following p.o. administration showed some general similarities between mice and quail; high radioactivities were present in bile, liver, kidney, and intestinal contents up to 24 h after administration. In addition, in quail high radioactivity was present in the hypophysis, retina, blood, and egg yolk. In mice strong accumulation and retention was observed in the corpora lutea up to 30 days after administration. A long time retention in fat occurred in both species.
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Darnerud PO, Biessmann A, Brandt I. Metabolic fate of chlorinated paraffins: degree of chlorination of [1-14C]-chlorododecanes in relation to degradation and excretion in mice. Arch Toxicol 1982; 50:217-26. [PMID: 6816191 DOI: 10.1007/bf00310853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The disposition of three [1-14C]-chlorododecanes (MCDD, PCDD I and PCDD II; 17.4%, 55.9%, and 68.5% chlorination) was studied in C57Bl mice. [1-14C]-lauric acid (LA) was studied as reference compound. Fifty-two percent (MCDD), 32% (PCDD I), and 8% (PCDD II) of the radioactive doses were exhaled as 14CO2 during 12 h after i.v. injection. Similar results were obtained after p.o. administration. In addition to a marked labelling of the liver and fat, the distribution patterns observed at 24 h after administration revealed an uptake of radioactivity in tissues with high cell turnover/high metabolic activity, e.g., intestinal mucosa, bone marrow, salivary glands and thymus. The concentration of radioactivity in these sites and the exhalation of 14CO2, which were inverse to the degree of chlorination, indicate that the chloroalkanes are degraded to metabolites which can be utilized in the intermediary metabolism. A similar, although more pronounced, distribution pattern and 14CO-2-exhalation (70% of i.v. dose) was observed after LA administration. The long time retention of heptane-soluble radioactivity in liver and fat (indicating unmetabolized substance) increased with degree of chlorination. On the contrary, the administration of LA and the chlorododecanes MCDD and PCDD I, but not of PCDD II, resulted in a selective labelling of the central nervous system 30-60 days after injection.
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Biessmann A, Brandt I, Darnerud P. Comparative distribution and metabolism of two 14C-labelled chlorinated paraffins in Japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0143-1471(82)90097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Haux C, Larsson A, Lidman U, Förlin L, Hansson T, Johansson-Sjöbeck ML. Sublethal physiological effects of chlorinated paraffins on the flounder, Platichthys flesus L. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 1982; 6:49-59. [PMID: 7067653 DOI: 10.1016/0147-6513(82)90080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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31
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Ahotupa M, Hietanen E, Mäntylä E, Vainio H. Effects of polchlorinated paraffins on hepatic, renal and intestinal biotransformation rates in comparison to the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and naphthalenes. J Appl Toxicol 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2550020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Meijer J, Rundgren M, Aström A, DePierre JW, Sundvall A, Rannug U. Effects of chlorinated paraffins on some drug-metabolizing enzymes in rat liver and in the Ames test. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1982; 136 Pt A:821-8. [PMID: 7046383 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-0674-1_64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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33
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Studies on the distribution and metabolism of a 14C-labelled chlorinated alkane in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0143-1471(82)90062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nilsen OG, Toftgård R, Glaumann H. Effects of chlorinated paraffins on rat liver microsomal activities and morphology. Importance of the length and the degree of chlorination of the carbon chain. Arch Toxicol 1981; 49:1-13. [PMID: 6275815 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Short term effects of chlorinated paraffins with different length of the carbon chain and different degree of chlorination were investigated with respect to rat liver cytochrome P-450 mediated metabolism and liver cell morphology. When paraffins were administered by i.p. injection liver weights increased inversely with the length of the carbon chain. The short carbon chain paraffins with a high degree of chlorination increased the concentration of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450, inhibited the metabolism of 7-ethoxyresorufin but increased the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene, especially the formation of the 4,5-diol metabolite. Short carbon chain paraffins gave rise to a proliferation of the smooth ER, increased the number of cytoplasmic fat droplets as well as the number and size of mitochondria and peroxisomes and finally induced the occurrence of autophagosomes and lysosomes. The fat droplets were preferentially degraded in lysosomes. In all respects the long carbon chain paraffins were less biologically active.
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