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Schwartz J, Roizman B. Similarities and Differences in the Development of Laboratory Strains and Freshly Isolated Strains of Herpes Simplex Virus in HEp-2 Cells: Electron Microscopy. J Virol 2010; 4:879-89. [PMID: 16789121 PMCID: PMC375952 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.6.879-889.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HEp-2 cells infected with two laboratory strains (mP and MP) and two freshly isolated strains (F and G) of herpes simplex virus were fixed at intervals between 4 and 50 hr postinfection and sectioned, and were then examined with the electron microscope. These studies revealed the following. (i) All four strains caused identical segregation of nucleoli and aggregation of host chromosomes at the nuclear membrane. (ii) The development of MP virus could not be differentiated from that of its parent mP strain. (iii) There were quantitative differences between laboratory (mP) and freshly isolated (F) type 1 strains. Thus, cells infected with F contained numerous nuclear crystals of nucleocapsids and relatively few cytoplasmic structures containing enveloped nucleocapsids. Conversely, cells infected with mP or with MP virus contained numerous cytoplasmic structures with enveloped nucleocapsids and relatively few nuclear crystals of nucleocapsids. (iv) There were qualitative differences between type 2 strain (G) isolated from genital lesions and type 1 strains. Thus, cells infected with the G strain contain numerous filaments in nuclei and unenveloped and partially enveloped nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm. Of particular interest is the finding that cytoplasmic membranes in apposition to nucleocapsids were thickened and bent as if they were enveloping the particle. The significance of the qualitative differences in the development of the four strains is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schwartz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Ihara S, Feldman L, Watanabe S, Ben-Porat T. Characterization of the immediate-early functions of pseudorabies virus. Virology 1983; 131:437-54. [PMID: 6318440 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The immediate-early transcripts of pseudorabies virus have been located in a region of the genome situated internally within the inverted repeat between map positions 0.99 and 0.95. A single immediate-early transcript (approximately 6 kb) can be detected both in the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of infected, cycloheximide-treated cells. Analysis of the proteins synthesized after removal of cycloheximide from infected cells or after translation in vitro of the RNA isolated from these cells revealed the presence of a single protein (180K) not present in similarly treated, uninfected cells. That this is a virus protein and is specified by the immediate-early region of the genome was shown by selection and translation of mRNA hybridizing with virus DNA from the appropriate region of the genome. The effects of infection of cells with a temperature-sensitive mutant (tsG1) defective in the 180K protein were studied. At the nonpermissive temperature only immediate-early RNA was transcribed and only one virus protein, the 180K protein was synthesized. Inhibition of cellular protein and DNA synthesis was also observed. After shift down of tsG1-infected cells from the nonpermissive to the permissive temperature at 3 hr post infection, a transition to early RNA transcription occurred. However, if the shift down was delayed until 5 hr post infection, transcription of the virus genome was completely inhibited and an abortive infection ensued. Shift of the mutant-infected cells from the permissive to the nonpermissive temperature resulted in a decrease in the rate of accumulation of early and late transcripts, and a resumption of the synthesis of immediate-early RNA and protein. From these as well as from previous results, it is concluded that pseudorabies virus codes for a single multifunctional immediate-early protein which is essential for the transcription of immediate-early to early RNA and is required for the continuous transcription of early (and late) RNA. The immediate-early protein is also self-regulatory; the presence of the functional immediate-early protein represses the transcription of its RNA. In addition, the immediate-early protein of pseudorabies virus appears to play a direct role, under certain conditions, in the inhibition of cellular macromolecular synthesis.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Genes, Viral/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/metabolism
- Macromolecular Substances
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization/drug effects
- Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Temperature
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Viral Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Proteins/genetics
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Mathieson WB, Lee PE. Cytology and autoradiography of Tipula iridescent virus infection of insect suspension cell cultures. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1981; 74:59-68. [PMID: 6165827 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(81)80109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Lorentz AK, Munk K, Darai G. DNA repair replication in human embryonic lung cells infected with herpes simplex virus. Virology 1977; 82:401-8. [PMID: 199996 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wright ED, Slack C, Goldfarb PS, Subak-Sharpe JH. INvestigation of the basis of reduced metabolic cooperation in mec- cells. Exp Cell Res 1976; 103:79-91. [PMID: 186291 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bittlingmaier K, Schneider D, Falke D. Uptake of [3H] thymidine and cell DNA synthesis during the early multiplication phase of herpesvirus hominis in BHK cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 407:384-91. [PMID: 170989 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Experiments about the interaction of herpes viruses with BHK-cells during the first 6 h after infection concerning uptake and incorporation of dThd have been reported. During adsorption and penetration, the inhibition of uptake and of incorporation of [3H] dThd is sensitive to heat, but not to ultraviolet irradiation or cycloheximide. The eclipse is characterized by a strongly increased uptake of [3H] dThd and by inhibition of cell DNA synthesis. Both are sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation of the particles and cycloheximid treatment of the cells. It is concluded that the events during adsorption and penetration are dependent on the particles themselves, whereas the events during the eclipse depend on the activity of the viral genome. The implications of the findings are discussed.
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Yamanishi K, Ogino T, Takahashi M. Induction of cellular DNA synthesis by a temperature-sensitive mutant of herpes simplex virus type 2. Virology 1975; 67:450-62. [PMID: 171835 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Radsak K, Albring M. Stimulation of mitochondrial DNA synthesis as an early function of herpes simplex virus. FEBS Lett 1974; 44:136-40. [PMID: 4371722 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ben-Porat T, Jean JH, Kaplan AS. Early functions of the genome of herpesvirus. IV. Fate and translation of immediate-early viral RNA. Virology 1974; 59:524-31. [PMID: 4833543 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Halliburton IW, Timbury MC. Characterisation of temperature-sensitive mutants of herpes simplex virus type 2. Growth and DNA synthesis. Virology 1973; 54:60-8. [PMID: 4351614 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lai MH, Wérenne JJ, Joklik WK. The preparation of reovirus top component and its effect on host DNA and protein synthesis. Virology 1973; 54:237-44. [PMID: 4736596 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chantler JK, Stevely WS. Virus-induced proteins in pseudorabies-infected cells. I. Acid-extractable proteins of the nucleus. J Virol 1973; 11:815-22. [PMID: 4351456 PMCID: PMC355187 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.11.6.815-822.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Three basic proteins have been identified in chromatin preparations from pseudorabies virus-infected cells. They appear to be virus specified and are similar in size and charge to host histones; one difference however is that they contain tryptophan. All are produced by 3 h postinfection, and two (IP II and III) seem to be arginine rich. Three similar proteins are also found in herpes simplex MP 17-infected cells, and two of these co-electrophorese with two of the pseudorabies proteins. Partially purified preparations of pseudorabies virus contain low amounts of all three proteins.
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Radsak KD, Freise HW. Stimulation of mitochondrial DNA synthesis in HeLa cells by Herpes simplex virus. LIFE SCIENCES. PT. 2: BIOCHEMISTRY, GENERAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1972; 11:717-24. [PMID: 4348287 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(72)90055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Kimura S. Responses of calf kidney cells to human adenovirus type 12. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1971; 15:465-71. [PMID: 5316575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1971.tb00605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kucera LS. Effects of temperature on frog polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus multiplication: thermosensitivity of initiation, replication, and encapsidation of viral DNA. Virology 1970; 42:576-89. [PMID: 5529978 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Stone AB. The replication of DNA-containing viruses. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(70)90015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ledinko N, Fong CK. Kinetics of nucleic acid synthesis in human embryonic kidney cultures infected with adenovirus 2 or 12: inhibition of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. J Virol 1969; 4:123-32. [PMID: 5806981 PMCID: PMC375846 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.2.123-132.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell cultures with adenovirus types 2 or 12 resulted in an initial drop in the rate of incorporation of (3)H-thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) during the early latent period of virus growth, followed by a marked rise in label uptake. It was shown by cesium chloride isopycnic centrifugation that, after adenovirus 2 infection, there was a decrease in the rate of incorporation of thymidine into cellular DNA. Moreover, DNA-DNA hybridization experiments revealed that, by 28 to 32 hr after infection with either adenovirus 2 or 12, the amount of isolated pulse-labeled DNA capable of hybridizing with HEK cell DNA was reduced by approximately 60 to 70%. Autoradiographic measurements showed that the inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis was due to a decrease in the ability of an infected cell to synthesize DNA. The adenovirus-induced inhibition of host cell DNA synthesis was not due to degradation of cellular DNA. (3)H-thymidine incorporated into cellular DNA at the time of infection remained acid-precipitable, and labeled material was not incorporated into viral DNA. Furthermore, when zone sedimentation through neutral or alkaline sucrose density gradients was employed, no detectable change was observed in the sedimentation rate of this cellular DNA at various times after infection with adenovirus 2 or 12. In addition, there was no increase in deoxyribonuclease activity in cells infected with either virus. Cultures infected for 38 hr with adenovirus 2 or 12 incorporated three to four times as much (3)H-uridine into ribonucleic acid (RNA) as did non-infected cultures. Furthermore, the net RNA synthesized by infected cultures substantially exceeded that of control cultures. The activity of thymidine kinase was induced, but there was no stimulation of uridine kinase.
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Wagner EK, Roizman B. Ribonucleic acid synthesis in cells infected with herpes simplex virus. I. Patterns of ribonucleic acid synthesis in productively infected cells. J Virol 1969; 4:36-46. [PMID: 4308689 PMCID: PMC375835 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.1.36-46.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HEp-2 cells were pulse-labeled at different times after infection with herpes simplex virus, and nuclear ribonucleic acid (RNA) and cytoplasmic RNA were examined. The data showed the following: (i) Analysis by acrylamide gel electrophoresis of cytoplasmic RNA of cells infected at high multiplicities [80 to 200 plaque-forming units (PFU)/cell] revealed that ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis falls to less than 10% of control (uninfected cell) values by 5 hr after infection. The synthesis of 4S RNA also declined but not as rapidly, and at its lowest level it was still 20% of control values. At lower multiplicities (20 PFU), the rate of inhibition was slower than at high multiplicities. However, at all multiplicities the rates of inhibition of 18S and 28S rRNA remained identical and higher than that of 4S RNA. (ii) Analysis of nuclear RNA of cells infected at high multiplicities by sucrose density gradient centrifugation showed that the synthesis and methylation of 45S rRNA precursor continued at a reduced but significant rate (ca. 30% of control values) at times after infection when no radioactive uridine was incorporated or could be chased into 28S and 18S rRNA. This indicates that the inhibition of rRNA synthesis after herpesvirus infection is a result of two processes: a decrease in the rate of synthesis of 45S RNA and a decrease in the rate of processing of that 45S RNA that is synthesized. (iii) Hybridization of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA of infected cells with herpesvirus DNA revealed that a significant proportion of the total viral RNA in the nucleus has a sedimentation coefficient of 50S or greater. The sedimentation coefficient of virus-specific RNA associated with cytoplasmic polyribosomes is smaller with a maximum at 16S to 20S, but there is some rapidly sedimenting RNA (> 28S) here too. (iv) Finally, there was leakage of low-molecular weight (4S) RNA from infected cells, the leakage being approximately three-fold that of uninfected cells by approximately 5 hr after infection.
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Stevens JG, Kado-Boll GJ, Haven CB. Changes in nuclear basic proteins during pseudorabies virus infection. J Virol 1969; 3:490-7. [PMID: 5786178 PMCID: PMC375799 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.3.5.490-497.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As a preliminary study to investigation of the possible role played by basic proteins in the genetic regulation of virus-infected cells, acid-extractable proteins synthesized during pseudorabies virus infection were investigated. The synthesis of histones was found to decrease in a gradual manner, and arrest was complete by 6 hr after infection. Five virus-induced acid-extractable proteins appeared in nuclei of infected cells after 4 hr of infection. Four of these proteins were virus structural proteins; one was not. All these proteins contained tryptophan and, therefore, were not "classic" histones.
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Roizman B, Spear PG. Macromolecular biosynthesis in animal cells infected with cytolytic viruses. Curr Top Dev Biol 1969; 4:79-108. [PMID: 4331968 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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O'Callaghan DJ, Cheevers WP, Gentry GA, Randall CC. Kinetics of cellular and viral DNA synthesis in equine abortion (herpes) virus infection of L-M cells. Virology 1968; 36:104-14. [PMID: 5669981 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(68)90120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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DNS-, RNS- und Proteinsynthese und ihre Relation zur Riesenzellbildung in vitro nach Infektion mit Herpesvirus hominis. Arch Virol 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01241298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis was studied in poxvirus-infected cells by measuring (14)C-thymidine incorporation into viral and host cell DNA. A complete separation of the two species of DNA was achieved by combining the previously used "Dounce method" with a separation method based on different reannealing properties of viral and vertebrate DNA. Shortly after infection of HeLa cells with poxviruses, a burst of viral DNA synthesis occurred in the cytoplasm, but a rapid inhibition of host-cell DNA synthesis in the nucleus was observed. This inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis was also found if an accumulation of viral DNA was prevented. At high multiplicites, ultraviolet-irradiated virus inhibited host-cell DNA synthesis to the same extent as fully infectious poxvirus. Under the same conditions, heating at 60 C for 15 min caused a decrease in the ability of cowpox virus to inhibit host-cell DNA synthesis, but did not produce the same effect on vaccinia virus strain WR.
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Kasamaki A, Ben-Porat T, Kaplan AS. Polyoma virus-induced release of inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis caused by iododeoxyuridine. Nature 1968; 217:756-8. [PMID: 4295940 DOI: 10.1038/217756a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ben-Porat T, Kaplan AS. Correlation between replication and degradation of cellular DNA in polyoma virus-infected cells. Virology 1967; 32:457-64. [PMID: 4291306 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(67)90297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ben-Porat T, Kaplan AS, Tennant RW. Effect of 5-fluorouracil on the multiplication of a virulent virus (pseudorabies) and an oncogenic virus (polyoma). Virology 1967; 32:445-56. [PMID: 4291305 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(67)90296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sauer G, Orth HD, Munk K. Interference of actinomycin D with the replication of the herpes virus DNA. I. Difference in behaviour of cellular and viral nucleic acid synthesis following treatment with actinomycin D. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 119:331-40. [PMID: 4289841 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(66)90191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Terrinha AM, Vigário JD, Petisca JL, Nunes JM, Bastos AL. Autoradiographic study on sheeppox virus infection. J Bacteriol 1965; 90:1703-9. [PMID: 5854591 PMCID: PMC315882 DOI: 10.1128/jb.90.6.1703-1709.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Terrinha, António M. (National Laboratory for Veterinary Research, Lisbon, Portugal), José D. Vigário, José L. Nunes Petisca, J. Moura Nunes, and Armando L. Bastos. Autoradiographic study on sheeppox virus infection. J. Bacteriol. 90:1703-1709. 1965.-An autoradiographic study of sheep embryo cell cultures infected with sheeppox virus showed that viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis starts at 10 to 11 hr after infection. The number of cells which supported viral DNA synthesis increased until 22 to 23 hr. The extent of cytoplasmic continuity between cells might permit the cell-to-cell transfer of mature virus or perhaps viral DNA. There is evidence of an inhibitory action on cellular DNA synthesis in cells which supported viral DNA synthesis, but, in all cellular populations infected, a small proportion of cells was encountered which supported viral DNA synthesis in compartment S. No evidence for cellular division of sheeppox virus-infected cells has been found. Enzymatic digestion by deoxyribonuclease combined with autoradiography provided an indirect demonstration of the time at which the first viral structural proteins were found to be synthesized, that is, 18 hr after infection. A progressive increase in synthesis of viral structural proteins was demonstrated. Virus maturation occurred within the cells in the cytoplasm, predominantly in the same sites as viral DNA synthesis.
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Weil R, Michel MR, Ruschmann GK. Induction of cellular DNA synthesis by polyoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1965; 53:1468-75. [PMID: 4285999 PMCID: PMC219880 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.53.6.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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