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Noh SG, Kim HW, Kim S, Chung KW, Jung YS, Yoon JH, Yu BP, Lee J, Chung HY. Senoinflammation as the underlying mechanism of aging and its modulation by calorie restriction. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102503. [PMID: 39284417 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Senoinflammation is characterized by an unresolved low-grade inflammatory process that affects multiple organs and systemic functions. This review begins with a brief overview of the fundamental concepts and frameworks of senoinflammation. It is widely involved in the aging of various organs and ultimately leads to progressive systemic degeneration. Senoinflammation underlying age-related inflammation, is causally related to metabolic dysregulation and the formation of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) during aging and age-related diseases. This review discusses the biochemical evidence and molecular biology data supporting the concept of senoinflammation and its regulatory processes, highlighting the anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects of calorie restriction (CR). Experimental data from CR studies demonstrated effective suppression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, lipid accumulation, and SASP during aging. In conclusion, senoinflammation represents the basic mechanism that creates a microenvironment conducive to aging and age-related diseases. Furthermore, it serves as a potential therapeutic target for mitigating aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Gyun Noh
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Yoon
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Ersoy U, Altinpinar AE, Kanakis I, Alameddine M, Gioran A, Chondrogianni N, Ozanne SE, Peffers MJ, Jackson MJ, Goljanek-Whysall K, Vasilaki A. Lifelong dietary protein restriction induces denervation and skeletal muscle atrophy in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 224:457-469. [PMID: 39245354 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
As a widespread global issue, protein deficiency hinders development and optimal growth in offspring. Maternal low-protein diet influences the development of age-related diseases, including sarcopenia, by altering the epigenome and organ structure through potential increase in oxidative stress. However, the long-term effects of lactational protein restriction or postnatal lifelong protein restriction on the neuromuscular system have yet to be elucidated. Our results demonstrated that feeding a normal protein diet after lactational protein restriction did not have significant impacts on the neuromuscular system in later life. In contrast, a lifelong low-protein diet induced a denervation phenotype and led to demyelination in the sciatic nerve, along with an increase in the number of centralised nuclei and in the gene expression of atrogenes at 18 months of age, indicating an induced skeletal muscle atrophy. These changes were accompanied by an increase in proteasome activity in skeletal muscle, with no significant alterations in oxidative stress or mitochondrial dynamics markers in skeletal muscle later in life. Thus, lifelong protein restriction may induce skeletal muscle atrophy through changes in peripheral nerves and neuromuscular junctions, potentially contributing to the early onset or exaggeration of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Ersoy
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Atilla Emre Altinpinar
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Ioannis Kanakis
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Chester Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK.
| | - Moussira Alameddine
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Anna Gioran
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.
| | - Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Mandy Jayne Peffers
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Malcolm J Jackson
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and REMEDI, CMNHS, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Aphrodite Vasilaki
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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3
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St-Pierre MK, Carrier M, González Ibáñez F, Khakpour M, Wallman MJ, Parent M, Tremblay MÈ. Astrocytes display ultrastructural alterations and heterogeneity in the hippocampus of aged APP-PS1 mice and human post-mortem brain samples. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:73. [PMID: 36918925 PMCID: PMC10015698 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed increasing evidence for a crucial role played by glial cells, notably astrocytes, in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To provide novel insights into the roles of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of AD, we performed a quantitative ultrastructural characterization of their intracellular contents and parenchymal interactions in an aged mouse model of AD pathology, as aging is considered the main risk factor for developing AD. We compared 20-month-old APP-PS1 and age-matched C57BL/6J male mice, among the ventral hippocampus CA1 strata lacunosum-moleculare and radiatum, two hippocampal layers severely affected by AD pathology. Astrocytes in both layers interacted more with synaptic elements and displayed more ultrastructural markers of increased phagolysosomal activity in APP-PS1 versus C57BL6/J mice. In addition, we investigated the ultrastructural heterogeneity of astrocytes, describing in the two examined layers a dark astrocytic state that we characterized in terms of distribution, interactions with AD hallmarks, and intracellular contents. This electron-dense astrocytic state, termed dark astrocytes, was observed throughout the hippocampal parenchyma, closely associated with the vasculature, and possessed several ultrastructural markers of cellular stress. A case study exploring the hippocampal head of an aged human post-mortem brain sample also revealed the presence of a similar electron-dense, dark astrocytic state. Overall, our study provides the first ultrastructural quantitative analysis of astrocytes among the hippocampus in aged AD pathology, as well as a thorough characterization of a dark astrocytic state conserved from mouse to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Départment de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Fernando González Ibáñez
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Départment de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Mohammadparsa Khakpour
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Wallman
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. .,Départment de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. .,Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. .,Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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4
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Wang T, Tian X, Kim HB, Jang Y, Huang Z, Na CH, Wang J. Intracellular energy controls dynamics of stress-induced ribonucleoprotein granules. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5584. [PMID: 36151083 PMCID: PMC9508253 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism and membraneless organelles have been implicated in human diseases including neurodegeneration. How energy deficiency regulates ribonucleoprotein particles such as stress granules (SGs) is still unclear. Here we identified a unique type of granules induced by energy deficiency under physiological conditions and uncovered the mechanisms by which the dynamics of diverse stress-induced granules are regulated. Severe energy deficiency induced the rapid formation of energy deficiency-induced stress granules (eSGs) independently of eIF2α phosphorylation, whereas moderate energy deficiency delayed the clearance of conventional SGs. The formation of eSGs or the clearance of SGs was regulated by the mTOR-4EBP1-eIF4E pathway or eIF4A1, involving assembly of the eIF4F complex or RNA condensation, respectively. In neurons or brain organoids derived from patients carrying the C9orf72 repeat expansion associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the eSG formation was enhanced, and the clearance of conventional SGs was impaired. These results reveal a critical role for intracellular energy in the regulation of diverse granules and suggest that disruptions in energy-controlled granule dynamics may contribute to the pathogenesis of relevant diseases. Stress granules are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Here, Wang et al. found intracellular energy deficiencies trigger a unique type of granules and disrupt granule disassembly through 4EBP1/eIF4A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Xibin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Han Byeol Kim
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yura Jang
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Chan Hyun Na
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jiou Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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5
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Andersen JV, Schousboe A, Verkhratsky A. Astrocyte energy and neurotransmitter metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: integration of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 217:102331. [PMID: 35872221 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to the complex cellular pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurons and astrocytes function in close collaboration through neurotransmitter recycling, collectively known as the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle, which is essential to sustain neurotransmission. Neurotransmitter recycling is intimately linked to astrocyte energy metabolism. In the course of AD, astrocytes undergo extensive metabolic remodeling, which may profoundly affect the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle. The consequences of altered astrocyte function and metabolism in relation to neurotransmitter recycling are yet to be comprehended. Metabolic alterations of astrocytes in AD deprive neurons of metabolic support, thereby contributing to synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. In addition, several astrocyte-specific components of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle, including glutamine synthesis and synaptic neurotransmitter uptake, are perturbed in AD. Integration of the complex astrocyte biology within the context of AD is essential for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of the disease, while restoring astrocyte metabolism may serve as an approach to arrest or even revert clinical progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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6
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Machado-Oliveira G, Ramos C, Marques ARA, Vieira OV. Cell Senescence, Multiple Organelle Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:E2146. [PMID: 32977446 PMCID: PMC7598292 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an age-related disorder associated with long-term exposure to cardiovascular risk factors. The asymptomatic progression of atherosclerotic plaques leads to major cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including acute myocardial infarctions or cerebral ischemic strokes in some cases. Senescence, a biological process associated with progressive structural and functional deterioration of cells, tissues and organs, is intricately linked to age-related diseases. Cell senescence involves coordinated modifications in cellular compartments and has been demonstrated to contribute to different stages of atheroma development. Senescence-based therapeutic strategies are currently being pursued to treat and prevent CVD in humans in the near-future. In addition, distinct experimental settings allowed researchers to unravel potential approaches to regulate anti-apoptotic pathways, facilitate excessive senescent cell clearance and eventually reverse atherogenesis to improve cardiovascular function. However, a deeper knowledge is required to fully understand cellular senescence, to clarify senescence and atherogenesis intertwining, allowing researchers to establish more effective treatments and to reduce the cardiovascular disorders' burden. Here, we present an objective review of the key senescence-related alterations of the major intracellular organelles and analyze the role of relevant cell types for senescence and atherogenesis. In this context, we provide an updated analysis of therapeutic approaches, including clinically relevant experiments using senolytic drugs to counteract atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Machado-Oliveira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.R.); (A.R.A.M.)
| | | | | | - Otília V. Vieira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.R.); (A.R.A.M.)
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7
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Poisa-Beiro L, Thoma J, Landry J, Sauer S, Yamamoto A, Eckstein V, Romanov N, Raffel S, Hoffmann GF, Bork P, Benes V, Gavin AC, Tanaka M, Ho AD. Glycogen accumulation, central carbon metabolism, and aging of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11597. [PMID: 32665666 PMCID: PMC7360735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by recent proteomic data demonstrating the upregulation of carbon and glycogen metabolism in aging human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPCs, CD34+ cells), this report addresses whether this is caused by elevated glycolysis of the HPCs on a per cell basis, or by a subpopulation that has become more glycolytic. The average glycogen content in individual CD34+ cells from older subjects (> 50 years) was 3.5 times higher and more heterogeneous compared to younger subjects (< 35 years). Representative glycolytic enzyme activities in HPCs confirmed a significant increase in glycolysis in older subjects. The HPCs from older subjects can be fractionated into three distinct subsets with high, intermediate, and low glucose uptake (GU) capacity, while the subset with a high GU capacity could scarcely be detected in younger subjects. Thus, we conclude that upregulated glycolysis in aging HPCs is caused by the expansion of a more glycolytic HPC subset. Since single-cell RNA analysis has also demonstrated that this subpopulation is linked to myeloid differentiation and increased proliferation, isolation and mechanistic characterization of this subpopulation can be utilized to elucidate specific targets for therapeutic interventions to restore the lineage balance of aging HPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Poisa-Beiro
- Department of Medicine V, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit Heidelberg, EMBL and Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judith Thoma
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jonathan Landry
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Sauer
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Akihisa Yamamoto
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Volker Eckstein
- Department of Medicine V, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Romanov
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Straße 3, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Simon Raffel
- Department of Medicine V, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peer Bork
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit Heidelberg, EMBL and Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Claude Gavin
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit Heidelberg, EMBL and Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department for Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Medical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Anthony D Ho
- Department of Medicine V, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit Heidelberg, EMBL and Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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8
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Abstract
Organismal aging is accompanied by a host of progressive metabolic alterations and an accumulation of senescent cells, along with functional decline and the appearance of multiple diseases. This implies that the metabolic features of cell senescence may contribute to the organism’s metabolic changes and be closely linked to age-associated diseases, especially metabolic syndromes. However, there is no clear understanding of senescent metabolic characteristics. Here, we review key metabolic features and regulators of cellular senescence, focusing on mitochondrial dysfunction and anabolic deregulation, and their link to other senescence phenotypes and aging. We further discuss the mechanistic involvement of the metabolic regulators mTOR, AMPK, and GSK3, proposing them as key metabolic switches for modulating senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Mee Kwon
- Departments of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sun Mi Hong
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences (BK21 Plus), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Young-Kyoung Lee
- Departments of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Seongki Min
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences (BK21 Plus), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Gyesoon Yoon
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences (BK21 Plus), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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9
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Hirase H, Akther S, Wang X, Oe Y. Glycogen distribution in mouse hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:923-932. [PMID: 30675919 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a limbic structure involved in the consolidation of episodic memory. In the recent decade, glycogenolysis in the rodent hippocampus has been shown critical for synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Astrocytes are the primary cells that store glycogen which is subject to degradation in hypoglycemic conditions. Focused microwave application to the brain halts metabolic activities, and therefore preserves brain glycogen. Immunohistochemistry against glycogen on focused microwave-assisted brain samples is suitable for both macroscopic and microscopic investigation of glycogen distribution. Glycogen immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus showed a characteristic punctate signal pattern that depended on hippocampal layers. In particular, the hilus is the most glycogen-rich subregion of the hippocampus. Moreover, large glycogen puncta (>0.5 µm in diameter) observed in neuropil areas are organized in a patchy pattern consisting of puncta-rich and -poor astrocytes. These observations are discussed with respect to distinct hippocampal neural activity states observed in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Hirase
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan.,Saitama University Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonam Akther
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan.,Saitama University Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Oe
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
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10
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The Structure and the Regulation of Glycogen Phosphorylases in Brain. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:125-145. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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11
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Brewer MK, Gentry MS. Brain Glycogen Structure and Its Associated Proteins: Past, Present and Future. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:17-81. [PMID: 31667805 PMCID: PMC7239500 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the history of glycogen-related research and discusses in detail the structure, regulation, chemical properties and subcellular distribution of glycogen and its associated proteins, with particular focus on these aspects in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kathryn Brewer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Epilepsy and Brain Metabolism Center, Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Epilepsy and Brain Metabolism Center, Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
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12
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The sinister face of heme oxygenase-1 in brain aging and disease. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 172:40-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Byman E, Schultz N, Fex M, Wennström M. Brain alpha-amylase: a novel energy regulator important in Alzheimer disease? Brain Pathol 2018; 28:920-932. [PMID: 29485701 PMCID: PMC8028266 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced glucose metabolism and formation of polyglucosan bodies (PGB) are, beside amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, well-known pathological findings associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since both glucose availability and PGB are regulated by enzymatic degradation of glycogen, we hypothesize that dysfunctional glycogen degradation is a critical event in AD progression. We therefore investigated whether alpha (α)-amylase, an enzyme known to efficiently degrade polysaccharides in the gastrointestinal tract, is expressed in the hippocampal CA1/subiculum and if the expression is altered in AD patients. Using immunohistochemical staining techniques, we show the presence of the α-amylase isotypes AMY1A and AMY2A in neuronal dendritic spines, pericytes and astrocytes. Moreover, AD patients showed reduced gene expression of α-amylase, but conversely increased protein levels of α-amylase as well as increased activity of the enzyme compared with non-demented controls. Lastly, we observed increased, albeit not significant, load of periodic acid-Schiff positive PGB in the brain of AD patients, which correlated with increased α-amylase activity. These findings show that α-amylase is expressed and active in the human brain, and suggest the enzyme to be affected, alternatively play a role, in the neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Byman
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences MalmöLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Nina Schultz
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences MalmöLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | | | - Malin Fex
- Unit for Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Malin Wennström
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences MalmöLund UniversityMalmöSweden
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14
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Lu CY, Qiu JT, Hsu CY. Cellular energy metabolism maintains young status in old queen honey bees (Apis mellifera). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 98:e21468. [PMID: 29722061 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trophocytes and oenocytes of queen honey bees are used in studies of cellular longevity, but their cellular energy metabolism with age is poorly understood. In this study, the molecules involved in cellular energy metabolism were evaluated in the trophocytes and oenocytes of young and old queen bees. The findings indicated that there were no significant differences between young and old queen bees in β-oxidation, glycolysis, and protein synthesis. These results indicate that the cellular energy metabolism of trophocytes and oenocytes in old queen bees is similar to young queen bees and suggests that maintaining cellular energy metabolism in a young status may be associated with the longevity of queen bees. Fat and glycogen accumulation increased with age indicating that old queen bees are older than young queen bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yen Lu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jiantai Timothy Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
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15
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Mathieu C, Bui LC, Petit E, Haddad I, Agbulut O, Vinh J, Dupret JM, Rodrigues-Lima F. Molecular Mechanisms of Allosteric Inhibition of Brain Glycogen Phosphorylase by Neurotoxic Dithiocarbamate Chemicals. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1603-1612. [PMID: 27965358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.766725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dithiocarbamates (DTCs) are important industrial chemicals used extensively as pesticides and in a variety of therapeutic applications. However, they have also been associated with neurotoxic effects and in particular with the development of Parkinson-like neuropathy. Although different pathways and enzymes (such as ubiquitin ligases or the proteasome) have been identified as potential targets of DTCs in the brain, the molecular mechanisms underlying their neurotoxicity remain poorly understood. There is increasing evidence that alteration of glycogen metabolism in the brain contributes to neurodegenerative processes. Interestingly, recent studies with N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate suggest that brain glycogen phosphorylase (bGP) and glycogen metabolism could be altered by DTCs. Here, we provide molecular and mechanistic evidence that bGP is a target of DTCs. To examine this system, we first tested thiram, a DTC pesticide known to display neurotoxic effects, observing that it can react rapidly with bGP and readily inhibits its glycogenolytic activity (kinact = 1.4 × 105 m-1 s-1). Using cysteine chemical labeling, mass spectrometry, and site-directed mutagenesis approaches, we show that thiram (and certain of its metabolites) alters the activity of bGP through the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond (Cys318-Cys326), known to act as a redox switch that precludes the allosteric activation of bGP by AMP. Given the key role of glycogen metabolism in brain functions and neurodegeneration, impairment of the glycogenolytic activity of bGP by DTCs such as thiram may be a new mechanism by which certain DTCs exert their neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Mathieu
- From the Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Linh-Chi Bui
- From the Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Emile Petit
- From the Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Iman Haddad
- ESPCI ParisTech, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS USR, 3149 Paris, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR CNRS 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joelle Vinh
- ESPCI ParisTech, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS USR, 3149 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Dupret
- From the Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris, France; UFR Sciences du Vivant, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Fernando Rodrigues-Lima
- From the Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris, France; UFR Sciences du Vivant, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France.
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16
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Mathieu C, Dupret JM, Rodrigues Lima F. The structure of brain glycogen phosphorylase-from allosteric regulation mechanisms to clinical perspectives. FEBS J 2016; 284:546-554. [PMID: 27782369 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) is the key enzyme that regulates glycogen mobilization in cells. GP is a complex allosteric enzyme that comprises a family of three isozymes: muscle GP (mGP), liver GP (lGP), and brain GP (bGP). Although the three isozymes display high similarity and catalyze the same reaction, they differ in their sensitivity to the allosteric activator adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Moreover, inactivating mutations in mGP and lGP have been known to be associated with glycogen storage diseases (McArdle and Hers disease, respectively). The determination, decades ago, of the structure of mGP and lGP have allowed to better understand the allosteric regulation of these two isoforms and the development of specific inhibitors. Despite its important role in brain glycogen metabolism, the structure of the brain GP had remained elusive. Here, we provide an overview of the human brain GP structure and its relationship with the two other members of this key family of the metabolic enzymes. We also summarize how this structure provides valuable information to understand the regulation of bGP and to design specific ligands of potential pharmacological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Mathieu
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Jean-Marie Dupret
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, France.,UFR Sciences du Vivant, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Fernando Rodrigues Lima
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, France.,UFR Sciences du Vivant, Université Paris Diderot, France
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17
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Mathieu C, Duval R, Cocaign A, Petit E, Bui LC, Haddad I, Vinh J, Etchebest C, Dupret JM, Rodrigues-Lima F. An Isozyme-specific Redox Switch in Human Brain Glycogen Phosphorylase Modulates Its Allosteric Activation by AMP. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23842-23853. [PMID: 27660393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.757062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain glycogen and its metabolism are increasingly recognized as major players in brain functions. Moreover, alteration of glycogen metabolism in the brain contributes to neurodegenerative processes. In the brain, both muscle and brain glycogen phosphorylase isozymes regulate glycogen mobilization. However, given their distinct regulatory features, these two isozymes could confer distinct metabolic functions of glycogen in brain. Interestingly, recent proteomics studies have identified isozyme-specific reactive cysteine residues in brain glycogen phosphorylase (bGP). In this study, we show that the activity of human bGP is redox-regulated through the formation of a disulfide bond involving a highly reactive cysteine unique to the bGP isozyme. We found that this disulfide bond acts as a redox switch that precludes the allosteric activation of the enzyme by AMP without affecting its activation by phosphorylation. This unique regulatory feature of bGP sheds new light on the isoform-specific regulation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Mathieu
- From the Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris
| | - Romain Duval
- From the Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris
| | - Angélique Cocaign
- From the Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris
| | - Emile Petit
- From the Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris
| | - Linh-Chi Bui
- From the Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris
| | - Iman Haddad
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique (SMPB), CNRS USR 3149, 10 rue Vauquelin, F75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Joelle Vinh
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique (SMPB), CNRS USR 3149, 10 rue Vauquelin, F75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Catherine Etchebest
- INSERM, UMR S1134, Université Paris Diderot, F-75015 Paris.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), 75015 Paris.,GR-Ex, Laboratoire d'excellence, 75015 Paris, and.,UFR Sciences du Vivant, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Dupret
- From the Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris.,UFR Sciences du Vivant, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Fernando Rodrigues-Lima
- From the Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité BFA, CNRS UMR 8251, 75013 Paris, .,UFR Sciences du Vivant, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
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18
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Khowaja A, Choi IY, Seaquist ER, Öz G. In vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of cerebral glycogen metabolism in animals and humans. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:255-61. [PMID: 24676563 PMCID: PMC4392006 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen serves as an important energy reservoir in the human body. Despite the abundance of glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles, its concentration in the brain is relatively low, hence its significance has been questioned. A major challenge in studying brain glycogen metabolism has been the lack of availability of non-invasive techniques for quantification of brain glycogen in vivo. Invasive methods for brain glycogen quantification such as post mortem extraction following high energy microwave irradiation are not applicable in the human brain. With the advent of (13)C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), it has been possible to measure brain glycogen concentrations and turnover in physiological conditions, as well as under the influence of stressors such as hypoglycemia and visual stimulation. This review presents an overview of the principles of the (13)C MRS methodology and its applications in both animals and humans to further our understanding of glycogen metabolism under normal physiological and pathophysiological conditions such as hypoglycemia unawareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Khowaja
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - In-Young Choi
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, Department of Neurology, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Seaquist
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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19
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Sinadinos C, Valles‐Ortega J, Boulan L, Solsona E, Tevy MF, Marquez M, Duran J, Lopez‐Iglesias C, Calbó J, Blasco E, Pumarola M, Milán M, Guinovart JJ. Neuronal glycogen synthesis contributes to physiological aging. Aging Cell 2014; 13:935-45. [PMID: 25059425 PMCID: PMC4331761 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose and the carbohydrate energy store for animal cells. In the brain, it is essentially found in glial cells, although it is also present in minute amounts in neurons. In humans, loss-of-function mutations in laforin and malin, proteins involved in suppressing glycogen synthesis, induce the presence of high numbers of insoluble polyglucosan bodies in neuronal cells. Known as Lafora bodies (LBs), these deposits result in the aggressive neurodegeneration seen in Lafora’s disease. Polysaccharide-based aggregates, called corpora amylacea (CA), are also present in the neurons of aged human brains. Despite the similarity of CA to LBs, the mechanisms and functional consequences of CA formation are yet unknown. Here, we show that wild-type laboratory mice also accumulate glycogen-based aggregates in the brain as they age. These structures are immunopositive for an array of metabolic and stress-response proteins, some of which were previously shown to aggregate in correlation with age in the human brain and are also present in LBs. Remarkably, these structures and their associated protein aggregates are not present in the aged mouse brain upon genetic ablation of glycogen synthase. Similar genetic intervention in Drosophila prevents the accumulation of glycogen clusters in the neuronal processes of aged flies. Most interestingly, targeted reduction of Drosophila glycogen synthase in neurons improves neurological function with age and extends lifespan. These results demonstrate that neuronal glycogen accumulation contributes to physiological aging and may therefore constitute a key factor regulating age-related neurological decline in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Boulan
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona Spain
| | - Estel Solsona
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona Spain
| | - Maria F. Tevy
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona Spain
| | - Mercedes Marquez
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery Autonomous University of BarcelonaBarcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona Spain
- Center for Investigation in the Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases Network (CIBERDEM) Barcelona Spain
| | - Carmen Lopez‐Iglesias
- Electron Cryo‐Microscopy Unit Scientific and Technological Centres University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Joaquim Calbó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona Spain
| | - Ester Blasco
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery Autonomous University of BarcelonaBarcelona Spain
| | - Marti Pumarola
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery Autonomous University of BarcelonaBarcelona Spain
| | - Marco Milán
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Barcelona Spain
| | - Joan J. Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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20
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Gayarre J, Duran-Trío L, Criado Garcia O, Aguado C, Juana-López L, Crespo I, Knecht E, Bovolenta P, Rodríguez de Córdoba S. The phosphatase activity of laforin is dispensable to rescue Epm2a−/− mice from Lafora disease. Brain 2014; 137:806-18. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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21
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Duran J, Tevy MF, Garcia-Rocha M, Calbó J, Milán M, Guinovart JJ. Deleterious effects of neuronal accumulation of glycogen in flies and mice. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:719-29. [PMID: 22549942 PMCID: PMC3494072 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201200241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, most neurons keep glycogen synthase (GS) in an inactive form and do not show detectable levels of glycogen. Nevertheless, aberrant glycogen accumulation in neurons is a hallmark of patients suffering from Lafora disease or other polyglucosan disorders. Although these diseases are associated with mutations in genes involved in glycogen metabolism, the role of glycogen accumulation remains elusive. Here, we generated mouse and fly models expressing an active form of GS to force neuronal accumulation of glycogen. We present evidence that the progressive accumulation of glycogen in mouse and Drosophila neurons leads to neuronal loss, locomotion defects and reduced lifespan. Our results highlight glycogen accumulation in neurons as a direct cause of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Duran
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Hwang ES, Yoon G, Kang HT. A comparative analysis of the cell biology of senescence and aging. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2503-24. [PMID: 19421842 PMCID: PMC11115533 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Various intracellular organelles, such as lysosomes, mitochondria, nuclei, and cytoskeletons, change during replicative senescence, but the utility of these changes as general markers of senescence and their significance with respect to functional alterations have not been comprehensively reviewed. Furthermore, the relevance of these alterations to cellular and functional changes in aging animals is poorly understood. In this paper, we review the studies that report these senescence-associated changes in various aging cells and their underlying mechanisms. Changes associated with lysosomes and mitochondria are found not only in cells undergoing replicative or induced senescence but also in postmitotic cells isolated from aged organisms. In contrast, other changes occur mainly in cells undergoing in vitro senescence. Comparison of age-related changes and their underlying mechanisms in in vitro senescent cells and aged postmitotic cells would reveal the relevance of replicative senescence to the physiological processes occurring in postmitotic cells as individuals age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seong Hwang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, Jeonnongdong 90, Seoul 130-743, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Zukor H, Song W, Liberman A, Mui J, Vali H, Fillebeen C, Pantopoulos K, Wu TD, Guerquin-Kern JL, Schipper HM. HO-1-mediated macroautophagy: a mechanism for unregulated iron deposition in aging and degenerating neural tissues. J Neurochem 2009; 109:776-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Seo YH, Jung HJ, Shin HT, Kim YM, Yim H, Chung HY, Lim IK, Yoon G. Enhanced glycogenesis is involved in cellular senescence via GSK3/GS modulation. Aging Cell 2008; 7:894-907. [PMID: 18782348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen biogenesis and its response to physiological stimuli have often been implicated in age-related diseases. However, their direct relationships to cell senescence and aging have not been clearly elucidated. Here, we report the central involvement of enhanced glycogenesis in cellular senescence. Glycogen accumulation, glycogen synthase (GS) activation, and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inactivation commonly occurred in diverse cellular senescence models, including the liver tissues of aging F344 rats. Subcytotoxic concentrations of GSK3 inhibitors (SB415286 and LiCl) were sufficient to induce cellular senescence with increased glycogenesis. Interestingly, the SB415286-induced glycogenesis was irreversible, as were increased levels of reactive oxygen species and gain of senescence phenotypes. Blocking GSK3 activity using siRNA or dominant negative mutant (GSK3beta-K85A) also effectively induced senescence phenotypes, and GS knock-down significantly attenuated the stress-induced senescence phenotypes. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that augmented glycogenesis is not only common, but is also directly linked to cellular senescence and aging, suggesting GSK3 and GS as novel modulators of senescence, and providing new insight into the metabolic backgrounds of aging and aging-related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hak Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 443-721, Korea
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25
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Schipper HM. Brain iron deposition and the free radical-mitochondrial theory of ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2004; 3:265-301. [PMID: 15231237 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The central hypothesis of this paper states that oxidative stress, augmented iron deposition, and mitochondrial insufficiency in the ageing and degenerating CNS constitute a single neuropathological 'lesion', and that the advent of one component of this triad obligates the appearance of the others. Evidence in support of this unifying perspective is adduced from human neuropathological studies, experimental paradigms of ageing-associated neurological disorders, and a comprehensive model of astroglial senescence. A pivotal role for the enzyme, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in consolidating this tripartite lesion in the ageing and diseased CNS is emphasized. The data are discussed in the context of a revised 'free radical-mitochondrial-metal' theory of brain ageing, and some scientific and clinical implications of the latter are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyman M Schipper
- Centre for Neurotranslational Research and Bloomfield Centre for Research in Ageing, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada. hyman@
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26
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Oz G, Henry PG, Seaquist ER, Gruetter R. Direct, noninvasive measurement of brain glycogen metabolism in humans. Neurochem Int 2003; 43:323-9. [PMID: 12742076 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(03)00019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The concentration and metabolism of the primary carbohydrate store in the brain, glycogen, is unknown in the conscious human brain. This study reports the first direct detection and measurement of glycogen metabolism in the human brain, which was achieved using localized 13C NMR spectroscopy. To enhance the NMR signal, the isotopic enrichment of the glucosyl moieties was increased by administration of 80 g of 99% enriched [1-13C]glucose in four subjects. 3 h after the start of the label administration, the 13C NMR signal of brain glycogen C1 was detected (0.36+/-0.07 micromol/g, mean+/-S.D., n=4). Based on the rate of 13C label incorporation into glycogen and the isotopic enrichment of plasma glucose, the flux through glycogen synthase was estimated at 0.17+/-0.05 micromol/(gh). This study establishes that brain glycogen can be measured in humans and indicates that its metabolism is very slow in the conscious human. The noninvasive detection of human brain glycogen opens the prospect of understanding the role and function of this important energy reserve under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülin Oz
- Department of Radiology, Center for MR Research, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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27
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Cavanagh JB. Corpora-amylacea and the family of polyglucosan diseases. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1999; 29:265-95. [PMID: 10209236 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The history, characters, composition and topography of corpora amylacea (CA) in man and the analogous polyglucosan bodies (PGB) in other species are documented, noting particularly the wide variation in the numbers found with age and in neurological disease. Their origins from both neurons and glia and their probable migrations and ultimate fate are discussed. Their presence is also noted in other organs, particularly in the heart. The occurrence in isolated cases of occasional 'massive' usually focal accumulations of similar polyglucosan bodies in association with certain chronic neurological diseases is noted and the specific conditions Adult Polyglucosan body disease and type IV glycogenosis where they are found throughout the nervous system in great excess is discussed. The distinctive differences of CA from the PGB of Lafora body disease and Bielschowsky body disease are emphasised. When considering their functional roles, a parallel is briefly drawn on the one hand between normal CA and the bodies in the polyglucosan disorders and on the other with the lysosomal system and its associated storage diseases. It is suggested that these two systems are complementary ways by which large, metabolically active cells such as neurons, astrocytes, cardiac myocytes and probably many other cell types, dispose of the products of stressful metabolic events throughout life and the continuing underlying process of aging and degradation of long lived cellular proteins. Each debris disposal system must be regulated in its own way and must inevitably, a priori, be heir to metabolic defects that give rise in each to its own set of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Cavanagh
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Avenue, London SE5 8AF, UK
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Abstract
Corpora amylacea (CA) are glycoproteinaceous inclusions that accumulate in astroglia and other brain cells as a function of advancing age and, to an even greater extent, in several human neurodegenerative conditions. The mechanisms responsible for their biogenesis and their subcellular origin(s) remain unclear. We previously demonstrated that the sulfhydryl agent, cysteamine (CSH), promotes the accumulation of CA-like inclusions in cultured rat astroglia. In the present study, we show that subcutaneous administration of CSH to adult rats (150 mg/kg for 6 weeks followed by a 5-week drug-washout period) elicits the accumulation of CA in many cortical and subcortical brain regions. As in the aging human brain and in CSH-treated rat astrocyte cultures, the inclusions are periodic acid-Schiff -positive and are consistently immunostained with antibodies directed against mitochondrial epitopes and ubiquitin. Our findings support our contention that mitochondria are important structural precursors of CA, and that CSH accelerates aging-like processes in rat astroglia both in vitro and in the intact brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Schipper
- Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Cissé S, Schipper HM. Experimental induction of corpora amylacea-like inclusions in rat astroglia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1995; 21:423-31. [PMID: 8632837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1995.tb01079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Corpora amylacea (CA) are glycoproteinaceous inclusions that accumulate in the human central nervous system during normal ageing, and to an even greater extent in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. They are particularly prominent in subpial and subependymal regions, and are most commonly located within astrocytes and their processes. We previously demonstrated that human CA share many tinctorial and histochemical properties in common with Gomori-positive cytoplasmic granules which accumulate in periventricular astrocytes of the ageing vertebrate brain and in rat astroglial cultures exposed to the sulphydryl agent, cysteamine (CSH). In the present study, long-term exposure of neonatal rat astrocyte cultures to CSH resulted in the formation of large spherical, PAS-positive cytoplasmic inclusions which are highly reminiscent of, if not identical to, human CA. As in the case of human CA and Gomori-positive astrocyte granules, the CSH-induced CA-like inclusions exhibit non-enzymatic peroxidase activity and consistent immunolabelling with antibodies directed against the mitochondrial protein, sulphite oxidase. Taken together, our findings suggest that progressive mitochondrial damage and macroautophagy play an important role in the biogenesis of CA (and Gomori-positive granules) in astrocytes of the ageing periventricular brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cissé
- Bloomfield Centre for Research in Ageing, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Schipper HM, Cissé S. Mitochondrial constituents of corpora amylacea and autofluorescent astrocytic inclusions in senescent human brain. Glia 1995; 14:55-64. [PMID: 7615346 DOI: 10.1002/glia.440140108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Corpora amylacea (CA) are cytoplasmic inclusions that accumulate in human brain in the course of normal aging, and to an even greater extent, in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. In senescent and Alzheimer-diseased human brains, astrocytes in limbic and periventricular regions exhibit red autofluorescent inclusions, homologous to Gomori-positive astrocyte granules previously described in the brains of aging rodents and other vertebrates. We have shown that Gomori inclusions in situ and in culture are derived from autophagocytosed mitochondria exhibiting iron-mediated peroxidase activity. In the human brain, the autofluorescent inclusions share many properties with CA. Both types of inclusion progressively accumulate in periventricular regions with advancing age, are largely astrocytic in origin, and contain various heat shock proteins and ubiquitin. Using histochemistry in conjunction with cofocal microscopy, we demonstrated that both CA and the red autofluorescent granules exhibit non-enzymatic peroxidase activity and an affinity for CAH and PAS. The only major divergent histochemical feature between the Gomori-positive astrocyte granules and CA is the presence of orange-red autofluorescence in the former and the absence of endogenous fluorescence in the latter. On the basis of numerous shared topographic and histochemical features, we hypothesized that CA are largely derived from autofluorescent (Gomori-positive) astrocyte granules which reside in periventricular regions of the senescent CNS. Immunofluorescent labeling and laser scanning confocal microscopy demonstrated consistent colocalization of the mitochondrial proteins, sulfite oxidase, and heat shock protein 60, to both CA and the autofluorescent astroglial inclusions. In addition, both CA and the autofluorescent astrocyte granules exhibit staining for DNA which colocalizes to mitochondrial antigens and therefore likely represents mitochondrial nucleic acid in dual-labeled preparations. These observations suggest that a) Gomori-positive astrocyte granules in human brain are homologous to those described in rodents, b) Gomori-positive granules may be structural precursors of CA in senescent human brain, and c) in the aging human brain, degenerate mitochondria within periventricular astrocytes give rise to autofluorescent cytoplasmic granules and corpora amylacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Schipper
- Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Hoyer S, Müller D, Plaschke K. Desensitization of brain insulin receptor. Effect on glucose/energy and related metabolism. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 1994; 44:259-68. [PMID: 7897397 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9350-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The overall majority of cases of Alzheimer disease are not caused by genetic abnormalities. A pluricausal etiology is assumed, and the age factor may be of pivotal significance. Aging leads to inherent changes in basic metabolic principles, including the functionally most important cerebral glucose/energy metabolism. Experimentally induced perturbation of the neuronal control over the glucose metabolism by means of intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin leads to cascade-like abnormalities in glucose breakdown and energy formation and in membrane phospholipid and monoaminergic catecholamine metabolism, which closely resemble the disturbances found in sporadic Alzheimer disease. It is concluded that this model is a good tool for in vivo study of the cellular events characteristic for this human neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hoyer
- Department of Pathochemistry and General Neurochemistry, University of Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Plaschke K, Hoyer S. Action of the diabetogenic drug streptozotocin on glycolytic and glycogenolytic metabolism in adult rat brain cortex and hippocampus. Int J Dev Neurosci 1993; 11:477-83. [PMID: 8237464 DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(93)90021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), a number of metabolic alterations to the brain have been observed soon after the onset of the initial clinical symptoms. In particular, impairments of glucose utilization and related metabolic pathways are prominent and well-established findings in incipient AD, resembling metabolic abnormalities such as have been found in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. To mimic these abnormalities, we administered an intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) to rats and studied the effects of glucose and glycogen metabolism in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus compared with controls. The enzymatic activities studied dropped significantly by 10-30% in brain cortex (cort.) and hippocampus (hc) 3 and 6 weeks after icv STZ injection: hexokinase (15% 3 weeks cort.; 14% 6 weeks cort.; 12% 3 weeks hc; 28% 6 weeks hc), phosphofructokinase (15%; 15%; 24%; 15%), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (10%; 12%; 30%; 19%), pyruvate kinase (22%; 13%; 22%; 28%), glucose-6-phosphatase (10%; 23%; 14%; 19%) and phosphorylase a (22%; 11%; 30%; 15%). The content of glycogen was significantly higher in STZ-treated rats than in control animals (7% 3 weeks and 15% 6 weeks in cortex). In contrast to the reduced enzymatic activities, we observed no changes in the concentrations of the glycolytic intermediates glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, pyruvate, lactate and glucose-1-phosphate. These data clearly indicate reduced glycolytic enzyme activity after icv administration of STZ and suggest gluconeogenesis consequent on abnormalities in glucose breakdown. This model may thus be assumed to be a useful tool to investigate pathogenetic factors involved in sporadic dementia of Alzheimer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Plaschke
- Department of Pathochemistry and General Neurochemistry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
A case of meningioma with cytoplasm rich in glycogen granules is described as an atypical type of meningotheliomatous meningioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shiraishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyu Hospital, Saitama, Japan
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Towfighi J, Yoss BS, Wasiewski WW, Vannucci RC, Bentz MS, Mamourian A. Cerebral glycogenosis, alpha particle type: morphologic and biochemical observations in an infant. Hum Pathol 1989; 20:1210-5. [PMID: 2591952 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(89)80014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A 3-month-old infant with congenital hypotonia suffering from an unusual form of glycogenosis is reported. The most striking neuropathologic findings were vacuolation of neuropile and glycogen accumulation, especially in the cerebral cortex and cerebellar molecular layer. Ultrastructurally, glycogen accumulation was present mainly in neurites and astrocytic processes, and mostly appeared as rosettes (alpha glycogen particles). Biochemical analysis of glycogen in various regions of the central nervous system showed an increase of up to 100-fold. The cerebral cortex, deep nuclei, and cerebellar cortex had the highest glycogen elevations, while the cerebral white matter glycogen level was normal. Among other tissues, the heart showed a several-fold increase in glycogen content. Muscle, liver, and kidney glycogen levels were not elevated. Findings in this case and in three other reported patients with cerebral glycogenosis of alpha particle type are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Towfighi
- Department of Pathology, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University 17033
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Haustein J, Cruz-Sanchez F, Cervós-Navarro J. On the ultrastructure of ependymomas--a semiquantitative analysis of diagnostic criteria in 21 cases with special reference to glycogen as a marker. Neurosurg Rev 1988; 11:67-76. [PMID: 3217021 DOI: 10.1007/bf01795697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report our results on the ultrastructure of 21 ependymomas and establish the following diagnostic criteria: 1. Glycogen is the most frequently encountered criterion, followed by desmosomes, cilia, basal bodies and microvilli. Fifteen tumors had 3 or more of these features. 2. The allegedly typical nuclear pattern was found in only 6 cases. 3. Special ultrastructural features seen include basement membranes in a mid-thoracic ependymoma. Furthermore we propose the hypothesis that glycogen might be involved in cilia assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Haustein
- Institute for Neuropathology, Free University of Berlin, West Germany
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Mann DM, Sumpter PQ, Davies CA, Yates PO. Glycogen accumulations in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 1987; 73:181-4. [PMID: 3037842 DOI: 10.1007/bf00693786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The fine structure of granular glycogen bodies (GGB) within the grey matter of the temporal cortex of 11 patients with Alzheimer's disease is described. GGB measure up to 50 microns in diameter and consist of densely packed alpha or beta glycogen granules (never both), neither of which are membrane bound. They were noted in axons, both myelinated and unmyelinated (sometimes close to the dystrophic neurites of senile plaques), and also in other processes of indeterminate origin. Their appearance may relate to disturbances of axonal transport resulting from damage to terminals within evolving senile plaques.
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Niedermüller H. Effects of aging on the recycling via the pentose cycle and on the kinetics of glycogen and protein metabolism in various organs of the rat. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1986; 5:305-16. [PMID: 3827403 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4943(86)90033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/1986] [Revised: 10/07/1986] [Accepted: 10/08/1986] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The rate of metabolic kinetics and the frequency of biological cycles may be correlated with the rate of aging and the maximum life-span potential. Therefore, investigations either into changes with age of such parameters within one species or into differences between species may give some information about the genetic programming of the aging process. Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3.5, 7, 12, 17, 23 and 33 months (m) were used to determine the changes with age of those metabolic pathways mentioned in the title, using the liver, kidney, brain, heart and the skeletal muscle. The maximum percentage of glucose utilization via the pentose pathway, compared to the total glucose utilization, was calculated after intravenous administration of D-[1-14C]- and D-[6-14C]glucose by the determination of the trioses (as lipids) 3 hours after the application. Glycogen kinetics was determined analogously. Total protein metabolism was observed using the essential amino acid L-[2,5-3H]histidine. The results indicate a decrease in the glucose utilization via the pentose pathway in the course of aging in liver, kidney, heart and skeletal muscle and a decrease from 3.5 months on in brain, a small but not significant change of the kinetics of glycogen metabolism (a lower turnover), and a reduced rate of protein synthesis in liver, kidney, heart and brain through an age of 23 months, followed by an elevated rate. Brain did not show any changes. The reduction of the pentose pathway may possibly be the cause of higher lipofuscin accumulation in the cells of some organs, lacking sufficient reduction equivalents for lipid metabolism. Furthermore, there could exist a connection with the reduced protein turnover, because less riboses are provided for the synthesis of nucleic acids.
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