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Vassilev P, Avvisati R, Koya E, Badiani A. Distinct Populations of Neurons Activated by Heroin and Cocaine in the Striatum as Assessed by catFISH. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0394-19.2019. [PMID: 31937522 PMCID: PMC7005257 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0394-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the still prevailing notion of a shared substrate of action for all addictive drugs, there is evidence suggesting that opioid and psychostimulant drugs differ substantially in terms of their neurobiological and behavioral effects. These differences may reflect separate neural circuits engaged by the two drugs. Here we used the catFISH (cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique to investigate the degree of overlap between neurons engaged by heroin versus cocaine in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. The catFISH technique is a within-subject procedure that takes advantage of the different transcriptional time course of the immediate-early genes homer 1a and arc to determine to what extent two stimuli separated by an interval of 25 min engage the same neuronal population. We found that throughout the striatal complex the neuronal populations activated by noncontingent intravenous injections of cocaine (800 μg/kg) and heroin (100 and 200 μg/kg), administered at an interval of 25 min from each other, overlapped to a much lesser extent than in the case of two injections of cocaine (800 μg/kg), also 25 min apart. The greatest reduction in overlap between populations activated by cocaine and heroin was in the dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum (∼30% and ∼22%, respectively, of the overlap observed for the sequence cocaine-cocaine). Our results point toward a significant separation between neuronal populations activated by heroin and cocaine in the striatal complex. We propose that our findings are a proof of concept that these two drugs are encoded differently in a brain area believed to be a common neurobiological substrate to drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Vassilev
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Avvisati
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Eisuke Koya
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Aldo Badiani
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Badiani A, Caprioli D, De Pirro S. Opposite environmental gating of the experienced utility ('liking') and decision utility ('wanting') of heroin versus cocaine in animals and humans: implications for computational neuroscience. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2451-2471. [PMID: 31289884 PMCID: PMC6695361 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this paper, we reviewed translational studies concerned with environmental influences on the rewarding effects of heroin versus cocaine in rats and humans with substance use disorder. These studies show that both experienced utility ('liking') and decision utility ('wanting') of heroin and cocaine shift in opposite directions as a function of the setting in which these drugs were used. Briefly, rats and humans prefer using heroin at home but cocaine outside the home. These findings appear to challenge prevailing theories of drug reward, which focus on the notion of shared substrate of action for drug of abuse, and in particular on their shared ability to facilitate dopaminergic transmission. AIMS Thus, in the second part of the paper, we verified whether our findings could be accounted for by available computational models of reward. To account for our findings, a model must include a component that could mediate the substance-specific influence of setting on drug reward RESULTS: It appears of the extant models that none is fully compatible with the results of our studies. CONCLUSIONS We hope that this paper will serve as stimulus to design computational models more attuned to the complex mechanisms responsible for the rewarding effects of drugs in real-world contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Badiani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
- Sussex Addiction Research & Intervention Centre (SARIC) and School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | - Daniele Caprioli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana De Pirro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Sussex Addiction Research & Intervention Centre (SARIC) and School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Hadamitzky M, McCunney S, Markou A, Kuczenski R. Development of stereotyped behaviors during prolonged escalation of methamphetamine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 223:259-69. [PMID: 22526541 PMCID: PMC3586274 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Experimental animal studies have shown that repeated administration of psychostimulants, such as methamphetamine (METH), results in an altered behavioral response profile, which includes the sensitization of both locomotor and stereotyped behaviors. Although sensitization of these behaviors has been characterized in detail during bolus, investigator-administered drug administration, little is known about the development or expression of stereotypies during psychostimulant self-administration. OBJECTIVE/METHODS The present study investigated in rats the expression of focused stereotyped behaviors during an extended access, escalation procedure of METH self-administration. Over several weeks during stepwise-extended daily access to METH (3, 6, and 12 h) followed by exposure to 24-h "binges," rats gradually increased daily drug intake. RESULTS During the escalation procedure, the rats' behavioral response evolved from locomotor activation to progressively more focused stereotypies, culminating in continuous oral behaviors (licking, gnawing, and chewing), interrupted only by episodic lever presses. Sensitization of stereotyped behaviors was evident, particularly with regard to oral behaviors that exhibited a more rapid onset and intensification in the apparent absence of greater drug intake. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that stepwise-extended daily access to METH (3, 6, 12, and 24 h) self-administration in rats closely approximates motivational, pharmacokinetic, as well as behavioral patterns of human METH abuse. The accompanied appearance of sensitization of intense focused stereotyped behaviors, which is probably a consequence of escalation of drug intake, resembles stereotypies associated with investigator-initiated METH administration and may parallel the development of stimulant-induced psychosis seen in human abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hadamitzky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Potential serotonin 5-HT(1A) and dopamine D(4) receptor modulation of the discriminative stimulus effects of amphetamine in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2011; 22:508-15. [PMID: 21814134 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e328349fc31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the dopaminergic system underlies the behavioral effects of (+)-amphetamine, and plays a major role in its discriminative stimulus properties. Although serotonin receptors modulate dopamine levels in the brain, and 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2) receptor agonists do not mimic (+)-amphetamine, pretreatment with 5-HT(2A/2C) agonists significantly potentiates the (+)-amphetamine cue. Further, 5-HT(2) antagonists do not modify the discriminative stimulus effect of (+)-amphetamine, but 5-HT(1A) antagonists have never been tested in (+)-amphetamine-trained rats. This study sought to characterize the effects of the 5-HT(1A) antagonist WAY 100635 on (+)-amphetamine-induced discriminative stimulus effects. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a two-lever, fixed ratio 50, food-reinforced task with (+)-amphetamine sulfate (1.0 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min pretreatment time) as the discriminative stimulus. Substitution and combination tests with WAY 100635 were then performed. WAY 100635 did not produce substitution in amphetamine-trained rats, but significantly increased behavioral disruption. In combination tests 0.4 and 5.4 mg/kg doses of WAY 100635 potentiated the amphetamine cue. We suggest that low doses of WAY 100635 potentiated the (+)-amphetamine cue by blockade of 5-HT(1A) receptors, but stimulation of the dopamine D(4) receptor by higher doses of WAY 100635 may be responsible for potentiation of amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization. The high percentage of behavioral disruption in substitution tests might suggest that rats trained to discriminate (+)-amphetamine from saline show behavioral sensitization that is not detectable by the drug discrimination assay but may be expressed as hyperactivity and stereotypic behavior that disrupts operant behavior.
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Capasso A, Di Giannuario A, Loizzo A, Pieretti S, Sorrentino L. Dexamethasone pretreatment reduces the psychomotor stimulant effects induced by cocaine and amphetamine in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1995; 19:1063-79. [PMID: 8584683 DOI: 10.1016/0278-5846(95)00197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1. The present study examined a comparison of the effect of DEX on psychomotor stimulant effects of cocaine and amphetamine in mice by using the locomotor activity test. 2. Cocaine (10 mg/kg/i.p.) and amphetamine (5 mg/kg/i.p.) increased markedly locomotor activity of mice whereas DEX per se (0.1-1.0-10 mg/kg/i.p.) did not modify the activity of control mice. 3. DEX pretreatment decreased the stimulating effects induced both by cocaine and amphetamine but no consistent dose-related effects were observed. 4. The results suggest that DEX may play an important role on the stimulating effects of cocaine and amphetamine and that it may be of some utility in the clinical management of psychostimulants abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Capasso
- School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Italy
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Segal DS, Kuczenski R. In vivo microdialysis reveals a diminished amphetamine-induced DA response corresponding to behavioral sensitization produced by repeated amphetamine pretreatment. Brain Res 1992; 571:330-7. [PMID: 1377088 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90672-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In vivo microdialysis procedures were used to assess the effects of repeated amphetamine administration on behavior and regional brain DA dynamics in freely moving rats. Pretreatment with amphetamine (2.5 or 3.0 mg/kg) for 4-6 days did not alter baseline DA or its metabolites in caudate or accumbens 48 h or 6 days after the last injection. However, whereas this dosage regimen revealed a profound behavioral sensitization in response to challenge with amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg), including a more rapid onset and intensification of stereotypy, the DA response was significantly diminished in both brain regions. In addition, the ratio of caudate to accumbens DA, either before or after amphetamine challenge, was not altered by the pretreatment regimen. These results are consistent with our previous suggestion that there is a dissociation between the DA and behavioral responses to amphetamine, and therefore that other neurotransmitter systems and/or mechanisms significantly contribute to the amphetamine response profile. Furthermore, DA effects may represent only one, albeit critical, aspect in a time-dependent sequence of changes underlying stimulant sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Segal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0603
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Spanos LJ, Yamamoto BK. Acute and subchronic effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine [(+/-)MDMA] on locomotion and serotonin syndrome behavior in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989; 32:835-40. [PMID: 2572003 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Specific behaviors comprising the serotonin syndrome (low body posture, forepaw treading, headweaving) and the autonomic signs of piloerection and salivation were determined and analyzed with locomotor activity in response to MDMA at three doses (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/kg). All behaviors were dose-responsive. Serotonin syndrome behaviors increased in both intensity and duration of response with increasing doses. In contrast, locomotion varied only in intensity. Subchronic injections, in the same group of animals, permitted an analysis of acute vs. subchronic effects on these same behaviors. Both the serotonin syndrome and locomotor behaviors were augmented on subsequent testing, indicating that, (+/-)MDMA, like amphetamine, is capable of producing behavioral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Spanos
- Department of Pharmacology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown 44272
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Duncan PM, Barry T, Ellis R, Hinkle E. Conditioned response to amphetamine injection with the operant paradigm. Drug Dev Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430160207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Robinson TE, Becker JB. Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: A review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(86)90002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1216] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Dougan DF, Labrie SL, Paull PD, Duffield PH, Wade DN. Evidence that alpha-methyl-p-tyramine is implicated in behavioural augmentation to amphetamine. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1986; 17:453-6. [PMID: 3758652 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(86)90191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural studies showed that administration of alpha-methyl-p-tyramine (AMT; 10 mg/kg i.p.) to rats 24 hr before treatment with d-amphetamine (AMPHET; 4 mg/kg i.p.) resulted in augmentation of AMPHET-induced stereotype activity. Parallel experiments involving electro-chemical estimation of dopamine metabolites in the striatum showed that the decrease in the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) produced by AMPHET (4 mg/kg) was enhanced in AMT (10 mg/kg) pretreated animals. These findings suggest that AMT derived from previous doses of AMPHET may play a role in the phenomena of behavioural augmentation observed after chronic administration of AMPHET.
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Vogel WH, Miller J, Waxman H, Gottheil E. Biochemical and behavioral changes in rats during and after chronic d-amphetamine exposure. Drug Alcohol Depend 1985; 15:245-53. [PMID: 4040845 DOI: 10.1016/0376-8716(85)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two groups of rats were implanted with ALZET minipumps to deliver vehicle or a theoretical amount of 1 mg/kg per h of d-amphetamine (A) for 12 days. After 3 days of A-exposure, motor movements and stereotypic behavior were markedly increased. Subsequent testing during A-exposure showed that motor movements and stereotypic behavior remained significantly increased but declined. After removal of the pumps, these effects disappeared and no differences at rest, during stress or A challenge, were apparent in either group. Animals sacrificed after 3 days of drug exposure, showed a drastic decrease in cardiac, but not adrenal, catecholamine levels. In the brain, norepinephrine (NE) levels were markedly decreased in the frontal cortex, hypothalamus, caudate, pons-medulla and cerebellum. Epinephrine (E) levels were unaffected and dopamine (DA) levels were decreased in most areas without reaching statistical significance. Plasma corticosterone levels were similar in both groups. Animals in both groups sacrificed about 25 days after pump removal were biochemically similar. Under our conditions, A-exposure produced marked behavioral and biochemical changes but there was no evidence of residual abnormalities after cessation of drug treatment.
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Guan LC, Robinson TE, Becker JB. Sensitization of rotational behavior produced by a single exposure to cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1985; 22:901-3. [PMID: 3925466 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(85)90545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In rats with a unilateral 6-OHDA lesion of the substantia nigra a single exposure to cocaine significantly enhanced the ipsiversive rotational behavior produced by a second injection given one week later. It is concluded that it is not necessary to repeatedly administer psychomotor stimulant drugs to produce long-lasting changes in brain and behavior.
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Kamata K, Rebec GV. Iontophoretic evidence for subsensitivity of postsynaptic dopamine receptors following long-term amphetamine administration. Eur J Pharmacol 1984; 106:393-7. [PMID: 6152219 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(84)90727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal activity was recorded from the anteromedial neostriatum of rats pretreated twice daily for 6 consecutive days with saline or 5.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine. Glutamate was applied in both groups of animals to increase spontaneous firing rates. Iontophoretic application of increasing currents of DA (20-120 nA) produced a progressive inhibition of unit activity in control animals that was significantly reduced in rats pretreated with amphetamine. These results support the view that long-term amphetamine treatment reduces the sensitivity of postsynaptic DA receptors in the neostriatum.
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Kokkinidis L. Effects of chronic intermittent and continuous amphetamine administration on acoustic startle. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1984; 20:367-71. [PMID: 6709670 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(84)90272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic startle was evaluated after mice were exposed to two different schedules of long-term amphetamine treatment. Under one schedule, mice received two daily subcutaneous injections of d-amphetamine for 7 consecutive days, whereas the other consisted of continuous administration of amphetamine via a subcutaneously implanted minipump. The enhanced acoustic startle observed after a test dose of d-amphetamine (3.0 mg/kg) was further facilitated when animals were exposed to long-term intermittent amphetamine administration. In contrast, the enhanced startle response to amphetamine was attenuated when mice received chronic continuous exposure to amphetamine. Possible behavioral and neurochemical mechanisms that may be involved in the development of tolerance after continuous amphetamine administration, and reverse tolerance after intermittent amphetamine treatment were discussed.
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Robinson TE. Behavioral sensitization: characterization of enduring changes in rotational behavior produced by intermittent injections of amphetamine in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984; 84:466-75. [PMID: 6441946 DOI: 10.1007/bf00431451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Factors influencing the behavioral sensitization ("reverse tolerance") produced by intermittent amphetamine (AMPH) injections were studied by quantifying rotational behavior in rats that had a unilateral 6-hydroxy-dopamine lesion of the substantia nigra. The results indicate that: a single injection of a low dose of AMPH enhances rotational behavior induced by a second injection of AMPH for up to 12 weeks; multiple, weekly injections of AMPH produce a progressive enhancement in rotational behavior, over-and-above that produced by a single injection; female rats show more robust sensitization than males following single or multiple injections of AMPH; this sex difference may be due to the suppression of sensitization by an androgen, because removal of testicular hormones potentiates sensitization; the long-lasting sensitization of rotational behavior produced by infrequent injections of AMPH is not due to drug-environment conditioning effects, but perhaps to a persistent AMPH-induced change(s) in brain catecholamine systems; and a simple change in DA receptors is probably not involved, because the sensitization produced by infrequent injections of AMPH does not influence the rotation produced by a subsequent injection of apomorphine. The results illustrate an intriguing example of neuroplasticity that may have clinical relevance.
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Demellweek C, Goudie AJ. Behavioural tolerance to amphetamine and other psychostimulants: the case for considering behavioural mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1983; 80:287-307. [PMID: 6137855 DOI: 10.1007/bf00432109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An hypothesis is presented about the nature of behavioural tolerance in animals to stimulant drugs. It is suggested that, in many behavioural procedures, tolerance is due to behavioural adaptation to those drug effects which cause disruption of ongoing rewarded behaviour. This unitary hypothesis accounts for the available data on tolerance and cross-tolerance to stimulants more effectively than all of the other more conventional explanations which are based upon dispositional or functional concepts, the most common of which are described, evaluated, and found to be inadequate. Furthermore, it is suggested that attempts to explain tolerance in terms of changes in synaptic functioning are subject to very considerable problems of interpretation and that an analysis of behavioural mechanisms may be of greater value in understanding the process of behavioural tolerance. Evidence for the basic behavioural hypothesis is outlined in some detail, and a theoretical justification presented for its major assumptions. Operant studies of chronic stimulant effects on behaviour have often produced very complex patterns of data, considerable differences being reported both between subjects and between studies. A speculative model is presented which attempts to account for this pattern of data in tolerance studies.
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