1
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Boz Er AB, Sheldrake HM, Sutherland M. Overcoming Vemurafenib Resistance in Metastatic Melanoma: Targeting Integrins to Improve Treatment Efficacy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7946. [PMID: 39063187 PMCID: PMC11277089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma, a deadly form of skin cancer, often develops resistance to the BRAF inhibitor drug vemurafenib, highlighting the need for understanding the underlying mechanisms of resistance and exploring potential therapeutic strategies targeting integrins and TGF-β signalling. In this study, the role of integrins and TGF-β signalling in vemurafenib resistance in melanoma was investigated, and the potential of combining vemurafenib with cilengitide as a therapeutic strategy was investigated. In this study, it was found that the transcription of PAI1 and p21 was induced by acquired vemurafenib resistance, and ITGA5 levels were increased as a result of this resistance. The transcription of ITGA5 was mediated by the TGF-β pathway in the development of vemurafenib resistance. A synergistic effect on the proliferation of vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells was observed with the combination therapy of vemurafenib and cilengitide. Additionally, this combination therapy significantly decreased invasion and colony formation in these resistant cells. In conclusion, it is suggested that targeting integrins and TGF-β signalling, specifically ITGA5, ITGB3, PAI1, and p21, may offer promising approaches to overcoming vemurafenib resistance, thereby improving outcomes for metastatic melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiye Busra Boz Er
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK;
| | - Helen M. Sheldrake
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK;
| | - Mark Sutherland
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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2
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Vora M, Dietz J, Wing Z, Liu J, Rongo C, Savage-Dunn C. Genome-wide analysis of Smad and Schnurri transcription factors in C. elegans demonstrates widespread interaction and a function in collagen secretion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.05.597576. [PMID: 38895257 PMCID: PMC11185707 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.05.597576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Smads and their transcription factor partners mediate the transcriptional responses of target cells to secreted ligands of the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) family, including those of the conserved bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, yet only a small number of direct target genes have been well characterized. In C. elegans, the BMP2/4 ortholog DBL-1 regulates multiple biological functions, including body size, via a canonical receptor-Smad signaling cascade. Here, we identify functional binding sites for SMA-3/Smad and its transcriptional partner SMA-9/Schnurri based on ChIP-seq peaks (identified by modEncode) and expression differences of nearby genes identified from RNA-seq analysis of corresponding mutants. We found that SMA-3 and SMA-9 have both overlapping and unique target genes. At a genome-wide scale, SMA-3/Smad acts as a transcriptional activator, whereas SMA-9/Schnurri direct targets include both activated and repressed genes. Mutations in sma-9 partially suppress the small body size phenotype of sma-3, suggesting some level of antagonism between these factors and challenging the prevailing model for Schnurri function. A functional analysis of target genes revealed a novel role in body size for genes involved in one-carbon metabolism and in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) secretory pathway, including the disulfide reductase dpy-11. Our findings indicate that Smads and SMA-9/Schnurri have previously unappreciated complex genetic and genomic regulatory interactions that in turn regulate the secretion of extracellular components like collagen into the cuticle to mediate body size regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehul Vora
- Waksman Institute, Dept. of Genetics, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
- ModOmics Ltd, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan Dietz
- Waksman Institute, Dept. of Genetics, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Zachary Wing
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, NY, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, NY, USA
| | | | - Cathy Savage-Dunn
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, NY, USA
- PhD Program in Biology, the Graduate Center, CUNY, NY, USA
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3
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Werder RB, Zhou X, Cho MH, Wilson AA. Breathing new life into the study of COPD with genes identified from genome-wide association studies. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:240019. [PMID: 38811034 PMCID: PMC11134200 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0019-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. While the significance of environmental exposures in disease pathogenesis is well established, the functional contribution of genetic factors has only in recent years drawn attention. Notably, many genes associated with COPD risk are also linked with lung function. Because reduced lung function precedes COPD onset, this association is consistent with the possibility that derangements leading to COPD could arise during lung development. In this review, we summarise the role of leading genes (HHIP, FAM13A, DSP, AGER and TGFB2) identified by genome-wide association studies in lung development and COPD. Because many COPD genome-wide association study genes are enriched in lung epithelial cells, we focus on the role of these genes in the lung epithelium in development, homeostasis and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon B Werder
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael H Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew A Wilson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Danielpour D. Advances and Challenges in Targeting TGF-β Isoforms for Therapeutic Intervention of Cancer: A Mechanism-Based Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:533. [PMID: 38675493 PMCID: PMC11054419 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β family is a group of 25 kDa secretory cytokines, in mammals consisting of three dimeric isoforms (TGF-βs 1, 2, and 3), each encoded on a separate gene with unique regulatory elements. Each isoform plays unique, diverse, and pivotal roles in cell growth, survival, immune response, and differentiation. However, many researchers in the TGF-β field often mistakenly assume a uniform functionality among all three isoforms. Although TGF-βs are essential for normal development and many cellular and physiological processes, their dysregulated expression contributes significantly to various diseases. Notably, they drive conditions like fibrosis and tumor metastasis/progression. To counter these pathologies, extensive efforts have been directed towards targeting TGF-βs, resulting in the development of a range of TGF-β inhibitors. Despite some clinical success, these agents have yet to reach their full potential in the treatment of cancers. A significant challenge rests in effectively targeting TGF-βs' pathological functions while preserving their physiological roles. Many existing approaches collectively target all three isoforms, failing to target just the specific deregulated ones. Additionally, most strategies tackle the entire TGF-β signaling pathway instead of focusing on disease-specific components or preferentially targeting tumors. This review gives a unique historical overview of the TGF-β field often missed in other reviews and provides a current landscape of TGF-β research, emphasizing isoform-specific functions and disease implications. The review then delves into ongoing therapeutic strategies in cancer, stressing the need for more tools that target specific isoforms and disease-related pathway components, advocating mechanism-based and refined approaches to enhance the effectiveness of TGF-β-targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Danielpour
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Research Laboratories, The Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; ; Tel.: +1-216-368-5670; Fax: +1-216-368-8919
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Institute of Urology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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5
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Deng Z, Fan T, Xiao C, Tian H, Zheng Y, Li C, He J. TGF-β signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:61. [PMID: 38514615 PMCID: PMC10958066 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular responses and is particularly critical to embryonic development, wound healing, tissue homeostasis, and immune homeostasis in health. The dysfunction of TGF-β can play key roles in many diseases, and numerous targeted therapies have been developed to rectify its pathogenic activity. In the past decades, a large number of studies on TGF-β signaling have been carried out, covering a broad spectrum of topics in health, disease, and therapeutics. Thus, a comprehensive overview of TGF-β signaling is required for a general picture of the studies in this field. In this review, we retrace the research history of TGF-β and introduce the molecular mechanisms regarding its biosynthesis, activation, and signal transduction. We also provide deep insights into the functions of TGF-β signaling in physiological conditions as well as in pathological processes. TGF-β-targeting therapies which have brought fresh hope to the treatment of relevant diseases are highlighted. Through the summary of previous knowledge and recent updates, this review aims to provide a systematic understanding of TGF-β signaling and to attract more attention and interest to this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chu Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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6
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Fox SC, Waskiewicz AJ. Transforming growth factor beta signaling and craniofacial development: modeling human diseases in zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1338070. [PMID: 38385025 PMCID: PMC10879340 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1338070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans and other jawed vertebrates rely heavily on their craniofacial skeleton for eating, breathing, and communicating. As such, it is vital that the elements of the craniofacial skeleton develop properly during embryogenesis to ensure a high quality of life and evolutionary fitness. Indeed, craniofacial abnormalities, including cleft palate and craniosynostosis, represent some of the most common congenital abnormalities in newborns. Like many other organ systems, the development of the craniofacial skeleton is complex, relying on specification and migration of the neural crest, patterning of the pharyngeal arches, and morphogenesis of each skeletal element into its final form. These processes must be carefully coordinated and integrated. One way this is achieved is through the spatial and temporal deployment of cell signaling pathways. Recent studies conducted using the zebrafish model underscore the importance of the Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathways in craniofacial development. Although both pathways contain similar components, each pathway results in unique outcomes on a cellular level. In this review, we will cover studies conducted using zebrafish that show the necessity of these pathways in each stage of craniofacial development, starting with the induction of the neural crest, and ending with the morphogenesis of craniofacial elements. We will also cover human skeletal and craniofacial diseases and malformations caused by mutations in the components of these pathways (e.g., cleft palate, craniosynostosis, etc.) and the potential utility of zebrafish in studying the etiology of these diseases. We will also briefly cover the utility of the zebrafish model in joint development and biology and discuss the role of TGF-β/BMP signaling in these processes and the diseases that result from aberrancies in these pathways, including osteoarthritis and multiple synostoses syndrome. Overall, this review will demonstrate the critical roles of TGF-β/BMP signaling in craniofacial development and show the utility of the zebrafish model in development and disease.
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7
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Granados AA, Kanrar N, Elowitz MB. Combinatorial expression motifs in signaling pathways. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100463. [PMID: 38216284 PMCID: PMC10794782 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
In animal cells, molecular pathways often comprise families of variant components, such as ligands or receptors. These pathway components are differentially expressed by different cell types, potentially tailoring pathway function to cell context. However, it has remained unclear how pathway expression profiles are distributed across cell types and whether similar profiles can occur in dissimilar cell types. Here, using single-cell gene expression datasets, we identified pathway expression motifs, defined as recurrent expression profiles that are broadly distributed across diverse cell types. Motifs appeared in core pathways, including TGF-β, Notch, Wnt, and the SRSF splice factors, and involved combinatorial co-expression of multiple components. Motif usage was weakly correlated between pathways in adult cell types and during dynamic developmental transitions. Together, these results suggest a mosaic view of cell type organization, in which different cell types operate many of the same pathways in distinct modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Granados
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Nivedita Kanrar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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8
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Chaudhary R, Goodman LS, Wang S, Asimakopoulos A, Weiskirchen R, Dooley S, Ehrlich M, Henis YI. Cholesterol modulates type I/II TGF-β receptor complexes and alters the balance between Smad and Akt signaling in hepatocytes. Commun Biol 2024; 7:8. [PMID: 38168942 PMCID: PMC10761706 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol mediates membrane compartmentalization, affecting signaling via differential distribution of receptors and signaling mediators. While excessive cholesterol and aberrant transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling characterize multiple liver diseases, their linkage to canonical vs. non-canonical TGF-β signaling remained unclear. Here, we subjected murine hepatocytes to cholesterol depletion (CD) or enrichment (CE), followed by biophysical studies on TGF-β receptor heterocomplex formation, and output to Smad2/3 vs. Akt pathways. Prior to ligand addition, raft-dependent preformed heteromeric receptor complexes were observed. Smad2/3 phosphorylation persisted following CD or CE. CD enhanced phospho-Akt (pAkt) formation by TGF-β or epidermal growth factor (EGF) at 5 min, while reducing it at later time points. Conversely, pAkt formation by TGF-β or EGF was inhibited by CE, suggesting a direct effect on the Akt pathway. The modulation of the balance between TGF-β signaling to Smad2/3 vs. pAkt (by TGF-β or EGF) has potential implications for hepatic diseases and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohi Chaudhary
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Laureen S Goodman
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sai Wang
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, D-68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anastasia Asimakopoulos
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, D-68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Yoav I Henis
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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9
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White SE, Schwartze TA, Mukundan A, Schoenherr C, Singh SP, van Dinther M, Cunningham KT, White MPJ, Campion T, Pritchard J, Hinck CS, Ten Dijke P, Inman G, Maizels RM, Hinck AP. TGM6, a helminth secretory product, mimics TGF-β binding to TβRII to antagonize TGF-β signaling in fibroblasts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.22.573140. [PMID: 38187573 PMCID: PMC10769414 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.22.573140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The murine helminth parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus expresses a family of proteins structurally related to TGF-β Mimic 1 (TGM1), a secreted five domain protein that activates the TGF-β pathway and converts naïve T lymphocytes to immunosuppressive Tregs. TGM1 signals through the TGF-β type I and type II receptors, TβRI and TβRII, with domains 1-2 and 3 binding TβRI and TβRII, respectively, and domains 4-5 binding CD44, a co-receptor abundant on T cells. TGM6 is a homologue of TGM1 that is co-expressed with TGM1, but lacks domains 1 and 2. Herein, we show that TGM6 binds TβRII through domain 3, but does not bind TβRI, or other type I or type II receptors of the TGF-β family. In TGF-β reporter assays in fibroblasts, TGM6, but not truncated TGM6 lacking domains 4 and 5, potently inhibits TGF-β- and TGM1-induced signaling, consistent with its ability to bind TβRII but not TβRI or other receptors of the TGF-β family. However, TGM6 does not bind CD44 and is unable to inhibit TGF-β and TGM1 signaling in T cells. To understand how TGM6 binds TβRII, the X-ray crystal structure of the TGM6 domain 3 bound to TβRII was determined at 1.4 Å. This showed that TGM6 domain 3 binds TβRII through an interface remarkably similar to the TGF-β:TβRII interface. These results suggest that TGM6 has adapted its domain structure and sequence to mimic TGF-β binding to TβRII and function as a potent TGF-β and TGM1 antagonist in fibroblasts. The coexpression of TGM6, along with the immunosuppressive TGMs that activate the TGF-β pathway, may prevent tissue damage caused by the parasite as it progresses through its life cycle from the intestinal lumen to submucosal tissues and back again.
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10
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Nagasaka M, Inoue Y, Nagao Y, Miyajima C, Morishita D, Aoki H, Aoyama M, Imamura T, Hayashi H. SET8 is a novel negative regulator of TGF-β signaling in a methylation-independent manner. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22877. [PMID: 38129484 PMCID: PMC10739863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that induces a diverse set of cellular processes principally through Smad-dependent transcription. Transcriptional responses induced by Smads are tightly regulated by Smad cofactors and histone modifications; however, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated in detail. We herein report lysine methyltransferase SET8 as a negative regulator of TGF-β signaling. SET8 physically associates with Smad2/3 and negatively affects transcriptional activation by TGF-β in a catalytic activity-independent manner. The depletion of SET8 results in an increase in TGF-β-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and p21 expression and enhances the antiproliferative effects of TGF-β. Mechanistically, SET8 occupies the PAI-1 and p21 promoters, and a treatment with TGF-β triggers the replacement of the suppressive binding of SET8 with p300 on these promoters, possibly to promote gene transcription. Collectively, the present results reveal a novel role for SET8 in the negative regulation of TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Nagasaka
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Inoue
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Yuji Nagao
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Chiharu Miyajima
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morishita
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Aoki
- Department of Pathobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Aoyama
- Department of Pathobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Hayashi
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
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11
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Yang W, Wang P, Luo M, Cai Y, Xu C, Xue G, Jin X, Cheng R, Que J, Pang F, Yang Y, Nie H, Jiang Q, Liu Z, Xu Z. DeepCCI: a deep learning framework for identifying cell-cell interactions from single-cell RNA sequencing data. Bioinformatics 2023; 39:btad596. [PMID: 37740953 PMCID: PMC10558043 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Cell-cell interactions (CCIs) play critical roles in many biological processes such as cellular differentiation, tissue homeostasis, and immune response. With the rapid development of high throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies, it is of high importance to identify CCIs from the ever-increasing scRNA-seq data. However, limited by the algorithmic constraints, current computational methods based on statistical strategies ignore some key latent information contained in scRNA-seq data with high sparsity and heterogeneity. RESULTS Here, we developed a deep learning framework named DeepCCI to identify meaningful CCIs from scRNA-seq data. Applications of DeepCCI to a wide range of publicly available datasets from diverse technologies and platforms demonstrate its ability to predict significant CCIs accurately and effectively. Powered by the flexible and easy-to-use software, DeepCCI can provide the one-stop solution to discover meaningful intercellular interactions and build CCI networks from scRNA-seq data. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The source code of DeepCCI is available online at https://github.com/JiangBioLab/DeepCCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Meng Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Yideng Cai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Chang Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Guangfu Xue
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Xiyun Jin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Jinhao Que
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Fenglan Pang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Yuexin Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Huan Nie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Qinghua Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhaochun Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
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12
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Yang S, Yang G, Wang X, Xiang J, Kang L, Liang Z. SIRT2 alleviated renal fibrosis by deacetylating SMAD2 and SMAD3 in renal tubular epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:646. [PMID: 37777567 PMCID: PMC10542381 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the primary factor that drives fibrosis in most, if not all, forms of chronic kidney disease. In kidneys that are obstructed, specific deletion of Sirt2 in renal tubule epithelial cells (TEC) has been shown to aggravate renal fibrosis, while renal tubule specific overexpression of Sirt2 has been shown to ameliorate renal fibrosis. Similarly, specific deletion of Sirt2 in hepatocyte aggravated CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis. In addition, we have demonstrated that SIRT2 overexpression and knockdown restrain and enhance TGF-β-induced fibrotic gene expression, respectively, in TEC. Mechanistically, SIRT2 reduced the phosphorylation, acetylation, and nuclear localization levels of SMAD2 and SMAD3, leading to inhibition of the TGF-β signaling pathway. Further studies have revealed that that SIRT2 was able to directly interact with and deacetylate SMAD2 at lysine 451, promoting its ubiquitination and degradation. Notably, loss of SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 abolishes the ubiquitination and degradation of SMAD2 induced by SIRT2 in SMAD2. Regarding SMAD3, we have found that SIRT2 interact with and deacetylates SMAD3 at lysine 341 and 378 only in the presence of TGF-β, thereby reducing its activation. This study provides initial indication of the anti-fibrotic role of SIRT2 in renal tubules and hepatocytes, suggesting its therapeutic potential for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University & The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guangyan Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University & The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University & The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaqing Xiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University & The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University & The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
- The Biobank of National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University & The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Massagué J, Sheppard D. TGF-β signaling in health and disease. Cell 2023; 186:4007-4037. [PMID: 37714133 PMCID: PMC10772989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The TGF-β regulatory system plays crucial roles in the preservation of organismal integrity. TGF-β signaling controls metazoan embryo development, tissue homeostasis, and injury repair through coordinated effects on cell proliferation, phenotypic plasticity, migration, metabolic adaptation, and immune surveillance of multiple cell types in shared ecosystems. Defects of TGF-β signaling, particularly in epithelial cells, tissue fibroblasts, and immune cells, disrupt immune tolerance, promote inflammation, underlie the pathogenesis of fibrosis and cancer, and contribute to the resistance of these diseases to treatment. Here, we review how TGF-β coordinates multicellular response programs in health and disease and how this knowledge can be leveraged to develop treatments for diseases of the TGF-β system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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14
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Hori T, Yokobori K, Moore R, Negishi M, Sueyoshi T. CAR requires Gadd45β to promote phenobarbital-induced mouse liver tumors in early stage. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1217847. [PMID: 37746289 PMCID: PMC10516603 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1217847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenobarbital (PB) is an archetypal substance used as a mouse hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) promotor in established experimental protocols. Our previous results showed CAR is the essential factor for PB induced HCC promotion. Subsequent studies suggested Gadd45β, which is induced by PB through CAR activation, is collaborating with CAR to repress TNF-α induced cell death. Here, we used Gadd45β null mice (Gadd45β KO) treated with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at 5 weeks of age and kept the mice with PB supplemented drinking water from 7 to 57 weeks old. Compared with wild type mice, Gadd45β KO mice developed no HCC in the PB treated group. Increases in liver weight were more prominent in wild type mice than KO mice. Microarray analysis of mRNA derived from mouse livers found multiple genes specifically up or down regulated in wild type mice but not null mice in DEN + PB groups. Further qPCR analysis confirmed two genes, Tgfbr2 and irisin/Fndc5, were up-regulated in PB treated wild type mice but no significant increase was observed in Gadd45β KO mice. We focused on these two genes because previous reports showed that hepatic Irisin/Fndc5 expression was significantly higher in HCC patients and that irisin binds to TGF-β receptor complex that includes TGFBR2 subunit. Our results revealed irisin peptide in cell culture media increased the growth rate of mouse hepatocyte-derived AML12 cells. Microarray analysis revealed that irisin-regulated genes in AML12 cells showed a significant association with the genes in the TGF-β pathway. Expression of irisin/Fndc5 and Tgfbr2 induced growth of human HCC cell line HepG2. Thus, Gadd45β plays an indispensable role in mouse HCC development regulating the irisin/Fndc5 and Tgfbr2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hori
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,
Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yokobori
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,
Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Rick Moore
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,
Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Masahiko Negishi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,
Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Tatsuya Sueyoshi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,
Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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15
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Lacoste J, Haghighi M, Haider S, Lin ZY, Segal D, Reno C, Qian WW, Xiong X, Shafqat-Abbasi H, Ryder PV, Senft R, Cimini BA, Roth FP, Calderwood M, Hill D, Vidal M, Yi SS, Sahni N, Peng J, Gingras AC, Singh S, Carpenter AE, Taipale M. Pervasive mislocalization of pathogenic coding variants underlying human disorders. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.05.556368. [PMID: 37732209 PMCID: PMC10508771 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.05.556368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Widespread sequencing has yielded thousands of missense variants predicted or confirmed as disease-causing. This creates a new bottleneck: determining the functional impact of each variant - largely a painstaking, customized process undertaken one or a few genes or variants at a time. Here, we established a high-throughput imaging platform to assay the impact of coding variation on protein localization, evaluating 3,547 missense variants of over 1,000 genes and phenotypes. We discovered that mislocalization is a common consequence of coding variation, affecting about one-sixth of all pathogenic missense variants, all cellular compartments, and recessive and dominant disorders alike. Mislocalization is primarily driven by effects on protein stability and membrane insertion rather than disruptions of trafficking signals or specific interactions. Furthermore, mislocalization patterns help explain pleiotropy and disease severity and provide insights on variants of unknown significance. Our publicly available resource will likely accelerate the understanding of coding variation in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lacoste
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Marzieh Haghighi
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Shahan Haider
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhen-Yuan Lin
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dmitri Segal
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Chloe Reno
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Wesley Wei Qian
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xueting Xiong
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Rebecca Senft
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Frederick P. Roth
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Calderwood
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Hill
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Vidal
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S. Stephen Yi
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Programs (ILSGP), College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nidhi Sahni
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Biosciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Mikko Taipale
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada
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16
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Luo W, Li Y, Zeng Y, Li Y, Cheng M, Zhang C, Li F, Wu Y, Huang C, Yang X, Kremerskothen J, Zhang J, Zhang C, Tu S, Li Z, Luo Z, Lin Z, Yan X. Tea domain transcription factor TEAD4 mitigates TGF-β signaling and hepatocellular carcinoma progression independently of YAP. J Mol Cell Biol 2023; 15:mjad010. [PMID: 36806855 PMCID: PMC10446140 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea domain transcription factor 4 (TEAD4) plays a pivotal role in tissue development and homeostasis by interacting with Yes-associated protein (YAP) in response to Hippo signaling inactivation. TEAD4 and YAP can also cooperate with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-activated Smad proteins to regulate gene transcription. Yet, it remains unclear whether TEAD4 plays a YAP-independent role in TGF-β signaling. Here, we unveil a novel tumor suppressive function of TEAD4 in liver cancer via mitigating TGF-β signaling. Ectopic TEAD4 inhibited TGF-β-induced signal transduction, Smad transcriptional activity, and target gene transcription, consequently suppressing hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and migration in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in mice. Consistently, depletion of endogenous TEAD4 by siRNAs enhanced TGF-β signaling in cancer cells. Mechanistically, TEAD4 associates with receptor-regulated Smads (Smad2/3) and Smad4 in the nucleus, thereby impairing the binding of Smad2/3 to the histone acetyltransferase p300. Intriguingly, these negative effects of TEAD4 on TGF-β/Smad signaling are independent of YAP, as impairing the TEAD4-YAP interaction through point mutagenesis or depletion of YAP and/or its paralog TAZ has little effect. Together, these results unravel a novel function of TEAD4 in fine tuning TGF-β signaling and liver cancer progression in a YAP-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yining Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Minzhang Cheng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yiqing Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chunhong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Joachim Kremerskothen
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Chunbo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang
University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330008, China
| | - Shuo Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Breast Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330025, China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhenghong Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 405200, China
| | - Xiaohua Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330031, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330025, China
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17
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Chen PY, Qin L, Simons M. TGFβ signaling pathways in human health and disease. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1113061. [PMID: 37325472 PMCID: PMC10267471 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1113061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is named for the function it was originally discovered to perform-transformation of normal cells into aggressively growing malignant cells. It became apparent after more than 30 years of research, however, that TGFβ is a multifaceted molecule with a myriad of different activities. TGFβs are widely expressed with almost every cell in the human body producing one or another TGFβ family member and expressing its receptors. Importantly, specific effects of this growth factor family differ in different cell types and under different physiologic and pathologic conditions. One of the more important and critical TGFβ activities is the regulation of cell fate, especially in the vasculature, that will be the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Chen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lingfeng Qin
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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18
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Lu ZZ, Sun C, Zhang X, Peng Y, Wang Y, Zeng Y, Zhu N, Yuan Y, Zeng MS. Neuropilin 1 is an entry receptor for KSHV infection of mesenchymal stem cell through TGFBR1/2-mediated macropinocytosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg1778. [PMID: 37224259 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and other malignancies. The cellular origin of KS has been suggested to be either mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or endothelial cells. However, receptor(s) for KSHV to infect MSCs remains unknown. By combining bioinformatics analysis and shRNA screening, we identify neuropilin 1 (NRP1) as an entry receptor for KSHV infection of MSCs. Functionally, NRP1 knockout and overexpression in MSCs significantly reduce and promote, respectively, KSHV infection. Mechanistically, NRP1 facilitated the binding and internalization of KSHV by interacting with KSHV glycoprotein B (gB), which was blocked by soluble NRP1 protein. Furthermore, NRP1 interacts with TGF-β receptor type 2 (TGFBR2) through their respective cytoplasmic domains and thus activates the TGFBR1/2 complex, which facilitates the macropinocytosis-mediated KSHV internalization via the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1. Together, these findings implicate that KSHV has evolved a strategy to invade MSCs by harnessing NRP1 and TGF-beta receptors to stimulate macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Zhou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Peng
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Precision clinical laboratory, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524037, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Nannan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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19
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Mazi FA, Cakiroglu E, Uysal M, Kalyoncu M, Demirci D, Sozeri PYG, Yilmaz GO, Ozhan SE, Senturk S. The paracaspase MALT1 is a downstream target of Smad3 and potentiates the crosstalk between TGF-β and NF-kB signaling pathways in cancer cells. Cell Signal 2023; 105:110611. [PMID: 36708753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β signaling mediates its biological effects by engaging canonical Smad proteins and crosstalking extensively with other signaling networks, including the NF-kB pathway. The paracaspase MALT1 is an intracellular signaling molecule essential for NF-kB activation downstream of several key cell surface receptors. Despite intensive research on TGF-β and NF-kB interactions, the significance of MALT1 in this context remains undecoded. Here we provide experimental evidence supporting that MALT1 functions to converge these pathways. Using A549 and Huh7 cancer cell line models, we report that TGF-β stimulation enhances MALT1 protein and transcript levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Systematic and selective perturbation of TGF-β signaling components identifies MALT1 as a downstream target of Smad3. Rescue experiments in SMAD3 knockout cells confirm that C-terminal phosphorylation of Smad3 is central to MALT1 induction. Corroborating these data, we document that the expression of SMAD3 and MALT1 genes are positively correlated in TCGA cohorts, and we trace the molecular basis of MALT1 elevation to promoter activation. Functional studies in parental as well as NF-kB p65 signaling reporter engineered cells conclusively reveal that MALT1 is paramount for TGF-β-stimulated nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of NF-kB p65. Furthermore, we find that BCL10 is also implicated in TGF-β activation of NF-kB target genes, potentially coupling the TGF-β-MALT1-NF-kB signaling axis to the CARMA-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) signalosome. The novel findings of this study indicate that MALT1 is a downstream target of the canonical TGF-β/Smad3 pathway and plays a critical role in modulating TGF-β and NF-kB crosstalk in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Aybuke Mazi
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ece Cakiroglu
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Merve Uysal
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | - Perihan Yagmur Guneri Sozeri
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | - Serif Senturk
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
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20
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Madamanchi A, Ingle M, Hinck AP, Umulis DM. Computational modeling of TGF-β2:TβRI:TβRII receptor complex assembly as mediated by the TGF-β coreceptor betaglycan. Biophys J 2023; 122:1342-1354. [PMID: 36869592 PMCID: PMC10111353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1, -β2, and -β3 (TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3) are secreted signaling ligands that play essential roles in tissue development, tissue maintenance, immune response, and wound healing. TGF-β ligands form homodimers and signal by assembling a heterotetrameric receptor complex comprised of two type I receptor (TβRI):type II receptor (TβRII) pairs. TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 ligands signal with high potency due to their high affinity for TβRII, which engenders high-affinity binding of TβRI through a composite TGF-β:TβRII binding interface. However, TGF-β2 binds TβRII 200-500 more weakly than TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 and signals with lower potency compared with these ligands. Remarkably, the presence of an additional membrane-bound coreceptor, known as betaglycan, increases TGF-β2 signaling potency to levels similar to TGF-β1 and -β3. The mediating effect of betaglycan occurs even though it is displaced from and not present in the heterotetrameric receptor complex through which TGF-β2 signals. Published biophysics studies have experimentally established the kinetic rates of the individual ligand-receptor and receptor-receptor interactions that initiate heterotetrameric receptor complex assembly and signaling in the TGF-β system; however, current experimental approaches are not able to directly measure kinetic rates for the intermediate and latter steps of assembly. To characterize these steps in the TGF-β system and determine the mechanism of betaglycan in the potentiation of TGF-β2 signaling, we developed deterministic computational models with different modes of betaglycan binding and varying cooperativity between receptor subtypes. The models identified conditions for selective enhancement of TGF-β2 signaling. The models provide support for additional receptor binding cooperativity that has been hypothesized but not evaluated in the literature. The models further showed that betaglycan binding to the TGF-β2 ligand through two domains provides an effective mechanism for transfer to the signaling receptors that has been tuned to efficiently promote assembly of the TGF-β2(TβRII)2(TβRI)2 signaling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasakiran Madamanchi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Michelle Ingle
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David M Umulis
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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21
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Barber CV, Yo JH, Rahman RA, Wallace EM, Palmer KR, Marshall SA. Activin A and pathologies of pregnancy: a review. Placenta 2023; 136:35-41. [PMID: 37028223 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Activin A is a two-subunit protein belonging to the transforming growth factor β superfamily. First discovered almost three decades ago, it has since been implicated in diverse physiological roles, ranging from wound repair to reproduction. After 30 years of research, altered activin A levels are now understood to be associated with the development of various diseases, making activin A a potential therapeutic target. In pregnancy, the placenta and fetal membranes are major producers of activin A, with significantly enhanced serum concentrations now recognised as a contributor to numerous gestational disorders. Evidence now suggests that circulating levels of activin A may be clinically relevant in the early detection of pregnancy complications, including miscarriage and preeclampsia. This review aims to summarise our current understanding of activin A as a potential diagnostic marker in common pregnancy pathologies.
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22
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Agrawal R, Natarajan KN. Oncogenic signaling pathways in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 159:251-283. [PMID: 37268398 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common (∼90% cases) pancreatic neoplasm and one of the most lethal cancer among all malignances. PDAC harbor aberrant oncogenic signaling that may result from the multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations such as the mutation in driver genes (KRAS, CDKN2A, p53), genomic amplification of regulatory genes (MYC, IGF2BP2, ROIK3), deregulation of chromatin-modifying proteins (HDAC, WDR5) among others. A key event is the formation of Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PanIN) that often results from the activating mutation in KRAS. Mutated KRAS can direct a variety of signaling pathways and modulate downstream targets including MYC, which play an important role in cancer progression. In this review, we discuss recent literature shedding light on the origins of PDAC from the perspective of major oncogenic signaling pathways. We highlight how MYC directly and indirectly, with cooperation with KRAS, affect epigenetic reprogramming and metastasis. Additionally, we summarize the recent findings from single cell genomic approaches that highlight heterogeneity in PDAC and tumor microenvironment, and provide molecular avenues for PDAC treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Agrawal
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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23
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Xanthohumol Interferes with the Activation of TGF-β Signaling in the Process Leading to Intestinal Fibrosis. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010099. [PMID: 36615756 PMCID: PMC9824381 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis has various biological processes and affects almost every organ, especially in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease, who experience discomfort caused by intestinal fibrosis, which is a problem that needs to be resolved. TGF-β signaling is known to act as a key regulator of intestinal fibrosis, and its modulation could be an excellent candidate for fibrosis therapy. Xanthohumol (XN) has various effects, including anti-inflammation and anti-cancer; however, the detailed mechanism of TGF-β signaling has not yet been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying the anti-fibrotic effect of XN on TGF-β1-induced intestinal fibrosis using primary human intestinal fibroblasts (HIFs). In this study, to check the anti-fibrotic effects of XN on intestinal fibrosis, we assessed the expression of fibrosis-related genes in TGF-β1-stimulated HIFs by qPCR, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence staining. As a result, XN showed the ability to reduce the expression of fibrosis-associated genes increased by TGF-β1 treatment in HIFs and restored the cell shape altered by TGF-β1. In particular, XN repressed both NF-κB- and Smad-binding regions in the α-SMA promoter, which is important in fibrosis. In addition, XN inhibited NF-κB signaling, including phosphorylated-IkBα and cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and TNF-α-stimulated transcriptional activity of NF-κB. XN attenuated TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, and the transcriptional activity of CAGA. Particularly, XN interfered with the binding of TGF-Receptor I (TβRI) and Smad3 by binding to the kinase domain of the L45 loop of TβRI, thereby confirming that the fibrosis mechanism did not proceed further. In conclusion, XN has an inhibitory effect on TGF-β1-induced intestinal fibrosis in HIFs, significantly affecting TGF-β/Smad signaling.
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24
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Itoh Y, Sawaguchi T, Fu H, Omata C, Saitoh M, Miyazawa K. Indole-derived compound SIS3 targets a subset of activated Smad complexes. J Biochem 2022; 173:283-291. [PMID: 36539324 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Smad2 and Smad3 are receptor-regulated Smad proteins that transmit signals from cytokines belonging to the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family, which are vital for adult tissue homeostasis. The overactivation of such proteins often engenders the development of pathological conditions. Smad3 reportedly mediates TGF-β–induced fibrosis. Although various potential Smad3-specific inhibitors are being developed, their specificity and action mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aimed to establish a biochemical platform to monitor Smad2- or Smad3-dependent TGF-β signaling using SMAD2, SMAD3 and SMAD2/3 knockout cell lines alongside TGF-β–dependent luciferase reporters and Smad mutant proteins. Using this platform, SIS3, an indole-derived compound widely used as a specific Smad3 inhibitor, was observed to preferentially suppress a subset of activated Smad complexes. However, its inhibition did not favor Smad3 signaling over Smad2 signaling. These findings indicate that SIS3 can be employed as a probe to examine the heterogeneous nature of Smad signaling that induces gene expression. However, its use as a Smad3-specific inhibitor should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Itoh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Tomoe Sawaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
- Research Training Program for Undergraduates, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Chiho Omata
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masao Saitoh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
- Center for Medical Education and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shmokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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25
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El-Gazzar A, Kang H, Fratzl-Zelman N, Webb E, Barnes AM, Jovanovic M, Mehta SG, Datta V, Saraff V, Dale RK, Rauch F, Marini JC, Högler W. SMAD3 mutation in LDS3 causes bone fragility by impairing the TGF-β pathway and enhancing osteoclastogenesis. Bone Rep 2022; 17:101603. [PMID: 35874167 PMCID: PMC9301510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in SMAD3 cause Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 3 (LDS3), a rare autosomal-dominant connective tissue disorder characterized by vascular pathology and skeletal abnormalities. Dysregulation of TGF-β/SMAD signaling is associated with abnormal skeletal features and bone fragility. To date, histomorphometric and ultrastructural characteristics of bone with SMAD3 mutations have not been reported in humans and the exact mechanism by which SMAD3 mutations cause the LDS3 phenotype is poorly understood. Here, we investigated bone histomorphometry and matrix mineralization in human bone with a SMAD3 mutation and explored the associated cellular defect in the TGF-β/SMAD pathway in vitro. The index patient had recurrent fractures, mild facial dysmorphism, arachnodactyly, pectus excavatum, chest asymmetry and kyphoscoliosis. Bone histomorphometry revealed markedly reduced cortical thickness (−68 %), trabecular thickness (−32 %), bone formation rate (−50 %) and delayed mineralization. Quantitative backscattered electron imaging demonstrated undermineralized bone matrix with increased heterogeneity in mineralization. The patient's SMAD3 mutation (c.200 T > G; p.I67S), when expressed from plasmid vectors in HEK293 cells, showed reduced phosphorylation and transcription factor activity compared to normal control and SMAD3 (p.S264Y), a gain-of-function mutation, somatic mosaicism of which causes melorheostosis. Transfection study of the patients' SMAD3 (p.I67S) mutation displayed lower luciferase reporter activity than normal SMAD3 and reduced expression of TGF-β signaling target genes. Patient fibroblasts also demonstrated impaired SMAD3 protein stability. Osteoclastogenic differentiation significantly increased and osteoclast-associated genes, including ACP5 (encoding TRAP), ATP6V0D2, and DCSTAMP, were up-regulated in CD14 (+) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with the SMAD3 (p.I67S) mutation. Upregulation of osteoclastogenic genes was associated with decreased expression of TGF-β signaling target genes. We conclude that bone with the SMAD3 (p.I67S) mutation features reduced bone formation, and our functional studies revealed decreased SMAD3 activation and protein stability as well as increased osteoclastogenesis. These findings enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of LDS3 caused by SMAD3 mutations. Emerging therapies targeting in the TGF-β/SMAD pathway also raise hope for treatment of LDS3. Increased bone fragility Low bone matrix mineralization SMAD3 (p.I67S) decreased TGF-b signaling and SMAD3 activity. SMAD3 (p.I67S) reduced SMAD3 protein stability. SMAD3 (p.I67S) mediated osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Gazzar
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Heeseog Kang
- Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nadja Fratzl-Zelman
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1 Medical Department Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emma Webb
- Department of Paediatrics, Jenny Lind Children's Hospital, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Aileen M Barnes
- Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Milena Jovanovic
- Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarju G Mehta
- East Anglian Regional Medical Genetics Service, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vipan Datta
- Department of Paediatrics, Jenny Lind Children's Hospital, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Vrinda Saraff
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ryan K Dale
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frank Rauch
- Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Joan C Marini
- Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wolfgang Högler
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.,Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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26
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Sanketi BD, Zuela-Sopilniak N, Bundschuh E, Gopal S, Hu S, Long J, Lammerding J, Hopyan S, Kurpios NA. Pitx2 patterns an accelerator-brake mechanical feedback through latent TGFβ to rotate the gut. Science 2022; 377:eabl3921. [PMID: 36137018 PMCID: PMC10089252 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl3921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate intestine forms by asymmetric gut rotation and elongation, and errors cause lethal obstructions in human infants. Rotation begins with tissue deformation of the dorsal mesentery, which is dependent on left-sided expression of the Paired-like transcription factor Pitx2. The conserved morphogen Nodal induces asymmetric Pitx2 to govern embryonic laterality, but organ-level regulation of Pitx2 during gut asymmetry remains unknown. We found Nodal to be dispensable for Pitx2 expression during mesentery deformation. Intestinal rotation instead required a mechanosensitive latent transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), tuning a second wave of Pitx2 that induced reciprocal tissue stiffness in the left mesentery as mechanical feedback with the right side. This signaling regulator, an accelerator (right) and brake (left), combines biochemical and biomechanical inputs to break gut morphological symmetry and direct intestinal rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargav D Sanketi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Noam Zuela-Sopilniak
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bundschuh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sharada Gopal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shing Hu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joseph Long
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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27
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TGFBR1*6A as a modifier of breast cancer risk and progression: advances and future prospects. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:84. [PMID: 35853889 PMCID: PMC9296458 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that germline mutations in certain genes influence cancer susceptibility, tumor evolution, as well as clinical outcomes. Identification of a disease-causing genetic variant enables testing and diagnosis of at-risk individuals. For breast cancer, several genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 act as high- to moderate-penetrance cancer susceptibility genes. Genotyping of these genes informs genetic risk assessment and counseling, as well as treatment and management decisions in the case of high-penetrance genes. TGFBR1*6A (rs11466445) is a common variant of the TGF-β receptor type I (TGFBR1) that has a global minor allelic frequency (MAF) of 0.051 according to the 1000 Genomes Project Consortium. It is emerging as a high frequency, low penetrance tumor susceptibility allele associated with increased cancer risk among several cancer types. The TGFBR1*6A allele has been associated with increased breast cancer risk in women, OR 1.15 (95% CI 1.01–1.31). Functionally, TGFBR1*6A promotes breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through the regulation of the ERK pathway and Rho-GTP activation. This review discusses current findings on the genetic, functional, and mechanistic associations between TGFBR1*6A and breast cancer risk and proposes future directions as it relates to genetic association studies and mechanisms of action for tumor growth, metastasis, and immune suppression.
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28
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Taniguchi R, Ohashi Y, Lee JS, Hu H, Gonzalez L, Zhang W, Langford J, Matsubara Y, Yatsula B, Tellides G, Fahmy TM, Hoshina K, Dardik A. Endothelial Cell TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor-Beta) Signaling Regulates Venous Adaptive Remodeling to Improve Arteriovenous Fistula Patency. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:868-883. [PMID: 35510552 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are the gold standard for vascular access for hemodialysis. Although the vein must thicken and dilate for successful hemodialysis, excessive wall thickness leads to stenosis causing AVF failure. Since TGF-β (transforming growth factor-beta) regulates ECM (extracellular matrix) deposition and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation-critical components of wall thickness-we hypothesized that disruption of TGF-β signaling prevents excessive wall thickening during venous remodeling. METHODS A mouse aortocaval fistula model was used. SB431542-an inhibitor of TGF-β receptor I-was encapsulated in nanoparticles and applied to the AVF adventitia in C57BL/6J mice. Alternatively, AVFs were created in mice with conditional disruption of TGF-β receptors in either SMCs or endothelial cells. Doppler ultrasound was performed serially to confirm patency and to measure vessel diameters. AVFs were harvested at predetermined time points for histological and immunofluorescence analyses. RESULTS Inhibition of TGF-β signaling with SB431542-containing nanoparticles significantly reduced p-Smad2-positive cells in the AVF wall during the early maturation phase (days 7-21) and was associated with decreased AVF wall thickness that showed both decreased collagen density and decreased SMC proliferation. SMC-specific TGF-β signaling disruption decreased collagen density but not SMC proliferation or wall thickness. Endothelial cell-specific TGF-β signaling disruption decreased both collagen density and SMC proliferation in the AVF wall and was associated with reduced wall thickness, increased outward remodeling, and improved AVF patency. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial cell-targeted TGF-β inhibition may be a translational strategy to improve AVF patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Taniguchi
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (R.T., Y.O., H.H., L.G., W.Z., J.L., Y.M., B.Y., G.T., A.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Division of Vascular Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Japan (R.T., Y.O., K.H.)
| | - Yuichi Ohashi
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (R.T., Y.O., H.H., L.G., W.Z., J.L., Y.M., B.Y., G.T., A.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Division of Vascular Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Japan (R.T., Y.O., K.H.)
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.S.L., T.M.F.)
| | - Haidi Hu
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (R.T., Y.O., H.H., L.G., W.Z., J.L., Y.M., B.Y., G.T., A.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang (H.H.)
| | - Luis Gonzalez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (R.T., Y.O., H.H., L.G., W.Z., J.L., Y.M., B.Y., G.T., A.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Weichang Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (R.T., Y.O., H.H., L.G., W.Z., J.L., Y.M., B.Y., G.T., A.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - John Langford
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (R.T., Y.O., H.H., L.G., W.Z., J.L., Y.M., B.Y., G.T., A.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yutaka Matsubara
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (R.T., Y.O., H.H., L.G., W.Z., J.L., Y.M., B.Y., G.T., A.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Surgery and Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Bogdan Yatsula
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (R.T., Y.O., H.H., L.G., W.Z., J.L., Y.M., B.Y., G.T., A.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - George Tellides
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (R.T., Y.O., H.H., L.G., W.Z., J.L., Y.M., B.Y., G.T., A.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.T.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, CT (G.T., A.D.)
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.S.L., T.M.F.)
| | - Katsuyuki Hoshina
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Japan (R.T., Y.O., K.H.)
| | - Alan Dardik
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (R.T., Y.O., H.H., L.G., W.Z., J.L., Y.M., B.Y., G.T., A.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (A.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, CT (G.T., A.D.)
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29
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Soni AP, Lee J, Shin K, Koiwa H, Hwang I. Production of Recombinant Active Human TGFβ1 in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:922694. [PMID: 35712604 PMCID: PMC9197560 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.922694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins in plant systems is receiving wider attention. Indeed, various plant-produced pharmaceuticals have been shown to be biologically active. However, the production of human growth factors and cytokines in heterologous systems is still challenging because they often act as complex forms, such as homo- or hetero-dimers, and their production is tightly regulated in vivo. In this study, we demonstrated that the mature form of human TGFβ1 produced and purified from Nicotiana benthamiana shows biological activity in animal cells. To produce the mature form of TGFβ1, various recombinant genes containing the mature form of TGFβ1 were generated and produced in N. benthamiana. Of these, a recombinant construct, BiP:M:CBM3:LAP[C33S]:EK:TGFβ1, was expressed at a high level in N. benthamiana. Recombinant proteins were one-step purified using cellulose-binding module 3 (CBM3) as an affinity tag and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) beads as a matrix. The TGFβ1 recombinant protein bound on MCC beads was proteolytically processed with enterokinase to separate mature TGFβ1. The mature TGFβ1 still associated with Latency Associated Protein, [LAP(C33S)] that had been immobilized on MCC beads was released by HCl treatment. Purified TGFβ1 activated TGFβ1-mediated signaling in the A549 cell line, thereby inducing phosphorylation of SMAD-2, the expression of ZEB-2 and SNAIL1, and the formation of a filopodia-like structure. Based on these results, we propose that active mature TGFβ1, one of the most challenging growth factors to produce in heterologous systems, can be produced from plants at a high degree of purity via a few steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Prakash Soni
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Juhee Lee
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kunyoo Shin
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Vegetable and Fruit Development Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
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30
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Chen J, Chang R. Association of TGF-β Canonical Signaling-Related Core Genes With Aortic Aneurysms and Aortic Dissections. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:888563. [PMID: 35517795 PMCID: PMC9065418 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.888563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling is essential for the maintenance of the normal structure and function of the aorta. It includes SMAD-dependent canonical pathways and noncanonical signaling pathways. Accumulated genetic evidence has shown that TGF-β canonical signaling-related genes have key roles in aortic aneurysms (AAs) and aortic dissections and many gene mutations have been identified in patients, such as those for transforming growth factor-beta receptor one TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and SMAD6. Aortic specimens from patients with these mutations often show paradoxically enhanced TGF-β signaling. Some hypotheses have been proposed and new AA models in mice have been constructed to reveal new mechanisms, but the role of TGF-β signaling in AAs is controversial. In this review, we focus mainly on the role of canonical signaling-related core genes in diseases of the aorta, as well as recent advances in gene-mutation detection, animal models, and in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Chen
- Department of Vasculocardiology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rong Chang
- Department of Vasculocardiology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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31
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Mukundan A, Byeon CH, Hinck CS, Cunningham K, Campion T, Smyth DJ, Maizels RM, Hinck AP. Convergent evolution of a parasite-encoded complement control protein-scaffold to mimic binding of mammalian TGF-β to its receptors, TβRI and TβRII. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101994. [PMID: 35500648 PMCID: PMC9163516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus modulates host immune responses by secreting a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β mimic (TGM), to expand the population of Foxp3+ Tregs. TGM comprises five complement control protein (CCP)-like domains, designated D1-D5. Though lacking homology to TGF-β, TGM binds directly to the TGF-β receptors TβRI and TβRII and stimulates the differentiation of naïve T-cells into Tregs. However, the molecular determinants of binding are unclear. Here, we used surface plasmon resonance, isothermal calorimetry, NMR spectroscopy, and mutagenesis to investigate how TGM binds the TGF-β receptors. We demonstrate that binding is modular, with D1-D2 binding to TβRI and D3 binding to TβRII. D1-D2 and D3 were further shown to compete with TGF-β(TβRII)2 and TGF-β for binding to TβRI and TβRII, respectively. The solution structure of TGM-D3 revealed that TGM adopts a CCP-like fold but is also modified to allow the C-terminal strand to diverge, leading to an expansion of the domain and opening potential interaction surfaces. TGM-D3 also incorporates a long structurally ordered hypervariable loop, adding further potential interaction sites. Through NMR shift perturbations and binding studies of TGM-D3 and TβRII variants, TGM-D3 was shown to occupy the same site of TβRII as bound by TGF-β using both a novel interaction surface and the hypervariable loop. These results, together with the identification of other secreted CCP-like proteins with immunomodulatory activity in H. polygyrus, suggest that TGM is part of a larger family of evolutionarily plastic parasite effector molecules that mediate novel interactions with their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Mukundan
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Chang-Hyeock Byeon
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Cynthia S Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Kyle Cunningham
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tiffany Campion
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle J Smyth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA.
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32
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Chiu HY, Loh AHP, Taneja R. Mitochondrial calcium uptake regulates tumour progression in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:419. [PMID: 35490194 PMCID: PMC9056521 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEmbryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is characterised by a failure of cells to complete skeletal muscle differentiation. Although ERMS cells are vulnerable to oxidative stress, the relevance of mitochondrial calcium homoeostasis in oncogenesis is unclear. Here, we show that ERMS cell lines as well as primary tumours exhibit elevated expression of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). MCU knockdown resulted in impaired mitochondrial calcium uptake and a reduction in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) levels. Phenotypically, MCU knockdown cells exhibited reduced cellular proliferation and motility, with an increased propensity to differentiate in vitro and in vivo. RNA-sequencing of MCU knockdown cells revealed a significant reduction in genes involved in TGFβ signalling that play prominent roles in oncogenesis and inhibition of myogenic differentiation. Interestingly, modulation of mROS production impacted TGFβ signalling. Our study elucidates mechanisms by which mitochondrial calcium dysregulation promotes tumour progression and suggests that targeting the MCU complex to restore mitochondrial calcium homoeostasis could be a therapeutic avenue in ERMS.
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33
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Oroxylin A inhibits the migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inducing NAG-1 expression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:724-734. [PMID: 34117368 PMCID: PMC8888648 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent liver cancer, is considered one of the most lethal malignancies with a dismal outcome mainly due to frequent intrahepatic and distant metastasis. In the present study, we demonstrated that oroxylin A, a natural product extracted from Scutellaria radix, significantly inhibits transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis in HCC. Oroxylin A blocked the TGF-β1/Smad signaling via upregulating the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) expression. Oroxylin A promoted NAG-1 transcription by regulating the acetylation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ), a transcription factor that binds to the NAG-1 promoter. In terms of the underlying mechanism, oroxylin A may interact with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) by forming hydrogen bonds with GLY149 residue and induce proteasome-mediated degradation of HDAC1 subsequently impairing HDAC1-mediated deacetylation of C/EBPβ and promoting the expression of NAG-1. Taken together, our findings revealed a previously unknown tumor-suppressive mechanism of oroxylin A. Oroxylin A should be further investigated as a potential clinical candidate for inhibiting HCC metastasis.
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34
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Chattopadhyay S, Teixeira LBC, Kiessling LL, McAnulty JF, Raines RT. Bifunctional Peptide that Anneals to Damaged Collagen and Clusters TGF-β Receptors Enhances Wound Healing. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:314-321. [PMID: 35084170 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays important roles in wound healing. The activity of TGF-β is initiated upon the binding of the growth factor to the extracellular domains of its receptors. We sought to facilitate the activation by clustering these extracellular domains. To do so, we used a known peptide that binds to TGF-β receptors without diminishing their affinity for TGF-β. We conjugated this peptide to a collagen-mimetic peptide that can anneal to the damaged collagen in a wound bed. We find that the conjugate enhances collagen deposition and wound closure in mice in a manner consistent with the clustering of TGF-β receptors. This strategy provides a means to upregulate the TGF-β signaling pathway without adding exogenous TGF-β and could inspire means to treat severe wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Leandro B. C. Teixeira
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jonathan F. McAnulty
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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35
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Fox SC, Widen SA, Asai-Coakwell M, Havrylov S, Benson M, Prichard LB, Baddam P, Graf D, Lehmann OJ, Waskiewicz AJ. BMP3 is a novel locus involved in the causality of ocular coloboma. Hum Genet 2022; 141:1385-1407. [PMID: 35089417 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Coloboma, a congenital disorder characterized by gaps in ocular tissues, is caused when the choroid fissure fails to close during embryonic development. Several loci have been associated with coloboma, but these represent less than 40% of those that are involved with this disease. Here, we describe a novel coloboma-causing locus, BMP3. Whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing of patients with coloboma identified three variants in BMP3, two of which are predicted to be disease causing. Consistent with this, bmp3 mutant zebrafish have aberrant fissure closure. bmp3 is expressed in the ventral head mesenchyme and regulates phosphorylated Smad3 in a population of cells adjacent to the choroid fissure. Furthermore, mutations in bmp3 sensitize embryos to Smad3 inhibitor treatment resulting in open choroid fissures. Micro CT scans and Alcian blue staining of zebrafish demonstrate that mutations in bmp3 cause midface hypoplasia, suggesting that bmp3 regulates cranial neural crest cells. Consistent with this, we see active Smad3 in a population of periocular neural crest cells, and bmp3 mutant zebrafish have reduced neural crest cells in the choroid fissure. Taken together, these data suggest that Bmp3 controls Smad3 phosphorylation in neural crest cells to regulate early craniofacial and ocular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina C Fox
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sonya A Widen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.,Vienna BioCenter, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mika Asai-Coakwell
- Department of Animal and Poultry and Animal Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Serhiy Havrylov
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew Benson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lisa B Prichard
- Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Pranidhi Baddam
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Graf
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ordan J Lehmann
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew J Waskiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada. .,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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36
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Furfaro F, Vias C, Sorre B. Using Microfluidics and Live Cell Reporters to Dissect the Dynamics of TGF-β Signaling in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2488:125-143. [PMID: 35347687 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2277-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The TGF-β pathway is known to behave as a classical morphogen, meaning that it can dictate cell fate decisions in a dose-dependent manner. Recent observations however showed that in addition to the absolute value of morphogen concentration, cells could also extract information from its temporal variations. In the present article we describe how to use automated microfluidics cell culture to stimulate cells with precisely defined temporal profiles of morphogens and how to engineer mouse embryonic stem cells with fluorescent reporters of pathway activity to record in real time their response to the applied stimulations. The combination of automated cell culture and of live cell reporter provides a complete toolbox to study how cells encode the information carried by time-varying TGF-β signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Furfaro
- Laboratoire "Matière et Systèmes Complexes" (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Carine Vias
- Laboratoire "Matière et Systèmes Complexes" (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Benoit Sorre
- Laboratoire "Matière et Systèmes Complexes" (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris Cedex 13, France.
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Paris, France.
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37
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Li Y, Zi Z. Optogenetic Control of TGF-β Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2488:113-124. [PMID: 35347686 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2277-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells employ signaling pathways to make decisions in response to changes in their immediate environment. The Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays pivotal roles in regulating many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and migrations. In order to manipulate and explore the dynamic behavior of TGF-β signaling at high spatiotemporal resolution, we developed an optogenetic system (the optoTGFBRs system), in which light is used to control TGF-β signaling precisely in time and space. Here, we describe about experimental details of how to build the optoTGFBRs system and utilize it to manipulate TGF-β signaling in a single cell or a cell population using microscope or LED array, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Li
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Otto Warburg Laboratory, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhike Zi
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
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38
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Silk JD, Abbott RJM, Adams KJ, Bennett AD, Brett S, Cornforth TV, Crossland KL, Figueroa DJ, Jing J, O'Connor C, Pachnio A, Patasic L, Peredo CE, Quattrini A, Quinn LL, Rust AG, Saini M, Sanderson JP, Steiner D, Tavano B, Viswanathan P, Wiedermann GE, Wong R, Jakobsen BK, Britten CM, Gerry AB, Brewer JE. Engineering Cancer Antigen-Specific T Cells to Overcome the Immunosuppressive Effects of TGF-β. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:169-180. [PMID: 34853077 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy with T cells expressing affinity-enhanced TCRs has shown promising results in phase 1/2 clinical trials for solid and hematological tumors. However, depth and durability of responses to adoptive T cell therapy can suffer from an inhibitory tumor microenvironment. A common immune-suppressive agent is TGF-β, which is secreted by tumor cells and cells recruited to the tumor. We investigated whether human T cells could be engineered to be resistant to inhibition by TGF-β. Truncating the intracellular signaling domain from TGF-β receptor (TGFβR) II produces a dominant-negative receptor (dnTGFβRII) that dimerizes with endogenous TGFβRI to form a receptor that can bind TGF-β but cannot signal. We previously generated specific peptide enhanced affinity receptor TCRs recognizing the HLA-A*02-restricted peptides New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1)157-165/l-Ag family member-1A (TCR: GSK3377794, formerly NY-ESO-1c259) and melanoma Ag gene A10254-262 (TCR: ADP-A2M10, formerly melanoma Ag gene A10c796). In this article, we show that exogenous TGF-β inhibited in vitro proliferation and effector functions of human T cells expressing these first-generation high-affinity TCRs, whereas inhibition was reduced or abolished in the case of second-generation TCRs coexpressed with dnTGFβRII (e.g., GSK3845097). TGF-β isoforms and a panel of TGF-β-associated genes are overexpressed in a range of cancer indications in which NY-ESO-1 is commonly expressed, particularly in synovial sarcoma. As an example, immunohistochemistry/RNAscope identified TGF-β-positive cells close to T cells in tumor nests and stroma, which had low frequencies of cells expressing IFN-γ in a non-small cell lung cancer setting. Coexpression of dnTGFβRII may therefore improve the efficacy of TCR-transduced T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara Brett
- Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Herts, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - David J Figueroa
- Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Herts, United Kingdom; and
| | - Junping Jing
- Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Herts, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - Lea Patasic
- Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Herts, United Kingdom; and
| | - Carlos E Peredo
- Cell and Gene Therapy Product Development and Supply, Analytical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA
| | | | - Laura L Quinn
- Adaptimmune Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair G Rust
- Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Herts, United Kingdom; and
| | - Manoj Saini
- Adaptimmune Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dylan Steiner
- Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Herts, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Wong
- Adaptimmune Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cedrik M Britten
- Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Herts, United Kingdom; and
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39
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Connective Tissue Disorders and Cardiovascular Complications: The Indomitable Role of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1348:161-184. [PMID: 34807419 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80614-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Marfan Syndrome (MFS) and Loeys-Dietz Syndrome (LDS) represent heritable connective tissue disorders that segregate with a similar pattern of cardiovascular defects (thoracic aortic aneurysm, mitral valve prolapse/regurgitation, and aortic dilatation with regurgitation). This pattern of cardiovascular defects appears to be expressed along a spectrum of severity in many heritable connective tissue disorders and raises suspicion of a relationship between the normal development of connective tissues and the cardiovascular system. With overwhelming evidence of the involvement of aberrant Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling in MFS and LDS, this signaling pathway may represent the common link in the relationship between connective tissue disorders and their associated cardiovascular complications. To further explore this hypothetical link, this chapter will review the TGF-β signaling pathway, the heritable connective tissue syndromes related to aberrant TGF-β signaling, and will discuss the pathogenic contribution of TGF-β to these syndromes with a primary focus on the cardiovascular system.
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40
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Nam H, Kundu A, Karki S, Brinkley GJ, Chandrashekar DS, Kirkman RL, Liu J, Liberti MV, Locasale JW, Mitchell T, Varambally S, Sudarshan S. The TGF-β/HDAC7 axis suppresses TCA cycle metabolism in renal cancer. JCI Insight 2021; 6:148438. [PMID: 34609963 PMCID: PMC8663777 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence points to alterations in mitochondrial metabolism in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the mechanisms that regulate the TCA cycle in RCC remain uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrate that loss of TCA cycle enzyme expression is retained in RCC metastatic tissues. Moreover, proteomic analysis demonstrates that reduced TCA cycle enzyme expression is far more pronounced in RCC relative to other tumor types. Loss of TCA cycle enzyme expression is correlated with reduced expression of the transcription factor PGC-1α, which is also lost in RCC tissues. PGC-1α reexpression in RCC cells restores the expression of TCA cycle enzymes in vitro and in vivo and leads to enhanced glucose carbon incorporation into TCA cycle intermediates. Mechanistically, TGF-β signaling, in concert with histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7), suppresses TCA cycle enzyme expression. Our studies show that pharmacologic inhibition of TGF-β restores the expression of TCA cycle enzymes and suppresses tumor growth in an orthotopic model of RCC. Taken together, this investigation reveals a potentially novel role for the TGF-β/HDAC7 axis in global suppression of TCA cycle enzymes in RCC and provides insight into the molecular basis of altered mitochondrial metabolism in this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Darshan S Chandrashekar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria V Liberti
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sunil Sudarshan
- Department of Urology and.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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41
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Jensen GS, Leon-Palmer NE, Townsend KL. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the central regulation of energy balance and adult neural plasticity. Metabolism 2021; 123:154837. [PMID: 34331962 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current worldwide obesity pandemic highlights a need to better understand the regulation of energy balance and metabolism, including the role of the nervous system in controlling energy intake and energy expenditure. Neural plasticity in the hypothalamus of the adult brain has been implicated in full-body metabolic health, however, the mechanisms surrounding hypothalamic plasticity are incompletely understood. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) control metabolic health through actions in the brain as well as in peripheral tissues such as adipose, together regulating both energy intake and energy expenditure. BMP ligands, receptors, and inhibitors are found throughout plastic adult brain regions and have been demonstrated to modulate neurogenesis and gliogenesis, as well as synaptic and dendritic plasticity. This role for BMPs in adult neural plasticity is distinct from their roles in brain development. Existing evidence suggests that BMPs induce weight loss through hypothalamic pathways, and part of the mechanism of action may be through inducing neural plasticity. In this review, we summarize the data regarding how BMPs affect neural plasticity in the adult mammalian brain, as well as the relationship between central BMP signaling and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Jensen
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Noelle E Leon-Palmer
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America; School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America.
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42
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Moghadam MHB, Shoorei H, Bahroudi Z, Taheri M, Taheriazam A. The impact of non-coding RNAs on normal stem cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112050. [PMID: 34426251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-renewal and differentiation into diverse cells are two main characteristics of stem cells. These cells have important roles in development and homeostasis of different tissues and are supposed to facilitate tissue regeneration. Function of stem cells is regulated by dynamic interactions between external signaling, epigenetic factors, and molecules that regulate expression of genes. Among the highly appreciated regulators of function of stem cells are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). Impact of miR-342-5p, miR-145, miR-1297, miR-204-5p, miR-132, miR-128-3p, hsa-miR-302, miR-26b-5p and miR-10a are among miRNAs that regulate function of stem cells. Among lncRNAs, AK141205, ANCR, MEG3, Pnky, H19, TINCR, HULC, EPB41L4A-AS1 and SNHG7 have important roles in the regulation of stem cells. In the current paper, we aimed at reviewing the importance of miRNAs and lncRNAs in differentiation of stem cells both in normal and diseased conditions. For this purpose, we searched PubMed/Medline and google scholar databases using "stem cell" AND "lncRNA", or "long non-coding RNA", or "microRNA" or "miRNA".
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahroudi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Department of Orthopedics, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Ongaro L, Zhou X, Cui Y, Boehm U, Bernard DJ. Gonadotrope-specific deletion of the BMP type 2 receptor does not affect reproductive physiology in mice†‡. Biol Reprod 2021; 102:639-646. [PMID: 31724029 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activins selectively stimulate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion by pituitary gonadotrope cells. More recently, other members of the TGFbeta superfamily, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), were reported to regulate FSH synthesis. Activins and BMPs independently and synergistically stimulate transcription of the FSHbeta subunit (Fshb) gene in immortalized gonadotrope-like cells. Both ligands can signal via the activin receptor type IIA (ACVR2A) to regulate FSH synthesis in vitro. In vivo, global Acvr2a knockout mice exhibit a 60% reduction in circulating FSH relative to wild-type animals, suggesting that activins, BMPs, or related ligands might signal through additional type II receptors to regulate FSH in vivo. Although the leading candidates are ACVR2B and the BMP type II receptor (BMPR2), only the latter mediates activin or BMP2 induction of Fshb transcription in vitro. Here, we generated mice carrying a loss of function mutation in Bmpr2 specifically in gonadotropes. Puberty onset, estrous cyclicity, and reproductive organ weights were similar between control and conditional knockout females. Serum FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) and pituitary expression of Fshb and the LHbeta subunit (Lhb) were similarly unaffected by the gene deletion in both sexes. These results suggest that BMPR2 might not play a necessary role in FSH synthesis or secretion in vivo or that another type II receptor, such as ACVR2A, can fully compensate for its absence. These data also further contribute to the emerging concept that BMPs may not be physiological regulators of FSH in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisina Ongaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics.,Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics.,Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yiming Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics.,Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics.,Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Mahendra Y, He M, Rouf MA, Tjakra M, Fan L, Wang Y, Wang G. Progress and prospects of mechanotransducers in shear stress-sensitive signaling pathways in association with arteriovenous malformation. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 88:105417. [PMID: 34246943 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arteriovenous malformations are congenital vascular lesions characterized by a direct and tangled connection between arteries and veins, which disrupts oxygen circulation and normal blood flow. Arteriovenous malformations often occur in the patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. The attempts to elucidate the causative factors and pathogenic mechanisms of arteriovenous malformations are now still in progress. Some studies reported that shear stress in blood flow is one of the factors involved in arteriovenous malformations manifestation. Through several mechanotransducers harboring the endothelial cells membrane, the signal from shear stress is transduced towards the responsible signaling pathways in endothelial cells to maintain cell homeostasis. Any disruption in this well-established communication will give rise to abnormal endothelial cells differentiation and specification, which will later promote arteriovenous malformations. In this review, we discuss the update of several mechanotransducers that have essential roles in shear stress-induced signaling pathways, such as activin receptor-like kinase 1, Endoglin, Notch, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, Caveolin-1, Connexin37, and Connexin40. Any disruption of these signaling potentially causes arteriovenous malformations. We also present some recent insights into the fundamental analysis, which attempts to determine potential and alternative solutions to battle arteriovenous malformations, especially in a less invasive and risky way, such as gene treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoga Mahendra
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Mei He
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Muhammad Abdul Rouf
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Marco Tjakra
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Longling Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yeqi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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45
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Seiz JR, Klinke J, Scharlibbe L, Lohfink D, Heipel M, Ungefroren H, Giehl K, Menke A. Different signaling and functionality of Rac1 and Rac1b in the progression of lung adenocarcinoma. Biol Chem 2021; 401:517-531. [PMID: 31811797 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rac1 is a ubiquitously expressed Rho GTPase and an important regulator of the actin cytoskeleton. Its splice variant Rac1b exhibits a 19-amino acid (aa) in-frame insertion and is predominantly active. Both proteins were described in tumorigenesis or metastasis. We investigated the contribution of Rac1 and Rac1b to tumor progression of human non-small-cell lung adenocarcinoma (NSCLA). Rac1 protein was present in 8/8 NSCLA cell lines analyzed, whereas Rac1b was expressed in only 6/8. In wound-healing assays, enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-Rac1 slightly decreased cell migration, whereas proliferation was increased in both, Rac1- and Rac1b-expressing cells. In the in vivo chorioallantoic invasion model, EGFP-Rac1-expressing cells formed more invasive tumors compared to EGFP-Rac1b. This increased invasiveness correlated with enhanced phosphorylation of p38α, AKT and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and activation of serum response- and Smad-dependent gene promoters by Rac1. In contrast, Rac1b solely activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) JNK2, together with TCF/LEF1- and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)-responsive gene reporters. Rac1b, as Rac1, phosphorylated p38α, AKT and GSK3β. Knockdown of the splicing factor epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ESRP1), which mediates out-splicing of exon 3b from Rac1 pre-messenger RNA, resulted in increased Rac1b messenger RNA (mRNA) and suppression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated transcription factor ZEB1. Our data demonstrate different signaling and functional activities of Rac1 and Rac1b and an important role for Rac1 in lung cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Seiz
- Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, Internal Medicine, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Johannes Klinke
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Laura Scharlibbe
- Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, Internal Medicine, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dirk Lohfink
- Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, Internal Medicine, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marisa Heipel
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Klaudia Giehl
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andre Menke
- Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, Science Unit for Basic and Clinical Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Takeuchi H, Konnai S, Maekawa N, Takagi S, Ohta H, Sasaki N, Kim S, Okagawa T, Suzuki Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. Canine Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor 2-Ig: A Potential Candidate Biologic for Melanoma Treatment That Reverses Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Immunosuppression. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:656715. [PMID: 34195245 PMCID: PMC8236594 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.656715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can evade host immune systems via multiple mechanisms. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is an immunosuppressive cytokine that induces regulatory T cell (Tregs) differentiation and is involved in immune evasion mechanisms in cancer. The inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling pathway can suppress cancer progression and metastasis through the modulation of anticancer immune responses. However, to best of our knowledge, no implementation of treatments targeting TGF-β1 has been reported in dog cancers. This study aimed to examine whether TGF-β1 is upregulated in canine cancers. We measured TGF-β1 concentrations in culture supernatants of canine melanoma cell lines and in serum samples from dogs with oral malignant melanoma. TGF-β1 production was observed in several cell lines, and serum TGF-β1 levels were elevated in dogs with oral malignant melanoma. Interestingly, the addition of recombinant TGF-β1 to canine peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures decreased Th1 cytokine production and increased differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ lymphocytes, suggesting that TGF-β1 is immunosuppressive in canine immune systems. We developed a decoy receptor for TGF-β, namely TGF-βRII-Ig, by identifying an open reading frame of the canine TGFBR2 gene. TGF-βRII-Ig was prepared as a recombinant fusion protein of the extracellular region of canine TGF-βRII and the Fc region of canine IgG-B. As expected, TGF-βRII-Ig bound to TGF-β1. In the presence of TGF-β1, the treatment with TGF-βRII-Ig increased Th1 cytokine production and decreased the differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ lymphocytes. Our results suggest that TGF-βRII-Ig competitively inhibits the immunosuppressive effects of TGF-β1 and thereby activates immune responses. This study demonstrated the potential of TGF-βRII-Ig as a novel biologic for canine melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Takeuchi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takagi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sangho Kim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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47
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Niu B, Liu J, Lv B, Lin J, Li X, Wu C, Jiang X, Zeng Z, Zhang XK, Zhou H. Interplay between transforming growth factor-β and Nur77 in dual regulations of inhibitor of differentiation 1 for colonic tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2809. [PMID: 33990575 PMCID: PMC8121807 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paradoxical roles of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling and nuclear receptor Nur77 in colon cancer development are known but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Inhibitor of differentiation 1 (ID1) is a target gene of TGFβ and a key promoter for colon cancer progression. Here, we show that Nur77 enhances TGFβ/Smad3-induced ID1 mRNA expression through hindering Smurf2-mediated Smad3 mono-ubiquitylation, resulting in ID1 upregulation. In the absence of TGFβ, however, Nur77 destabilizes ID1 protein by promoting Smurf2-mediated ID1 poly-ubiquitylation, resulting in ID1 downregulation. Interestingly, TGFβ stabilizes ID1 protein by switching Nur77 interaction partners to inhibit ID1 ubiquitylation. This also endows TGFβ with an active pro-tumorigenic action in Smad4-deficient colon cancers. Thus, TGFβ converts Nur77's role from destabilizing ID1 protein and cancer inhibition to inducing ID1 mRNA expression and cancer promotion, which is highly relevant to colon cancer stemness, metastasis and oxaliplatin resistance. Our data therefore define the integrated duality of Nur77 and TGFβ signaling in regulating ID1 expression and provide mechanistic insights into the paradoxical roles of TGFβ and Nur77 in colon cancer progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinogenesis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colonic Neoplasms/etiology
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HCT116 Cells
- HT29 Cells
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1/genetics
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Models, Biological
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Protein Stability
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Smad3 Protein/metabolism
- Smad4 Protein/deficiency
- Smad4 Protein/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
- Ubiquitination
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Affiliation(s)
- Boning Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ben Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiacheng Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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The Multifaceted Roles of USP15 in Signal Transduction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094728. [PMID: 33946990 PMCID: PMC8125482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are protein post-translational modification processes that have been recognized as crucial mediators of many complex cellular networks, including maintaining ubiquitin homeostasis, controlling protein stability, and regulating several signaling pathways. Therefore, some of the enzymes involved in ubiquitination and deubiquitination, particularly E3 ligases and deubiquitinases, have attracted attention for drug discovery. Here, we review recent findings on USP15, one of the deubiquitinases, which regulates diverse signaling pathways by deubiquitinating vital target proteins. Even though several basic previous studies have uncovered the versatile roles of USP15 in different signaling networks, those have not yet been systematically and specifically reviewed, which can provide important information about possible disease markers and clinical applications. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of USP15 on different signaling pathways for which dynamic reverse ubiquitination is a key regulator.
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49
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Integration of Nodal and BMP Signaling by Mutual Signaling Effector Antagonism. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107487. [PMID: 32268105 PMCID: PMC7166084 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Opposing sources of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Nodal signaling molecules are sufficient to induce the formation of a full axis in zebrafish embryos. To address how these signals orchestrate patterning, we transplant sources of fluorescently tagged Nodal and BMP into zebrafish embryos, robustly inducing the formation of secondary axes. Nodal and BMP signal non-cell-autonomously and form similar protein gradients in this context, but the signaling range of Nodal (pSmad2) is shorter than the BMP range (pSmad5). This yields a localized region of pSmad2 activity around the Nodal source, overlapping with a broad domain of pSmad5 activity across the embryo. Cell fates induced in various regions stereotypically correlate with pSmad2-to-pSmad5 ratios and can even be induced BMP- and Nodal-independently with different ratios of constitutively active Smad2 and Smad5. Strikingly, we find that Smad2 and Smad5 antagonize each other for specific cell fates, providing a mechanism for how cells integrate and discriminate between overlapping signals during development. Nodal induces pSmad at a shorter range than BMP due to slower activation kinetics Different ratios of active Smad2 and Smad5 can induce different embryonic structures Smad2 and Smad5 inhibit each other or act synergistically to induce specific cell fates
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50
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D Prabhu Y, Bhati M, Vellingiri B, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. The effect of γ-linolenic acid on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome associated Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis via TGF-β pathway. Life Sci 2021; 276:119456. [PMID: 33811895 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, female infertility from Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) has gained scientific interest. PCOS alters the metabolic and endocrine functioning in females. The elevation in androgens can damage the androgen receptors present on the kidney giving rise to renal disorders like Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) in the ovary is activated by activin for Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) secretion and in the kidney by thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) for cell growth and apoptosis. Studies show that gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) effectively treats breast cancer, eczema, inflammatory conditions and PCOS. AIM The study aimed to find out the possibility of FSGS development in PCOS and to understand the effect of GLA on FSGS via the TGF-β pathway. METHOD To carry out the study, the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) induced PCOS model was used. Three groups namely vehicle control, DHEA, and DHEA+GLA, were used with six animals in each. TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TSP1 genes were studied using real-time PCR. RESULTS The study showed an increase in the level of renal fibrosis biomarker, TSP1, in the DHEA group, which was further decreased by an anti-inflammatory agent, GLA. The TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 genes associated with the TGF-β pathway were seen to be increased in DHEA-induced PCOS rats which showed a possible relation between the two conditions. CONCLUSION The study shows a possible development of renal fibrosis in the DHEA-induced PCOS model. The GLA might act as a ligand to regulate TGF-β signaling in glomerulosclerosis in a DHEA-induced PCOS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogamaya D Prabhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Monica Bhati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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