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Rodríguez-Martín M, Báez-Flores J, Ribes V, Isidoro-García M, Lacal J, Prieto-Matos P. Non-Mammalian Models for Understanding Neurological Defects in RASopathies. Biomedicines 2024; 12:841. [PMID: 38672195 PMCID: PMC11048513 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
RASopathies, a group of neurodevelopmental congenital disorders stemming from mutations in the RAS/MAPK pathway, present a unique opportunity to delve into the intricacies of complex neurological disorders. Afflicting approximately one in a thousand newborns, RASopathies manifest as abnormalities across multiple organ systems, with a pronounced impact on the central and peripheral nervous system. In the pursuit of understanding RASopathies' neurobiology and establishing phenotype-genotype relationships, in vivo non-mammalian models have emerged as indispensable tools. Species such as Danio rerio, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus species and Gallus gallus embryos have proven to be invaluable in shedding light on the intricate pathways implicated in RASopathies. Despite some inherent weaknesses, these genetic models offer distinct advantages over traditional rodent models, providing a holistic perspective on complex genetics, multi-organ involvement, and the interplay among various pathway components, offering insights into the pathophysiological aspects of mutations-driven symptoms. This review underscores the value of investigating the genetic basis of RASopathies for unraveling the underlying mechanisms contributing to broader neurological complexities. It also emphasizes the pivotal role of non-mammalian models in serving as a crucial preliminary step for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rodríguez-Martín
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.R.-M.); (J.B.-F.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.I.-G.); (P.P.-M.)
| | - Juan Báez-Flores
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.R.-M.); (J.B.-F.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.I.-G.); (P.P.-M.)
| | - Vanessa Ribes
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.I.-G.); (P.P.-M.)
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Clinical Rare Diseases Reference Unit DiERCyL, 37007 Castilla y León, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus Lacal
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.R.-M.); (J.B.-F.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.I.-G.); (P.P.-M.)
| | - Pablo Prieto-Matos
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.I.-G.); (P.P.-M.)
- Clinical Rare Diseases Reference Unit DiERCyL, 37007 Castilla y León, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostics Science, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Fu Y, Li G, Fu X, Xing S, Zhao ZJ. RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Altered Expression of Cell Adhesion-Related Genes Following PZR Knockout in Lung Cancer Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:2122-2136. [PMID: 37470934 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein zero related (PZR) serves as a substrate and anchor protein for SHP-2, the product of the proto-oncogene PTPN11 that is frequently mutated in cancers. The expression level of PZR is elevated in various cancers, which is correlated with an unfavorable prognosis. The role of PZR in lung cancer is not fully studied. To investigate how PZR affects signaling pathways involved in LUAD development, we utilized the CRISPR technology to knock out PZR expression in SPC-A1 lung adenocarcinoma cells and then conducted RNA sequencing to profile the transcriptome. Our results showed that 226 genes exhibited differential expressions in PZR-knockout SPC-A1 cells vs wild-type cells. Many of the genes encode proteins involved in cell adhesion, migration, actin cytoskeleton organization, and regulation of cell shape. Furthermore, our experimental data showed that PZR-knockout SPC-A1 cells displayed faster attachment to tissue culture dishes and slower detachment from the dishes upon EDTA treatment. The data suggest an important role of PZR in cell-matrix interaction and may provide new insights into the signaling events that regulate cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, the Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueqi Fu
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shu Xing
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Zhizhuang Joe Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Pugliese A, Della Marina A, de Paula Estephan E, Zanoteli E, Roos A, Schara-Schmidt U, Hentschel A, Azuma Y, Töpf A, Thompson R, Polavarapu K, Lochmüller H. Mutations in PTPN11 could lead to a congenital myasthenic syndrome phenotype: a Noonan syndrome case series. J Neurol 2024; 271:1331-1341. [PMID: 37923938 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12070-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The RASopathies are a group of genetic rare diseases caused by mutations affecting genes involved in the RAS/MAPK (RAS-mitogen activated protein kinase) pathway. Among them, PTPN11 pathogenic variants are responsible for approximately 50% of Noonan syndrome (NS) cases and, albeit to a lesser extent, of Leopard syndrome (LPRD1), which present a few overlapping clinical features, such as facial dysmorphism, developmental delay, cardiac defects, and skeletal deformities. Motor impairment and decreased muscle strength have been recently reported. The etiology of the muscle involvement in these disorders is still not clear but probably multifactorial, considering the role of the RAS/MAPK pathway in skeletal muscle development and Acetylcholine Receptors (AChR) clustering at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We report, herein, four unrelated children carrying three different heterozygous mutations in the PTPN11 gene. Intriguingly, their phenotypic features first led to a clinical suspicion of congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS), due to exercise-induced fatigability with a variable degree of muscle weakness, and serum proteomic profiling compatible with a NMJ defect. Moreover, muscle fatigue improved after treatment with CMS-specific medication. Although the link between PTPN11 gene and neuromuscular transmission is unconfirmed, an increasing number of patients with RASopathies are affected by muscle weakness and fatigability. Hence, NS or LPDR1 should be considered in children with suspected CMS but negative genetic workup for known CMS genes or additional symptoms indicative of NS, such as facial dysmorphism or intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pugliese
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Adela Della Marina
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Eduardo de Paula Estephan
- Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Psychiatry, and Medical Psychology, Sao Jose do Rio Preto State Medical School, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edmar Zanoteli
- Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreas Roos
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44789, Bochum, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schara-Schmidt
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hentschel
- Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yoshiteru Azuma
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ana Töpf
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rachel Thompson
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Kiran Polavarapu
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada.
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Wang J, Calizo A, Zhang L, Pino JC, Lyu Y, Pollard K, Zhang X, Larsson AT, Conniff E, Llosa NJ, Wood DK, Largaespada DA, Moody SE, Gosline SJ, Hirbe AC, Pratilas CA. CDK4/6 inhibition enhances SHP2 inhibitor efficacy and is dependent upon RB function in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg8876. [PMID: 38000020 PMCID: PMC10672174 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are highly aggressive soft tissue sarcomas with limited treatment options, and new effective therapeutic strategies are desperately needed. We observe antiproliferative potency of genetic depletion of PTPN11 or pharmacological inhibition using the SHP2 inhibitor (SHP2i) TNO155. Our studies into the signaling response to SHP2i reveal that resistance to TNO155 is partially mediated by reduced RB function, and we therefore test the addition of a CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) to enhance RB activity and improve TNO155 efficacy. In combination, TNO155 attenuates the adaptive response to CDK4/6i, potentiates its antiproliferative effects, and converges on enhancement of RB activity, with greater suppression of cell cycle and inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins, leading to deeper and more durable antitumor activity in in vitro and in vivo patient-derived models of MPNST, relative to either single agent. Overall, our study provides timely evidence to support the clinical advancement of this combination strategy in patients with MPNST and other tumors driven by loss of NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawan Wang
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC) at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ana Calizo
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC) at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindy Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC) at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James C. Pino
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yang Lyu
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kai Pollard
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC) at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alex T. Larsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric Conniff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nicolas J. Llosa
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC) at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David K. Wood
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David A. Largaespada
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Susan E. Moody
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sara J. Gosline
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Angela C. Hirbe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christine A. Pratilas
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC) at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Hilal N, Chen Z, Chen MH, Choudhury S. RASopathies and cardiac manifestations. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1176828. [PMID: 37529712 PMCID: PMC10387527 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1176828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As binary switches, RAS proteins switch to an ON/OFF state during signaling and are on a leash under normal conditions. However, in RAS-related diseases such as cancer and RASopathies, mutations in the genes that regulate RAS signaling or the RAS itself permanently activate the RAS protein. The structural basis of this switch is well understood; however, the exact mechanisms by which RAS proteins are regulated are less clear. RAS/MAPK syndromes are multisystem developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in genes associated with the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, impacting 1 in 1,000-2,500 children. These include a variety of disorders such as Noonan syndrome (NS) and NS-related disorders (NSRD), such as cardio facio cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, Costello syndrome (CS), and NS with multiple lentigines (NSML, also known as LEOPARD syndrome). A frequent manifestation of cardiomyopathy (CM) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with RASopathies suggest that RASopathies could be a potential causative factor for CM. However, the current supporting evidence is sporadic and unclear. RASopathy-patients also display a broad spectrum of congenital heart disease (CHD). More than 15 genes encode components of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway that are essential for the cell cycle and play regulatory roles in proliferation, differentiation, growth, and metabolism. These genes are linked to the molecular genetic pathogenesis of these syndromes. However, genetic heterogeneity for a given syndrome on the one hand and alleles for multiple syndromes on the other make classification difficult in diagnosing RAS/MAPK-related diseases. Although there is some genetic homogeneity in most RASopathies, several RASopathies are allelic diseases. This allelism points to the role of critical signaling nodes and sheds light on the overlap between these related syndromes. Even though considerable progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of RASopathy with the identification of causal mutations and the functional analysis of their pathophysiological consequences, there are still unidentified causal genes for many patients diagnosed with RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Hilal
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Zi Chen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Brigham, and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ming Hui Chen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sangita Choudhury
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Welsh CL, Allen S, Madan LK. Setting sail: Maneuvering SHP2 activity and its effects in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 160:17-60. [PMID: 37704288 PMCID: PMC10500121 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of tyrosine phosphorylation being a critical modulator of cancer signaling, proteins regulating phosphotyrosine levels in cells have fast become targets of therapeutic intervention. The nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) coded by the PTPN11 gene "SHP2" integrates phosphotyrosine signaling from growth factor receptors into the RAS/RAF/ERK pathway and is centrally positioned in processes regulating cell development and oncogenic transformation. Dysregulation of SHP2 expression or activity is linked to tumorigenesis and developmental defects. Even as a compelling anti-cancer target, SHP2 was considered "undruggable" for a long time owing to its conserved catalytic PTP domain that evaded drug development. Recently, SHP2 has risen from the "undruggable curse" with the discovery of small molecules that manipulate its intrinsic allostery for effective inhibition. SHP2's unique domain arrangement and conformation(s) allow for a truly novel paradigm of inhibitor development relying on skillful targeting of noncatalytic sites on proteins. In this review we summarize the biological functions, signaling properties, structural attributes, allostery and inhibitors of SHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin L Welsh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Sarah Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Lalima K Madan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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Gu SH, Chen CH, Chang CH, Lin PL. Expression of tyrosine phosphatases in relation to PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 331:114165. [PMID: 36368438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a reversible, dynamic process regulated by the activities of tyrosine kinases and tyrosine phosphatases. Although the involvement of tyrosine kinases in the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in insect prothoracic glands (PGs) has been documented, few studies have been conducted on the involvement of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the correlation between PTPs and PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in Bombyx mori PGs. Our results showed that the basal PTP enzymatic activities exhibited development-specific changes during the last larval instar and pupation stage, with high activities being detected during the later stages of the last larval instar. PTP enzymatic activity was stimulated by PTTH treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Pretreatment with phenylarsine oxide (PAO) and benzylphosphonic acid (BPA), two chemical inhibitors of tyrosine phosphatase, reduced PTTH-stimulated enzymatic activity. Determination of ecdysteroid secretion showed that treatment with PAO and BPA did not affect basal ecdysteroid secretion, but greatly inhibited PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroid secretion, indicating that PTTH-stimulated PTP activity is indeed involved in ecdysteroid secretion. PTTH-stimulated phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and 4E-binding protein (4E-BP) was partially inhibited by pretreatment with either PAO or BPA, indicating the potential link between PTPs and phosphorylation of ERK and 4E-BP. In addition, we also found that in vitro treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone did not affect PTP enzymatic activity. We further investigated the expressions of two important PTPs (PTP 1B (PTP1B) and the phosphatase and tension homologue (PTEN)) in Bombyx PGs. Our immunoblotting analysis showed that B. mori PGs contained the proteins of PTP1B and PTEN, with PTP1B protein undergoing development-specific changes. Protein levels of PTP1B and PTEN were not affected by PTTH treatment. The gene expression levels of PTP1B and PTEN showed development-specific changes. From these results, we suggest that PTTH-regulated PTP signaling may crosstalk with ERK and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathways and is a necessary component for stimulation of ecdysteroid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hong Gu
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, 89 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Jen-Te Township, Tainan County 717, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Hao Chang
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Ling Lin
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
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Asmamaw MD, Shi XJ, Zhang LR, Liu HM. A comprehensive review of SHP2 and its role in cancer. Cell Oncol 2022; 45:729-753. [PMID: 36066752 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase ubiquitously expressed mainly in the cytoplasm of several tissues. SHP2 modulates diverse cell signaling events that control metabolism, cell growth, differentiation, cell migration, transcription and oncogenic transformation. It interacts with diverse molecules in the cell, and regulates key signaling events including RAS/ERK, PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT and PD-1 pathways downstream of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) upon stimulation by growth factors and cytokines. SHP2 acts as both a phosphatase and a scaffold, and plays prominently oncogenic functions but can be tumor suppressor in a context-dependent manner. It typically acts as a positive regulator of RTKs signaling with some inhibitory functions reported as well. SHP2 expression and activity is regulated by such factors as allosteric autoinhibition, microRNAs, ubiquitination and SUMOylation. Dysregulation of SHP2 expression or activity causes many developmental diseases, and hematological and solid tumors. Moreover, upregulated SHP2 expression or activity also decreases sensitivity of cancer cells to anticancer drugs. SHP2 is now considered as a compelling anticancer drug target and several classes of SHP2 inhibitors with different mode of action are developed with some already in clinical trial phases. Moreover, novel SHP2 substrates and functions are rapidly growing both in cell and cancer. In view of this, we comprehensively and thoroughly reviewed literatures about SHP2 regulatory mechanisms, substrates and binding partners, biological functions, roles in human cancers, and different classes of small molecule inhibitors target this oncoprotein in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moges Dessale Asmamaw
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jing Shi
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Uçkun E, Wolfstetter G, Anthonydhason V, Sukumar SK, Umapathy G, Molander L, Fuchs J, Palmer RH. In vivo Profiling of the Alk Proximitome in the Developing Drosophila Brain. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167282. [PMID: 34624297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Alk) is an evolutionary conserved receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the insulin receptor superfamily. In addition to its well-studied role in cancer, numerous studies have revealed that Alk signaling is associated with a variety of complex traits such as: regulation of growth and metabolism, hibernation, regulation of neurotransmitters, synaptic coupling, axon targeting, decision making, memory formation and learning, alcohol use disorder, as well as steroid hormone metabolism. In this study, we used BioID-based in vivo proximity labeling to identify molecules that interact with Alk in the Drosophila central nervous system (CNS). To do this, we used CRISPR/Cas9 induced homology-directed repair (HDR) to modify the endogenous Alk locus to produce first and next generation Alk::BioID chimeras. This approach allowed identification of Alk proximitomes under physiological conditions and without overexpression. Our results show that the next generation of BioID proteins (TurboID and miniTurbo) outperform the first generation BirA* fusion in terms of labeling speed and efficiency. LC-MS3-based BioID screening of AlkTurboID and AlkminiTurbo larval brains revealed an extensive neuronal Alk proximitome identifying numerous potential components of Alk signaling complexes. Validation of Alk proximitome candidates further revealed co-expression of Stardust (Sdt), Discs large 1 (Dlg1), Syntaxin (Syx) and Rugose (Rg) with Alk in the CNS and identified the protein-tyrosine-phosphatase Corkscrew (Csw) as a modulator of Alk signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Uçkun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Instititute of Biomedicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. https://twitter.com/@uckunezgii
| | - Georg Wolfstetter
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Instititute of Biomedicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vimala Anthonydhason
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Instititute of Biomedicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sanjay Kumar Sukumar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Instititute of Biomedicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. https://twitter.com/@sanjayssukumar
| | - Ganesh Umapathy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Instititute of Biomedicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linnea Molander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Instititute of Biomedicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johannes Fuchs
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ruth H Palmer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Instititute of Biomedicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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10
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Vemulapalli V, Chylek LA, Erickson A, Pfeiffer A, Gabriel KH, LaRochelle J, Subramanian K, Cao R, Stegmaier K, Mohseni M, LaMarche MJ, Acker MG, Sorger PK, Gygi SP, Blacklow SC. Time-resolved phosphoproteomics reveals scaffolding and catalysis-responsive patterns of SHP2-dependent signaling. eLife 2021; 10:64251. [PMID: 33755016 PMCID: PMC8024022 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SHP2 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that normally potentiates intracellular signaling by growth factors, antigen receptors, and some cytokines, yet is frequently mutated in human cancer. Here, we examine the role of SHP2 in the responses of breast cancer cells to EGF by monitoring phosphoproteome dynamics when SHP2 is allosterically inhibited by SHP099. The dynamics of phosphotyrosine abundance at more than 400 tyrosine residues reveal six distinct response signatures following SHP099 treatment and washout. Remarkably, in addition to newly identified substrate sites on proteins such as occludin, ARHGAP35, and PLCγ2, another class of sites shows reduced phosphotyrosine abundance upon SHP2 inhibition. Sites of decreased phospho-abundance are enriched on proteins with two nearby phosphotyrosine residues, which can be directly protected from dephosphorylation by the paired SH2 domains of SHP2 itself. These findings highlight the distinct roles of the scaffolding and catalytic activities of SHP2 in effecting a transmembrane signaling response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyasiri Vemulapalli
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Lily A Chylek
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Alison Erickson
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Anamarija Pfeiffer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Khal-Hentz Gabriel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jonathan LaRochelle
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Kartik Subramanian
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ruili Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, United States
| | - Kimberley Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Morvarid Mohseni
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Michael G Acker
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Peter K Sorger
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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11
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Ju Y, Park JS, Kim D, Kim B, Lee JH, Nam Y, Yoo HW, Lee BH, Han YM. SHP2 mutations induce precocious gliogenesis of Noonan syndrome-derived iPSCs during neural development in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:209. [PMID: 32493428 PMCID: PMC7268229 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Noonan syndrome (NS) is a developmental disorder caused by mutations of Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2). Although NS patients have diverse neurological manifestations, the mechanisms underlying the involvement of SHP2 mutations in neurological dysfunction remain elusive. Methods Induced pluripotent stem cells generated from dermal fibroblasts of three NS-patients (NS-iPSCs) differentiated to the neural cells by using two different culture systems, 2D- and 3D-cultured systems in vitro. Results Here we represent that SHP2 mutations cause aberrant neural development. The NS-iPSCs exhibited impaired development of EBs in which BMP and TGF-β signalings were activated. Defective early neuroectodermal development of NS-iPSCs recovered by inhibition of both signalings and further differentiated into NPCs. Intriguingly, neural cells developed from NS-NPCs exhibited abundancy of the glial cells, neurites of neuronal cells, and low electrophysiological property. Those aberrant phenotypes were also detected in NS-cerebral organoids. SHP2 inhibition in the NS-NPCs and NS-cerebral organoids ameliorated those anomalies such as biased glial differentiation and low neural activity. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that SHP2 mutations contribute to precocious gliogenesis in NS-iPSCs during neural development in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghee Ju
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daejeong Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumsoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonkey Nam
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Mahn Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Schönfeld M, Selig M, Russo A, Lindner C, Kampmann C, Mildenberger E, Whybra C. Rapid detection by hydrops panel of Noonan syndrome with PTPN11 mutation (p.Thr73Ile) and persistent thrombocytopenia. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1174. [PMID: 32144894 PMCID: PMC7216795 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) is still a challenging diagnosis. The differential diagnosis is extensive and the success of identifying a cause depends on the thoroughness of efforts to establish a diagnosis. For the early diagnosis of NIHF, a virtual gene panel diagnostic tool was developed. The female premature baby in question was delivered via emergency cesarean at 30 + 1 weeks of gestational age (GA) due to rapidly developing NIHF to a healthy mother. The family history was noncontributory. METHODS DNA of the family was extracted and sequenced by the virtual hydrops panel with whole-exome sequencing. RESULTS The hydrops panel revealed Noonan syndrome (NS) with a germline mutation in PTPN11 c.218C>T (p.Thr73Ile). CONCLUSION The diagnosis of our patient was rapidly confirmed by the hydrops panel. The variant of c.218C>T (p.Thr73Ile) has not yet been described in literature relating to NIHF. Only a few case reports of this variant are known. This particular mutation is associated with Noonan syndrome, congenital heart defect and persistent thrombocytopenia. Few reveal juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascha Schönfeld
- Neonatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mareike Selig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexandra Russo
- Hematology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christine Lindner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kampmann
- Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Mildenberger
- Neonatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Catharina Whybra
- Neonatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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13
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Yang F, Xu M, Wang S, Song L, Yu D, Li Y, Cao R, Xiong Z, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Zhao B, Wang S. Gain-Of-Function E76K-Mutant SHP2 Promotes Cell Proliferation, Metastasis, And Tumor Growth In Glioblastoma Through Activation Of The ERK/CREB Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:9435-9447. [PMID: 31807022 PMCID: PMC6844267 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s222881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gain-of-function (GOF) E76K-mutant Src homology-2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) on the biological behaviors of glioblastoma (GBM) cells, and explore the molecular mechanisms of GBM progression. Methods Firstly, a negative control vector and vectors overexpressing SHP2 and E76K-mutant SHP2 were transduced into GBM cells (U87 and A172) using a lentivirus. The effect of GOF-mutant SHP2 on proliferation was measured using the MTT assay, flow cytometry, colony formation assay, and soft agar assay. Moreover, the migration and invasion of GBM cells were determined through the transwell assay. Related proteins of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/cAMP response element binding protein (ERK/CREB) pathway were detected by Western blotting analysis. A xenograft model was established to confirm the tumor-promoting effect of GOF-mutant SHP2 in vivo. Finally, ERK was inhibited using a mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase inhibitor (U0126) to further explore the molecular mechanism of GOF-mutant SHP2 affecting GBM cells. Results After transduction, the expression of SHP2 in the SHP2-mutant and SHP2-overexpression groups was higher than that observed in the control and normal groups. Our data indicated that GOF-mutant SHP2 enhanced the abilities of GBM cells for proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, and promoted tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, the ERK/CREB pathway was activated, and the levels of relevant proteins were increased in the SHP2-mutant group. Furthermore, following inhibition of ERK in the GOF-SHP2 mutant group, the activation of CREB was also depressed, and the malignant biological behaviors were weakened accordingly. Conclusion The GOF-mutant SHP2 promoted GBM cell proliferation, metastasis, and tumor growth through the ERK/CREB pathway, providing a promising target for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Xiong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Siying Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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14
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Hale AJ, den Hertog J. Shp2-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Drives Proliferation during Zebrafish Embryo Caudal Fin Fold Regeneration. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:e00515-17. [PMID: 29203641 PMCID: PMC5789028 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00515-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of the zebrafish caudal fin following amputation occurs through wound healing, followed by formation of a blastema, which produces cells to replace the lost tissue in the final phase of regenerative outgrowth. We show that ptpn11a-/- ptpn11b-/- zebrafish embryos, lacking functional Shp2, fail to regenerate their caudal fin folds. Rescue experiments indicated that Shp2a has a functional signaling role, requiring its catalytic activity and SH2 domains but not the two C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Surprisingly, expression of Shp2a variants with increased and reduced catalytic activity, respectively, rescued caudal fin fold regeneration to similar extents. Expression of mmp9 and junbb, indicative of formation of the wound epidermis and distal blastema, respectively, suggested that these processes occurred in ptpn11a-/- ptpn11b-/- zebrafish embryos. However, cell proliferation and MAPK phosphorylation were reduced. Pharmacological inhibition of MEK1 in wild-type zebrafish embryos phenocopied loss of Shp2. Our results suggest an essential role for Shp2a-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in promoting cell proliferation during zebrafish embryo caudal fin fold regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander James Hale
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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15
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Aberrant neuronal activity-induced signaling and gene expression in a mouse model of RASopathy. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006684. [PMID: 28346493 PMCID: PMC5386306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is characterized by reduced growth, craniofacial abnormalities, congenital heart defects, and variable cognitive deficits. NS belongs to the RASopathies, genetic conditions linked to mutations in components and regulators of the Ras signaling pathway. Approximately 50% of NS cases are caused by mutations in PTPN11. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive impairments in NS patients are still poorly understood. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a new conditional mouse strain that expresses the overactive Ptpn11D61Y allele only in the forebrain. Unlike mice with a global expression of this mutation, this strain is viable and without severe systemic phenotype, but shows lower exploratory activity and reduced memory specificity, which is in line with a causal role of disturbed neuronal Ptpn11 signaling in the development of NS-linked cognitive deficits. To explore the underlying mechanisms we investigated the neuronal activity-regulated Ras signaling in brains and neuronal cultures derived from this model. We observed an altered surface expression and trafficking of synaptic glutamate receptors, which are crucial for hippocampal neuronal plasticity. Furthermore, we show that the neuronal activity-induced ERK signaling, as well as the consecutive regulation of gene expression are strongly perturbed. Microarray-based hippocampal gene expression profiling revealed profound differences in the basal state and upon stimulation of neuronal activity. The neuronal activity-dependent gene regulation was strongly attenuated in Ptpn11D61Y neurons. In silico analysis of functional networks revealed changes in the cellular signaling beyond the dysregulation of Ras/MAPK signaling that is nearly exclusively discussed in the context of NS at present. Importantly, changes in PI3K/AKT/mTOR and JAK/STAT signaling were experimentally confirmed. In summary, this study uncovers aberrant neuronal activity-induced signaling and regulation of gene expression in Ptpn11D61Y mice and suggests that these deficits contribute to the pathophysiology of cognitive impairments in NS.
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16
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Labeling membrane domains in dividing echinoderm eggs. Methods Cell Biol 2017. [PMID: 28065299 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Sea urchins have long been used as a model organism to address questions in cell biology and development. Work utilizing this model has elucidated processes of fertilization, the description of centrosomes, the separation of chromosomes during mitosis, and numerous other landmark discoveries. They have been a favorite among researchers for a variety of reasons: Eggs are large and malleable, making them relatively easy to work with; the embryos have synchronized, rapid divisions; they are easy to microinject and manipulate; and their genome sequence is available. In this Chapter, we focus on methods used to study the membrane dynamics during cytokinesis using sea urchin embryos. The focus of this chapter is to provide methods for live-cell imaging of membrane domains in sea urchin embryos.
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17
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El Bouchikhi I, Belhassan K, Moufid FZ, Iraqui Houssaini M, Bouguenouch L, Samri I, Atmani S, Ouldim K. Noonan syndrome-causing genes: Molecular update and an assessment of the mutation rate. Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med 2016; 3:133-142. [PMID: 30805484 PMCID: PMC6372459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpam.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is a common autosomal dominant disorder characterized by short stature, congenital heart disease and facial dysmorphia with an incidence of 1/1000 to 2500 live births. Up to now, several genes have been proven to be involved in the disturbance of the transduction signal through the RAS-MAP Kinase pathway and the manifestation of Noonan syndrome. The first gene described was PTPN11, followed by SOS1, RAF1, KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, MAP2K1, and RIT1, and recently SOS2, LZTR1, and A2ML1, among others. Progressively, the physiopathology and molecular etiology of most signs of Noonan syndrome have been demonstrated, and inheritance patterns as well as genetic counseling have been established. In this review, we summarize the data concerning clinical features frequently observed in Noonan syndrome, and then, we describe the molecular etiology as well as the physiopathology of most Noonan syndrome-causing genes. In the second part of this review, we assess the mutational rate of Noonan syndrome-causing genes reported up to now in most screening studies. This review should give clinicians as well as geneticists a full view of the molecular aspects of Noonan syndrome and the authentic prevalence of the mutational events of its causing-genes. It will also facilitate laying the groundwork for future molecular diagnosis research, and the development of novel treatment strategies.
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Key Words
- CDC25, cell division cycle 25
- CHD, congenital heart defects
- CR, conserved region
- CRD, cysteine-rich domain
- GAP, GTPase activating protein
- GDP, guanosine-DiPhosphate
- GEF, guanine exchange factor
- GH, growth hormone
- GTP, guanosine-TriPhosphate
- HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor I
- MAP kinase signaling pathways
- Molecular etiology
- Mutation rate
- Noonan syndrome
- PTPN11
- RAS family
- RBD, RAS binding domain
- REM, RAS exchange motif
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihssane El Bouchikhi
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, HASSAN II University Hospital, BP 1835, Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco.,Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Route d'Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Khadija Belhassan
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, HASSAN II University Hospital, BP 1835, Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Fatima Zohra Moufid
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, HASSAN II University Hospital, BP 1835, Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco.,Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Route d'Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Iraqui Houssaini
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Route d'Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Laila Bouguenouch
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, HASSAN II University Hospital, BP 1835, Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Imane Samri
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, HASSAN II University Hospital, BP 1835, Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Samir Atmani
- Medico-Surgical Unit of Cardio-pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, HASSAN II University Hospital, BP 1835, Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Karim Ouldim
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, HASSAN II University Hospital, BP 1835, Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco
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18
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Coulombe G, Rivard N. New and Unexpected Biological Functions for the Src-Homology 2 Domain-Containing Phosphatase SHP-2 in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 2:11-21. [PMID: 28174704 PMCID: PMC4980741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SHP-2 is a tyrosine phosphatase expressed in most embryonic and adult tissues. SHP-2 regulates many cellular functions including growth, differentiation, migration, and survival. Genetic and biochemical evidence show that SHP-2 is required for rat sarcoma viral oncogene/extracellular signal-regulated kinases mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation by most tyrosine kinase receptors, as well as by G-protein-coupled and cytokine receptors. In addition, SHP-2 can regulate the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription, nuclear factor-κB, phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase/Akt, RhoA, Hippo, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Emerging evidence has shown that SHP-2 dysfunction represents a key factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases, in particular in chronic inflammation and cancer. Variations within the gene locus encoding SHP-2 have been associated with increased susceptibility to develop ulcerative colitis and gastric atrophy. Furthermore, mice with conditional deletion of SHP-2 in intestinal epithelial cells rapidly develop severe colitis. Similarly, hepatocyte-specific deletion of SHP-2 induces hepatic inflammation, resulting in regenerative hyperplasia and development of tumors in aged mice. However, the SHP-2 gene initially was suggested to be a proto-oncogene because activating mutations of this gene were found in pediatric leukemias and certain forms of liver and colon cancers. Moreover, SHP-2 expression is up-regulated in gastric and hepatocellular cancers. Notably, SHP-2 functions downstream of cytotoxin-associated antigen A (CagA), the major virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori, and is associated with increased risks of gastric cancer. Further compounding this complexity, most recent findings suggest that SHP-2 also coordinates carbohydrate, lipid, and bile acid synthesis in the liver and pancreas. This review aims to summarize current knowledge and recent data regarding the biological functions of SHP-2 in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Key Words
- CagA, cytotoxin-associated gene A
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- GI, gastrointestinal
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cell
- JMML, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
- KO, knockout
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- PI3K, phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase
- PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- PTPN11
- RAS, rat sarcoma viral oncogene
- epithelium
- gastrointestinal cancer
- inflammation
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathalie Rivard
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Nathalie Rivard, PhD, 3201, Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1E4K8.3201Jean Mignault, SherbrookeQuebecCanada, J1E4K8
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19
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SHP2 sails from physiology to pathology. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:509-25. [PMID: 26341048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the two past decades, mutations of the PTPN11 gene, encoding the ubiquitous protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2), have been identified as the causal factor of several developmental diseases (Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NS-ML), and metachondromatosis), and malignancies (juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia). SHP2 plays essential physiological functions in organism development and homeostasis maintenance by regulating fundamental intracellular signaling pathways in response to a wide range of growth factors and hormones, notably the pleiotropic Ras/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and the Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase (PI3K)/AKT cascades. Analysis of the biochemical impacts of PTPN11 mutations first identified both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations, as well as more subtle defects, highlighting the major pathophysiological consequences of SHP2 dysregulation. Then, functional genetic studies provided insights into the molecular dysregulations that link SHP2 mutants to the development of specific traits of the diseases, paving the way for the design of specific therapies for affected patients. In this review, we first provide an overview of SHP2's structure and regulation, then describe its molecular roles, notably its functions in modulating the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, and its physiological roles in organism development and homeostasis. In the second part, we describe the different PTPN11 mutation-associated pathologies and their clinical manifestations, with particular focus on the biochemical and signaling outcomes of NS and NS-ML-associated mutations, and on the recent advances regarding the pathophysiology of these diseases.
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20
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Corallino S, Iwai LK, Payne LS, Huang PH, Sacco F, Cesareni G, Castagnoli L. Alterations in the phosphoproteomic profile of cells expressing a non-functional form of the SHP2 phosphatase. N Biotechnol 2015; 33:524-36. [PMID: 26316256 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatase SHP-2 plays an essential role in growth factor signaling and mutations in its locus is the cause of congenital and acquired pathologies. Mutations of SHP-2 are known to affect the activation of the RAS pathway. Gain-of-function mutations cause the Noonan syndrome, the most common non-chromosomal congenital disorder. In order to obtain a holistic picture of the intricate regulatory mechanisms underlying SHP-2 physiology and pathology, we set out to characterize perturbations of the cell phosphorylation profile caused by an altered localization of SHP-2. To describe the proteins whose activity may be directly or indirectly modulated by SHP-2 activity, we identified tyrosine peptides that are differentially phosphorylated in wild type SHP-2 cells and isogenic cells expressing a non-functional SHP-2 variant that cannot dephosphorylate the physiological substrates due to a defect in cellular localization upon growth factor stimulation. By an iTRAQ based strategy coupled to mass spectrometry, we have identified 63 phosphorylated tyrosine residues in 53 different proteins whose phosphorylation is affected by SHP-2 activity. Some of these confirm already established regulatory mechanisms while many others suggest new possible signaling routes that may contribute to the modulation of the ERK and p38 pathways by SHP-2. Interestingly many new proteins that we found to be regulated by SHP-2 activity are implicated in the formation and regulation of focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Corallino
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della ricerca scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leo K Iwai
- Protein Networks Team, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Leo S Payne
- Protein Networks Team, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Paul H Huang
- Protein Networks Team, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Sacco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della ricerca scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Cesareni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della ricerca scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luisa Castagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della ricerca scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Karachaliou N, Cao MG, Teixidó C, Viteri S, Morales-Espinosa D, Santarpia M, Rosell R. Understanding the function and dysfunction of the immune system in lung cancer: the role of immune checkpoints. Cancer Biol Med 2015; 12:79-86. [PMID: 26175923 PMCID: PMC4493378 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival rates for metastatic lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), are poor with 5-year survivals of less than 5%. The immune system has an intricate and complex relationship with tumorigenesis; a groundswell of research on the immune system is leading to greater understanding of how cancer progresses and presenting new ways to halt disease progress. Due to the extraordinary power of the immune system-with its capacity for memory, exquisite specificity and central and universal role in human biology-immunotherapy has the potential to achieve complete, long-lasting remissions and cures, with few side effects for any cancer patient, regardless of cancer type. As a result, a range of cancer therapies are under development that work by turning our own immune cells against tumors. However deeper understanding of the complexity of immunomodulation by tumors is key to the development of effective immunotherapies, especially in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Karachaliou
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 2 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 3 Medical Oncology Unit, Human Pathology Department, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti 08916, Spain
| | - Maria Gonzalez Cao
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 2 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 3 Medical Oncology Unit, Human Pathology Department, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti 08916, Spain
| | - Cristina Teixidó
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 2 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 3 Medical Oncology Unit, Human Pathology Department, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti 08916, Spain
| | - Santiago Viteri
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 2 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 3 Medical Oncology Unit, Human Pathology Department, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti 08916, Spain
| | - Daniela Morales-Espinosa
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 2 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 3 Medical Oncology Unit, Human Pathology Department, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti 08916, Spain
| | - Mariacarmela Santarpia
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 2 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 3 Medical Oncology Unit, Human Pathology Department, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti 08916, Spain
| | - Rafael Rosell
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 2 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 3 Medical Oncology Unit, Human Pathology Department, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona 08028, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti 08916, Spain
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Shp2 in forebrain neurons regulates synaptic plasticity, locomotion, and memory formation in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1557-72. [PMID: 25713104 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01339-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shp2 (Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2) regulates neural cell differentiation. It is also expressed in postmitotic neurons, however, and mutations of Shp2 are associated with clinical syndromes characterized by mental retardation. Here we show that conditional-knockout (cKO) mice lacking Shp2 specifically in postmitotic forebrain neurons manifest abnormal behavior, including hyperactivity. Novelty-induced expression of immediate-early genes and activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (Erk) were attenuated in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of Shp2 cKO mice, suggestive of reduced neuronal activity. In contrast, ablation of Shp2 enhanced high-K(+)-induced Erk activation in both cultured cortical neurons and synaptosomes, whereas it inhibited that induced by brain-derived growth factor in cultured neurons. Posttetanic potentiation and paired-pulse facilitation were attenuated and enhanced, respectively, in hippocampal slices from Shp2 cKO mice. The mutant mice also manifested transient impairment of memory formation in the Morris water maze. Our data suggest that Shp2 contributes to regulation of Erk activation and synaptic plasticity in postmitotic forebrain neurons and thereby controls locomotor activity and memory formation.
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23
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Zhao BF, Zhao ZJ. Molecular cloning and characterization of a tyrosine phosphatase from Monosiga brevicollis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:761-6. [PMID: 25445586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is thought to be a unique feature of multicellular animals. Interestingly, the genome of the unicellular protist Monosiga brevicollis reveals a surprisingly high number and diversity of protein tyrosine kinases, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), and phosphotyrosine-binding domains. Our study focuses on a hypothetical SH2 domain-containing PTP (SHP), which interestingly has a predicted structure that is distinct from SHPs found in animals. In this study, we isolated cDNA of the enzyme and discovered that its actual sequence was different from the predicted sequence as a result of non-consensus RNA splicing. Contrary to the predicted structure with one SH2 domain and a disrupted phosphatase domain, Monosiga brevicollis SHP (MbSHP) contains two SH2 domains and an intact PTP domain, closely resembling SHP enzymes found in animals. We further expressed the full-length and SH2 domain-truncated forms of the enzyme in Escherichiacoli cells and characterized their enzymatic activities. The double-SH2 domain-truncated form of the enzyme effectively dephosphorylated a common PTP substrate with a specific activity among the highest in characterized PTPs, while the full-length and the N-terminal SH2 domain-truncated forms of the enzyme showed much lower activity with altered pH dependency and responses to ionic strength and common PTP inhibitors. This indicates that SH2 domains suppress the catalytic activity. SHP represents a highly conserved ancient PTP, and studying MbSHP should provide a better understanding about the evolution of tyrosine phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Zhizhuang Joe Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Mathur D, Somashekar S, Navarrete C, Rodriguez MM. Twin infant with lymphatic dysplasia diagnosed with Noonan syndrome by molecular genetic testing. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2014; 33:253-7. [PMID: 24754368 PMCID: PMC4086230 DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2014.904026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Noonan Syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by short stature, congenital heart defects, developmental delay, dysmorphic facial features and occasional lymphatic dysplasias. The features of Noonan Syndrome change with age and have variable expression. The diagnosis has historically been based on clinical grounds. We describe a child that was born with congenital refractory chylothorax and subcutaneous edema suspected to be secondary to pulmonary lymphangiectasis. The infant died of respiratory failure and anasarca at 80 days. The autopsy confirmed lymphatic dysplasia in lungs and mesentery. The baby had no dysmorphic facial features and was diagnosed postmortem with Noonan syndrome by genomic DNA sequence analysis as he had a heterozygous mutation for G503R in the PTPN11 gene.
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25
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Bonetti M, Rodriguez-Martinez V, Paardekooper Overman J, Overvoorde J, van Eekelen M, Jopling C, den Hertog J. Distinct and overlapping functions of ptpn11 genes in Zebrafish development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94884. [PMID: 24736444 PMCID: PMC3988099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The PTPN11 (protein-tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11) gene encodes SHP2, a cytoplasmic PTP that is essential for vertebrate development. Mutations in PTPN11 are associated with Noonan and LEOPARD syndrome. Human patients with these autosomal dominant disorders display various symptoms, including short stature, craniofacial defects and heart abnormalities. We have used the zebrafish as a model to investigate the role of Shp2 in embryonic development. The zebrafish genome encodes two ptpn11 genes, ptpn11a and ptpn11b. Here, we report that ptpn11a is expressed constitutively and ptpn11b expression is strongly upregulated during development. In addition, the products of both ptpn11 genes, Shp2a and Shp2b, are functional. Target-selected inactivation of ptpn11a and ptpn11b revealed that double homozygous mutants are embryonic lethal at 5-6 days post fertilization (dpf). Ptpn11a-/-ptpn11b-/- embryos showed pleiotropic defects from 4 dpf onwards, including reduced body axis extension and craniofacial defects, which was accompanied by low levels of phosphorylated Erk at 5 dpf. Interestingly, defects in homozygous ptpn11a-/- mutants overlapped with defects in the double mutants albeit they were milder, whereas ptpn11b-/- single mutants did not show detectable developmental defects and were viable and fertile. Ptpn11a-/-ptpn11b-/- mutants were rescued by expression of exogenous ptpn11a and ptpn11b alike, indicating functional redundance of Shp2a and Shp2b. The ptpn11 mutants provide a good basis for further unravelling of the function of Shp2 in vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bonetti
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Virginia Rodriguez-Martinez
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Paardekooper Overman
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John Overvoorde
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark van Eekelen
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Jopling
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Bonetti M, Paardekooper Overman J, Tessadori F, Noël E, Bakkers J, den Hertog J. Noonan and LEOPARD syndrome Shp2 variants induce heart displacement defects in zebrafish. Development 2014; 141:1961-70. [PMID: 24718990 DOI: 10.1242/dev.106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in PTPN11, encoding Shp2, cause Noonan syndrome (NS) and LEOPARD syndrome (LS), two developmental disorders that are characterized by multiple overlapping symptoms. Interestingly, Shp2 catalytic activity is enhanced by NS mutations and reduced by LS mutations. Defective cardiac development is a prominent symptom of both NS and LS, but how the Shp2 variants affect cardiac development is unclear. Here, we have expressed the most common NS and LS Shp2-variants in zebrafish embryos to investigate their role in cardiac development in vivo. Heart function was impaired in embryos expressing NS and LS variants of Shp2. The cardiac anomalies first occurred during elongation of the heart tube and consisted of reduced cardiomyocyte migration, coupled with impaired leftward heart displacement. Expression of specific laterality markers was randomized in embryos expressing NS and LS variants of Shp2. Ciliogenesis and cilia function in Kupffer's vesicle was impaired, likely accounting for the left/right asymmetry defects. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was activated to a similar extent in embryos expressing NS and LS Shp2 variants. Interestingly, inhibition of MAPK signaling prior to gastrulation rescued cilia length and heart laterality defects. These results suggest that NS and LS Shp2 variant-mediated hyperactivation of MAPK signaling leads to impaired cilia function in Kupffer's vesicle, causing left-right asymmetry defects and defective early cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bonetti
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
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Rodríguez FA, Unanue N, Hernández MI, Heath KE, Cassorla F. Molecular characterization of Chilean patients with a clinical diagnosis of Noonan syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2014; 27:305-9. [PMID: 24150203 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2013-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by typical dysmorphic features, cardiac anomalies as well as postnatal growth retardation, and is associated with Ras-MAPK pathway gene mutations. The purpose of this study was to improve the diagnosis of Chilean patients with suspected NS through molecular analysis. METHODS We screened 18 Chilean patients with a clinical diagnosis of NS for mutations in PTPN11 by high resolution melting (HRM) and subsequent sequencing. RESULTS Three PTPN11 missense mutations were detected in 22% of analyzed patients. Of these, two (c.181G>A and c.1510A>G) were previously reported and one was the novel substitution c.328G>A (p.E110K) affecting the linker stretch between the N-SH2 and C-SH2 domains of SHP-2 protein. CONCLUSION Molecular studies confirmed the clinical diagnosis of NS in 4 of 18 patients, which provided support for therapeutic decisions and improved genetic counseling for their families.
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Mutational analysis of the PTPN11 gene in Egyptian patients with Noonan syndrome. J Formos Med Assoc 2013; 112:707-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Dong S, Li FQ, Zhang Q, Lv KZ, Yang HL, Gao Y, Yu JR. Expression and clinical significance of SHP2 in gastric cancer. J Int Med Res 2013; 40:2083-9. [PMID: 23321164 DOI: 10.1177/030006051204000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression and clinical significance of the protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 11 (PTPN11 or SHP2) gene, which encodes Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase (SHP-2) in gastric cancer. METHODS SHP2 expression was detected by immunohistochemical staining and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in tissue samples of normal gastric mucosa and different grades of gastric cancer. Correlation between SHP2 expression and standard clinico pathological parameters was analysed. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining revealed significantly higher rates of SHP2 expression in gastric cancer tissues (72.5%) versus normal gastric mucosa (21.9%). SHP-2 mRNA levels were also significantly higher in gastric cancer tissues versus normal gastric mucosa. SHP2 expression correlated significantly with tumour differentiation, clinical classification and lymph node metastases, but was independent of sex and age. CONCLUSIONS SHP-2 is upregulated in gastric cancer and may be related to the development of gastric cancer. SHP-2 may be a potential prognostic marker of, or a therapeutic target for, gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dong
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Li PP, Zhou JJ, Meng M, Madhavan R, Peng HB. Reciprocal regulation of axonal Filopodia and outgrowth during neuromuscular junction development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44759. [PMID: 22957106 PMCID: PMC3434160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The assembly of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is initiated when nerve and muscle first contact each other by filopodial processes which are thought to enable close interactions between the synaptic partners and facilitate synaptogenesis. We recently reported that embryonic Xenopus spinal neurons preferentially extended filopodia towards cocultured muscle cells and that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) produced by muscle activated neuronal FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) to induce filopodia and favor synaptogenesis. Intriguingly, in an earlier study we found that neurotrophins (NTs), a different set of target-derived factors that act through Trk receptor tyrosine kinases, promoted neuronal growth but hindered presynaptic differentiation and NMJ formation. Thus, here we investigated how bFGF- and NT-signals in neurons jointly elicit presynaptic changes during the earliest stages of NMJ development. Methodology/Principal Findings Whereas forced expression of wild-type TrkB in neurons reduced filopodial extension and triggered axonal outgrowth, expression of a mutant TrkB lacking the intracellular kinase domain enhanced filopodial growth and slowed axonal advance. Neurons overexpressing wild-type FGFR1 also displayed more filopodia than control neurons, in accord with our previous findings, and, notably, this elevation in filopodial density was suppressed when neurons were chronically treated from the beginning of the culture period with BDNF, the NT that specifically activates TrkB. Conversely, inhibition by BDNF of NMJ formation in nerve-muscle cocultures was partly reversed by the overexpression of bFGF in muscle. Conclusions Our results suggest that the balance between neuronal FGFR1- and TrkB-dependent filopodial assembly and axonal outgrowth regulates the establishment of incipient NMJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan P. Li
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie J. Zhou
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Min Meng
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raghavan Madhavan
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - H. Benjamin Peng
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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Li S, Hsu DD, Wang H, Feng GS. Dual faces of SH2-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase Shp2/PTPN11 in tumorigenesis. Front Med 2012; 6:275-9. [PMID: 22869052 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-012-0216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PTPN11, which encodes tyrosine phosphatase Shp2, is a critical gene mediating cellular responses to hormones and cytokines. Against original prediction as tumor suppressor for tyrosine phosphatases, PTPN11 was first identified as a proto-oncogene because activating mutations of this gene are associated with leukemogenesis. However, most recent experimental data suggest PTPN11/Shp2 acting as a tumor suppressor in hepatocarcinogenesis. This review focuses on the tumor-promoting or suppressing roles of the gene PTPN11/Shp2 in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangwei Li
- Department of Pathology, and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0864, USA
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Fang X, Lang Y, Wang Y, Mo W, Wei H, Xie J, Yu M. Shp2 activates Fyn and Ras to regulate RBL-2H3 mast cell activation following FcεRI aggregation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40566. [PMID: 22802969 PMCID: PMC3393662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) Shp2 has been implicated in many immunoreceptor signaling pathways, but its role in immunoreceptor FcεRI signaling, which leads to the activation of mast cells and blood basophils, is still largely undefined. Using Shp2 knockdown RBL-2H3 (RBL) mast cells, we here reported that Shp2 is required for the activation of RBL cells induced by FcεRI. FcεRΙ-evoked degranulation, calcium mobilization, and synthesis of cytokine transcripts (IL-1β, IL-10, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)) were reduced in Shp2 knockdown RBL cells. Signaling regulatory mechanism investigation using immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and GST pull-down assay reveals that the down-regulation of Shp2 expression in RBL cells leads to decreased activities of Fyn, PLCγ, JNK, p38MAPK, and Ras/Erk1/2 after FcεRΙ aggregation. Further studies suggest that Paxillin phosphoryaltion was also impaired, but PAG phosphorylation was normal after FcεRΙ stimulation as a consequence of the inhibition of Shp2 expression in RBL cells. Collectively, our data strongly indicate that Shp2 is essential for the activation of RBL cells in response to FcεRΙ aggregation. Shp2 regulates this process through Fyn and Ras with no involvement of PAG. In addition, we identify Paxillin as an indirect substrate of Shp2 in FcεRΙ-initiated signaling of RBL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjiang Lang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxiong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Mo
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Xie
- Gene Research Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Yun JH, Park SJ, Jo A, Kang JL, Jou I, Park JS, Choi YH. Caveolin-1 is involved in reactive oxygen species-induced SHP-2 activation in astrocytes. Exp Mol Med 2012; 43:660-8. [PMID: 21918362 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence supports a neuroprotective role of Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) against ischemic brain injury. However, the molecular mechanisms of SHP-2 activation and those governing how SHP-2 exerts its function under oxidative stress conditions are not well understood. Recently we have reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress promotes the phosphorylation of endogenous SHP-2 through lipid rafts, and that this phosphorylation strongly occurs in astrocytes, but not in microglia. To investigate the molecules involved in events leading to phosphorylation of SHP-2, raft proteins were analyzed using astrocytes and microglia. Interestingly, caveolin-1 and -2 were detected only in astrocytes but not in microglia, whereas flotillin-1 was expressed in both cell types. To examine whether the H2O2-dependent phosphorylation of SHP-2 is mediated by caveolin-1, we used specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) to downregulate caveolin- 1 expression. In the presence of caveolin-1 siRNA, the level of SHP-2 phosphorylation induced by H2O2 was significantly decreased, compared with in the presence of control siRNA. Overexpression of caveolin- 1 effectively increased H2O2-induced SHP-2 phosphorylation in microglia. Lastly, H2O2 induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in astrocytes through caveolin-1. Our results suggest that caveolin-1 is involved in astrocyte-specific intracellular responses linked to the SHP-2-mediated signaling cascade following ROS-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hee Yun
- Department of Physiology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine Seoul 158-710, Korea
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Koshimizu T, Kawai M, Kondou H, Tachikawa K, Sakai N, Ozono K, Michigami T. Vinculin functions as regulator of chondrogenesis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15760-75. [PMID: 22416133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.308072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the genes involved in chondrocytic differentiation, we applied gene trap mutagenesis to a murine mesenchymal chondrogenic cell line ATDC5 and isolated a clone in which the gene encoding vinculin was trapped. The trapped allele was assumed to express a fusion protein containing a truncated vinculin lacking the tail domain and the geo product derived from the trap vector. The truncated vinculin was suggested to exert a dominant negative effect. Impaired functioning of vinculin caused by gene trapping in ATDC5 cells or knockdown in primary chondrocytes resulted in the reduced expression of chondrocyte-specific genes, including Col2a1, aggrecan, and Col10a1. The expression of Runx2 also was suppressed by the dysfunctional vinculin. On the other hand, the expression of Sox9, encoding a key transcription factor for chondrogenesis, was retained. Knockdown of vinculin in metatarsal organ cultures impaired the growth of the explants and reduced the expression of Col2a1 and aggrecan. Gene trapping or knockdown of vinculin decreased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but increased that of Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) and Akt during chondrocytic differentiation, suggesting a disturbance of signaling by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Knockdown of vinculin in the metatarsal organ culture abrogated the IGF-I-induced growth and inhibited the up-regulation of Col2a1 and aggrecan expression by IGF-I. Loss of vinculin function in differentiating chondrocytes impaired the activation of the p38 MAPK pathway also, suggesting its involvement in the regulation of chondrogenesis by vinculin. Our results indicate a tissue-specific function of vinculin in cartilage whereby it controls chondrocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Koshimizu
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
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Reactive oxygen species and epidermal growth factor are antagonistic cues controlling SHP-2 dimerization. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1998-2009. [PMID: 22411627 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06674-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase plays key regulatory roles in the modulation of the cell response to growth factors and cytokines. Over the past decade, the integration of genetic, biochemical, and structural data has helped in interpreting the pathological consequences of altered SHP-2 function. Using complementary approaches, we provide evidence here that endogenous SHP-2 can dimerize through the formation of disulfide bonds that may also involve the catalytic cysteine. We show that the fraction of dimeric SHP-2 is modulated by growth factor stimulation and by the cell redox state. Comparison of the phosphatase activities of the monomeric self-inhibited and dimeric forms indicated that the latter is 3-fold less active, thus pointing to the dimerization process as an additional mechanism for controlling SHP-2 activity. Remarkably, dimers formed by different SHP-2 mutants displaying diverse biochemical properties were found to respond differently to epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. Although this differential behavior cannot be rationalized mechanistically yet, these findings suggest a possible regulatory role of dimerization in SHP-2 function.
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Langdon Y, Tandon P, Paden E, Duddy J, Taylor JM, Conlon FL. SHP-2 acts via ROCK to regulate the cardiac actin cytoskeleton. Development 2012; 139:948-57. [PMID: 22278918 DOI: 10.1242/dev.067579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is one of the most common causes of human congenital heart disease and is frequently associated with missense mutations in the protein phosphatase SHP-2. Interestingly, patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) and LEOPARD syndrome frequently carry a second, somatically introduced subset of missense mutations in SHP-2. To determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which SHP-2 regulates heart development and, thus, understand how Noonan-associated mutations affect cardiogenesis, we introduced SHP-2 encoding the most prevalent Noonan syndrome and JMML mutations into Xenopus embryos. Resulting embryos show a direct relationship between a Noonan SHP-2 mutation and its ability to cause cardiac defects in Xenopus; embryos expressing Noonan SHP-2 mutations exhibit morphologically abnormal hearts, whereas those expressing an SHP-2 JMML-associated mutation do not. Our studies indicate that the cardiac defects associated with the introduction of the Noonan-associated SHP-2 mutations are coupled with a delay or arrest of the cardiac cell cycle in M-phase and a failure of cardiomyocyte progenitors to incorporate into the developing heart. We show that these defects are a result of an underlying malformation in the formation and polarity of cardiac actin fibers and F-actin deposition. We show that these defects can be rescued in culture and in embryos through the inhibition of the Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK), thus demonstrating a direct relationship between SHP-2(N308D) and ROCK activation in the developing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Langdon
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
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Willecke R, Heuberger J, Grossmann K, Michos O, Schmidt-Ott K, Walentin K, Costantini F, Birchmeier W. The tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 acts downstream of GDNF/Ret in branching morphogenesis of the developing mouse kidney. Dev Biol 2011; 360:310-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Liu X, Qu CK. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-2 (PTPN11) in Hematopoiesis and Leukemogenesis. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:195239. [PMID: 21799948 PMCID: PMC3135119 DOI: 10.1155/2011/195239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SHP-2 (PTPN11), a ubiquitously expressed protein tyrosine phosphatase, is critical for hematopoietic cell development and function owing to its essential role in growth factor/cytokine signaling. More importantly, germline and somatic mutations in this phosphatase are associated with Noonan syndrome, Leopard syndrome, and childhood hematologic malignancies. The molecular mechanisms by which SHP-2 mutations induce these diseases are not fully understood, as the biochemical bases of SHP-2 functions still remain elusive. Further understanding SHP-2 signaling activities and identification of its interacting proteins/substrates will shed light on the pathogenesis of PTPN11-associated hematologic malignancies, which, in turn, may lead to novel therapeutics for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Kaltenbrun E, Tandon P, Amin NM, Waldron L, Showell C, Conlon FL. Xenopus: An emerging model for studying congenital heart disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 91:495-510. [PMID: 21538812 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects affect nearly 1% of all newborns and are a significant cause of infant death. Clinical studies have identified a number of congenital heart syndromes associated with mutations in genes that are involved in the complex process of cardiogenesis. The African clawed frog, Xenopus, has been instrumental in studies of vertebrate heart development and provides a valuable tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying human congenital heart diseases. In this review, we discuss the methodologies that make Xenopus an ideal model system to investigate heart development and disease. We also outline congenital heart conditions linked to cardiac genes that have been well studied in Xenopus and describe some emerging technologies that will further aid in the study of these complex syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Kaltenbrun
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Abstract
Deregulation of signaling pathways, through mutation or other molecular changes, can ultimately result in disease. The tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 has emerged as a major regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and cytokine receptor signaling. In the last decade, germline mutations in the human PTPN11 gene, encoding Shp2, were linked to Noonan (NS) and LEOPARD syndromes, two multisymptomatic developmental disorders that are characterized by short stature, craniofacial defects, cardiac defects, and mental retardation. Somatic Shp2 mutations are also associated with several types of human malignancies, such as the most common juvenile leukemia, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Whereas NS and JMML are caused by gain-of-function (GOF) mutations of Shp2, loss-of-function (LOF) mutations are thought to be associated with LEOPARD syndrome. Animal models that carry conditional LOF and GOF mutations have allowed a better understanding of the mechanism of Shp2 function in disease, and shed light on the role of Shp2 in signaling pathways that control decisive events during embryonic development or during cellular transformation/tumorigenesis.
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Phosphatase-dependent and -independent functions of Shp2 in neural crest cells underlie LEOPARD syndrome pathogenesis. Dev Cell 2010; 18:750-62. [PMID: 20493809 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (PTPN11) regulates cellular proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation during development. Germline mutations in PTPN11 cause Noonan and LEOPARD syndromes, which have overlapping clinical features. Paradoxically, Noonan syndrome mutations increase SHP2 phosphatase activity, while LEOPARD syndrome mutants are catalytically impaired, raising the possibility that SHP2 has phosphatase-independent roles. By comparing shp2-deficient zebrafish embryos with those injected with mRNA encoding LEOPARD syndrome point mutations, we identify a phosphatase- and Erk-dependent role for Shp2 in neural crest specification and migration. We also identify an unexpected phosphatase- and Erk-independent function, mediated through its SH2 domains, which is evolutionarily conserved and prevents p53-mediated apoptosis in the brain and neural crest. Our results indicate that previously enigmatic aspects of LEOPARD syndrome pathogenesis can be explained by the combined effects of loss of Shp2 catalytic function and retention of an SH2 domain-mediated role that is essential for neural crest cell survival.
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Pagani MR, Oishi K, Gelb BD, Zhong Y. The phosphatase SHP2 regulates the spacing effect for long-term memory induction. Cell 2009; 139:186-98. [PMID: 19804763 PMCID: PMC2770243 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A property of long-term memory (LTM) induction is the requirement for repeated training sessions spaced over time. This augmentation of memory formation with spaced resting intervals is called the spacing effect. We now show that in Drosophila, the duration of resting intervals required for inducing LTM is regulated by activity levels of the protein tyrosine phosphatase corkscrew (CSW). Overexpression of wild-type CSW in mushroom body neurons shortens the inter-trial interval required for LTM induction, whereas overexpression of constitutively active CSW proteins prolongs these resting intervals. These gain-of-function csw mutations are associated with a clinical condition of mental retardation. Biochemical analysis reveals that LTM-inducing training regimens generate repetitive waves of CSW-dependent MAPK activation, the length of which appears to define the duration of the resting interval. Constitutively active CSW proteins prolong the resting interval by altering the MAPK inactivation cycle. We thus provide insight into the molecular basis of the spacing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario R. Pagani
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Kimihiko Oishi
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics and Genomic Sciences and the Center for Molecular Cardiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1040, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bruce D. Gelb
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics and Genomic Sciences and the Center for Molecular Cardiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1040, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yi Zhong
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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Matozaki T, Murata Y, Saito Y, Okazawa H, Ohnishi H. Protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2: a proto-oncogene product that promotes Ras activation. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1786-93. [PMID: 19622105 PMCID: PMC11158110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SHP-2 is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) that contains two Src homology 2 (SH2) domains. Although PTPs are generally considered to be negative regulators on the basis of their ability to oppose the effects of protein tyrosine kinases, SHP-2 is unusual in that it promotes the activation of the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway by receptors for various growth factors and cytokines. The molecular basis for the activation of SHP-2 is also unique: In the basal state, the NH(2)-terminal SH2 domain of SHP-2 interacts with the PTP domain, resulting in autoinhibition of PTP activity; the binding of SHP-2 via its SH2 domains to tyrosine-phosphorylated growth factor receptors or docking proteins, however, results in disruption of this intramolecular interaction, leading to exposure of the PTP domain and catalytic activation. Indeed, SHP-2 proteins with artificial mutations in the NH(2)-terminal SH2 domain have been shown to act as dominant active mutants in vitro. Such activating mutations of PTPN11 (human SHP-2 gene) were subsequently identified in individuals with Noonan syndrome, a human developmental disorder that is sometimes associated with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Furthermore, somatic mutations of PTPN11 were found to be associated with pediatric leukemia. SHP-2 is also thought to participate in the development of other malignant disorders, but in a manner independent of such activating mutations. Biochemical and functional studies of SHP-2 and genetic analysis of PTPN11 in human disorders have thus converged to provide new insight into the pathogenesis of cancer as well as potential new targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matozaki
- Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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Tamayev R, Zhou D, D'Adamio L. The interactome of the amyloid beta precursor protein family members is shaped by phosphorylation of their intracellular domains. Mol Neurodegener 2009; 4:28. [PMID: 19602287 PMCID: PMC2723102 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-4-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain tissue from patients with Alzheimer's disease has shown an increase of phosphorylation of Tyr-682, located on the conserved Y682ENPTY motif, and Thr-668 residues, both in the intracellular domain (AID) of amyloid beta precursor protein (APP), although the role of these two residues is not yet known. RESULTS Here, we report that the phosphorylation status of Tyr-682, and in some cases Thr-668, shapes the APP interactome. It creates a docking site for SH2-domain containing proteins, such as ShcA, ShcB, ShcC, Grb7, Grb2, as well as adapter proteins, such as Crk and Nck, that regulate important biological processes, cytosolic tyrosine kinases, such as Abl, Lyn and Src, which regulate signal transduction pathways, and enzymes that control phosphatidylinositols levels and signaling, such as PLC-gamma. At the same time, it either reduces (like for JIP1, NUMB, NUMBL and ARH) or abolishes (like for Fe65, Fe65L1 and Fe65L2) binding of other APP interactors. Phosphorylation of Thr-668, unlike Tyr-682, does not seem to affect APP's ability to interact with the various proteins, with Pin1 and X11 being the exclusions. We also found that there are some differences between the interactions to AID and to ALID1 and ALID2, its two homologues. CONCLUSION Our data indicates that APP can regulate diverse cellular processes and that, vice versa, a network of signaling events can impact APP processing. Our results also suggest that phosphorylation of the APP Intracellular Domain will dramatically shape the APP interactome and, consequently, will regulate APP processing, APP transport and APP/AID-mediated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tamayev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Edwin F, Anderson K, Ying C, Patel TB. Intermolecular interactions of Sprouty proteins and their implications in development and disease. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 76:679-91. [PMID: 19570949 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.055848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is spatially and temporally regulated by a number of positive and negative regulatory mechanisms. These regulatory mechanisms control the amplitude and duration of the signals initiated at the cell surface to have a normal or aberrant biological outcome in development and disease, respectively. In the past decade, the Sprouty (Spry) family of proteins has been identified as modulators of RTK signaling in normal development and disease. This review summarizes recent advances concerning the biological activities modulated by Spry family proteins, their interactions with signaling proteins, and their involvement in cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The diversity of mechanisms in the regulation of Spry expression and activity in cell systems emphasizes the crucial role of Spry proteins in development and growth across the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Edwin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity in the neural crest is essential for normal heart and skull development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:11270-5. [PMID: 19541608 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0902230106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations within the protein tyrosine phosphatase, SHP2, which is encoded by PTPN11, cause a significant proportion of Noonan syndrome (NS) cases, typically presenting with both cardiac disease and craniofacial abnormalities. Neural crest cells (NCCs) participate in both heart and skull formation, but the role of SHP2 signaling in NCC has not yet been determined. To gain insight into the role of SHP2 in NCC function, we ablated PTPN11 specifically in premigratory NCCs. SHP2-deficient NCCs initially exhibited normal migratory and proliferative patterns, but in the developing heart failed to migrate into the developing outflow tract. The embryos displayed persistent truncus arteriosus and abnormalities of the great vessels. The craniofacial deficits were even more pronounced, with large portions of the face and cranium affected, including the mandible and frontal and nasal bones. The data show that SHP2 activity in the NCC is essential for normal migration and differentiation into the diverse lineages found in the heart and skull and demonstrate the importance of NCC-based normal SHP2 activity in both heart and skull development, providing insight into the syndromic presentation characteristic of NS.
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Wang S, Yu WM, Zhang W, McCrae KR, Neel BG, Qu CK. Noonan syndrome/leukemia-associated gain-of-function mutations in SHP-2 phosphatase (PTPN11) enhance cell migration and angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:913-20. [PMID: 19008228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804129200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SHP-2 phosphatase (PTPN11) that cause hyperactivation of its catalytic activity have been identified in Noonan syndrome and various childhood leukemias. Recent studies suggest that the gain-of-function (GOF) mutations of SHP-2 play a causal role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms by which GOF mutations of SHP-2 induce these phenotypes are not fully understood. Here, we show that GOF mutations in SHP-2, such as E76K and D61G, drastically increase spreading and migration of various cell types, including hematopoietic cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. More importantly, in vivo angiogenesis in SHP-2 D61G knock-in mice is also enhanced. Mechanistic studies suggest that the increased cell migration is attributed to the enhanced beta1 integrin outside-in signaling. In response to beta1 integrin cross-linking or fibronectin stimulation, activation of ERK and Akt kinases is greatly increased by SHP-2 GOF mutations. Also, integrin-induced activation of RhoA and Rac1 GTPases is elevated. Interestingly, mutant cells with the SHP-2 GOF mutation (D61G) are more sensitive than wild-type cells to the suppression of cell motility by inhibition of these pathways. Collectively, these studies reaffirm the positive role of SHP-2 phosphatase in cell motility and suggest a new mechanism by which SHP-2 GOF mutations contribute to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Qian YK, Chan AWS, Madhavan R, Peng HB. The function of Shp2 tyrosine phosphatase in the dispersal of acetylcholine receptor clusters. BMC Neurosci 2008; 9:70. [PMID: 18647419 PMCID: PMC2490698 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A crucial event in the development of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the postsynaptic enrichment of muscle acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (AChRs). This process involves two distinct steps: the local clustering of AChRs at synapses, which depends on the activation of the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK by neural agrin, and the global dispersal of aneural or "pre-patterned" AChR aggregates, which is triggered by ACh or by synaptogenic stimuli. We and others have previously shown that tyrosine phosphatases, such as the SH2 domain-containing phosphatase Shp2, regulate AChR cluster formation in muscle cells, and that tyrosine phosphatases also mediate the dispersal of pre-patterned AChR clusters by synaptogenic stimuli, although the specific phosphatases involved in this latter step remain unknown. Results Using an assay system that allows AChR cluster assembly and disassembly to be studied separately and quantitatively, we describe a previously unrecognized role of the tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 in AChR cluster disassembly. Shp2 was robustly expressed in embryonic Xenopus muscle in vivo and in cultured myotomal muscle cells, and treatment of the muscle cultures with an inhibitor of Shp2 (NSC-87877) blocked the dispersal of pre-patterned AChR clusters by synaptogenic stimuli. In contrast, over-expression in muscle cells of either wild-type or constitutively active Shp2 accelerated cluster dispersal. Significantly, forced expression in muscle of the Shp2-activator SIRPα1 (signal regulatory protein α1) also enhanced the disassembly of AChR clusters, whereas the expression of a truncated SIRPα1 mutant that suppresses Shp2 signaling inhibited cluster disassembly. Conclusion Our results suggest that Shp2 activation by synaptogenic stimuli, through signaling intermediates such as SIRPα1, promotes the dispersal of pre-patterned AChR clusters to facilitate the selective accumulation of AChRs at developing NMJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping K Qian
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China.
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Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays a major role in cellular signaling. The level of tyrosine phosphorylation is controlled by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Disturbance of the normal balance between PTK and PTP activity results in aberrant tyrosine phosphorylation, which has been linked to the etiology of several human diseases, including cancer. A number of PTPs have been implicated in oncogenesis and tumor progression and therefore are potential drug targets for cancer chemotherapy. These include PTP1B, which may augment signaling downstream of HER2/Neu; SHP2, which is the first oncogene in the PTP superfamily and is essential for growth factor-mediated signaling; the Cdc25 phosphatases, which are positive regulators of cell cycle progression; and the phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) phosphatases, which promote tumor metastases. As PTPs have emerged as drug targets for cancer, a number of strategies are currently been explored for the identification of various classes of PTP inhibitors. These efforts have resulted many potent, and in some cases selective, inhibitors for PTP1B, SHP2, Cdc25 and PRL phosphatases. Structural information derived from these compounds serves as a solid foundation upon which novel anti-cancer agents targeted to these PTPs can be developed.
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Shp2 knockdown and Noonan/LEOPARD mutant Shp2-induced gastrulation defects. PLoS Genet 2008; 3:e225. [PMID: 18159945 PMCID: PMC2151089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shp2 is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine phosphatase that is essential for normal development. Activating and inactivating mutations have been identified in humans to cause the related Noonan and LEOPARD syndromes, respectively. The cell biological cause of these syndromes remains to be determined. We have used the zebrafish to assess the role of Shp2 in early development. Here, we report that morpholino-mediated knockdown of Shp2 in zebrafish resulted in defects during gastrulation. Cell tracing experiments demonstrated that Shp2 knockdown induced defects in convergence and extension cell movements. In situ hybridization using a panel of markers indicated that cell fate was not affected by Shp2 knock down. The Shp2 knockdown-induced defects were rescued by active Fyn and Yes and by active RhoA. We generated mutants of Shp2 with mutations that were identified in human patients with Noonan or LEOPARD Syndrome and established that Noonan Shp2 was activated and LEOPARD Shp2 lacked catalytic protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity. Expression of Noonan or LEOPARD mutant Shp2 in zebrafish embryos induced convergence and extension cell movement defects without affecting cell fate. Moreover, these embryos displayed craniofacial and cardiac defects, reminiscent of human symptoms. Noonan and LEOPARD mutant Shp2s were not additive nor synergistic, consistent with the mutant Shp2s having activating and inactivating roles in the same signaling pathway. Our results demonstrate that Shp2 is required for normal convergence and extension cell movements during gastrulation and that Src family kinases and RhoA were downstream of Shp2. Expression of Noonan or LEOPARD Shp2 phenocopied the craniofacial and cardiac defects of human patients. The finding that defective Shp2 signaling induced cell movement defects as early as gastrulation may have implications for the monitoring and diagnosis of Noonan and LEOPARD syndrome.
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