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Wang HL, Li JN, Kan WJ, Xu GY, Luo GH, Song N, Wu WB, Feng B, Fu JF, Tu YT, Liu MM, Xu R, Zhou YB, Wei G, Li J. Chloroquine enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs against acute myeloid leukemia by inactivating the autophagy pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2296-2306. [PMID: 37316630 PMCID: PMC10618541 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Current therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is largely hindered by the development of drug resistance of commonly used chemotherapy drugs, including cytarabine, daunorubicin, and idarubicin. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the chemotherapy drug resistance and potential strategy to improve the efficacy of these drugs against AML. By analyzing data from ex vivo drug-response and multi-omics profiling public data for AML, we identified autophagy activation as a potential target in chemotherapy-resistant patients. In THP-1 and MV-4-11 cell lines, knockdown of autophagy-regulated genes ATG5 or MAP1LC3B significantly enhanced AML cell sensitivity to the chemotherapy drugs cytarabine, daunorubicin, and idarubicin. In silico screening, we found that chloroquine phosphate mimicked autophagy inactivation. We showed that chloroquine phosphate dose-dependently down-regulated the autophagy pathway in MV-4-11 cells. Furthermore, chloroquine phosphate exerted a synergistic antitumor effect with the chemotherapy drugs in vitro and in vivo. These results highlight autophagy activation as a drug resistance mechanism and the combination therapy of chloroquine phosphate and chemotherapy drugs can enhance anti-AML efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Lin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia-Nan Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei-Juan Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Gao-Ya Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guang-Hao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wen-Biao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Bo Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jing-Feng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu-Tong Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu-Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
| | - Gang Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 210023, China.
| | - Jia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Rinaldi I, Wanandi SI. Resistance Mechanism of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells Against Daunorubicin and Cytarabine: A Literature Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e33165. [PMID: 36726936 PMCID: PMC9885730 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy commonly found in adult patients. Low overall survival and resistance to therapy are the main issues in AML. The first line of treatment for AML chemotherapy is the induction phase, namely, the phase to induce remission by administering a combination of daunorubicin (DNR) for three days followed by administration of cytarabine (Ara-C) with continuous infusion for seven days, which is referred to as "3 + 7." Such induction therapy has been the standard therapy for AML for the last four decades. This review article is made to discuss daunorubicin and cytarabine from their chemical structure, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and mechanisms of resistance in AML.
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van Gils N, Denkers F, Smit L. Escape From Treatment; the Different Faces of Leukemic Stem Cells and Therapy Resistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:659253. [PMID: 34012921 PMCID: PMC8126717 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.659253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard induction chemotherapy, consisting of an anthracycline and cytarabine, has been the first-line therapy for many years to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although this treatment induces complete remissions in the majority of patients, many face a relapse (adaptive resistance) or have refractory disease (primary resistance). Moreover, older patients are often unfit for cytotoxic-based treatment. AML relapse is due to the survival of therapy-resistant leukemia cells (minimal residual disease, MRD). Leukemia cells with stem cell features, named leukemic stem cells (LSCs), residing within MRD are thought to be at the origin of relapse initiation. It is increasingly recognized that leukemia "persisters" are caused by intra-leukemic heterogeneity and non-genetic factors leading to plasticity in therapy response. The BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax, combined with hypomethylating agents or low dose cytarabine, represents an important new therapy especially for older AML patients. However, often there is also a small population of AML cells refractory to venetoclax treatment. As AML MRD reflects the sum of therapy resistance mechanisms, the different faces of treatment "persisters" and LSCs might be exploited to reach an optimal therapy response and prevent the initiation of relapse. Here, we describe the different epigenetic, transcriptional, and metabolic states of therapy sensitive and resistant AML (stem) cell populations and LSCs, how these cell states are influenced by the microenvironment and affect treatment outcome of AML. Moreover, we discuss potential strategies to target dynamic treatment resistance and LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noortje van Gils
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fedor Denkers
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Smit
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Cao Y, Shi Y, Cai Y, Hong Z, Chai Y. The Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine on P-Glycoprotein–Mediated Multidrug Resistance and Approaches for Studying the Herb–P-Glycoprotein Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:972-979. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Chang L, Xiao M, Yang L, Wang S, Wang SQ, Bender A, Hu A, Chen ZS, Yu B, Liu HM. Discovery of a non-toxic [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-one (WS-10) that modulates ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR). Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5974-5985. [PMID: 30401501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) has been shown to reduce the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Strategies to overcoming MDR have been widely explored in the last decades, leading to a generation of numerous small molecules targeting ABC and MRP transporters. Among the ABC family, ABCB1 plays key roles in the development of drug resistance and is the most well studied. In this work, we report the discovery of non-toxic [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-one (WS-10) from our structurally diverse in-house compound collection that selectively modulates ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance. WS-10 enhanced the intracellular accumulation of paclitaxel in SW620/Ad300 cells, but did not affect the expression of ABCB1 Protein and ABCB1 localization. The cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) showed that WS-10 was able to bind to ABCB1, which could be responsible for the reversal effect of WS-10 toward paclitaxel and doxorubicin in SW620/Ad300 cells. Docking simulations were performed to show the possible binding modes of WS-10 within ABCB1 transporter. To conclude, WS-10 could be used as a template for designing new ABCB1 modulators to overcome ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengwu Xiao
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Aixi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou 510033, China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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6
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Chang L, Xiao M, Yang L, Wang S, Wang SQ, Bender A, Hu A, Chen ZS, Yu B, Liu HM. Discovery of a non-toxic [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-one (WS-10) that modulates ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR). Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5006-5017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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7
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Xi G, Wang M, Sun B, Shaikh AS, Liu Y, Wang W, Lou H, Yuan H. Targeting autophagy augments the activity of DHA-E3 to overcome p-gp mediated multi-drug resistance. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1610-1616. [PMID: 27825801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle for successful chemotherapy treatment. Searching for effective MDR modulators and combining them with anticancer drug therapies has been a promising strategy against clinical MDR. In our previous study, we have found that DHA-E3, a synthetic derivative of DHA, has the ability to modulate the function of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and reverse MDR in cancer cells. In this study, we further evaluated the reversal effect of DHA-E3 on MDR and explored its mechanism of action in vitro. Our findings showed that DHA-E3 significantly potentiated the cytotoxicity of vincristine(VCR) and adriamycin(ADR) in the P-gp over-expressing KB/VCR and A02 cells. The mechanistic study found that DHA-E3 increased the intracellular accumulation of ADR and rhodamine-123 by directly inhibiting the drug-transport activity of P-gp. In the present study, we found that DHA-E3 not only reversed MDR, but also induced autophagy in MDR cancer cells. To determine whether DHA-E3-induced autophagy is an adaptive survival response or contributes to cell death, we manipulated autophagic activity using autophagy inhibitor 3-MA or siRNA targeting Beclin1. We found that the reversal activity of DHA-E3 was significantly exacerbated in the presence of 3-MA or blocking the expression of Beclin1. These results suggest that DHA-E3 is capable of reversing MDR, induction of autophagy represents a defense mechanism and inhibiting this process may be an effective strategy to augment the reversal activity of reversal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmin Xi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China; College of Life Science, Qi Lu Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shandong University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Abdul Sami Shaikh
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongqing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shandong University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Huiqing Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
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Kostakoglu L, Goldsmith SJ. Imaging Multidrug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies. Hematology 2016; 6:111-24. [DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2001.11746561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lale Kostakoglu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 525 East 68th Street, Starr: 221, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Stanley J. Goldsmith
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 525 East 68th Street, Starr: 221, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Armada A, Martins C, Spengler G, Molnar J, Amaral L, Rodrigues AS, Viveiros M. Fluorimetric Methods for Analysis of Permeability, Drug Transport Kinetics, and Inhibition of the ABCB1 Membrane Transporter. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1395:87-103. [PMID: 26910071 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3347-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The cell membrane P-glycoprotein (P-gp; MDR1, ABCB1) is an energy-dependent efflux pump that belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of transporters, and has been associated with drug resistance in eukaryotic cells. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is related to an increased expression and function of the ABCB1 (P-gp) efflux pump that often causes chemotherapeutic failure in cancer. Modulators of this efflux pump, such as the calcium channel blocker verapamil (VP) and cyclosporine A (CypA), can reverse the MDR phenotype but in vivo studies have revealed disappointing results due to adverse side effects. Currently available methods are unable to visualize and assess in a real-time basis the effectiveness of ABCB1 inhibitors on the uptake and efflux of ABCB1 substrates. However, predicting and testing ABCB1 modulation activity using living cells during drug development are crucial. The use of ABCB1-transfected mouse T-lymphoma cell line to study the uptake/efflux of fluorescent probes like ethidium bromide (EB), rhodamine 123 (Rh-123), and carbocyanine dye DiOC2, in the presence and absence of potential inhibitors, is currently used in our laboratories to evaluate the ability of a drug to inhibit ABCB1-mediated drug accumulation and efflux. Here we describe and compare three in vitro methods, which evaluate the permeability, transport kinetics of fluorescent substrates, and inhibition of the ABCB1 efflux pump by drugs of chemical synthesis or extracted from natural sources, using model cancer cell lines overexpressing this transporter, namely (1) real-time fluorimetry that assesses the accumulation of ethidium bromide, (2) flow cytometry, and (3) fluorescent microscopy using rhodamine 123 and DiOC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Armada
- Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Microbiologia Médica e Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Célia Martins
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, Lisbon, 1150-008, Portugal
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Joseph Molnar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Leonard Amaral
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Unidade de Medicina das Viagens, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Sebastião Rodrigues
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, Lisbon, 1150-008, Portugal
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Microbiologia Médica e Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Kamal A, Kumar GB, Vishnuvardhan MVPS, Shaik AB, Reddy VS, Mahesh R, Sayeeda IB, Kapure JS. Synthesis of phenstatin/isocombretastatin-chalcone conjugates as potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors and mitochondrial apoptotic inducers. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3963-81. [PMID: 25721862 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02606c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of phenstatin/isocombretastatin–chalcones were synthesized and screened for their cytotoxic activity against various human cancer cell lines. Some representative compounds exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against a panel of sixty human cancer cell lines of the NCI, with GI50 values in the range of 0.11 to 19.0 μM. Three compounds (3b, 3c and 3e) showed a broad spectrum of antiproliferative efficacy on most of the cell lines in the sub-micromolar range. In addition, all the synthesized compounds (3a–l and 4a–l) displayed moderate to excellent cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells such as MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 with IC50 values in the range of 0.5 to 19.9 μM. Moreover, the tubulin polymerization assay and immunofluorescence analysis results suggest that some of these compounds like 3c and 3e exhibited significant inhibitory effect on the tubulin assembly with an IC50 value of 0.8 μM and 0.6 μM respectively. A competitive binding assay suggested that these compounds bind at the colchicine-binding site of tubulin. A cell cycle assay revealed that these compounds arrest at the G2/M phase and lead to apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, this was confirmed by Hoechst 33258 staining, activation of caspase 9, DNA fragmentation, Annexin V-FITC and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Molecular docking studies indicated that compounds like 3e occupy the colchicine binding site of tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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11
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Jin Y, Zhang W, Wang H, Zhang Z, Chu C, Liu X, Zou Q. EGFR/HER2 inhibitors effectively reduce the malignant potential of MDR breast cancer evoked by P-gp substrates in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:771-8. [PMID: 26718028 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) induced by chemotherapy in breast cancer frequently leads to tumor invasion, metastasis and poor clinical outcome. We preliminarily found that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is involved in enhancing the malignant potential of MDR breast cancer cells, but the mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that EGFR/HER2 promote the invasive and metastatic abilities of MDR breast cancer. More importantly, a new function of EGFR/HER2 inhibitors was revealed for the first time, which could improve the treatment efficacy of breast cancer by reversing the MDR process rather than by inhibiting tumor growth. Firstly, using quantitative real‑time PCR and western blot analysis, we found that overexpression of EGFR/HER2 in MCF7/Adr cells upregulated CD147 and MMP2/9 at both the transcription and protein expression levels, which promoted tumor cell migration, as determined using an in vitro invasion assay. Secondly, the upregulated levels of CD147 and MMP2/9 were decreased when EGFR/HER2 activity was inhibited, and therefore tumor invasion was also significantly inhibited. These phenomena were also demonstrated in nude mouse assays. Additionally, in MDR breast cancer patients, we found that overexpression of EGFR and P‑gp levels led to shorter overall survival (OS) and disease‑free survival (DFS) by IHC assays and Kaplan‑Meier survival analysis. In conclusion, EGFR/HER2 play a crucial role in enhancing CD147 and MMP expression to establish favorable conditions for invasion/metastasis in MDR breast cancer. The scope of application of EGFR/HER2 inhibitors may be expanded in EGFR/HER2‑positive patients. We suggest that MDR breast cancer patients may benefit from novel therapies targeting EGFR/HER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Chengyu Chu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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12
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Abraham J, Salama NN, Azab AK. The role of P-glycoprotein in drug resistance in multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:26-33. [PMID: 24678978 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.907890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplastic cancer of the plasma cells that involves the bone marrow. The majority of patients with MM initially respond to chemotherapy, but they eventually become resistant to later drug therapy. One of the reasons for drug resistance in patients with MM is efflux transporters. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is the most studied of the multidrug resistance proteins, and is up-regulated in response to many chemotherapeutic drugs. This up-regulation of P-gp causes a decrease in the intracellular accumulation of these drugs, limiting their therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we focus on the role of P-gp in drugs used for patients with MM. P-gp has been found to be an important factor with regard to drug resistance in many of the drug classes used in the treatment of MM (proteasome inhibitors, anthracyclines, alkylating agents and immunomodulators are examples). Thus, our further understanding of its mechanism and inhibitory effects will help us decrease drug resistance in patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Abraham
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis , St. Louis, MO , USA
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13
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Campos MCO, Castro-Pinto DB, Ribeiro GA, Berredo-Pinho MM, Gomes LHF, da Silva Bellieny MS, Goulart CM, Echevarria A, Leon LL. P-glycoprotein efflux pump plays an important role in Trypanosoma cruzi drug resistance. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2341-51. [PMID: 23572046 PMCID: PMC3663987 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance in protozoan parasites has been associated with the P-glycoprotein (Pgp), an energy-dependent efflux pump that transports substances across the membrane. Interestingly, the genes TcPGP1 and TcPGP2 have been described in Trypanosoma cruzi, although the function of these genes has not been fully elucidated. The main goal of this work was to investigate Pgp efflux pump activity and expression in T. cruzi lines submitted to in vitro induced resistance to the compounds 4-N-(2-methoxy styryl)-thiosemicarbazone (2-Meotio) and benznidazole (Bz) and to verify the stability of the resistant phenotypes during the parasite life cycle. We observed that the EC50 values for the treatment of epimastigotes with 2-Meotio or Bz were increased at least 4.7-fold in resistant lines, and this phenotype was maintained in metacyclic trypomastigotes, cell-derived trypomastigotes, and intracellular amastigotes. However, in epimastigotes, 2-Meotio resistance is reversible, but Bz resistance is irreversible. When compared with the parental line, the resistant lines exhibited higher Pgp efflux activity, reversion of the resistant phenotypes in the presence of Pgp inhibitors, cross-resistance with Pgp modulators, higher basal Pgp ATPase activity, and overexpression of the genes TcPGP1 and TcPGP2. In conclusion, the resistance induced in T. cruzi by the compounds 2-Meotio and Bz is maintained during the entire parasite life cycle. Furthermore, our data suggest the participation of the Pgp efflux pump in T. cruzi drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Caroline Oliveira Campos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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14
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Germann UA, Chambers TC. Molecular analysis of the multidrug transporter, P-glycoprotein. Cytotechnology 2012; 27:31-60. [PMID: 19002782 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008023629269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherent or acquired resistance of tumor cells to cytotoxic drugs represents a major limitation to the successful chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer. During the past three decades dramatic progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular basis of this phenomenon. Analyses of drug-selected tumor cells which exhibit simultaneous resistance to structurally unrelated anti-cancer drugs have led to the discovery of the human MDR1 gene product, P-glycoprotein, as one of the mechanisms responsible for multidrug resistance. Overexpression of this 170 kDa N-glycosylated plasma membrane protein in mammalian cells has been associated with ATP-dependent reduced drug accumulation, suggesting that P-glycoprotein may act as an energy-dependent drug efflux pump. P-glycoprotein consists of two highly homologous halves each of which contains a transmembrane domain and an ATP binding fold. This overall architecture is characteristic for members of the ATP-binding cassette or ABC superfamily of transporters. Cell biological, molecular genetic and biochemical approaches have been used for structure-function studies of P-glycoprotein and analysis of its mechanism of action. This review summarizes the current status of knowledge on the domain organization, topology and higher order structure of P-glycoprotein, the location of drug- and ATP binding sites within P-glycoprotein, its ATPase and drug transport activities, its possible functions as an ion channel, ATP channel and lipid transporter, its potential role in cholesterol biosynthesis, and the effects of phosphorylation on P-glycoprotein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- U A Germann
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4242, U.S.A.,
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15
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Tseng CH, Li CY, Chiu CC, Hu HT, Han CH, Chen YL, Tzeng CC. Combretastatin A-4 derivatives: synthesis and evaluation of 2,4,5-triaryl-1H-imidazoles as potential agents against H1299 (non-small cell lung cancer cell). Mol Divers 2012; 16:697-709. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-012-9396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hua Tseng
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC
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16
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Brambilla D, Zamboni S, Federici C, Lugini L, Lozupone F, De Milito A, Cecchetti S, Cianfriglia M, Fais S. P-glycoprotein binds to ezrin at amino acid residues 149-242 in the FERM domain and plays a key role in the multidrug resistance of human osteosarcoma. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2824-34. [PMID: 21780101 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the mdr1 gene encoding P-glycoprotein (Pgp) exerts a major role in reducing the effectiveness of cytotoxic therapy in osteosarcoma. The interaction between actin and Pgp has been shown to be instrumental in the establishment of multidrug resistance (MDR) in human tumor cells. The cytoskeleton linker ezrin exerts a pivotal role in maintaining the functional connection between actin and Pgp. We investigated the role of ezrin in a human multidrug-resistant osteosarcoma cell line overexpressing Pgp and compared it to its counterpart that overexpresses an ezrin deletion mutant. The results showed that Pgp binds at amino acid residues 149-242 of the N-terminal domain of ezrin. The interaction between ezrin and Pgp occurs in the plasma membrane of MDR cells, where they also co-localize with the ganglioside G(M1) located in lipid rafts. The overexpression of the ezrin deletion mutant entirely restored drug susceptibility of osteosarcoma cells, consistent with Pgp dislocation to cytoplasmic compartments and abrogation of G(M1) /Pgp co-localization at the plasma membrane. Our study provides evidence that ezrin exerts a key role in MDR of human osteosarcoma cells through a Pgp-ezrin-actin connection that is instrumental for the permanence of Pgp into plasma membrane lipid rafts. We also show for the first time that Pgp-binding site is localized to amino acid residues 149-242 of the ezrin Band 4.1, Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (FERM) domain, thus proposing a specific target for future molecular therapy aimed at counteracting MDR in osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Brambilla
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
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17
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Liu CM, Chang CH, Yu CH, Hsu CC, Huang LLH. Hyaluronan substratum induces multidrug resistance in human mesenchymal stem cells via CD44 signaling. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 336:465-75. [PMID: 19350274 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Little information is available concerning multidrug resistance (MDR) in mesenchymal stem cells, although several studies have reported that MDR is associated with hyaluronan in neoplastic cells. We have evaluated whether a hyaluronan-coated surface modulates MDR in placenta-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (PDMSCs). We have found that PDMSCs cultured on a tissue-culture polystyrene surface coated with 30 microg/cm(2) hyaluronan are more resistant than control PDMSCs to doxorubicin. Inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling has shown that the PI3K/Akt pathway modulates both P-glycoprotein activity and doxorubicin resistance. In addition, 10 microM verapamil dramatically suppresses the doxorubicin resistance induced by the hyaluronan-coated surface, indicating that P-glycoprotein activity is necessary for MDR. We have further found that PDMSCs treated with CD44 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and grown on a polystyrene surface coated with 30 microg/cm(2) hyaluronan have fewer P-glycoprotein(+) cells and lower CD44 expression levels (less than 60% in both cases) than PDMSCs not treated with CD44 siRNA and grown on the hyaluronan-coated surface. Moreover, treatment with CD44 siRNA suppresses the hyaluronan-substratum-induced doxorubicin resistance. We conclude that a hyaluronan substratum induces MDR in PDMSCs through CD44 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Mou Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
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18
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Cengiz E, Karaca B, Kucukzeybek Y, Gorumlu G, Gul MK, Erten C, Atmaca H, Uzunoglu S, Karabulut B, Sanli UA, Uslu R. Overcoming drug resistance in hormone- and drug-refractory prostate cancer cell line, PC-3 by docetaxel and gossypol combination. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:1269-77. [PMID: 19288219 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a significant challenge of daily oncology practice. Docetaxel and gossypol both have antitumoral activity in hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Our results revealed that docetaxel and gossypol were synergistically cytotoxic and apoptotic in PC-3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We further investigated the expression profiles of genes involved in drug resistance and metabolism with a Human Cancer Drug Resistance and Metabolism PCR Array (SuperArray). Six of the 84 genes that are known to regulate drug resistance, metabolism, cell cycle, DNA repair and oncogenesis were downregulated >or=3-fold change by the combination treatment. These results may be important in devising mechanism-based and targeted therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer, especially in devising combination therapy for drug resistant prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercument Cengiz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Tulay Aktas Oncology Hospital, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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19
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Carrero JC, Lugo H, Pérez DG, Ortiz-Martínez C, Laclette JP. Cyclosporin A inhibits calcineurin (phosphatase 2B) and P-glycoprotein activity in Entamoeba histolytica. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:1091-7. [PMID: 15313136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibits the proliferation of several protozoan parasites through blocking the activity of calcineurin (Cn) or P-glycoproteins (Pgp). We report here, that inhibition of the proliferation of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites, the causal agent of human amebiasis, is due to interference of the phosphatase activity of Cn, in a similar fashion to the effect of this immunosuppressive drug on T lymphocytes. The non-immunosuppressive CsA analog PSC-833, which binds Pgp without interfering the function of Cn, did not inhibit the proliferation of HM1:IMSS trophozoites. Moreover, phosphatase activity of amebic Cn, detected using the phosphopeptide RII, was drastically affected by incubation with CsA, but not with PSC-833. On the other hand, both drugs were also tested on clone C2 trophozoites, which grow in the presence of emetine due to over-expression of Pgp. The effect of CsA was similar to that observed on HM1:IMSS trophozoites, whereas PSC-833 only affected the proliferation and viability of clone C2 when the trophozoites were grown in the presence of 40 microM of emetine, suggesting an interference of the Pgp activity. This suggestion was confirmed by results from experiments of Pgp-dependent effux of rhodamine from pre-loaded trophozoites, in the presence of either of these drugs. Therefore, CsA inhibition of E. histolytica trophozoite proliferation is more likely due to Cn than Pgp activity inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Carrero
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, A.P. 70228, 04510 México DF, Mexico.
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20
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Carrier I, Julien M, Gros P. Analysis of catalytic carboxylate mutants E552Q and E1197Q suggests asymmetric ATP hydrolysis by the two nucleotide-binding domains of P-glycoprotein. Biochemistry 2004; 42:12875-85. [PMID: 14596601 DOI: 10.1021/bi034257w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) of ABC transporters, such as mouse Mdr3 P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an invariant carboxylate residue (E552 in NBD1; E1197 in NBD2) immediately follows the Walker B motif (hyd(4)DE/D). Removal of the negative charge in mutants E552Q and E1197Q abolishes drug-stimulated ATPase activity measured by P(i) release. Surprisingly, drug-stimulated trapping of 8-azido-[alpha-(32)P]ATP is still observed in the mutants in both the presence and absence of the transition-state analogue vanadate (V(i)), and ADP can be recovered from the trapped enzymes. The E552Q and E1197Q mutants show characteristics similar to those of the wild-type (WT) enzyme with respect to 8-azido-[alpha-(32)P]ATP binding and 8-azido-[alpha-(32)P]nucleotide trapping, with the latter being both Mg(2+) and temperature dependent. Importantly, drug-stimulated nucleotide trapping in E552Q is stimulated by V(i) and resembles the WT enzyme, while it is almost completely V(i) insensitive in E1197Q. Similar nucleotide trapping properties are observed when aluminum fluoride or beryllium fluoride is used as an alternate transition-state analogue. Partial proteolytic cleavage of photolabeled enzymes indicates that, in the absence of V(i), nucleotide trapping occurs exclusively at the mutant NBD, whereas in the presence of V(i), nucleotide trapping occurs at both NBDs. Together, these results suggest that there is single-site turnover occurring in the E552Q and E1197Q mutants and that ADP release from the mutant site, or another catalytic step, is impaired in these mutants. Furthermore, our results support a model in which the two NBDs of P-gp are not functionally equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Carrier
- Department of Biochemistry and McGill Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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21
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Daoudaki M, Fouzas I, Stapf V, Ekmekcioglu C, Imvrios G, Andoniadis A, Demetriadou A, Thalhammer T. Cyclosporine a augments P-glycoprotein expression in the regenerating rat liver. Biol Pharm Bull 2003; 26:303-7. [PMID: 12612437 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.26.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the liver, the multidrug resistance (MDR) protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is physiologically expressed at the bile canalicular membrane, where it participates in the biliary excretion of various lipophilic drugs and xenobiotics. Previous studies showed that the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine A (CsA) modulates P-gp and exerts a hepatotrophic influence in the regenerating liver. Hepatocytes isolated from regenerating rat liver, after 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PH 2/3), were used as an in vivo experimental model of cells with high proliferating activity in order to investigate whether CsA influences cellular levels of P-gp in those cells. Male Wistar rats were treated with CsA (20 mg/kg body weight) for 4 d preoperatively and 1 d postoperatively, and regenerating hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase perfusion 12, 24 and 48 h after PH 2/3. Flow cytometry and Western blotting studies with the monoclonal antibodies C494 and C219 showed that after PH 2/3, cellular levels of P-gp were initially suppressed, 12 h after PH 2/3, by 23%, but were significantly elevated thereafter, 24 and 48 h after PH 2/3 by 28% and 73%, respectively. In CsA pretreated animals, P-gp levels were increased even in normal hepatocytes by 34%, and an additional augmentation was seen in hepatocytes from 24 and 48 h regenerating livers (60% and 56%, respectively). In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that CsA has an additive effect on the expression of P-glycoprotein during liver regeneration in the rat. Therefore, induction of P-gp might also be considered in patients receiving CsA after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma and chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment for the prevention of tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daoudaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki Medical School, Greece.
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22
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Meesungnoen J, Jay-Gerin JP, Mankhetkorn S. Relation between MDR1 mRNA levels, resistance factor, and the efficiency of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of pirarubicin in multidrug-resistant K562 sublines. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 80:1054-63. [PMID: 12489924 DOI: 10.1139/y02-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we sought to investigate the relation existing between MDR1 mRNA levels, the resistance factor (RF), and the efficiency of efflux of pirarubicin (THP) mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in multidrug-resistant (MDR) K562 sublines. The MDR K562 sublines were selected from K562/adr cells by exposure to different adriamycin concentrations: 300 nM (K562/300), 1,000 nM (K562/1,000), and 10,000 nM (K562/10,000), yielding RF values of 23.2, 26.5, and 39.6, respectively. The analysis of the P-gp encoding MDR1 gene overexpression by reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction provided evidence of increased MDR1 mRNA levels when the adriamycin concentration used for the MDR cell selection increased. We used spectrofluorometric methods to determine the kinetics of the uptake and P-gp-mediated efflux of THP in the different selected MDR K562 sublines. Our data showed that (i) the maximal rate of P-gp-mediated efflux of THP, Vmax, increased with increasing RF; (ii) the observed Michaelis constant, Km, had the same value for all selected sublines, thus leading to an overall increase in the ratio Vmax/Km (5.1 x 10(-3), 6.2 x 10(-3), 6.8 x 10(-3), and 9.3 x 10(-3) s(-1) for K562/adr, K562/300, K562/1,000, and K562/10,000 cells, respectively), and (iii) the determination of the Hill coefficient (nH) gave values close to 2, which suggested a positive cooperative transport of THP with the expelling of two molecules of THP per turnover of P-gp. This study demonstrated that, in the K562/adr sublines used in our experiments, P-gp played a major role in conferring the MDR phenotype. Moreover, under our experimental conditions, intracellular acidic organelles were shown to contribute to decreased drug-target interaction and, thereby, decreased cytotoxicity. The variation of the concentrations of THP accumulated in the acidic organelles as a function of the total TFP concentration added to the cells was the same, within the limits of experimental errors, whatever the degree of resistance of the studied MDR K562 sublines. Finally, this study suggested that, in the selected MDR K562 sublines, the K+/H+ antiporter exchanger could be activated by the pirarubicin transport, leading to a probable acidification of intracellular pH. The P-gp-mediated efflux of THP and an accumulation of THP in acidic organelles confer an advantage for MDR cells in surviving prolonged exposure to cytotoxic agents and giving rise to high degrees of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintana Meesungnoen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Bangsaen, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
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Galmarini CM. P-glycoprotein expression by cancer cells affects cell cytotoxicity and cell-cycle perturbations induced by six chemotherapeutic drugs. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS AND ONCOLOGY 2002; 2:146-52. [PMID: 12415630 DOI: 10.1046/j.1359-4117.2002.01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated chemoresistance plays an important role in drug resistance. METHODS We investigated if P-gp expression by cancer cells affects cell cytotoxicity and cell-cycle perturbations induced by six commonly used chemotherapeutic agents (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, mitoxantrone, vinblastine, paclitaxel, and colchicine). For this purpose, we used KB cell lines as a model and flow cytometric cell viability and drug-induced cell-cycle perturbation-based methods. We continuously cultured KB cell lines, in the presence of various anticancer agents and measured the cell-cycle kinetics and percentage of cell viability by flow cytometry at different time intervals. RESULTS The highly resistant cell line KB V-1 was significantly less susceptible to drug cytotoxicity than the sensitive cell line KB 3-1. KB V-1 cells cultured with different chemotherapy agents continued cell-cycle progression without any significant perturbation of cell compartment distribution. Addition of verapamil, by inhibiting P-gp, reversed resistance thereby increasing drug cytotoxicity and allowing the appearance of drug induced cell-cycle perturbations. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that P-gp interferes with cell cytotoxicity and cell-cycle perturbations induced by anticancer agents. Flow cytometry can be used to conveniently detect P-gp-mediated chemoresistance by cancer cells as it allows the analysis of cell cytotoxicity and cell-cycle modifications after exposure to specific chemotherapeutic and reversal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Galmarini
- Division Medicina-Hospital Municipal de Oncologia Maria Curie, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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24
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Wang L, Woods KW, Li Q, Barr KJ, McCroskey RW, Hannick SM, Gherke L, Credo RB, Hui YH, Marsh K, Warner R, Lee JY, Zielinski-Mozng N, Frost D, Rosenberg SH, Sham HL. Potent, orally active heterocycle-based combretastatin A-4 analogues: synthesis, structure-activity relationship, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo antitumor activity evaluation. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1697-711. [PMID: 11931625 DOI: 10.1021/jm010523x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure-activity relationship study of a series of compounds with heterocycles in place of the cis double bond in combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) are described. Substituted tosylmethyl isocyanides were found to be the key intermediates in construction of the heterocycles. Cytotoxicities of the heterocycle-based CA-4 analogues were evaluated against NCI-H460 and HCT-15 cancer cell lines. 3-Amino-4-methoxyphenyl and N-methyl-indol-5-yl were the best replacements for the 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl in CA-4. 4,5-Disubstituted imidazole was found to be the best for the replacement of the cis double bond in CA-4. Medicinal chemistry efforts led to the discovery of compounds 24h and 25f that were found to be 32 and 82% bioavailable, respectively, in rat. Evaluation of 24h and 25f against murine M5076 reticulum sarcoma in mice revealed that both compounds were orally efficacious with an increase in life span of 38.5 and 40.5%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Global Pharmaceutical R & D, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6101, USA.
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25
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Norman BH, Gruber JM, Hollinshead SP, Wilson JW, Starling JJ, Law KL, Self TD, Tabas LB, Williams DC, Paul DC, Wagner MM, Dantzig AH. Tricyclic isoxazoles are novel inhibitors of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:883-6. [PMID: 11958985 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tricyclic isoxazoles were identified from a screen as a novel class of selective multidrug resistance protein (MRP1) inhibitors. From a screen lead, SAR efforts resulted in the preparation of LY 402913 (9h), which inhibits MRP1 and reverses drug resistance to MRP1 substrates, such as doxorubicin, in HeLa-T5 cells (EC(50)=0.90 microM), while showing no inherent cytotoxicity. Additionally, LY 402913 inhibits ATP-dependent, MRP1-mediated LTC(4) uptake into membrane vesicles prepared from the MRP1-overexpressing HeLa-T5 cells (EC(50)=1.8 microM). LY 402913 also shows selectivity ( approximately 22-fold) against the related transporter, P-glycoprotein, in HL60/Adr and HL60/Vinc cells. Finally, when dosed in combination with the oncolytic MRP1 substrate vincristine, LY 402913 delays the growth of MRP1-overexpressing tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan H Norman
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Molento MB, Prichard RK. Effect of multidrug resistance modulators on the activity of ivermectin and moxidectin against selected strains of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2001. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2001000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nematode parasites have shown resistance to the anthelmintics, ivermectin and moxidectin, and there is evidence that the over-expression of parasite P-glycoprotein (P-gp) may account, at least in part, for resistance to ivermectin. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the multidrug resistance (MDR) modulators, verapamil, CL 347.099 (an analog of verapamil) and cyclosporin A, would enhance the efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin against selected strains of Haemonchus contortus using an in vitro larval migration assay. The modulators had no effects on the number of migrating larvae when used alone. Ivermectin and moxidectin showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in its efficacy by 52.8 and 58.5% respectively, when used in association with verapamil against a moxidectin-selected strain. CL 347,099 also increased significantly (P<0.05) the ivermectin and moxidectin efficacy by 24.2 and 40.0% respectively, against an ivermectin-selected strain and by 40.0 and 75.6% respectively, against an moxidectin-selected strain. At the concentrations tested cyclosporin A showed a variable effect on increasing the efficacy of the anthelmintics against the susceptible and resistant strains.
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27
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Shtil AA, Turner JG, Dalton WS, Yu H. Alternative pathways of cell death to circumvent pleiotropic resistance in myeloma cells: role of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 38:59-70. [PMID: 10811448 DOI: 10.3109/10428190009060319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pleiotropic resistance to treatment remains one of the major reasons for therapeutic failures in patients with multiple myeloma. Myeloma cells are frequently resistant to physiological inducers of cell death prior to chemotherapy. Moreover, in the course of treatment cells acquire a multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype, making eradication of the tumor even more difficult. A necessary prerequisite for circumventing complex pleiotropic resistance is therefore defining the signaling pathways that execute death in myeloma cells. This review discusses evidence that cytokine-expressing autologous tumor cell vaccine may be an efficient tool for elimination of both intrinsically resistant myeloma cells as well as cells with acquired MDR in murine models. The vaccine was similarly potent against wild type cells that were resistant to several death receptor ligands, and their isogenic sublines selected for P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR. The anti-myeloma effect of the vaccine was mediated by granzyme B/perforin-secreting cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. This is an example of therapeutic strategy directed at utilizing death pathways that are preserved in pleiotropically resistant tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Shtil
- Immunology Program and the Clinical Investigations Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612-9497, USA
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Julien M, Gros P. Nucleotide-induced conformational changes in P-glycoprotein and in nucleotide binding site mutants monitored by trypsin sensitivity. Biochemistry 2000; 39:4559-68. [PMID: 10758006 DOI: 10.1021/bi992744z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Limited trypsin digestion was used to monitor nucleotide-induced conformational changes in wild-type P-glycoprotein (Pgp) as well as in nucleotide binding domain (NBD) Pgp mutants. Purified and reconstituted wild-type or mutant mouse Mdr3 Pgps were preincubated with different hydrolyzable or nonhydrolyzable nucleotides, followed by limited proteolytic cleavage at different trypsin:protein ratios. The Pgp tryptic digestion products were separated by SDS-PAGE followed by immunodetection with the mouse monoclonal anti-Pgp antibody C219, which recognizes a conserved epitope (VVQE/AALD) in each half of the protein. Different trypsin digestion patterns were observed for wild-type Pgp incubated with MgCl(2) alone, MgADP, MgAMP.PNP, MgATP, and MgATP + vanadate. A unique trypsin digestion profile suggestive of enhanced resistance to trypsin was observed under conditions of vanadate-induced trapping of nucleotides (MgATP + vanadate). The trypsin sensitivity profiles of Pgp mutants bearing either single or double mutations in Walker A (K429R, K1072R) and Walker B (D551N, D1196N) sequence signatures of NBD1 and NBD2 were analyzed under conditions of vanadate-induced trapping of nucleotides. The proteolytic cleavage pattern observed for the double mutants K429R/K1072R and D551N/D1196N, and for the single mutants K429R, K1072R, and D1196N were similar and clearly distinct from wild-type Pgp under the same conditions. This is consistent with the absence of ATP hydrolysis and of vanadate-induced trapping of 8-azido-ADP previously reported for these mutants [Urbatsch et al. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 4592-4602]. Interestingly, the trypsin digestion profiles observed under vanadate-induced trapping for the D551N and D1196N mutants were quite different, with the D551N mutant showing a profile resembling that seen for wild-type Pgp. The different sensitivity profiles of Pgp mutants bearing mutations at the homologous residue in NBD1 (D551N) and NBD2 (D1196N) suggest possible structural and functional differences between the two sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
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29
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Mazzella FM, Kowal-Vern A, Shrit MA, Rector JT, Cotelingam JD, Schumacher HR. Effects of multidrug resistance gene expression in acute erythroleukemia. Mod Pathol 2000; 13:407-13. [PMID: 10786807 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3880070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute erythroleukemia is a relatively rare disorder of a multilineal nature. Patients with this type of leukemia traditionally have been treated with a standard myeloid protocol, with a wide variation in prognosis between M6a, which has a similar prognosis to acute myelogenous leukemias, and M6b, with an extremely poor outcome despite aggressive therapy. Forty-eight archival cases of acute erythroleukemia, subtypes M6a (the traditional FAB-M6), M6b (pure erythroleukemia), and M6c (>30% myeloblasts and >30% pronormoblasts by FAB exclusion criteria), were evaluated for multidrug resistance gene (MDR-1) status. Findings were correlated with clinical course and karyotypes. Immunohistochemical stain for the protein product of MDR-1, P-glycoprotein, was variably positive in 11 of 23 patients with M6a, as well as in all of the patients with M6b (strongly positive) and M6c (weakly positive). P-glycoprotein expression positively correlated with unfavorable cytogenetic aberrations, poor response to chemotherapeutic agents, and short survival. Most significant was that P-glycoprotein expression demonstrated a negative additive effect on response to treatment and prognosis with unfavorable cytogenetic anomalies. P-glycoprotein expression and multiple cytogenetic anomalies most probably contribute to the resistance to chemotherapy and poor survival characteristic of the patients with M6b (mean survival, 3.15 +/- 4.2 mo) and M6c (mean survival, 10.5 +/- 12.7 mo). Because patients with M6b and M6c have increased numbers of pronormoblasts in their bone marrow and past chemotherapeutic attempts have failed, chemotherapy directed at these cells is appropriate. Additional therapy directed toward the MDR-1 gene and its protein product seems indicated from our findings.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/analysis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Bone Marrow/chemistry
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/classification
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Mazzella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio, USA.
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30
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Kusuzaki K, Minami G, Takeshita H, Murata H, Hashiguchi S, Nozaki T, Ashihara T, Hirasawa Y. Photodynamic inactivation with acridine orange on a multidrug-resistant mouse osteosarcoma cell line. Jpn J Cancer Res 2000; 91:439-45. [PMID: 10804293 PMCID: PMC5926471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2000.tb00964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR) is an urgent issue to improve the prognosis of osteosarcoma patients. In this study, we undertook to clarify the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with acridine orange (AO) on the MDR mouse osteosarcoma (MOS / ADR1) cell line, by comparing the outcome with the effect on a chemosensitive osteosarcoma (MOS) cell line. Cultured cells of MOS and MOS / ADR1 cell lines were exposed to AO at various concentrations for various times, followed by long- or short-term (10 or 1 min) illumination with blue light (466.5 nm) for excitation. Living cells were counted by means of the trypan blue exclusion test. The results showed that AO rapidly bound to DNA, RNA and lysosomes of living MOS and MOS / ADR1 cells and also that most tumor cells in both cell lines died rapidly (viability ratio to untreated cells: 1/1000) within 48 h under conditions of continuous or 15-min flash exposure to AO at concentrations above 1.0 microg/ml plus 10-min illumination with blue light. Even after flash exposure to AO at concentrations above 1.0 microg/ml plus 1-min illumination, the viability of MOS/ADR1 cells decreased to a viability ratio of less than 1/ 1000 within 72 h. Based on these results, we concluded that AO with photo-excitation has a strong cytocidal effect, not only on chemosensitive mouse osteosarcoma cells, but also on MDR mouse osteosarcoma cells. These results suggested that photodynamic therapy with AO may be a new approach to treating MDR human osteosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kusuzaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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31
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Fortune JM, Osheroff N. Topoisomerase II as a target for anticancer drugs: when enzymes stop being nice. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 64:221-53. [PMID: 10697411 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(00)64006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II is an essential enzyme that plays a role in virtually every cellular DNA process. This enzyme interconverts different topological forms of DNA by passing one nucleic acid segment through a transient double-stranded break generated in a second segment. By virtue of its double-stranded DNA passage reaction, topoisomerase II is able to regulate DNA over- and underwinding, and can resolve knots and tangles in the genetic material. Beyond the critical physiological functions of the eukaryotic enzyme, topoisomerase II is the target for some of the most successful anticancer drugs used to treat human malignancies. These agents are referred to as topoisomerase II poisons, because they transform the enzyme into a potent cellular toxin. Topoisomerase II poisons act by increasing the concentration of covalent enzyme-cleaved DNA complexes that normally are fleeting intermediates in the catalytic cycle of topoisomerase II. As a result of their action, these drugs generate high levels of enzyme-mediated breaks in the genetic material of treated cells and ultimately trigger cell death pathways. Topoisomerase II is also the target for a second category of drugs referred to as catalytic inhibitors. Compounds in this category prevent topoisomerase II from carrying out its required physiological functions. Drugs from both categories vary widely in their mechanisms of actions. This review focuses on topoisomerase II function and how drugs alter the catalytic cycle of this important enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fortune
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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32
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Labroille G, Dumain P, Lacombe F, Belloc F. Flow cytometric evaluation of Fas expression in relation to response and resistance to anthracyclines in leukemic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(20000301)39:3<195::aid-cyto4>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Julien M, Kajiji S, Kaback RH, Gros P. Simple purification of highly active biotinylated P-glycoprotein: enantiomer-specific modulation of drug-stimulated ATPase activity. Biochemistry 2000; 39:75-85. [PMID: 10625481 DOI: 10.1021/bi991726e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simplified method for the expression and purification of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is presented. This method is based on the in-frame fusion of both a polyhistidine tail and a 100-amino acid residue biotin acceptor domain of oxaloacetate decarboxylase from Klebsiella pneumoniae at the carboxyl terminus end of Pgp (Pgp-H6BD). The expression/purification protocol for Pgp-H6BD involves high-level expression of the fusion protein in the yeast Pichia pastoris, biotinylation in vitro with biotin ligase, solubilization of crude membrane fractions in detergent, and affinity purification by a combination of nickel and avidin chromatography. Biotinylated Pgp binds to immobilized monomeric avidin and can be eluted with free biotin in a high state of purity. This protocol is rapid and efficient and yields purified Pgp which shows robust ATPase activity, as determined by vanadate-induced trapping of photoactive nucleotides and by direct measurement of ATP hydrolysis by Pgp-H6BD. This method should be useful for structural studies of the protein by spectroscopic or crystallographic approaches. This purified Pgp-H6BD preparation has been used to study the enantiomer-specific effects of inhibitors of Pgp-mediated drug transport on the drug-stimulated ATPase activity of the protein. A series of 1, 4-disubstituted piperazine derivatives with a central chiral carbon and modified at the head and tail groups are shown to stimulate Pgp ATPase activity in a dose-dependent fashion. Some of these compounds are also capable of inhibiting either vinblastine or verapamil stimulation of ATPase activity of Pgp in an enantiomer-specific fashion. The enantiomeric specific inhibitory activity of these compounds suggests complex interactions at a single substrate binding site(s) on Pgp.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/isolation & purification
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/isolation & purification
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism
- Animals
- Biotinylation
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Enzyme Activators/pharmacology
- Histidine
- Humans
- Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics
- Mice
- Peptides/genetics
- Pichia/genetics
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Stereoisomerism
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Verapamil/pharmacology
- Vinblastine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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34
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Kusuzaki K, Hirata M, Takeshita H, Murata H, Hashiguchi S, Ashihara T, Hirasawa Y. Relationship between P-glycoprotein positivity, doxorubicin binding ability and histologic response to chemotherapy in osteosarcomas. Cancer Lett 1999; 138:203-8. [PMID: 10378794 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the doxorubicin binding ability detected by the doxorubicin (adriamycin) binding assay was closely correlated with the chemosensitivity of human osteosarcomas. In this study, we undertook to clarify the relationship between P-glycoprotein positivity (%PPG) and doxorubicin binding ability (%DB) in human osteosarcomas in order to determine which is a more sensitive index of histologic response to chemotherapy. Ten primary osteosarcomas were analyzed by the doxorubicin binding assay and by immunofluorescence to detect cellular P-glycoprotein positivity. Three good responders to chemotherapy containing doxorubicin showed a %DB greater than 90% (average: 96.43%), whereas the seven poor responders had values less than 80% (average: 35.31%). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.0167). However, the average %PPG of the three good responders was 6.73%, whereas the %PPG of the seven poor responders was 14.27%. There was no significant difference in %PPG between the two groups (P = 0.3051). No negative correlation between the %DB and the %PPG of all osteosarcomas (r = 0.536, P = 0.1104) was found, although there was a trend that those tumors with a high %PPG showed a low %DB. These results suggest that osteosarcomas showing a low %DB and %PPG with poor response to chemotherapy, may have multidrug resistance mechanisms other than P-glycoprotein. Therefore, we conclude that doxorubicin binding ability, which reflects all of the doxorubicin-resistant mechanisms, was more sensitive than P-glycoprotein positivity in predicting the chemosensitivity of human osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kusuzaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Hirokoji, Japan.
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35
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Induction of MDR1 gene expression by anthracycline analogues in a human drug resistant leukaemia cell line. Br J Cancer 1999. [PMID: 10070877 PMCID: PMC2362657 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6990133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin (idarubicin, IDA) and MX2, a new morpholino-anthracycline, on up-regulation of the MDR1 gene in the low-level multidrug resistant (MDR) cell line CEM/A7R were compared at similar concentrations (IC10, IC50and IC90) over a short time exposure (4 and 24 h). The chemosensitivity of each drug was determined by a 3-day cell growth inhibition assay. Compared with epirubicin (EPI), IDA and MX2 were 17- and eightfold more effective in the CEM/A7R line respectively. No cross-resistance to 5-FU was seen in the CEM/A7R line. Verapamil (5 μM) and PSC 833 (1 μM), which dramatically reversed resistance to EPI in the CEM/A7R line, had no sensitizing effect on the resistance of this line to MX2, but slightly decreased resistance to IDA. The sensitivity to 5-FU was unchanged by these modulators. The induction of MDR1 mRNA expression by IDA, MX2 and 5-FU was analysed by Northern blotting and semiquantitatively assessed by scanning Northern blots on a phosphorimager. The relative level of MDR1 expression was expressed as a ratio of MDR1 mRNA to the internal RNA control glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). IDA, MX2 and 5-FU differentially up-regulated MDR1 mRNA in the CEM/A7R line in a dose-dependent manner. Both IDA and MX2 induced MDR1 expression within 4 h. 5-FU up-regulated MDR1 expression only when drug exposure was prolonged to 24 h. Based on MRK 16 binding, flow cytometric analysis of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) expression paralleled the increase in MDR1 mRNA levels. For the three anthracyclines, the increase in MDR1 expression was stable in cells grown in the absence of drug for more than 3 weeks after drug treatment. The induction of MDR1 expression by 5-FU was transient, associated with a rapid decrease in the increased Pgp levels which returned to baseline 72 h after the removal of 5-FU. This study demonstrates that MDR1 expression can be induced by analogues of anthracyclies not pumped by Pgp, and that this induction appears to be stable despite a 3-week drug-free period. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaign
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36
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Cytokine-Based Tumor Cell Vaccine Is Equally Effective Against Parental and Isogenic Multidrug-Resistant Myeloma Cells: The Role of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.6.1831.406k38_1831_1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells that survive initial courses of chemotherapy may do so by acquiring a multidrug-resistant phenotype. This particular mechanism of drug resistance may also confer resistance to physiological effectors of apoptosis that could potentially reduce the efficacy of immune therapies that use these pathways of cell death. We have previously demonstrated high efficacy for a cytokine-based tumor cell vaccine in a murine MPC11 myeloma model. In the present study, the effects of this vaccination were compared in MPC11 cells and their isogenic sublines selected for mdr1/P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR). Immunization with MPC11 cells expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) led to long-lasting protection of mice against subcutaneous (sc) challenge with both parental cells or their MDR variants. Similarly, immunization with GM-CSF/IL-12–transfected MDR sublines caused rejection of transplantation of both parental cells and the MDR sublines. Whereas MPC11 cells and their MDR variants were resistant to APO-1/CD95/Fas ligand, the immunization generated potent granzyme B/perforin-secreting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that were similarly effective against both parental and isogenic MDR cells. We conclude that MDR mediated bymdr1/Pgp did not interfere with lysis by pore-forming CTLs. Immunotherapy based on pore-forming CTLs may be an attractive approach to the treatment of drug-resistant myeloma.
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37
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Li Q, Sham HL, Rosenberg SH. Chapter 14. Antimitotic Agents. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Bell SE, Quinn DM, Kellett GL, Warr JR. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose preferentially kills multidrug-resistant human KB carcinoma cell lines by apoptosis. Br J Cancer 1998; 78:1464-70. [PMID: 9836479 PMCID: PMC2063216 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of cell death associated with the preferential killing of multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells by the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) in a range of MDR human KB carcinoma cell lines selected in different drugs. The D10 values for KB-V1, KB-C1 and KB-A1 (selected in vinblastine, colchicine and doxorubicin respectively) were 1.74, 1.04 and 0.31 mM, respectively, compared with 4.60 mM for the parental cell line (KB-3-1). The mechanism of cell death was identified as apoptosis, based on nuclear morphology, annexin V binding and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. 2DG induced apoptosis in the three MDR cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner and did not induce necrosis. PARP cleavage was detected in KB-C1 cells within 2 h of exposure to 50 mM 2DG and slightly later in KB-A1 and KB-V1 cells. The relative levels of 2DG sensitivity did not correlate with the levels of multidrug resistance or with the reduced levels of the glucose transporter GLUT-1 in these cells. We speculate that a 2DG-stimulated apoptotic pathway in MDR KB cells differs from that in normal KB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Bell
- Department of Biology, The University of York, UK
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39
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Klostergaard J, Auzenne E, Leroux E. Characterization of cytotoxicity induced by sphingolipids in multidrug-resistant leukemia cells. Leuk Res 1998; 22:1049-56. [PMID: 9783808 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(98)00107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Certain sphingolipids (SLs) exert fundamental roles in differentiative, growth-inhibitory and apoptotic pathways induced by a number of agents in leukemia cells. Multidrug-resistance (MDR) is a major cause of therapeutic failure in leukemia. SLs are among the diverse substrates for the MDR p-170 glycoprotein drug-efflux pump. We tested the hypothesis that expression of MDR would thereby block the cytotoxicity induced by the SLs sphingosine, sphinganine and N-hexanoyl-sphingosine. An MDR-expressing subline of murine P388 leukemia cells demonstrated an ED50 value > or = 2 log10 higher than the parental line in response to doxorubicin. In contrast, the ED50 values for each of the SLs were only approximately 1.5 to two-fold higher in the MDR line than in the parental; induction of DNA damage by SLs was comparable or actually greater in MDR compared to parental cells. Therefore, expression of MDR does not significantly affect the cytotoxic function of these SLs, nor do these SLs likely contribute to MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Klostergaard
- Department of Tumor Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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40
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Dingemans AM, Pinedo HM, Giaccone G. Clinical resistance to topoisomerase-targeted drugs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1400:275-88. [PMID: 9748627 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review describes topoisomerase (topo)-mediated drug resistance and topo expression in human tissues and cancers. In some in vitro studies a relation has been observed between topo I, IIalpha or IIbeta expression and sensitivity to topo inhibitors. Drug resistance to topo inhibitors may, however, be multifactorial. Several topo inhibitors are substrates for drug membrane transporters. As most topo inhibitors are cell cycle specific, disturbances in cell cycle regulation can also confer resistance, and downstream events following DNA damage induced by topo inhibitors may be involved in regulating cell death or survival. Several studies in patient specimens have shown a relation between topo IIalpha expression and the proliferative state of the tumor, higher topo IIalpha levels being seen in more highly proliferating tumor types. In contrast, topo IIbeta appears to be expressed in both proliferating and quiescent cells. Furthermore, higher topo I levels were observed in some tumors when compared to their normal counterparts. In some studies a reduced topo IIalpha level was seen in samples taken after chemotherapy treatment, as compared with specimens prior to treatment. No unequivocal relation was observed, however, between expression or activity of the topo genes and response to chemotherapy; nonetheless only a few studies have properly addressed this question. This review summarizes the results of the clinical studies performed so far, and analyzes the critical issues in performing studies on patient material.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dingemans
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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41
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Abstract
The emergence of resistance in a tumor population is most often associated with a disregulation of gene expression, usually at the level of transcription. A major goal in the field of cancer chemotherapy is to define the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of drug resistance genes in an effort to identify targets for therapeutic intervention. Recently, considerable progress has been made in identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the transcriptional regulation of the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) gene. When overexpressed in tumor cells, Pgp confers resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic agents; this resistance has been termed MDR (multidrug resistance). Moreover, Pgp is a normal component of a variety of highly differentiated cell types and, as such, is regulated by both internal and external environmental stimuli. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge regarding the DNA elements and protein factors involved in both constitutive and inducible regulation of Pgp transcription in normal and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Scotto
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, U.S.A.,
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42
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Beaudet L, Gros P. Mutational analysis of P-glycoprotein in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methods Enzymol 1998; 292:414-27. [PMID: 9711571 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(98)92032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/chemistry
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/chemistry
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CHO Cells
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- Codon
- Colchicine/pharmacokinetics
- Colchicine/toxicity
- Cricetinae
- Dactinomycin/pharmacokinetics
- Dactinomycin/toxicity
- Doxorubicin/pharmacokinetics
- Doxorubicin/toxicity
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Gramicidin/pharmacokinetics
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Reading Frames
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/physiology
- Substrate Specificity
- Transfection/methods
- Vinblastine/pharmacokinetics
- Vinblastine/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- L Beaudet
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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43
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Kusuzaki K, Takeshita H, Murata H, Hirata M, Hashiguchi S, Ashihara T, Hirasawa Y. Relation between cellular doxorubicin binding ability to nuclear DNA and histologic response to preoperative chemotherapy in patients with osteosarcoma. Cancer 1998; 82:2343-9. [PMID: 9635526 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980615)82:12<2343::aid-cncr7>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although chemosensitivity to antiosteosarcoma agents is the most important prognostic factor in human osteosarcoma, none of the many chemosensitivity tests reported previously are reliable and clinically useful. In this study, the authors investigated the reliability and clinical availability of doxorubicin (Adriamycin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH) binding assay (ABA) as a new chemosensitivity test for osteosarcoma. METHODS Doxorubicin (adriamycin [ADM]) binding ability (%AB) to nuclear DNA in isolated osteosarcoma cells was assessed by ABA in 14 patients with primary osteosarcoma who were treated with preoperative chemotherapy containing ADM and 6 patients with relapsed osteosarcoma after intensive chemotherapy. Histologic responses to preoperative chemotherapy were evaluated by percentage of tumor necrosis (%necrosis). RESULTS Four of the 14 patients with primary osteosarcoma had %AB > 80% (97.3+/-3.7%) and demonstrated good histologic responses (>90% of %necrosis) to preoperative chemotherapy, whereas the remaining 10 patients had %AB < 80% (38.9+/-21.0%) and demonstrated poor responses. Patients with recurrent osteosarcoma that was clinically evaluated to be resistant to previous chemotherapy also had low %AB (34.2+/-28.3%). CONCLUSIONS Because the results of the current study revealed that ABA is useful for predicting chemosensitivity to chemotherapy with ADM as well as chemotherapy without ADM for patients with osteosarcoma, and because ABA technically is simple and results can be assessed rapidly, the authors conclude that ABA is a clinically useful chemosensitivity test for patients with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kusuzaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Hirokoji, Japan
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Kwan T, Gros P. Mutational analysis of the P-glycoprotein first intracellular loop and flanking transmembrane domains. Biochemistry 1998; 37:3337-50. [PMID: 9521654 DOI: 10.1021/bi972680x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of individual intracellular (IC) loops linking transmembrane (TM) domains in P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function remains largely unknown. The high degree of sequence conservation of these regions in the P-gp family and other ABC transporters suggests an important role in a common mechanism of action of these proteins. To gain insight into this problem, we have randomly mutagenized a portion of TM2, the entire IC1 loop, TM3, the entire extracellular loop (EC2), and part of TM4, and analyzed the effect of such mutations on P-gp function. Random mutagenesis was carried out using Taq DNA polymerase and dITP under conditions of low polymerase fidelity, and the mutagenized segments were reintroduced in the full length mdr3 cDNA by homologous recombination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain JPY201. The biological activity of mutant P-gp variants was analyzed in yeast by their ability to confer cellular resistance to the antifungal drug FK506 and the peptide ionophore valinomycin, and by their ability to complement the yeast Ste6 gene and restore mating in a yeast strain bearing a null mutation [Raymond, M., et al. (1992) Science 256, 232-4] at this locus. The analysis of 782 independent yeast transformants allowed the identification of 49 independent mutants bearing single amino acid substitutions in the mutagenized segment resulting in an altered P-gp function. The mutants could be phenotypically classified into two major groups, those that resulted in partial or complete overall loss of function and those that seemed to affect substrate specificity. Several of the mutants affecting overall activity mapped in IC1; in particular we identified a segment of four consecutive mutation sensitive residues (TRLT, positions 169-172) with such a phenotype. On the other hand, we identified a cluster of mutants affecting substrate specificity within the short EC2 segment and in the adjacent portion of the neighboring TM4 domain. Expression and partial purification of a representative subset of these mutants showed that in all but two cases, loss of function was associated with loss of drug-induced ATPase activity of P-gp. Therefore, it appears that TM domains, IC and EC loops, are structurally and functionally tightly coupled in the process of drug stimulatable ATPase characteristic of P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kwan
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kast C, Gros P. Epitope insertion favors a six transmembrane domain model for the carboxy-terminal portion of the multidrug resistance-associated protein. Biochemistry 1998; 37:2305-13. [PMID: 9485377 DOI: 10.1021/bi972332v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The overexpression of the multidrug resistance protein, MRP, in mammalian cells is associated with pleiotropic resistance to cytotoxic drugs. MRP is an integral membrane protein which belongs to the family of ATP-binding cassette transporters. Secondary structure predictions combined with biochemical analyses suggest that MRP encodes 11 transmembrane (TM) domains in the amino-terminal half of the protein and four or six transmembrane domains in the carboxy-terminal half of the protein. To gain insight into the membrane topology of the carboxy-terminal half of MRP, small, antigenic hemagglutinin (HA) epitopes (YPYDVPDYAS) were inserted within six predicted hydrophilic subfragments of this region (938, 1001, 1084, 1175, 1222, 1295). These epitope-tagged MRP variants were expressed in HeLa cells to evaluate their ability to confer resistance to the drug etoposide (VP-16). Insertion of the HA epitopes at positions 938, 1001, and 1222 resulted in functional proteins, while epitope insertion at positions 1084, 1175, and 1295 abrogated MRP function. The intracellular versus extracellular location of the HA epitopes present in biologically active MRP variants was then established in intact and permeabilized cells by immunofluorescence using an anti-HA antibody. Epitopes inserted at positions 1001 and 1222 were located on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane, while the epitope inserted at position 938 was located intracellularly. These results are consistent with a six TM rather than a four TM domain model for the membrane portion of the carboxy-terminal half of MRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kast
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Drummond, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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Kast C, Gros P. Topology mapping of the amino-terminal half of multidrug resistance-associated protein by epitope insertion and immunofluorescence. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:26479-87. [PMID: 9334225 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.42.26479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) is an integral membrane protein that causes multidrug resistance when overexpressed in mammalian cells. Within the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, MRP belongs to a subgroup of structurally and functionally related proteins that includes the yeast cadmium factor 1 and yeast oligomycin resistance I proteins, and the mammalian sulfonylurea receptors SUR1 and SUR2. Hydropathy analysis of these proteins predicts a unique membrane-associated region at the amino terminus followed by a structural unit composed of 12 transmembrane (TM) domains and two nucleotide-binding domains that is characteristic of eukaryotic ATP-binding cassette transporters. The topology of the membrane-associated regions of MRP remains largely unknown and was investigated. Small hemagglutinin epitopes (YPYDVPDYAS) were inserted in predicted hydrophilic segments of the membrane-associated regions from the amino-terminal half of MRP and these proteins were expressed in HeLa cells, and tested for their capacity to confer etoposide resistance. The polarity of the inserted tags with respect to plasma membrane was then deduced by immunofluorescence in intact and permeabilized cells. Insertion of epitopes at positions 4, 163, 271, 574, and 653 produced functional proteins while insertions at positions 127, 417, 461, and 529 abrogated the capacity of MRP to confer drug resistance. Epitopes inserted at positions 4, 163, and 574 were localized extracellularly, whereas those inserted at positions 271 and 653 revealed an intracellular location. Although a single epitope inserted at position 461 was compatible with MRP function, it was inaccessible to the anti-epitope antibody and two copies of the tag at that site abrogated MRP function. These results indicate that the amino terminus of MRP is extracellular, while the linker segment joining the first and second membrane-associated regions is intracellular as is the first nucleotide-binding domain. Our findings are therefore consistent with a topological model of MRP that contains 5 TM segments in the first membrane-associated region and 6 TM segments in the second membrane region.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kast
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Starling JJ, Shepard RL, Cao J, Law KL, Norman BH, Kroin JS, Ehlhardt WJ, Baughman TM, Winter MA, Bell MG, Shih C, Gruber J, Elmquist WF, Dantzig AH. Pharmacological characterization of LY335979: a potent cyclopropyldibenzosuberane modulator of P-glycoprotein. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1997; 37:335-47. [PMID: 9381979 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(96)00021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The above data indicate that LY335979 displays the following characteristics of an 'ideal modulator' of Pgp-mediated multidrug resistance: high affinity binding to Pgp, high potency for in vitro reversal of drug resistance, high therapeutic index (activity was demonstrated at doses ranging from 1-30 mg/kg) observed in in vivo antitumor efficacy experiments, and a lack of pharmacokinetic interactions that alter the plasma concentration of coadministered oncolytic agents. These desirable features strongly suggest that LY335979 is an exciting new clinical agent to test the hypothesis that inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity will result in reversal of multidrug resistance in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Starling
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Ruetz S, Brault M, Dalton W, Gros P. Functional interactions between synthetic alkyl phospholipids and the ABC transporters P-glycoprotein, Ste-6, MRP, and Pgh 1. Biochemistry 1997; 36:8180-8. [PMID: 9201967 DOI: 10.1021/bi970564o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ABC superfamily of transporters includes the mammalian P-glycoprotein family (Class I and Class II P-gps), the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), the Pgh-1 product of Plasmodium falciparum gene pfmdr1, all of which are associated with cellular pleiotropic drug resistance phenomena. STE6, the yeast transporter for the farnesylated peptide pheromone a, is also a member of this family. Structural similarities in this family translate into functional homology as expression of mouse Mdr3S (P-gp), P. falciparum Pgh-1, and human MRP partially restore mating in a sterile yeast mutant lacking a functional STE6 gene. The demonstration that Class II P-gps function as phosphatidylcholine (PC) translocators raise the possibility that other ABC transporters may also interact with physiological lipids. We report the identification of the synthetic lipid and PC analog ET-18-OCH3 (edelfosine) as a substrate for not only Class II P-gp but also for Class I P-gps and surprisingly for the other ABC transporters MRP, Pgh-1, and STE6. Expression of these proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae JPY201 was found to confer cellular resistance to cytotoxic concentrations of this lipid by a factor of 4-20-fold in a growth inhibition assay. The noted activity of ABC transporters toward this synthetic lipid was specific as a mutant variant of Mdr3 (Mdr3F) with reduced activity could not convey cellular resistance to ET-18-OCH3. ET-18-OCH3 was also found capable of blocking a-peptide pheromone transport and STE6 complementation by these ABC proteins. The inhibitory effect of ET-18-OCH3 on cell growth and a-factor transport could be abrogated by incubation with the lipid acceptor protein BSA or by enzymatic cleavage by microsomal alkylglycerol mono-oxygenase (MAMO). MAMO and BSA reversal of the ether lipid effect was only seen in the presence of a functional transporter. These results suggest that the group of cytotoxic synthetic PC analogs studied reveal possible structural and functional aspects common to the ABC transporters tested. Furthermore, the studies with BSA and MAMO suggest that the mechanism of transport of ET-18-OCH3 by these ABC transporters may be related to the flippase mechanism of PC transport by Mdr2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ruetz
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
AbstractRecent evidence has supported the hypothesis that chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation induce an apoptotic pathway that requires the active participation of the cell. One pathway of apoptosis in malignant lymphoid cells is mediated by the Fas antigen. We studied the human myeloma (8226) and T-cell leukemia (CEM) cell lines selected for resistance to the anthracenes, doxorubicin or mitoxantrone, by continuous culture in the presence of either agent. We found that these drug-resistant cell lines were also resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The degree of resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis correlated directly with the level of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. These observations indicate that, as cancer cell lines develop mechanisms of drug resistance, they may also develop mechanisms of resistance to physiologic signals of apoptosis. Two mechanisms of resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis were observed in these cell lines. One mechanism was associated with a dose-dependent reduction in the surface expression of Fas antigen. Analysis of RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays showed that the reduction of Fas antigen expression occurred at the level of transcription. A second mechanism of drug resistance showed no decrease of Fas antigen expression; however, the apoptotic response was diminished. In this situation, removal of the chemotherapeutic agent resulted in a partial reversion to chemosensitivity and re-expression of the Fas antigen, but these cell lines did not regain the ability to undergo apoptosis in response to cross-linking by anti-Fas antibody. These findings support the hypothesis that apoptosis mediated by both chemotherapeutic agents and physiologic stimuli may share a common downstream effector. The demonstration that selection for drug resistance in hematopoietic cell lines results in a simultaneous resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis may have clinical implications in the development of strategies for the treatment of resistant disease. Further analysis of the molecular mechanisms of Fas expression and function will facilitate the design of biological response modifying agents for the treatment of malignancy.
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Hiss D, Gabriels G, Jacobs P, Folb P. Tunicamycin potentiates drug cytotoxicity and vincristine retention in multidrug resistant cell lines. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32A:2164-72. [PMID: 9014761 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(96)00262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tunicamycin (TM), an inhibitor of glycoprotein processing, was investigated for its potential to reverse the multiple drug resistance (MDR) phenotype. When TM was added in vitro to drug-resistant NIH-3T3-MDR and KB-8-5-11 cells, they developed an increased sensitivity to doxorubicin, epirubicin, vincristine and colchicine. Similarly, the sensitivity of NIH-3T3-MDR cells to cisplatin was also enhanced by TM. In the presence of TM, drug-sensitive NIH-3T3-parental cells exhibited greater susceptibility to the toxic effects of doxorubicin, epirubicin, vincristine (marginally significant), and colchicine, but not to cisplatin. Tunicamycin-treated drug-sensitive KB-3-1 cells showed an increased response to vincristine, but not to the other anticancer drugs. Pretreatment with TM inhibited glycoprotein synthesis in all the cell lines. Neither prior exposure to, nor co-incubation with TM, influenced the uptake of vincristine (VCR) in the various cell lines. However, NIH-3T3-MDR cells accumulated less VCR than their drug-sensitive controls and also exhibited reduced efflux of the drug when treated with TM. There were no significant differences in the levels of intracellular VCR uptake between drug-sensitive KB-3-1 and KB-8-5-11 cells. Tunicamycin increased intracellular VCR retention in KB-8-5-11 and NIH-3T3-MDR cells, but not in NIH-3T3-parental cells. However, drug-sensitive KB-3-1 cells expressed reduced VCR retention in response to TM exposure, indicating that correlations between VCR toxicity and its retention in the presence of TM should be made with caution. The results suggest that the enhancement of intracellular VCR retention in MDR cells lines caused by TM is likely to be the result of inhibition of VCR efflux. Inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis during TM exposure may account for the changes in VCR efflux and retention observed in the MDR cell lines. The enhancement of cisplatin cytotoxicity in NIH-3T3-MDR cells after exposure to TM is an interesting observation, since it is generally believed that agents which modify the MDR phenotype do not show a sensitising effect to cisplatin. These findings may have applications in the reversal of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hiss
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Medical School, South Africa
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