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Abstract
There is considerable evidence that placental oxidative stress plays a significant role in the etiology of preeclampsia. Prophylactic use of exogenous anti-oxidants such as vitamins E and C have proven to be ineffective and potentially dangerous. The current study addresses the role of endogenous anti-oxidant systems in preeclampsia. In particular, data on the selenodependent enzymes glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase will be presented and the role of selenium in preeclampsia will be considered. The aim of these studies was to determine the levels of endogenous antioxidants, selenium, and biological oxidation in normal and preeclamptic placental tissues. Furthermore, animal studies were conducted to assess the impact of selenium depletion on anti-oxidant expression and activity, oxidative stress and symptoms of preeclampsia. Selenium depletion generated placental oxidative stress and produced a preeclamptic like syndrome in pregnant rats suggesting a link between placental oxidative stress, endogenous antioxidant disequilibria and the pathogenesis of preeclampsia that may be linked to insufficient dietary selenium. The selenium of status of preeclamptic mothers was also considered and lower levels of selenium were observed when compared to normal controls. Selenium supplementation improves endogenous anti-oxidant expression in trophoblast cells and might provide an effective method of protecting the placenta from oxidative stress during preeclampsia. Clinical studies are now underway to investigate the benefits of low dose selenium supplementation on the development and progression of preeclampsia.
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Heng YJ, Di Quinzio MKW, Permezel M, Rice GE, Georgiou HM. Temporal expression of antioxidants in human cervicovaginal fluid associated with spontaneous labor. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:951-7. [PMID: 20446766 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of human cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) by 2D electrophoresis revealed significant differential expression of several major antioxidant enzymes during late pregnancy and term labor. Temporal quantitative changes of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn SOD) and thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) with impending term labor were investigated, and the potential of these biomarkers as individual and multiple predictors of labor was determined. The TAC of CVF (n = 193) was 8-fold significantly lower in labor, and approximately 2-fold significantly lower at 0-7, 8-14, 15-21, and 22-28 days, compared with >or=29 days prior to labor onset (p < 0.001). The expression of Cu,Zn SOD (n = 170) was 1.5- to 1.9-fold significantly decreased in labor (p < 0.001). Trx-1 (n = 163) was 2.8- to 5.1-fold significantly lower in labor (p = 0.002). The combination of TAC and Cu,Zn SOD produced the best predictive efficacy with 74% sensitivity and 95% specificity to predict term labor within 3 days of onset. These findings suggest that labor is associated with increased oxidative stress well before its onset and is reflected in the human CVF. The biomarkers identified in this study could serve as predictors of labor and offer potential strategies for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Jan Heng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
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Stark M, Neale L, Woodhead S, Jasani B, Johansen KA, Shaw RW. Hypothesis on Functional Inadequacy of Thioredoxin and Related Systems in Preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959709069088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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4
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Nakamura T, Hoshino Y, Yamada A, Teratani A, Furukawa S, Okuyama H, Ueda S, Wada H, Yodoi J, Nakamura H. Recombinant human thioredoxin-1 becomes oxidized in circulation and suppresses bleomycin-induced neutrophil recruitment in the rat airway. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:1089-98. [PMID: 17886030 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701487682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin-1 (TRX) is a redox-active protein with anti-inflammatory effects. This study investigated the optimal delivery method and the mechanisms of recombinant human TRX (rhTRX) to suppress neutrophil recruitment in a rat bleomycin (BLM)-induced sustained acute lung injury model. In male Wister rats intratracheally administered with 0.125 mg/kg BLM, 8 mg/kg/day rhTRX was intravenously administered on days 3-6 using one of three protocols: daily bolus injection, 3 h daily infusion or continuous infusion for 96 h. Only the continuous-infusion of rhTRX significantly reduced the neutrophil infiltration compared with the other two methods. The BLM-induced down-regulation of L-selectin expression on circulating neutrophils was inhibited by rhTRX. Oxidized rhTRX showed a comparable effect with reduced rhTRX and rhTRX incubated with plasma or circulating in plasma was more than 99% oxidized. These results suggest that rhTRX becomes oxidized in circulation and continuous infusion of rhTRX suppresses neutrophil recruitment in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nakamura
- Thioredoxin Project, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Translational Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Umekawa T, Sugiyama T, Kihira T, Murabayashi N, Zhang L, Nagao K, Kamimoto Y, Ma N, Yodoi J, Sagawa N. Overexpression of thioredoxin-1 reduces oxidative stress in the placenta of transgenic mice and promotes fetal growth via glucose metabolism. Endocrinology 2008; 149:3980-8. [PMID: 18450962 PMCID: PMC2488218 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs where there is an imbalance between the production and scavenging of free radicals. Pregnancy per se is a state of oxidative stress due to the increased metabolic activity of placental mitochondria and reduced scavenging ability of antioxidant systems. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species may be associated with impaired fetal growth. However, the physiological influence of antioxidant systems on fetal growth is not well understood. In this study we assessed the effects of antioxidant systems on fetal growth using human thioredoxin (hTRX)-1 overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice. Tg or C57BL/6 [wild-type (WT)] male mice were mated with WT female mice, and dams were killed to obtain the fetuses and placentas on gestational d 15. Tg fetuses were significantly heavier than WT fetuses, whereas placental weight did not differ significantly between the two groups. Immunohistochemically, hTRX-1 was localized to the nuclei of labyrinthine trophoblasts in Tg mice. In addition, placental expression of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, which reflects DNA damage caused by oxidative stress, was reduced in Tg mice compared with WT mice. Placental expression of glucose transporter-1 mRNA and protein was significantly higher in Tg mice than WT mice, whereas no significant differences were observed for glucose transporter-3, IGF, and IGF-binding protein mRNA expression. These results suggest that placental and/or systemic antioxidant systems can influence fetal growth. In particular, increased hTRX-1 activity and the resulting modified placental redox state may play an important role in fetal growth by increasing the availability of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Umekawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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6
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Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in a wide variety of diseases and degenerative states including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease and ageing. There is now considerable evidence to suggest that pregnancy leads to the generation of an increased oxidative burden, but whether this overwhelms the anti-oxidant capacity within the placenta and/or the peripheral circulation remains a point of conjecture. There is little doubt that oxidative stress is a significant contributor in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. The use of exogenous anti-oxidants such as vitamins C and E in the prevention of preeclampsia is the subject of several large clinical trials currently being conducted in many countries around the world. The results of these studies are eagerly awaited, but what of the endogenous anti-oxidant systems that have evolved to combat the oxidative burden associated with living in an aerobic environment? This review will focus on several important anti-oxidant enzyme systems, their role in pregnancy and the evidence to suggest that endogenous anti-oxidants are important in the development of complications of pregnancy such as preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony V Perkins
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
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Enders AC, Carter AM. What Can Comparative Studies of Placental Structure Tell Us?—A Review. Placenta 2004; 25 Suppl A:S3-9. [PMID: 15033300 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2003] [Revised: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of placental structures in Eutherian mammals is such that drawing generalizations from the definitive forms is problematic. There are always areas of reduced interhaemal distance whether the placenta is epitheliochorial, synepitheliochorial, endotheliochorial or haemochorial. However, the thinning may be achieved by different means. The presence of a haemophagous area as an iron transport facilitator is generally associated with endotheliochorial placentae but is also found in sheep and goats (synepitheliochorial) and in tenrecs and hyaenas (haemochorial). Although similar chorioallantoic placentae are found within families, structure begins to diverge at the ordinal level and there is little correlation at the supraordinal level of phylogeny. Differences in formation and function of the yolk sac provide additional variation. There would appear to be considerable adaptive pressure for development or retention of the haemochorial type of chorioallantoic placenta. This type of placenta has several possible drawbacks including more ready passage of fetal cells to the maternal organism and, should the haemochorial condition be achieved early, oxidative stress. At any rate no animal larger than the human and gorilla has this type of placenta. The endotheliochorial condition is found in animals as large as the bears, manatee and elephants. In addition to the ungulates, the epitheliochorial condition is present in the largest animals with the longest gestation periods, the whales. Considering the length of time since the early stages of mammalian evolution, it is probable that few unmodified structural features are present in any currently surviving mammal. Nevertheless, more complete studies of divergent types of mammalian placenta should help our understanding of mammalian interrelationships as well as placental function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Enders
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, School of Medicine, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Thioredoxin is an important redox protein that is ubiquitously distributed. Thioredoxin exists in dynamic equilibrium between the oxidized and reduced forms, making it an ideal redox-regulatory protein. Thioredoxin, together with thioredoxin reductase and peroxiredoxins, forms a complete redox system that is similar to the glutathione system, but with distinct and divergent functions. This review provides a brief general summary of the thioredoxin system with particular emphasis on its role in premature birth and newborn physiology and disease states. Although extensive studies have examined the role of the thioredoxin system in antioxidant defense, cell proliferation, and signal transduction, further studies are needed to understand its role in embryogenesis and development. Such studies will facilitate our understanding of how thioredoxin may modulate newborn diseases via redox regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumuda C Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA.
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Lysell J, Stjernholm Vladic Y, Ciarlo N, Holmgren A, Sahlin L. Immunohistochemical determination of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin distribution in the human cervix, and possible relation to cervical ripening. Gynecol Endocrinol 2003; 17:303-10. [PMID: 14503974 DOI: 10.1080/gye.17.4.303.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) are dithiol redox enzymes, catalyzing general thiol-disulfide oxidoreductions apart from being hydrogen donors for ribonucleotide reductase, an enzyme essential for DNA synthesis. In mammals, isoenzymes of Trx and Grx are found in the cytoplasm (Trx1 and Grx1) or in mitochondria (Trx2 and Grx2). Trx and Grx play a role in cellular defence against oxidative stress and in redox regulation of cellular function. The localization and levels of human Trx1 and human Grx1 have been determined in the human cervix by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Cervical biopsies were obtained from five non-pregnant, five term pregnant and five postpartum women. The levels of both Trx1 and Grx1 were increased in the nuclei (after translocation from the cytoplasm) of stromal cells in cervices from the term pregnant group as compared to the non-pregnant group, but the levels in the postpartum group did not differ significantly from those of the other two groups. These results are in agreement with our previous data on the mRNA expression of these two redox enzymes. The increased levels of the redox enzymes in term pregnancy suggest that they can be regulating factors involved in the process of cervical ripening, e.g. transcription factors and enzymes. Secreted Trx may participate in removing inhibitors of collagen-degrading metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lysell
- Division for Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, L5:01, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Osborne LJ, Tonissen KF, Tang VH, Clarke FM. Expression and localisation of thioredoxin in mouse reproductive tissues during the oestrous cycle. Mol Reprod Dev 2001; 58:359-67. [PMID: 11241771 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2795(20010401)58:4<359::aid-mrd2>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin expression within the reproductive tissues of the female mouse was analysed during the oestrous cycle stages of dioestrus, oestrus and metoestrus by Western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry. From Western blot analyses the expression of thioredoxin was found to be increased in oestrus compared to dioestrus and metoestrus. Localisation of thioredoxin within the reproductive organs of the mouse during the oestrous cycle has shown that the expression of thioredoxin is specific for distinct areas within the reproductive organs. These areas are the stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina, the simple columnar epithelium and the uterine glands of the uterus, the ciliated columnar epithelium of the oviduct, the corpus lutea, the interstitial cells and the secondary follicles of the ovary. The discrete cellular localisation and oestrous dependence of thioredoxin expression are suggestive of specific roles in various reproductive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Osborne
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld, Australia
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Stark JM. Inadequate reducing systems in pre-eclampsia: a complementary role for vitamins C and E with thioredoxin-related activities. BJOG 2001; 108:339-43. [PMID: 11305538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Stark
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Inadequate reducing systems in pre-eclampsia: a complementary role for vitamins C and E with thioredoxin-related activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0306-5456(00)00100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sahlin L, Ostlund E, Wang H, Holmgren A, Fried G. Decreased expression of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin in placentae from pregnancies with pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Placenta 2000; 21:603-9. [PMID: 10985961 DOI: 10.1053/plac.2000.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is one of the major contributors to perinatal morbidity. This study was performed to test a hypothesis which suggests that pre-eclampsia is associated with inadequate control by the thioredoxin system and other related reducing systems. Placental tissue from normal pregnancies (NC), severe pre-eclampsia with fetuses small for gestational age (SPE), mild pre-eclampsia with fetuses small for gestational age (MPE) and pregnancies with small fetuses for gestational age without any sign of pre-eclampsia (IUGR) was collected immediately after delivery. The mRNA levels for thioredoxin and glutaredoxin were determined using a solution hybridization method and the distribution of the proteins in a normal placenta was analysed by immunohistochemistry. Results showed that the thioredoxin mRNA level in the SPE group was decreased to one third of the level in the NC group. Also the IUGR group showed a significant decrease. The glutaredoxin mRNA level in the SPE group was one half of that seen in the NC group. There was significant correlation between the mRNA levels for thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, both in the normal and growth restricted pregnancies. We conclude that the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin reducing systems are affected in placenta from pregnancies with pre-eclampsia and/or growth restriction of fetuses, and that the decrease correlates to the severity of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sahlin
- Division for Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Sahlin L, Persson E, Stjernholm Y, Ekman G, Holmgren A, Eriksson H, Rodriguez-Martinez H. Expression of mRNAs for the Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors, Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Thioredoxin in the Porcine Cervix. J Reprod Dev 1999. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.45.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ylva Stjernholm
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Departments of
| | - Gunvor Ekman
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Departments of
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Medical Nobel Institute for Biochemistry, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Reproductive Biology (CRB), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala
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