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Koudatsu S, Masatani T, Konishi R, Asada M, Hakimi H, Kurokawa Y, Tomioku K, Kaneko O, Fujita A. Glycosphingolipid GM3 is localized in both exoplasmic and cytoplasmic leaflets of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite plasma membrane. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14890. [PMID: 34290278 PMCID: PMC8295280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts, sterol-rich and sphingolipid-rich microdomains on the plasma membrane are important in processes like cell signaling, adhesion, and protein and lipid transport. The virulence of many eukaryotic parasites is related to raft microdomains on the cell membrane. In the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, which are important for invasion and are possible targets for vaccine development, are localized in the raft. However, rafts are poorly understood. We used quick-freezing and freeze-fracture immuno-electron microscopy to examine the localization of monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) and monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3), putative raft microdomain components in P. falciparum and infected erythrocytes. This method immobilizes molecules in situ, minimizing artifacts. GM3 was localized in the exoplasmic (EF) and cytoplasmic leaflets (PF) of the parasite and the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) membranes, but solely in the EF of the infected erythrocyte membrane, as in the case for uninfected erythrocytes. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) was localized solely in the PF of erythrocyte, parasite, and PV membranes. This is the first time that GM3, the major component of raft microdomains, was found in the PF of a biological membrane. The unique localization of raft microdomains may be due to P. falciparum lipid metabolism and its unique biological processes, like protein transport from the parasite to infected erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiomi Koudatsu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.,Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Rikako Konishi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Masahito Asada
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hassan Hakimi
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yuna Kurokawa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kanna Tomioku
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Akikazu Fujita
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
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Coones RT, Green RJ, Frazier RA. Investigating lipid headgroup composition within epithelial membranes: a systematic review. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6773-6786. [PMID: 34212942 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00703c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipid composition is often quoted within the literature, but with very little insight into how or why these compositions vary when compared to other biological membranes. One prominent area that lacks understanding in terms of rationale for lipid variability is the human gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). We have carried out a comprehensive systematic literature search to ascertain the key lipid components of epithelial membranes, with a particular focus on addressing the human GIT and to use compositional data to understand structural aspects of biological membranes. Both bacterial outer membranes and the human erythrocyte membrane were used as a comparison for the mammalian [epithelial] membranes and to understand variations in lipid presence. We show that phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipid types tend to dominate (33%) with phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) and cholesterol having very similar abundances (25 and 23% respectively). This systematic review presents a detailed insight into lipid headgroup composition and roles in various membrane types, with a summary of the distinction between the major lipid bilayer forming lipids and how peripheral lipids regulate charge and fluidity. The variety of lipids present in biological membranes is discussed and rationalised in terms function as well as cellular position.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Coones
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Food, and Pharmacy, University of Reading, UK.
| | - R J Green
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Food, and Pharmacy, University of Reading, UK.
| | - R A Frazier
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, UK.
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Raina V, Gupta S, Yadav S, Surolia A. Simvastatin induced neurite outgrowth unveils role of cell surface cholesterol and acetyl CoA carboxylase in SH-SY5Y cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74547. [PMID: 24040277 PMCID: PMC3770597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are known to modulate cell surface cholesterol (CSC) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in non-neural cells; however no study demonstrates whether CSC and AMPK may regulate simvastatin induced neuritogenesis (SIN). We found that simvastatin (SIM) maintains CSC as shown by Fillipin III staining, Flotillin-2 protein expression / localization and phosphorylation of various receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in the plasma membrane. Modulation of CSC revealed that SIN is critically dependent on this CSC. Simultaneously, phospho array for mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) revealed PI3K / Akt as intracellular pathway which modulates lipid pathway by inhibiting AMPK activation. Though, SIM led to a transient increase in AMPK phosphorylation followed by a sudden decline; the effect was independent of PI3K. Strikingly, AMPK phosphorylation was regulated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity which was enhanced upon SIM treatment as evidenced by increase in threonine phosphorylation. Moreover, it was observed that addition of AMP analogue and PP2A inhibitor inhibited SIN. Bio-composition of neurites shows that lipids form a major part of neurites and AMPK is known to regulate lipid metabolism majorly through acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC). AMPK activity is negative regulator of ACC activity and we found that phosphorylation of ACC started to decrease after 6 hrs which becomes more pronounced at 12 hrs. Addition of ACC inhibitor showed that SIN is dependent on ACC activity. Simultaneously, addition of Fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor confirmed that endogenous lipid pathway is important for SIN. We further investigated SREBP-1 pathway activation which controls ACC and FAS at transcriptional level. However, SIM did not affect SREBP-1 processing and transcription of its target genes likes ACC1 and FAS. In conclusion, this study highlights a distinct role of CSC and ACC in SIN which might have implication in process of neuronal differentiation induced by other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varshiesh Raina
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sarika Gupta
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (AS); (SG)
| | - Saurabh Yadav
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangaluru, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail: (AS); (SG)
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Sankiewicz A, Gorodkiewicz E, Figaszewski Z. In Vitro Interaction of Lithium on Phospholipids in Human Erythrocytes. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 18:515-517. [PMID: 19696941 PMCID: PMC2728757 DOI: 10.1080/15376510701623961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lithium salts are used in the treatment of mania and as prophylaxis against manic depressive disorder. The aim of these studies was the in vitro investigation of the effect of lithium on phospholipids of human erythrocyte membranes. Erythrocytes were treated with lithium for 1 h. Phospholipids phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylocholine (PC) were separated from erythrocyte ghosts and determined by HPLC. Blood samples from healthy adults were investigated. A very strong decrease in PC content in erythrocyte membranes due to lithium in vitro treatment was found, as well as a statistically significant increase in PI content.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sankiewicz
- Department of Electrochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok,Al.J.Pilsudskiego11/4, 15-443 Bialystok, Poland
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Rao M, Peachman KK, Alving CR, Rothwell SW. Depletion of cellular cholesterol interferes with intracellular trafficking of liposome-encapsulated ovalbumin. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 81:415-23. [PMID: 14636238 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.01192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major constituent of plasma cell membranes and influences the functions of proteins residing in the membrane. To assess the role of cholesterol in phagocytosis and intracellular trafficking of liposomal antigen, macrophages were treated with inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis for various time periods and levels of cholesterol depletion were assessed by thin layer chromatography. In control macrophages, cholesterol was present in the plasma membrane and in intracellular stores, as visualised by staining with the cholesterol-binding compound filipin, whereas macrophages treated with cholesterol inhibitors failed to stain with filipin. However, these macrophages were still capable of phagocytosis as evidenced by their internalisation of fluorescent-labelled bacteria and liposome-encapsulated Texas red labelled-ovalbumin, L(TR-OVA). While fluorescent ovalbumin (OVA) was consistently transported to the Golgi in macrophages incubated with L(TR-OVA), in cells treated with cholesterol inhibitors, OVA remained spread diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. Even though the mean fluorescence intensity of MHC class I molecules on cholesterol inhibitor-treated macrophages was equivalent to that of the control macrophages, the amount of MHC class I-liposomal OVA-peptide complex detected on the cell surface of cholesterol inhibitor-treated macrophages, was only 45.6 +/- 7.4% (n = 4, mean +/- SEM) of control levels after intracellular processing of L(OVA). We conclude that cholesterol depletion does not eliminate phagocytosis or MHC class I surface expression, but does affect the trafficking and consequently the MHC class I antigen-processing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Rao
- Departments of Membrane Biochemistry and Blood Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Murphy SC, Fernandez-Pol S, Chung PH, Prasanna Murthy SN, Milne SB, Salomao M, Brown HA, Lomasney JW, Mohandas N, Haldar K. Cytoplasmic remodeling of erythrocyte raft lipids during infection by the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Blood 2007; 110:2132-9. [PMID: 17526861 PMCID: PMC1976375 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-083873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) rafts in mature erythrocytes have facilitated identification of proteins that regulate formation of endovacuolar structures such as the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) induced by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. However, analyses of raft lipids have remained elusive because detergents interfere with lipid detection. Here, we use primaquine to perturb the erythrocyte membrane and induce detergent-free buoyant vesicles, which are enriched in cholesterol and major raft proteins flotillin and stomatin and contain low levels of cytoskeleton, all characteristics of raft microdomains. Lipid mass spectrometry revealed that phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol are depleted in endovesicles while phosphoinositides are highly enriched, suggesting raft-based endovesiculation can be achieved by simple (non-receptor-mediated) mechanical perturbation of the erythrocyte plasma membrane and results in sorting of inner leaflet phospholipids. Live-cell imaging of lipid-specific protein probes showed that phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate (PIP(2)) is highly concentrated in primaquine-induced vesicles, confirming that it is an erythrocyte raft lipid. However, the malarial PVM lacks PIP(2), although another raft lipid, phosphatidylserine, is readily detected. Thus, different remodeling/sorting of cytoplasmic raft phospholipids may occur in distinct endovacuoles. Importantly, erythrocyte raft lipids recruited to the invasion junction by mechanical stimulation may be remodeled by the malaria parasite to establish blood-stage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Williams N, Layden BT, Suhy J, Metreger T, Foley K, Abukhdeir AM, Borge G, Crayton J, Bryant FB, Mota de Freitas D. Testing competing path models linking the biochemical variables in red blood cells from Li+-treated bipolar patients. Bipolar Disord 2003; 5:320-9. [PMID: 14525552 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-5618.2003.00054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Red blood cells (RBCs) from Li+-treated bipolar patients have shown abnormalities in intracellular Li+ concentration ([Li+]i), Na+/Li+ exchange rates, and membrane phospholipid levels. Based on Li+-loaded RBC studies, we hypothesized that Li+-treated bipolar patients also have varied intracellular free Mg2+ concentrations ([Mg2+]f) as compared with normotensive patients. We addressed how these experimentally determined values are intercorrelated. Assuming that Li+ treatment alters these biochemical parameters, we provide hypothetical pathways based upon structural equation modeling statistics. METHODS In RBCs from 30 Li+-treated bipolar patients, we determined [Li+]i, serum [Li+] ([Li+]e), Na+/Li+ exchange parameters, membrane phospholipid levels, [Mg2+]f, and Li+ membrane binding affinities. Comprehensive statistical analyses assessed correlations among the biochemical data. We used path analysis statistics to propose potential pathways in which the data were correlated. RESULTS We found significant correlations within the three Na+/Li+ exchange parameters and percentage composition of the membrane phospholipids. Additional correlations existed between [Mg2+]f and Vstd, Km, or phospholipid composition, between [Li+]i and percentage of phosphatidylcholine, and between percentage of phosphatidylserine and Km. Based on these findings, we hypothesized and statistically determined the most probable pathway through which these parameters were intercorrelated. CONCLUSIONS Significant correlations existed between the biochemical parameters that describe the cell membrane abnormality and the Li+/Mg2+ competition hypotheses. Using path analysis statistics, we identified a biochemical pathway by which Li+ may assert its cellular effects. This study serves as an illustrative example how path analysis is a valuable tool in determining the direction of a certain biochemical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60626, USA
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