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Carraro C, Bonaguro L, Schulte-Schrepping J, Horne A, Oestreich M, Warnat-Herresthal S, Helbing T, De Franco M, Haendler K, Mukherjee S, Ulas T, Gandin V, Goettlich R, Aschenbrenner AC, Schultze JL, Gatto B. Decoding mechanism of action and sensitivity to drug candidates from integrated transcriptome and chromatin state. eLife 2022; 11:e78012. [PMID: 36043458 PMCID: PMC9433094 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Omics-based technologies are driving major advances in precision medicine, but efforts are still required to consolidate their use in drug discovery. In this work, we exemplify the use of multi-omics to support the development of 3-chloropiperidines, a new class of candidate anticancer agents. Combined analyses of transcriptome and chromatin accessibility elucidated the mechanisms underlying sensitivity to test agents. Furthermore, we implemented a new versatile strategy for the integration of RNA- and ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin) data, able to accelerate and extend the standalone analyses of distinct omic layers. This platform guided the construction of a perturbation-informed basal signature predicting cancer cell lines' sensitivity and to further direct compound development against specific tumor types. Overall, this approach offers a scalable pipeline to support the early phases of drug discovery, understanding of mechanisms, and potentially inform the positioning of therapeutics in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Carraro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Lorenzo Bonaguro
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V.BonnGermany
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Jonas Schulte-Schrepping
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V.BonnGermany
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Arik Horne
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V.BonnGermany
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Marie Oestreich
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V.BonnGermany
| | - Stefanie Warnat-Herresthal
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V.BonnGermany
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Tim Helbing
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Michele De Franco
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Kristian Haendler
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V.BonnGermany
- PRECISE Platform for Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V. and University of BonnBonnGermany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of LübeckLübeckGermany
| | - Sach Mukherjee
- Statistics and Machine Learning, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V.BonnGermany
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ulas
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V.BonnGermany
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of BonnBonnGermany
- PRECISE Platform for Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V. and University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Richard Goettlich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Anna C Aschenbrenner
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V.BonnGermany
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of BonnBonnGermany
- PRECISE Platform for Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V. and University of BonnBonnGermany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V.BonnGermany
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of BonnBonnGermany
- PRECISE Platform for Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V. and University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Barbara Gatto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of PadovaPadovaItaly
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Hradetzky E, Sanderson TM, Tsang TM, Sherwood JL, Fitzjohn SM, Lakics V, Malik N, Schoeffmann S, O'Neill MJ, Cheng TMK, Harris LW, Rahmoune H, Guest PC, Sher E, Collingridge GL, Holmes E, Tricklebank MD, Bahn S. The methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM-E17) rat model: molecular and functional effects in the hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:364-77. [PMID: 21956444 PMCID: PMC3242314 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Administration of the DNA-alkylating agent methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) on embryonic day 17 (E17) produces behavioral and anatomical brain abnormalities, which model some aspects of schizophrenia. This has lead to the premise that MAM rats are a neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia. However, the underlying molecular pathways affected in this model have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the molecular phenotype of adult MAM rats by focusing on the frontal cortex and hippocampal areas, as these are known to be affected in schizophrenia. Proteomic and metabonomic analyses showed that the MAM treatment on E17 resulted primarily in deficits in hippocampal glutamatergic neurotransmission, as seen in some schizophrenia patients. Most importantly, these results were consistent with our finding of functional deficits in glutamatergic neurotransmission, as identified using electrophysiological recordings. Thus, this study provides the first molecular evidence, combined with functional validation, that the MAM-E17 rat model reproduces hippocampal deficits relevant to the pathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hradetzky
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Thomas M Sanderson
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Tsz M Tsang
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anesthetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - John L Sherwood
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Stephen M Fitzjohn
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Viktor Lakics
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Nadia Malik
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Stephanie Schoeffmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael J O'Neill
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Tammy MK Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura W Harris
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hassan Rahmoune
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul C Guest
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emanuele Sher
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anesthetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mark D Tricklebank
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Windlesham, Surrey, UK,Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, UK, Tel: +44 (0) 1276-483000, Fax: +44 (0) 1276-484921, E-mail:
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 1QT, UK, Tel: +44 (0)1223 334151, Fax: +44 (0)1223 334162, E-mail:
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Bignold L. Mechanisms of clastogen-induced chromosomal aberrations: A critical review and description of a model based on failures of tethering of DNA strand ends to strand-breaking enzymes. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2009; 681:271-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kuo CC, Liu JF, Shiah HS, Ma LC, Chang JY. Tamoxifen accelerates proteasomal degradation ofO6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase in human cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2293-300. [PMID: 17597106 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen, a synthetic triphenyl-ethylene compound, is a member of a class of anticancer drugs known as selective estrogen receptor modulators. It may block tumor growth by mimicking estrogen and binding to the estrogen receptors, preventing cancerous growth. Clinical studies have demonstrated that a combination chemo/hormonal therapy regimen with tamoxifen and O(6)-alkylating drugs increased the tumor response rate in cancer patients. The mechanism of action of this combined regimen remains undefined. In this study, we demonstrated that treatment of human colorectal HT-29 carcinoma cells with tamoxifen decreased the repair activity and expression level of O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) protein in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. This inhibition was also shown in other malignant human cells, regardless of their estrogen receptor status. Furthermore, MGMT inactivation by tamoxifen was associated with a significantly increased susceptibility of cells to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). No alteration in MGMT mRNA levels was observed in tamoxifen-treated cells. The half-life of MGMT protein was markedly decreased in the presence of tamoxifen. Tamoxifen-induced MGMT degradation could be blocked by MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor. An increased level of ubiquitinated MGMT protein was found after tamoxifen treatment. We conclude that tamoxifen decreased the MGMT protein level by accelerating protein degradation through the ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal pathway. These findings provide a strong rationale for combined chemo/hormonal therapy with tamoxifen and BCNU in the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chuan Kuo
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Brain EGC, Rezai K, Weill S, Gauzan MF, Santoni J, Besse B, Goupil A, Turpin F, Urien S, Lokiec F. Variations in schedules of ifosfamide administration: a better understanding of its implications on pharmacokinetics through a randomized cross-over study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 60:375-81. [PMID: 17106751 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The metabolism of ifosfamide is a delicate balance between a minor activation pathway (4-hydroxylation) and a mainly toxification pathway (N-dechloroethylation), and there remains uncertainty as to the optimal intravenous schedule. METHODS This study assesses ifosfamide pharmacokinetics (PK) according to two standard schedules. Using a 1:1 randomized trial design, we prospectively evaluated ifosfamide PK on two consecutive cycles of 3 g/m2/day for 3 days (9 g/m2/cycle) given in one of two schedules either by continuous infusion (CI) or short (3 h) infusion. Highly sensitive analytical methods allowed determination of concentrations of ifosfamide and the key metabolites 4-hydroxy-ifosfamide, 2- and 3-dechloroethyl-ifosfamide. RESULTS Extensive PK analysis was available in 12 patients and showed equivalence between both schedules (3 h versus CI) based on area under the curves (micromol/l x h) for ifosfamide, 4-hydroxy-ifosfamide, 2- and 3-dechloroethyl-ifosfamide (9,379 +/- 2,638 versus 8,307 +/- 1,995, 152 +/- 59 versus 161 +/- 77, 1,441 +/- 405 versus 1,388 +/- 393, and 2,808 +/- 508 versus 2,634 +/- 508, respectively, all P > 0.2). The classical auto-induction of metabolism over the 3 days of infusion was confirmed for both schedules. CONCLUSION This study confirms similar PK for both active and toxic metabolites of ifosfamide in adult cancer patients when 9 g/m2 of ifosfamide is administered over 3 days by CI or daily 3-h infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G C Brain
- Department of Medical Oncology, René Huguenin Cancer Centre, 35, rue Dailly, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France.
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Ypsilantis P, Tentes I, Assimakopoulos SF, Kortsaris A, Scopa CD, Simopoulos C. Mesna ameliorates intestinal mucosa damage after ifosfamide administration in the rabbit at a dose-Related manner. J Surg Res 2004; 121:84-91. [PMID: 15313380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer chemotherapy may lead to mucositis, a serious dose-limiting side effect. The alkylating agent ifosfamide is used in the treatment of various forms of cancer in combination with the uroprotective thiol mesna (2-mercaptoethane-sulfonate). The aims of this study were to assess the dose response intestinal mucosa damage of ifosfamide and to investigate the potential protective effect of mesna on rabbit intestinal epithelium. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty New Zealand White rabbits were randomly assigned to 10 groups of five animals each and received intravenously every week for 10 weeks either normal saline, ifosfamide, mesna, or ifosfamide plus mesna at three escalating dose levels (ifosfamide: 30, 45, or 60 mg/kg; mesna: 12, 18, or 24 mg/kg divided into two equal doses administered 4 h apart). Intestinal mucosa damage was assessed on the basis of crypt cell apoptosis and proliferation as well as intestinal morphometry. Apoptosis was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis and quantified by the DNA fragmentation assay and a standard terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method by which the percentage of fragmented DNA and the apoptotic index were determined, respectively. The mitotic index and the crypt-villus (c/v) unit height were also measured in histological sections. RESULTS Ifosfamide caused a dose-related increase of crypt cell apoptosis and shortening of c/v unit, while it had a steady antimitotic effect. Mesna as a sole agent had no apoptotic or trophic effect on intestinal mucosa and hence no effect on intestinal morphometry. However, mesna, when administered concurrently with ifosfamide, ameliorated apoptosis, hypoproliferation, and mucosal atrophy at a dose-related manner. CONCLUSIONS Ifosfamide causes intestinal mucosa damage, which may be ameliorated in a dose-related manner by coadministration of mesna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Ypsilantis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68 100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Murray
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Department of Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Lin HL, Parsels LA, Maybaum J, Hollenberg PF. N-Nitrosodimethylamine-mediated cytotoxicity in a cell line expressing P450 2E1: evidence for apoptotic cell death. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 157:117-24. [PMID: 10366544 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1999.8651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is an acute hepatotoxin and potent carcinogen. The metabolic activation of NDMA to reactive metabolites is a critical step for the expression of its toxic and carcinogenic potential. We have previously demonstrated a strong correlation between methylation of cellular macromolecules and NDMA-mediated cytotoxicity, and we have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species may partially contribute to the toxic effects in P450 2E1-expressing cells. The mode of cell death in NDMA-treated monolayer cultures exhibited the following characteristics: (i) condensation of nuclear chromatin as demonstrated by using Hoechst 33258 staining, (ii) DNA fragmentation as detected by combining pulsed field and conventional agarose gel electrophoresis, and (iii) DNA double strand breaks determined by using the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay and flow cytometric analysis. These results indicate that reactive metabolites of NDMA trigger activation of the signal pathway for apoptotic cell death in these P450-expressing cells. The NDMA-mediated cell death was partially prevented by the endonuclease inhibitor, aurintricarboxylic acid, as well as the caspase inhibitors, acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-CHO and acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-CHO. The cell cycle distribution was altered in NDMA-treated cells resulting in an increase in the G2/M phase and a decrease in the G1 phase. Our results suggest that DNA degradation, the inability to complete DNA repair, the biochemical events associated with G2/M arrest, and the process of apoptotic death all result from P450 2E1-catalyzed metabolism of NDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-0632, USA
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Engelward BP, Allan JM, Dreslin AJ, Kelly JD, Wu MM, Gold B, Samson LD. A chemical and genetic approach together define the biological consequences of 3-methyladenine lesions in the mammalian genome. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:5412-8. [PMID: 9479003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.9.5412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-damaging agents produce a plethora of cellular responses that include p53 induction, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. It is generally assumed that it is the DNA damage produced by these agents that triggers such responses, but there is limited direct evidence to support this assumption. Here, we used DNA alkylation repair proficient and deficient isogenic mouse cell lines to demonstrate that the signal to trigger p53 induction, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in response to alkylating agents does emanate from DNA damage. Moreover, we established that 3-methyladenine, a relatively minor DNA lesion produced by most methylating agents (which form mainly 7-methylguanine), can specifically induce sister chromatid exchange, chromatid and chromosome gaps and breaks, S phase arrest, the accumulation of p53, and apoptosis. This study was made possible by the generation of 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase null mutant cells by targeted homologous recombination and by the chemical synthesis of a methylating agent that almost exclusively produces 3-methyladenine DNA lesions. The combined use of these two experimental tools has defined the biological consequences of 3-methyladenine, a DNA lesion produced by endogenous cellular metabolites, environmental carcinogens, and chemotherapeutic alkylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Engelward
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Gnewuch CT, Sosnovsky G. A Critical Appraisal of the Evolution of N-Nitrosoureas as Anticancer Drugs. Chem Rev 1997; 97:829-1014. [PMID: 11848890 DOI: 10.1021/cr941192h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Thomas Gnewuch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-0413
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Hoffman JR, Boyne LJ, Levitt P, Fischer I. Short exposure to methylazoxymethanol causes a long-term inhibition of axonal outgrowth from cultured embryonic rat hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci Res 1996; 46:349-59. [PMID: 8933374 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19961101)46:3<349::aid-jnr8>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Methylazoxymethanol (MAM) is an alkylating agent that is used to induce microencephaly by killing mitotically active neuroblasts. We found that at later developmental times, MAM exposure can result in abnormal fiber growth in vivo. However, there have not been any previous studies on the effects of MAM on differentiating neurons. We examined the outcome of short exposure to MAM on postmitotic embryonic hippocampal cultures during the establishment of axonal polarity. At 0, 1, or 2 days in vitro (DIV), neurons were treated with 0.1 nM-1 microM MAM for 3 hr and then transferred to glial conditioned media. At 3 DIV, the cells were fixed and analyzed by immunofluorescent staining for neuron viability and differentiation. Control cells initiate several minor processes; one process elongates rapidly at about 1 DIV eventually becoming an axon, while extensive dendritic growth occurs after 3-4 DIV. Neurons treated with 1 microM MAM at 0 or 1 DIV showed a marked inhibition of neurite growth and withdrawal of axons without affecting cell viability. These cells continued to show minimal neurite outgrowth at 7 DIV, even when transferred to a glial coculture. In contrast, cells treated initially with MAM, after neuronal polarity is established at 2 DIV, showed no effect on axonal growth. To determine the effects of MAM on the neuronal cytoskeleton, we examined the in vitro assembly of brain microtubules in a one cycle assay. Exposure to MAM depleted the soluble pool of proteins, including microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) and MAP2, which are required for neurite outgrowth, through a nonspecific process. Under non-saturating conditions, there were no changes in the total amount of microtubules assembled or the coassembly of MAP1B and MAP2 in the presence of MAM. These results demonstrate that MAM can directly affect differentiating neurons, indicating that an early disruption of axonal outgrowth may have long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Hoffman
- Department of Biology, Beaver College, Glenside, PA 19038, USA
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Cattaneo E, Reinach B, Caputi A, Cattabeni F, Di Luca M. Selective in vitro blockade of neuroepithelial cells proliferation by methylazoxymethanol, a molecule capable of inducing long lasting functional impairments. J Neurosci Res 1995; 41:640-7. [PMID: 7563244 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490410510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to characterize the antiproliferative effect of methylazoxymethanol neuroepithelial cells derived from the rat striata primordia at embryonic day 14 have been exposed to graded doses of this compound. It was found that methylazoxymethanol application to striatal neuroblasts elicits a blockade of cell proliferation at a dose which does not interfere with cell survival. By using synchronized cells and short term exposures to this compound, we found that the antiproliferative effect of methylazoxymethanol is strikingly correlated to the number of cells actively dividing in culture, thus indicating that the cells targeted by methylazoxymethanol must be in an active mitotic phase. To test for the selectivity of action of Methylazoxymethanol for dividing neuroblasts either cultures composed of mature proliferating astrocytes or muscle cells have been subjected to the same treatment. It has been observed that astrocytes proliferation was not affected by the dose of methylazoxymethanol shown to be effective on neuroepithelial cells. Finally we demonstrated that methylazoxymethanol is able only transiently to interfere with smooth muscle cell division, further supporting its selectivity of action within the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cattaneo
- Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
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Bose KK, Zahurak ML, Allison DC. Differential effects of nitrogen mustard in vivo on the cancer and host cells in MCa-11 tumours. Cell Prolif 1995; 28:403-14. [PMID: 7548441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1995.tb00081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We analysed the effects of nitrogen mustard (HN2) on the growth, cell cycle distributions, and ratios of tumour cells to host cells for MCa-11 tumours grown in vivo. Treatment of tumour-bearing BALB/c mice with 3 mg/kg of HN2 produced a significant slowing of MCa-11 tumour growth. Seventy-two hours after treatment in vivo with either 3 or 4 mg/kg of HN2, the host cells in the treated tumours showed a significantly decreased G0/G1 peak and an increased G2/M peak (P < 0.01), whereas the cancer cells in the treated tumours showed significant increases in the G0/G1 peak coupled with relatively decreased proportions of S and G2/M tumour cells (P < 0.001). The ratio of the total number of cancer cells to the total number of host cells in the tumours was significantly increased 72 h after HN2 administration (P < 0.01). Thirty-two days after treatment with HN2, the cell cycle distributions of the host and tumour cells in the treatment and control tumours had returned to being identical, but the ratio of the total number of cancer cells to the total number of host cells remained increased in the treated tumours (P < 0.01). These results show that the administration in vivo of HN2 can lead to entirely different cell cycle effects for the host and cancer cells in the same tumour, and that the partial growth arrest of MCa-11 tumours from HN2 treatment may be due in part to the preferential destruction of host cells rather than solely to a direct cytotoxic effect on the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Bose
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699-0008, USA
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Di Luca M, Caputi A, Cinquanta M, Cimino M, Marini P, Princivalle A, De Graan PN, Gispen WH, Cattabeni F. Changes in protein kinase C and its presynaptic substrate B-50/GAP-43 after intrauterine exposure to methylazoxy-methanol, a treatment inducing cortical and hippocampal damage and cognitive deficit in rats. Eur J Neurosci 1995; 7:899-906. [PMID: 7613626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent processes in adaptive and plastic changes underlying neuronal plasticity was tested in an in vivo animal model characterized by targeted cellular ablation of cortical and hippocampal neurons, cognitive impairment and lack of induction of long-term potentiation. [3H]Phorbol ester binding performed on brain slices revealed a 67.4 and 35.0% increase in membrane-bound protein kinase C in the cortex and hippocampus respectively of rats treated with methylazoxy-methanol acetate compared with saline-treated control rats, and there was no modification in the expression of mRNAs of different protein kinase C isozymes. In situ phosphorylation experiments performed with 32Pi-labelled synaptosomes from the affected areas demonstrated that the phosphorylation of the nervous tissue-specific presynaptic membrane-associated protein kinase C substrate B-50/GAP-43 was increased by 51.4 and 44.8% in cortex and hippocampus respectively. Western blot analysis of protein kinase C in synaptosomal cytosol and membrane fractions prepared from cortex and hippocampus showed an increased proportion of protein kinase C in the membrane compartment in treated animals, but no change in the total synaptosomal protein kinase C activity. Our data are consistent with increased activity of presynaptic protein kinase C and predict a sustained increase in glutamate release in methylazoxy-methanol-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Di Luca
- Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
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16
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Andersson BS, Mroue M, Britten RA, Farquhar D, Murray D. Mechanisms of cyclophosphamide resistance in a human myeloid leukemia cell line. Acta Oncol 1995; 34:247-51. [PMID: 7718264 DOI: 10.3109/02841869509093963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4HC)-resistant B5-180(3) subline of the cloned KBM-7/B5 cell line was developed as a model of induced cyclophosphamide resistance in human myeloid leukemia. Based on IC90 values, this subline was approximately 20-fold resistant to 4HC. Furthermore, it was significantly cross-resistant to phosphorodiamidic mustard (PM), whose cytotoxicity is independent of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH). Using alkaline elution we found that the resistant line had decreased initial levels of DNA interstrand cross-links (ISCs) following 4HC but not PM treatment. The resistant cells also appeared to remove ISCs from their DNA more rapidly than the parental cells. Our data therefore suggest that 4HC resistance in the B5-180(3) subline is multifactorial; ADH is an important mediator of its resistance to ISC induction by 4HC, while a second process, which may involve an increased ability to tolerate drug-induced DNA damage, appears to be important for its resistance to both 4HC and PM. The B5-180(3) cells were also cross-resistant to gamma-radiation (approximately 1.7-fold at a surviving fraction of 0.1); if generally applicable, such effects could have important clinical implications, since pretransplant total body irradiation is a major component of the eradication of leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Andersson
- Department of Hematology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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17
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Holden SA, Teicher BA, Frei E. Long-term persistence and cytokinetics of human tumor cells in vitro following high-dose alkylating agent exposure. Cancer Lett 1994; 87:211-22. [PMID: 7812943 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(94)90225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Relapse after high-dose alkylating agent therapy continues to be an important clinical issue. To begin to understand the characteristics of cells surviving alkylating agent exposure human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells were exposed to a range of concentrations of melphalan or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and cell survival determined by colony formation over a time course of 4 weeks. When antitumor alkylating agent exposure killed 3-4 logs of cells as determined by surviving fraction after 1 week of colony formation a progressive increase in surviving fraction was evident over the 4-week course of the experiment. Many attached single cells with abnormal morphology were evident in these dishes; however, the colonies which arose over the 4-week observation time were made up of cells morphologically indistinguishable from the control cells. Cell cycle patterns in the cultures exposed to high concentrations of the antitumor alkylating agents indicated a block in G2/M but by 4 weeks post-drug exposure most had returned to a normal exponential growth pattern. When MCF-7 cells or human SW2 small cell lung cancer cells were exposed to a concentration of melphalan or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) that killed 1-2 logs of cells followed by exposure to a concentration range of the same drug for 24 h or 7 days later resistance to the second drug exposure was evident in both cell lines. Using [14C]melphalan the uptake of the drug into MCF-7 cells pre-treated was compared. Decreased drug uptake did not appear to be a factor in resistance to melphalan observed upon re-exposure to the drug. The potential clinical implications of these findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Holden
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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18
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Fischel JL, Barbé V, Berlion M, Formento P, Berrile J, Bizzari JP, Milano G. Tamoxifen enhances the cytotoxic effects of the nitrosourea fotemustine. Results on human melanoma cell lines. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A:2269-73. [PMID: 8110498 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90220-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fotemustine (Fote) is a new amino acid-linked chloroethyl nitrosourea which has been shown to be useful in disseminated malignant melanoma. The aim of the present study was to analyse the cytotoxic effects resulting from the combination of anti-oestrogens and Fote on human melanoma cell lines. The anti-oestrogens tested were tamoxifen (TMX, 5 x 10(-7) mol/l and 5 x 10(-6) mol/l) and 4OH TMX (5 x 10(-8) mol/l and 5 x 10(-7) mol/l). As a preliminary step, a series of nine human melanoma cell lines was screened in order to identify and quantify the presence of oestradiol receptors (ER) in these cell lines. This led to the selection of an ER-positive (+) cell line. The drugs alone or in combination were then tested against CAL 1 ER (+) and CAL 7 ER (-) melanoma cell lines. Different sequences of drug combinations were tested using clinically compatible drug concentrations. For CAL 1 cells, there was a growth inhibitory effect induced by the anti-oestrogens given alone. Overall, the presence of the anti-oestrogens resulted in higher cytotoxic effects than when cells were exposed to Fote alone. The lowest IC50 Fote values as compared to Fote alone were generated by the sequences in which the anti-oestrogens were administered before Fote. Significantly, these associations with anti-oestrogens enabled the IC50 values of Fote to be reduced by up to 80%. Globally, TMX and 4OH TMX had similar synergistic effects. TMX and 4OH TMX had a modest influence on Fote cytotoxic effects against CAL 7 ER-negative cells. These data may be useful for optimal planning of future clinical trials for malignant melanoma using anti-oestrogens and nitrosoureas.
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19
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Lu SC, Ge JL. Loss of suppression of GSH synthesis at low cell density in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 263:C1181-9. [PMID: 1476163 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1992.263.6.c1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes shift into the growth phase when plated at low density (LD). We used this model to examine changes in glutathione (GSH) metabolism, since cells undergoing active growth may be more susceptible to environmental toxins. When primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes were plated on collagen or Matrigel-precoated dishes, cell number and GSH varied inversely. This density effect on cell GSH occurred as early as 2 h after plating, when the media contained 1 mM methionine, but was delayed until 20 h if the media contained only 0.5 mM cystine. The density effect on GSH synthesis occurred in the absence of serum, hormones, changes in cell volume, GSH efflux, ATP levels, and uptake of methionine or cystine and was blocked by cycloheximide or actinomycin D. When methionine was available, the cellular cysteine level was 65% higher at LD than at high density (HD). gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) activity was 64% higher at LD than at HD. GSH synthetase activity was unaffected by density. Both the increase in cellular cysteine levels and GCS activity were blocked by cycloheximide and actinomycin D. When cells were cocultured using cluster plates and Transwell inserts for 4 h, cell GSH of HD cells was unaffected by the density of cocultured cells; however, LD cells exhibited significantly lower GSH and GCS activity when cocultured with HD cells than when cocultured with LD cells. Cysteine levels were elevated in the LD cells regardless of the density of cocultured cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033
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20
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Fernberg JO, Lewensohn R, Skog S. Cell cycle arrest and DNA damage after melphalan treatment of the human myeloma cell line RPMI 8226. Eur J Haematol 1991; 47:161-7. [PMID: 1915798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1991.tb01549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of a myeloma cell line (RPMI 8226) to a 30-minute pulse of melphalan (1-phenylalanine-mustard) resulted in a cell cycle progression delay characteristic for DNA cross-linking agents. Reduction of outflow of cells from late S- and G2-phases was more pronounced as compared to that from G1-phase. The consequence is a progressive accumulation of cells in late S- and G2-phases. At restoration of outflow of cells from late S- and G2-phases, complete removal of DNA interstrand cross-links, as measured by DNA alkaline elution, was noted. At this time less than 50% of maximum DNA-protein cross-links were removed. Further we found no correlation between restored outflow of cells from the G2-phase and removal of DNA-protein cross-links during the follow-up time of 72 h. No DNA double strand breaks as measured by DNA neutral elution were formed during the observation period. The data suggest that removal of DNA interstrand cross-links seems prerequisite for the outflow of cells from G2 after melphalan treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Fernberg
- Department of Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Poot M, Schuster A, Hoehn H. Cytostatic synergism between bromodeoxyuridine, bleomycin, cisplatin and chlorambucil demonstrated by a sensitive cell kinetic assay. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 41:1903-9. [PMID: 1710121 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bromodeoxyuridine/Hoechst flow cytometry was used to analyse the interference of common cytostatic agents with cell activation and cell cycle progression of human B-cell lines. Bleomycin impaired both cell activation and G2 transit, the latter effect being oxygen dependent. The DNA alkylating agents cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil and mitomycin C caused G2 arrest, whereas cisplatin arrested cells in both the S and G2 phase of the cell cycle. Vinblastin interfered with mitosis, but in addition arrested cells in all phases of the cell cycle. The growth inhibitory action of bleomycin, cisplatin and chlorambucil was dependent upon the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) concentration in the culture medium. No interaction was found between BrdU and cyclophosphamide, mitomycin C and vinblastin. The cell cycle kinetic mechanism of the interaction between BrdU and bleomycin, cisplatin and chlorambucil was a potentiation of the G2 arrest. In conclusion, BrdU may be useful in clinical chemotherapy as a chemosensitizer for selected cytostatic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Poot
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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22
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Fernberg JO, Lewensohn R, Skog S. Interphase cell death as related to the cell cycle of melphalan-treated human myeloma cells. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY AND TUMOR PHARMACOTHERAPY 1991; 8:63-7. [PMID: 1749301 DOI: 10.1007/bf02988855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of melphalan on cell loss, cell growth and cell-cycle traverse was studied on the human myeloma cell line RPMI 8226. Melphalan treatment resulted in arrest of cells in late S- and G2-phases in a population of unsynchronized cells. At high concentrations of melphalan (e.g. 40 microM), cell loss was noticed during the first cell cycle after melphalan treatment in addition to the aforementioned arrest of cells in late S and G2. The cell loss after melphalan treatment was further analysed in cells enriched for G1-phase. Cell death in this population of cells occurred between 24 and 48 hr after treatment as the cells were in S and moving over to G2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Fernberg
- Department of Oncology (Radiumhemmet), Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Sourlingas TG, Aleporou-Marinou V, Pataryas TA, Sekeri-Pataryas KE. Influence of chlorambucil, a bifunctional alkylating agent, on the histone variant biosynthesis of HEp-2 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1092:298-303. [PMID: 2049400 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(97)90004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of chlorambucil on the synthesis of histone variants of a cancer cell line HEp-2 is analysed and compared to that of nontreated and hydroxyurea treated cells. Cell proteins were labelled with [14C]lysine and [14C]arginine and histone variants resolved by one- or two-dimensional electrophoresis. Chlorambucil shows no significant decrease in total protein synthesis but shows a significant decrease in histone biosynthesis. It does not selectively inhibit the synthesis of the S-phase variants, i.e., H2A.1, H2A.2, H3.2 or the G1/G2 phase (basal) histone variants, i.e., H2A.Z, H2A.X and H3.3. On the contrary, hydroxyurea treated cells, which also show no significant decrease in amino acid incorporation into total cellular protein but do exhibit a significant inhibition of histone biosynthesis, show a selective inhibition of the synthesis of S-phase variants, but have no effect on the synthesis of basal histone variants. On the basis of histone variants being synthesized in the presence of chlorambucil, it is shown that although chlorambucil shows a specificity for histone synthesis inhibition it has a general action over the whole variant complement and is not coupled to S-phase synthesis in a way typical for DNA synthesis inhibiting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Sourlingas
- DEMOCRITOS National Research Center for Physical Sciences, Greece
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24
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Wickham G, Prakash AS, Wakelin LP, McFadyen WD. DNA-binding properties and antitumour activity of monofunctional alkylating groups attached to the DNA-intercalating chromophore phenanthridine: n-bromoalkylphenanthridinium bromides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1073:528-37. [PMID: 2015276 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(91)90226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesised an homologous series of n-bromoalkylphenanthridinium bromides and studied their DNA-binding and antitumour properties. Each of these compounds has the capacity both to intercalate and alkylate DNA. Dialysis measurements reveal a relatively high affinity for calf thymus DNA, being about 10(5) M-1 at ionic strength 0.01. Incubating calf thymus DNA-ligand complexes having a ligand-to-basepair ratio of 0.4 at 37 degrees C for 18 h leads to maximum alkylation levels of about one ligand molecule bound irreversibly per 40 basepairs. The reactivity of these compounds towards DNA is chain-length dependent, the n-decyl compound, for example, requiring about 10-times the ligand-to-basepair input ratio of the n-hexyl derivative to reach the same level of alkylation. The limited degree of alkylation is a consequence of conversion of the alkylbromides to the less reactive alkylchlorides in the buffer medium. The results of DNA sequencing experiments indicate that the n-hexyl derivative alkylates at guanines occurring in 5'-GT-3' sequences and in runs of guanines [(Gp)n]. The corresponding n-decyl compound, on the other hand, is highly selective for guanines in 5'-GT-3' sequences only and also reacts weakly with some adenines. None of the phenanthridinium compounds showed significant antitumour activity in the P388 murine leukaemia test system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wickham
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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25
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Meyn RE, Murray D, vanAnkeren SC, Bernard GS, Mellard DN, Hobbs ML. Isolation and characterization of nitrogen mustard-sensitive mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutat Res 1991; 254:161-5. [PMID: 1900571 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(91)90007-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Three nitrogen mustard-sensitive lines of Chinese hamster ovary cells were isolated from mutagenized cultures using the procedure of Thompson et al. (1980). The lines, designated NM1, NM2 and NM3, were 2.1-, 17- and 6.8-fold more sensitive to nitrogen mustard, respectively, than their parent, wild-type, line as determined by the dose required to kill 90% of the cells, IC90. Patterns of cross-sensitivity to other DNA-damaging agents including ultraviolet light, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, and other alkylating agents were determined for each line. Analysis of these results suggests that the phenotypes of the mutant lines are different from those lines reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Meyn
- Department of Experimental Radiotherapy, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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26
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Fischel JL, Formento P, Etienne MC, Gioanni J, Frenay M, Deloffre P, Bizzari JP, Milano G. In vitro chemosensitivity testing of Fotemustine (S 10036), a new antitumor nitrosourea. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990; 25:337-41. [PMID: 2306793 DOI: 10.1007/bf00686233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fotemustine (S 10036) is a new anti-tumor nitrosourea characterized by a phosphonoalanine carrier group coupled to the nitrosourea moiety, which potentially increases the cellular penetration of the drug. Using human tumor cell lines, the activity of S 10036 was compared with that of the more established nitrosoureas BCNU and CCNU. Growth-inhibiting effects were evaluated by the [3H]-thymidine incorporation test. In a panel of 12 human cancer cell lines [melanoma (4), ovary (2), head and neck (3), lung (1), bladder (1), breast (1)], the dose-response curves of S 10036 (0-100 microM) were similar to those obtained with equimolar concentrations of BCNU and CCNU; they indicated a moderately more marked effect for two and an equal effect for six melanoma cell lines with S 10036 as compared with BCNU. Moderate but significant synergistic combinations were obtained when S 10036 (0-80 microM) and CDDP (0-100 microM) or DTIC (250-6,500 microM) were combined in melanoma cell lines. In conclusion, the new nitrosourea S 10036 shows promising activity, particularly against human melanoma cell lines.
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27
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Abstract
Much has been learned about the unusual type of DNA damage produced by the topoisomerases. The mechanism by which these lesions trigger cell death, however, remains unclear, but it appears that DNA metabolic machinery transforms reversible single-strand cleavable complexes to overt strand breaks which may be an initial event in the cytotoxic pathway. For the topoisomerase I poisons, they produce breaks at replication forks that appear to be the equivalent of a break in duplex DNA. Indicating that this may be an important cytotoxic lesion is the hypersensitivity to camptothecin of the yeast mutant rad52, which is deficient in double-strand-break-repair. The topoisomerase poisons preferentially kill proliferating cells. In the case of the topoisomerase I poison camptothecin, dramatic S-phase-specific cytotoxicity can explain its preferential action on proliferating cells. For the topoisomerase II poisons, high levels of the enzyme in proliferating cells, and very low levels in quiescent cells appear to explain the resistance of quiescent cells to the drug's cytotoxic effects. Thus, the topoisomerase poisons convert essential enzymes into intracellular, proliferating-cell toxins. The identification of both topoisomerase I and II as the specific targets of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs now provides a rational basis for the development of topoisomerase I poisons for possible clinical use. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of cell killing may lead to the identification of new therapies for treating cancer. The topoisomerase poisons appear to be a good tool for studying cell killing mechanisms as they produce highly specific and reversible lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D'Arpa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- J Konopa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Technical University of Gdańsk, Poland
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29
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Vernole P, Caporossi D, Tedeschi B, Porfirio B, Melino G, Bonmassar E, Nicoletti B. Cytogenetic effects of 1-p-(3-methyltriazeno)benzoic acid potassium salt on human lymphocytes in vitro. Mutat Res 1987; 189:349-56. [PMID: 3670338 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(87)90067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The triazene derivative 1-p-(3-methyltriazeno)benzoic acid potassium salt (MTBA) shows pharmacological properties similar to those of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC, trade name dacarbazine), which is known to induce antigenic modulation in tumor cells (xenogenization) and is currently used in cancer therapy. Mutagenic, teratogenic and cancerogenic properties of triazene derivatives have been demonstrated but there is no report on their possible clastogenicity. We describe here the in vitro cytogenetic effects of MTBA on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The drug was tested at different culture times in a range of concentrations from 2 to 500 micrograms/ml. MTBA caused a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of chromosomal breaks. Different blood donors showed different sensitivity to the treatment. Cell proliferation, as evaluated by [3H]thymidine incorporation, was inhibited at the highest concentrations of the drug. These data might be relevant for comparison with in vivo effects of the drug in clinical trials and to investigate the possible relations between xenogenization induced by MTBA and its genetic and cytogenetic effects in human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vernole
- Department of Public Health, 2nd University of Rome, Italy
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30
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Henderson SD, Kimler BF, Barnes ML. Comparison of cancer chemotherapeutic agents in asynchronous and synchronous 9L cells. Invest New Drugs 1987; 5:145-54. [PMID: 3654148 DOI: 10.1007/bf00203539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic activity of various chemotherapy agents was investigated in asynchronous populations of cultured 9L rat brain tumor cells, and as a function of their position in the cell cycle. Representative drugs from the classes of DNA-active agents, alkylating agents, spindle poisons, and antimetabolites were tested. The ability to induce cell lethality in asynchronous populations as a function of drug concentration varied for 1 hr pulse exposures. In order of decreasing cytotoxic activity, DHAQ was the most effective, followed by VCR, VDS, VBL, ADR, BCNU, cis-DDP, BLM, DBD, RZ, and HU. The effect of chemotherapy agents on synchronous 9L cells obtained by mitotic selection also varied with respect to the individual agent and was cell cycle-dependent. Survival age-responses ranged from being minimal to demonstrating significant fluctuations as a function of cell cycle position. For all agents except ADR and HU, the sensitivity of G1 phase was greater than S phase. RZ exhibited essentially a flat age-response. Comparison of the cell cycle age-responses of chemotherapeutic agents to those exhibited by the cytotoxic modalities of radiation and hyperthermia demonstrate several unique differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Henderson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66103
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