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Abd Rashed A, Abd Rahman AZ, Rathi DNG. Essential Oils as a Potential Neuroprotective Remedy for Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:1107. [PMID: 33669787 PMCID: PMC7922935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the improvements in life expectancy, neurodegenerative conditions have arguably become the most dreaded maladies of older people. The neuroprotective and anti-ageing potentials of essential oils (EOs) are widely evaluated around the globe. The objective of this review is to analyse the effectiveness of EOs as neuroprotective remedies among the four common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The literature was extracted from three databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar) between the years of 2010 to 2020 using the medical subject heading (MeSH) terms "essential oil", crossed with "Alzheimer's disease (AD)", "Huntington's disease (HD)", "Parkinson's disease (PD)" or "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)". Eighty three percent (83%) of the studies were focused on AD, while another 12% focused on PD. No classifiable study was recorded on HD or ALS. EO from Salvia officinalis has been recorded as one of the most effective acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. However, only Cinnamomum sp. has been assessed for its effectiveness in both AD and PD. Our review provided useful evidence on EOs as potential neuroprotective remedies for age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswir Abd Rashed
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, No.1, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13 Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Zuhairi Abd Rahman
- Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, No.1, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13 Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia;
| | - Devi Nair Gunasegavan Rathi
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, No.1, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13 Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia;
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Mahomoodally F, Abdallah HH, Suroowan S, Jugreet S, Zhang Y, Hu X. In silico Exploration of Bioactive Phytochemicals Against Neurodegenerative Diseases Via Inhibition of Cholinesterases. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:4151-4162. [PMID: 32178608 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200316125517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are estimated to become the second leading cause of death worldwide by 2040. Despite the widespread use of diverse allopathic drugs, these brain-associated disorders can only be partially addressed and long term treatment is often linked with dependency and other unwanted side effects. Nature, believed to be an arsenal of remedies for any illness, presents an interesting avenue for the development of novel neuroprotective agents. Interestingly, inhibition of cholinesterases, involved in the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, has been proposed to be neuroprotective. This review therefore aims to provide additional insight via docking studies of previously studied compounds that have shown potent activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in vitro. Indeed, the determination of potent plant-based ligands for this purpose through in silico methods enables the elimination of lengthy and costly traditional methods of drug discovery. Herein, a literature search was conducted to identify active phytochemicals which are cholinesterase inhibitors. Following which in silico docking methods were applied to obtain docking scores. Compound structures were extracted from online ZINC database and optimized using AM1 implemented in gaussian09 software. Noteworthy ligands against AChE highlighted in this study include: 19,20-dihydroervahanine A and 19, 20-dihydrotabernamine. Regarding BChE inhibition, the best ligands were found to be 8-Clavandurylkaempferol, Na-methylepipachysamine D; ebeiedinone; and dictyophlebine. Thus, ligand optimization between such phytochemicals and cholinesterases coupled with in vitro, in vivo studies and randomized clinical trials can lead to the development of novel drugs against neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Hassan H Abdallah
- Chemistry Department, College of Education, Salahaddin University, 44002 Erbil, Iraq
| | - Shanoo Suroowan
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Mauritius
| | - Sharmeen Jugreet
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Mauritius
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xuebo Hu
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Amin MJ, Miana GA, Rashid U, Rahman KM, Khan HU, Sadiq A. SAR based in-vitro anticholinesterase and molecular docking studies of nitrogenous progesterone derivatives. Steroids 2020; 158:108599. [PMID: 32126219 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone is a steroidal hormone that has been described with pathogenic features of brain dysfunction, realized with advanced age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this study, sixteen nitrogenous derivatives of progesterone which we previously synthesized have been used for Alzheimer targets. The progesterone derivatives (1-16) were screened for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory potentials in a dose-dependent manner. All the compounds exhibited overwhelming AChE inhibitions, with IC50 values ranging from 14.40 to 40.37 μM. Similarly, the BChE inhibitory potentials of our compounds were also dominant with IC50values between 20.08 and 46.84 μM. In comparison to our compounds, the standard drug galantamine attain IC50 values of 12.03 and 18.20 μM against AChE and BChE respectively. Molecular docking studies suggested that the compounds exerted their inhibitory activity by binding to the active site of the enzyme. The cholinergic system plays an important role in the regulation of learning and memory processes and has been a major target for the design of anti-Alzheimer's drugs. Therefore, these nitrogen-containing progesterone derivatives will be of potential interest to researchers working in AD for developing new drugs or chemical tools to study the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muafia Jabeen Amin
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas Miana
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Umer Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060 Abbottabad, Pakistan.
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Hidayat-Ullah Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, Dir (L), KP, Pakistan.
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Aftab Z, Bushra, Khan H, Khan DF, Khan A, Ullah H, Shahnaz, Khan S. Three New Cholinesterase Inhibitory Cassioates from Cassia Fistula. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sivanesan S, Raju S, Gudemalla K. Ginkgo biloba ameliorates fluoride toxicity in rats by altering histopathology, serum enzymes of heme metabolism and oxidative stress without affecting brain mGluR5 gene. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_534_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Patočka J, Kuča K, Jun D. Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase – Important Enzymes of Human Body. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2018. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2018.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The serine hydrolases and proteases are a ubiquitous group of enzymes that is fundamental to many critical lifefunctions. Human tissues have two distinct cholinesterase activities: acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase functions in the transmission of nerve impulses, whereas the physiological function of butyrylcholinesterase remains unknown. Acetylcholinesterase is one of the crucial enzymes in the central and peripheral nerve system. Organophosphates and carbamates are potent inhibitors of serine hydrolases and well suited probes for investigating the chemical reaction mechanism of the inhibition. Understanding the enzyme’s chemistry is essential in preventing and/or treating organophosphate and carbamate poisoning as well as designing new medicaments for cholinergic-related diseases like as Alzheimer’s disease.
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Chen E, Kolosov D, O'Donnell MJ, Erlandson MA, McNeil JN, Donly C. The Effect of Diet on Midgut and Resulting Changes in Infectiousness of AcMNPV Baculovirus in the Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1348. [PMID: 30337878 PMCID: PMC6180168 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance has been reported in many important agricultural pests, and alternative management methods are required. Baculoviruses qualify as an effective, yet environmentally benign, biocontrol agent but their efficacy against generalist herbivores may be influenced by diet. However, few studies have investigated the tritrophic interactions of plant, pest, and pathogen from both a gene expression and physiological perspective. Here we use microscopy and transcriptomics to examine how diet affects the structure of peritrophic matrix (PM) in Trichoplusia ni larvae and consequently their susceptibility to the baculovirus, AcMNPV. Larvae raised on potato leaves had lower transcript levels for chitinase and chitin deacetylase genes, and possessed a thicker and more multi-layered PM than those raised on cabbage or artificial diet, which could contribute to their significantly lower susceptibility to the baculovirus. The consequences of these changes underline the importance of considering dietary influences on pathogen susceptibility in pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Chen
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Dennis Kolosov
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Martin A Erlandson
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jeremy N McNeil
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cam Donly
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Ahmad H, Ahmad S, Shah SAA, Khan HU, Khan FA, Ali M, Latif A, Shaheen F, Ahmad M. Selective dual cholinesterase inhibitors from Aconitum laeve. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2018; 20:172-181. [PMID: 28463565 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1319820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
New lycoctonine-type dual cholinesterase inhibitor, swatinine-C (1), along with three known norditerpenoid alkaloids, hohenackerine (2), aconorine (5) and lappaconitine (6) and two synthetically known but phytochemically new benzene derivatives, methyl 2-acetamidobenzoate (3) and methyl 4-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)anilino]-4-oxobutanoate (4), was isolated from the roots of A. laeve. Structures of new and known compounds (1-6) were established on the basis of latest spectroscopic techniques and by close comparison with the data available in literature. In vitro, compounds (1-6) were tested against AChE and BChE inhibitory activities. Compounds 1 and 2 showed competitive inhibition against AChE (IC50 = 3.7 μM, 4.53 μM) and BChE (IC50 = 12.23 μM, 9.94 μM), respectively. Compounds 5 and 6 showed promising noncompetitive type of inhibitory profile against AChE (IC50 = 2.51 and 6.13 μM) only. Compounds 3 and 4 showed weak inhibitory profile against both AChE and BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Ahmad
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Malakand , Dir (Lower) 18550 , Pakistan
| | - Shujaat Ahmad
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Malakand , Dir (Lower) 18550 , Pakistan
- b Department of Pharmacy , Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal , Dir (Upper) 18000 , Pakistan
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- c Faculty of Pharmacy , Universiti Teknologi MARA , Bandar Puncak Alam 42300 , Malaysia
- d Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA , Bandar Puncak Alam 42300 , Malaysia
| | - Hidayat Ullah Khan
- e Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology , Bannu 28100 , Pakistan
| | - Farman Ali Khan
- g Department of Chemistry , Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal , Dir (Upper) 18000 , Pakistan
| | - Mumtaz Ali
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Malakand , Dir (Lower) 18550 , Pakistan
| | - Abdul Latif
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Malakand , Dir (Lower) 18550 , Pakistan
| | - Farzana Shaheen
- f HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi , Karachi 75270 , Pakistan
| | - Manzoor Ahmad
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Malakand , Dir (Lower) 18550 , Pakistan
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Sicinska P, Bukowska B, Pajak A, Koceva-Chyla A, Pietras T, Nizinkowski P, Gorski P, Koter-Michalak M. Decreased activity of butyrylcholinesterase in blood plasma of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:645-651. [PMID: 28507582 PMCID: PMC5420625 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.60760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is involved in the metabolism of endogenous lipids and xenobiotics, such as esters of carboxylic or phosphoric acids. Butyrylcholinesterase activity is associated with both inflammation and oxidative stress. Changes in the activity of this enzyme have been observed in various diseases such as liver cirrhosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease and others. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved 30 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 18 healthy subjects. The COPD patients were divided according to the severity of the disease by applying the classification of COPD based on GOLD standards for forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and the FEV1/forced expiratory volume (FVC) ratio. The control group comprised blood samples collected from healthy subjects without concomitant diseases related to the respiratory system. Butyrylcholinesterase activity, lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined in the blood plasma. RESULTS A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the activity of BChE, associated with an increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity, was observed in blood plasma of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CONCLUSIONS The study shows for the first time that activity of BChE in the blood plasma of patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is considerably reduced compared with healthy subjects. These changes were accompanied by a decrease of TAC and an increase of lipid peroxidation, which suggests that they may be related to the oxidative stress induced by COPD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sicinska
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bozena Bukowska
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Pajak
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, Norbert Barlicki Memorial University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Koceva-Chyla
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, Norbert Barlicki Memorial University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Nizinkowski
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Gorski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, Norbert Barlicki Memorial University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Koter-Michalak
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Ocheretniuk A, Kobzar O, Mischenko I, Vovk A. N-Phenacylthiazolium Salts as Inhibitors of Cholinesterases. FRENCH-UKRAINIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.17721/fujcv5i2p1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase is considered as a promising approach for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we demonstrated that 5-substituted N-phenacylthiazolium derivatives are capable of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities with IC50 values in the micromolar range. Some of the new thiazolium-based inhibitiors showed more than 10-fold selectivity for butyrylcholinesterase. Kinetic experiments and molecular docking were performed for understanding the inhibition mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Ocheretniuk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Kobzar
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - Iryna Mischenko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - Andriy Vovk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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Lutz S, Williams E, Muthu P. Engineering Therapeutic Enzymes. DIRECTED ENZYME EVOLUTION: ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2017:17-67. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50413-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Mak S, Luk WWK, Cui W, Hu S, Tsim KWK, Han Y. Synergistic Inhibition on Acetylcholinesterase by the Combination of Berberine and Palmatine Originally Isolated from Chinese Medicinal Herbs. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 53:511-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Correa-Basurto J, Bello M, Rosales-Hernández M, Hernández-Rodríguez M, Nicolás-Vázquez I, Rojo-Domínguez A, Trujillo-Ferrara J, Miranda R, Flores-Sandoval C. QSAR, docking, dynamic simulation and quantum mechanics studies to explore the recognition properties of cholinesterase binding sites. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 209:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kawee-ai A, Kuntiya A, Kim SM. Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activities of Fucoxanthin Purified from the Microalga Phaeodactylum Tricornutum. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hot extraction with acetone was the most efficient method for the extraction of fucoxanthin from Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The purified compound resulted in three main peaks consisted of the trans form along with two isomers. The structure of microalgal fucoxanthin was similar to that of brown seaweed, but the ratio of trans- to cis-form was different. The ratio of the cis-form increased as the extraction temperature increased. Fucoxanthin was unstable at high temperature, in acidic condition, and after long period of storage. Fucoxanthin exhibited strong activity against BChE, with an IC50 value of 1.97 mM and mixed inhibition type, whereas it had weak activity against AChE. The IC50 value on reducing power was 0.01 mM, which was much stronger than those of the positive controls. When the amount of cis-isomer increased by 2%, the scavenging activity against DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and reducing power decreased by 21.0, 10.3, 16.0, and 19.7%, respectively. Therefore, fucoxanthin could be a useful approach for Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthitaya Kawee-ai
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea 210–702
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 50100
| | - Ampin Kuntiya
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 50100
| | - Sang Moo Kim
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea 210–702
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Singh P, Kumar V, Aggarwal S, Tiwari AK, Chuttani K, Pratap R, Mishra AK. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of catecholamine vehicle for studying dopaminergic system. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:226-32. [PMID: 23601203 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamine mimetic EDTA-bis(tyramide) was synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques (NMR, mass spectroscopy) and λem 310 nm for the excitation at 270 nm. Molecular docking studies were performed with human serum albumin (PDB 1E78), showing binding pattern with amino acid residues Arg218, Arg222, and Lys444, identifies the ligand-human serum albumin interaction for the transportation affinity of the ligand at the specific site of the target. Subsequently, binding study with human serum albumin at λex = 350 nm found to be 5.847 × 10(4) m(-1) shows effective quenching effect. Additionally, to go more insight, acetylcholinesterase binding affinity was investigated, which shows 90% binding affinity for the 10 mm concentration. IC50 value was found 18.60 μm for MAO-B inhibition. Finally, EDTA-bis(tyramide) labeled with (99m) Tc to investigate its in vivo radiopharmaceutical efficiency having 97% binding affinity with 98% radiochemical purity. In vivo studies were carried out for (99m) Tc-EDTA-bis(tyramide) included blood kinetics showed a quick wash out from the circulation via renal route, and biodistribution revealed that maximum %ID/g was found in kidney at 1 h, and its scintigraphy image shows 3.96% brain uptake with respect to whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi, 110054, India
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Repetto G, Del Peso A, Garfia A, Gonzalez-Muñoz MJ, Salguero M, Sanz P, Repetto M. Morphological, biochemical and molecular effects of cocaine on mouse neuroblastoma cells culture in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 11:519-25. [PMID: 20654345 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(97)00066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to compare the effects of cocaine at morphological, basal cytotoxicity, biochemical and molecular levels, cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2a) were exposed to a range of concentrations of cocaine hydrochloride. Neuroblastoma cell proliferation, evaluated by quantification of total protein content, was very sensitive to cocaine, being increasingly inhibited from 12 to 72 hr of exposure (EC(50) = 3.1 mm at 24 hr). Cytoplasmic membrane permeability to lactate dehydrogenase was not particularly increased and lysosomal function was stimulated from 0.05 to 1.5 mm, and inhibited from 2.5 mm. A shift to anaerobiosis was detected as intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was increased and mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity decreased. Hexosaminidase (HEX), a lysosomal enzyme involved in sphingolipid degradation, was stimulated only at 1 mm and neural acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was stimulated from 2.5 mm. Morphological examination of exposed cultures revealed that most cells became bipolar and multipolar neurons by extension of neurites, but also suffered cytoplasmic vacuolization, hydropic degeneration and nuclear pyknosis. Although cells developing apoptosis were observed, no DNA oligonucleosomal fragmentation was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA from cells exposed to cocaine. In conclusion, in addition to predominance of anaerobiosis, little disruption of membranes and severe morphologic injury, biochemical and morphological differentiation-like effects were the most prominent alterations produced by cocaine on mouse neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Repetto
- National Institute of Toxicology, PO Box 863, 41080, Seville Spain
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Pohanka M. Acetylcholinesterase Based Dipsticks with Indoxylacetate as a Substrate for Assay of Organophosphates and Carbamates. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.644743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pohanka M, Hrabinova M, Kuca K, Simonato JP. Assessment of acetylcholinesterase activity using indoxylacetate and comparison with the standard Ellman's method. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:2631-40. [PMID: 21731462 PMCID: PMC3127138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12042631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Assay of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity plays an important role in diagnostic, detection of pesticides and nerve agents, in vitro characterization of toxins and drugs including potential treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. These experiments were done in order to determine whether indoxylacetate could be an adequate chromogenic reactant for AChE assay evaluation. Moreover, the results were compared to the standard Ellman’s method. We calculated Michaelis constant Km (2.06 × 10−4 mol/L for acetylthiocholine and 3.21 × 10−3 mol/L for indoxylacetate) maximum reaction velocity Vmax (4.97 × 10−7 kat for acetylcholine and 7.71 × 10−8 kat for indoxylacetate) for electric eel AChE. In a second part, inhibition values were plotted for paraoxon, and reactivation efficacy was measured for some standard oxime reactivators: obidoxime, pralidoxime (2-PAM) and HI-6. Though indoxylacetate is split with lower turnover rate, this compound appears as a very attractive reactant since it does not show any chemical reactivity with oxime antidots and thiol used for the Ellman’s method. Thus it can be advantageously used for accurate measurement of AChE activity. Suitability of assay for butyrylcholinesterase activity assessment is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +420-973-253-091; Fax: +420-973-253-091
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Pierre Simonato
- CEA-Grenoble, LITEN/DTNM/LCRE, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France; E-Mail:
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Alves-Amaral G, Pires-Oliveira M, Andrade-Lopes AL, Chiavegatti T, Godinho RO. Gender-related differences in circadian rhythm of rat plasma acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase: effects of sex hormone withdrawal. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 186:9-15. [PMID: 20399201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the termination of the cholinergic response through acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolysis and the involvement of plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), mainly of hepatic origin, in the metabolism of xenobiotics with ester bonds is well known. Besides, BuChE has a crucial role in ACh hydrolysis, especially when selective anticholinesterases inhibit AChE. Herein, we analyzed the gender-related differences and the circadian changes of rat plasma cholinesterases. Plasma and liver cholinesterase activities were evaluated in control or 2-30-day castrated adult male and female rats. Plasma and liver AChE activities did not differ between genders and were not influenced by sex hormone deprivation. BuChE plasma activity was 7 times greater in female, reflecting gender differences in liver enzyme expression. Castration increased liver and plasma BuChE activity in male, while reduced it in female, abolishing gender differences in enzyme activity. Interestingly, female AChE and BuChE plasma activities varied throughout the day, reaching values 27% and 42% lower, respectively, between 2 p.m. and 6 p.m. when compared to the morning peaks at 8 a.m. Castration attenuated daily female BuChE oscillation. On the other hand, male plasma enzymes remained constant throughout the day. In summary, our results show that liver and plasma BuChE, but not AChE, expression is influenced by sex hormones, leading to high levels of blood BuChE in females. The fluctuation of female plasma BuChE during the day should be taken into account to adjust the bioavailability and the therapeutic effects of cholinesterase inhibitors used in cholinergic-based conditions such Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracielle Alves-Amaral
- Department of Pharmacology (INFAR), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Albertí J, Martinet A, Sentellas S, Salvà M. Identification of the Human Enzymes Responsible for the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Aclidinium Bromide. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1202-10. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.031724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Pohanka M, Karasova JZ, Musilek K, Kuca K, Kassa J. Effect of five acetylcholinesterase reactivators on tabun-intoxicated rats: induction of oxidative stress versus reactivation efficacy. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 29:483-8. [PMID: 19338015 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oxime reactivators HI-6, obidoxime, trimedoxime, K347 and K628 were investigated as drugs designed for treatment of tabun intoxication. The experiments were performed on rats in order to simulate real conditions. Rats were intoxicated with one LD(50 )of tabun and treated with atropine and mentioned reactivators. Activities of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE), plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and brain AChE were measured as markers of reactivation efficacy. An estimation of low molecular weight antioxidant levels using cyclic voltammetry was the second examination parameter. The evaluation of cholinesterases activity showed good reactivation potency of blood AChE and plasma BChE by commercially available obidoxime and newly synthesized K347. The potency of oximes to reactivate brain AChE was lower due to the poor blood-brain barrier penetration of used compounds. Commercially available reactivator HI-6 and newly synthesized K628 caused oxidative stress measured by cyclic voltammetry as antioxidant level. The oxidative stress provoked by HI-6 and K628 was found to be significant on probability level P = 0.05. The others reactivators did not affect antioxidant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Khan MTH. Molecular interactions of cholinesterases inhibitors using in silico methods: current status and future prospects. N Biotechnol 2009; 25:331-46. [PMID: 19491049 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a low amount of acetylcholine (ACh) in hippocampus and cortex. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of the most important enzymes in many living organisms including human being and other vertebrates, insects like mosquitoes, among others. Several reports have been published where it has been clearly shown that the genesis of amyloid protein plaques associated with AD is connected to modifications of both AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), since the plaque is significantly decreased in AD patients using cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs). This review gives some examples of these inhibitors discovered during past couple of years that have shown very prominent interactions at the active site triad of the proteins as well as different other parts of the active site like, peripheral anionic site (PAS), oxyanionic hole, anionic subsite or acyl binding pocket (ABP). Most of the inhibition and their interactions have been visualized by X-ray crystallography, but some of the other inhibitors have been studied either by molecular docking or molecular dynamic (MD) simulations or by both the in silico methods. Some of these prominent studies have been crucially observed and reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Tareq Hassan Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway(1)
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Fatima I, Ahmad I, Anis I, Malik A, Afza N, Iqbal L, Latif M. New butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory steroid and peroxy acid from Leucas urticifolia. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:999-1003. [PMID: 18787788 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new steroid leucisterol (1) and a new peroxy acid urticic acid (2) along with methoxybenzyl benzoate (3), 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (4), beta-sitosterol (5), and ursolic acid (6), have been isolated from the chloroform soluble fraction of the whole plant of Leucas urticifolia. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR) spectral data. Leucisterol showed potent inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itrat Fatima
- International Center for Chemical Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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Anikienko K, Bychikhin E, Reznik V, Akamsin D, Galyametdinova I. Compounds with the dioxopyrimidine cycle inhibit cholinesterases from different groups of animals. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 175:286-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Devkota KP, Lenta BN, Fokou PA, Sewald N. Terpenoid alkaloids of the Buxaceae family with potential biological importance. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:612-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b704958g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Leishmanicidal and cholinesterase inhibiting activities of phenolic compounds from Allanblackia monticola and Symphonia globulifera. Molecules 2007; 12:1548-57. [PMID: 17960072 DOI: 10.3390/12081548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 07/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a preliminary antiprotozoal screening of several Clusiaceae species, the methanolic extracts of Allanblackia monticola and Symphonia globulifera showed high in vitro leishmanicidal activity. Further bioguided phytochemical investigation led to the isolation of four benzophenones: guttiferone A (1), garcinol (2), cambogin (3) and guttiferone F (4), along with three xanthones: allanxanthone A (5), xanthone V1 (6) and globulixanthone C (7) as active constituents. Compounds 1 and 6 were isolated from S. globulifera leaves, while compounds 2-5 were obtained from A. monticola fruits. Guttiferone A (1) and F (4) showed particulary strong leishmanicidal activity in vitro, with IC50 values (0.2 microM and 0.16 microM, respectively) comparable to that of the reference compound, miltefosine (0.46 microM). Although the leishmanicidal activity is promising, the cytotoxicity profile of these compounds prevent at this state further in vivo biological evaluation. In addition, all the isolated compounds were tested in vitro for their anticholinesterase properties. The four benzophenones showed potent anticholinesterase properties towards acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butylcholinesterase (AChE). For AChE, the IC50 value (0.66 microM) of garcinol (2) was almost equal to that of the reference compound galanthamine (0.50 microM). Furthermore, guttiferone A (1) and guttiferone F (4) (IC50 = 2.77 and 3.50 microM, respectively) were more active than galanthamine (IC50 = 8.5) against BChE.
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Noor AT, Fatima I, Ahmad I, Malik A, Afza N, Iqbal L, Latif M, Khan SB. Leufolins A and B, potent butyrylcholinesterase-inhibiting flavonoid glucosides from Leucas urticifolia. Molecules 2007; 12:1447-54. [PMID: 17909500 PMCID: PMC6149326 DOI: 10.3390/12071447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New flavonoidal glucosides leufolins A (1) and B (2), have been isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the whole plants of Leucas urticifolia. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR) spectral data. Both of these compounds exhibited significant inhibitory potential against the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atia-tun Noor
- International Centre for Chemical Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Itrat Fatima
- International Centre for Chemical Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ahmad
- Medicinal Botanic Centre, PCSIR Labs. Complex Peshawar, Peshawar, N.W.F.P, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Malik
- International Centre for Chemical Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel: +92-21-4824926; Fax: +92-21-4819018, 4819019; e-mail:
| | - Nighat Afza
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, PCSIR Labs. Complex, Karachi-75280, Pakistan
| | - Lubna Iqbal
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, PCSIR Labs. Complex, Karachi-75280, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Latif
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, PCSIR Labs. Complex, Karachi-75280, Pakistan
| | - Sher Bahadar Khan
- International Centre for Chemical Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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Devkota KP, Lenta BN, Choudhary MI, Naz Q, Fekam FB, Rosenthal PJ, Sewald N. Cholinesterase Inhibiting and Antiplasmodial Steroidal Alkaloids from Sarcococca hookeriana. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:1397-401. [PMID: 17827771 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bioguided phytochemical investigation of Sarcococca hookeriana with respect to the cholinesterase enzyme inhibitory assay yielded two new pregnane-type steriodal alkaloids hookerianamide H (1) and hookerianamide I (2), along with three known alkaloids N(a)-methylepipachysamine D (3), sarcovagine C (4) and dictyophlebine (5). Their structures were determined with the aid of extensive spectroscopic analysis. All compounds showed good inhibitory activities against the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (IC(50) 2.9-34.1 microM) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC(50) 0.3-3.6 microM). These compounds also showed moderate antiplasmodial activity (IC(50) 2.4-10.3 microM) against the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistant W2 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Prasad Devkota
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Friedman M. Potato glycoalkaloids and metabolites: roles in the plant and in the diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:8655-81. [PMID: 17090106 DOI: 10.1021/jf061471t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Potatoes, members of the Solanaceae plant family, serve as major, inexpensive low-fat food sources providing energy (starch), high-quality protein, fiber, and vitamins. Potatoes also produce biologically active secondary metabolites, which may have both adverse and beneficial effects in the diet. These include glycoalkaloids, calystegine alkaloids, protease inhibitors, lectins, phenolic compounds, and chlorophyll. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance and to have a variety of adverse as well as beneficial effects in cells, animals, and humans, a need exists to develop a clearer understanding of their roles both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the (a) history of glycoalkaloids; (b) glycoalkaloid content in different parts of the potato plant, in processed potato products, and in wild, transgenic, and organic potatoes; (c) biosynthesis, inheritance, plant molecular biology, and glycoalkaloid-plant phytopathogen relationships; (d) dietary significance with special focus on the chemistry, analysis, and nutritional quality of low-glycoalkaloid potato protein; (e) pharmacology and toxicology of the potato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine and their hydrolysis products (metabolites); (f) anticarcinogenic and other beneficial effects; and (g) possible dietary consequences of concurrent consumption of glycoalkaloids and other biologically active compounds present in fresh and processed potatoes. An enhanced understanding of the multiple and overlapping aspects of glycoalkaloids in the plant and in the diet will benefit producers and consumers of potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA
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Khan SB, Perveen S, Afza N, Malik A, Nawaz SA, Shah MR, Choudhary MI. Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory guaianolides from Amberboa ramosa. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 28:172-6. [PMID: 15789746 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the whole plant of Amberboa ramosa led to the isolation of six sesquiterpene lactones which could be identified as 8alpha-hydroxy-11beta-methyl-1alphaH, 5alphaH, 6betaH, 7alphaH, 11alphaH-guai-10(14), 4(15)-dien-6, 12-olide(1), 3beta, 8alpha-dihydroxy-11alpha-methyl-1alphaH, 5alphaH, 6betaH, 7alphaH, 11betaH-guai-10(14), 4 (15)-dien-6, 12-olide (2), 3beta, 4alpha, 8alpha-trihydroxy-4beta-(hydroxymethyl)-1alphaH, 5alphaH, 6betaH, 7alphaH-guai-10(14), 11(13)-dien-6, 12-olide (3), 3beta, 4alpha, 8alpha-trihydroxy-4beta-(chloromethyl)-1alphaH, 5alphaH, 6betaH, 7alphaH-guai-10(14),11(13)-dien-6, 12-olide(4), 3beta, 4alpha, dihydroxy-4beta-(hydroxymethyl)-1alphaH, 5alphaH, 6betaH, 7alphaH-guai-10(14),11(13)-dien-6, 12-olide(5), 3beta, 4alpha-dihydroxy-4beta-(chloromethyl)-8alpha-(4-hydroxymethacrylate)-1alphaH, 5alphaH, 6betaH, 7alphaH-guai-10(14),11 (13)-dien-6,12-olide (6) by spectroscopic methods. All of them showed inhibitory potential against butyrylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Bahadar Khan
- International Centre for Chemical Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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Choudhary MI, Yousuf S, Nawaz SA, Ahmed S. Cholinesterase inhibiting withanolides from Withania somnifera. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 52:1358-61. [PMID: 15520512 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A total of two new (1, 2) and four known (3-6) withanolides were isolated from the whole plant of Withania somnifera. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic techniques and were characterized as 6alpha,7alpha-epoxy-3beta,5alpha,20beta-trihydroxy-1-oxowitha-24-enolide (1), 5beta,6beta-epoxy-4beta,17alpha,27-trihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dienolide (2), withaferin-A (3), 2,3-dihydrowithaferin-A (4), 6alpha,7alpha-epoxy-5alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dienolide (5), and 5beta,6beta-epoxy-4beta-hydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,14,24-trienolide (6), respectively. Compounds 2, 3, 5, and 6 displayed inhibitory potential against butyrylcholinesterase, but only compounds 3, 4, and 6 were found to be active against acetylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
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Choudhary MI, Devkota KP, Nawaz SA, Ranjit R. Cholinesterase inhibitory pregnane-type steroidal alkaloids from Sarcococca hookeriana. Steroids 2005; 70:295-303. [PMID: 15784284 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Revised: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The bioassay-guided phytochemical investigation on Sarcococca hookeriana have resulted in the isolation of four new pregnane-type steriodal alkaloids: hookerianamide-D [(2'E,20S)-20-(N,N-formyl(methyl)amino)-3beta-(3',4'-dimethyl-2'-pentenamido)-5alpha-pregnane] (1), hookerianamide-E [(2'E,20S)-20-(N,N-dimethylamino)-3beta-(senecioylamino)-5alpha-pregn-14-en-2beta-O-acetate] (2), hookerianamide-F [(2'E,20S)-20-(N-methylamino)-3beta-(tigloylamino)-5alpha-pregn-2,14-dien-4-one] (3), and hookerianamide-G [(20S)-20-(N,N-dimethylamino)-3beta-(N-methylbenzamido)-5alpha-pregn-4beta-O-acetate] (4), along with five known alkaloids 5-9. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis. These steroidal alkaloids and chemically derived derivatives of compound 5 have displayed varying degree of inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes in a concentration-dependent fashion, with the IC(50) values ranging from 1.5 to 148.2 and 0.6 to 100.2 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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Soreq H, Yirmiya R, Cohen O, Glick D. Acetylcholinesterase as a window onto stress responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-0709(05)80032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Liston DR, Nielsen JA, Villalobos A, Chapin D, Jones SB, Hubbard ST, Shalaby IA, Ramirez A, Nason D, White WF. Pharmacology of selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: implications for use in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 486:9-17. [PMID: 14751402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cholinesterase inhibitors vary in their selectivity for acetylcholinesterase versus butyrylcholinesterase. We examined several cholinesterase inhibitors and assessed the relative role of acetylcholinesterase versus butyrylcholinesterase inhibition in central and peripheral responses to these medications. Donepezil and icopezil are highly selective for acetylcholinesterase, whereas tacrine and heptylphysostigmine demonstrated greater potency for butyrylcholinesterase over acetylcholinesterase. All four compounds increased acetylcholine levels in mouse brains. Dose-response curves for tremor (central effect) and salivation (peripheral effect) showed that donepezil and icopezil possess a more favourable therapeutic index than the nonselective inhibitors, tacrine and heptylphysostigmine. Co-administration of the selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) potentiated peripheral, but not central, effects of the selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor icopezil. The improved therapeutic index observed in mice with icopezil is due to a high degree of selectivity for acetylcholinesterase versus butyrylcholinesterase, suggesting that high selectivity for acetylcholinesterase may contribute to the clinically favourable tolerability profile of agents such as donepezil in Alzheimer's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane R Liston
- CNS Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Mailstop 8220-4016, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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O'Brien KK, Saxby BK, Ballard CG, Grace J, Harrington F, Ford GA, O'Brien JT, Swan AG, Fairbairn AF, Wesnes K, del Ser T, Edwardson JA, Morris CM, McKeith IG. Regulation of attention and response to therapy in dementia by butyrylcholinesterase. PHARMACOGENETICS 2003; 13:231-9. [PMID: 12668920 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200304000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the response of patients with different butyrylcholinesterase genotypes to therapy, and the influence of butyrylcholinesterase on cognition. Acetylcholine plays a key role in attention and memory and reduced cortical acetylcholine is associated with the severity of dementia. Inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase are an effective dementia treatment, though the role of the related enzyme butyrylcholinesterase is less well understood. METHODS We examined the response of a cohort of dementia patients enrolled in a trial of a cholinesterase inhibitor who had been genotyped at the butyrylcholinesterase locus. Additionally a prospectively assessed cohort of dementia patients was genotyped and rate of cognitive decline examined, along with baseline cognitive performance in a group of elderly non-demented individuals. We identified that the presence of reduced-activity butyrylcholinesterase variants correlates with preserved attentional performance and reduced rate of cognitive decline. During cholinesterase inhibitor therapy, patients with normal butyrylcholinesterase show improved attention, though patients carrying reduced-activity enzyme do not, possibly due to being at ceiling performance. Butyrylcholinesterase did not however affect attentional performance in non-demented individuals with mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme is a major regulator of attention especially in cholinergic deficiency states through its ability to hydrolyse acetylcholine. Pharmacologic manipulation of this enzyme may be a viable strategy in dementia treatment and, with butyrylcholinesterase genotyping, may provide pharmacogenomic treatment of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty K O'Brien
- MRC Building, MRC/University of Newcastle Centre Development for Clinical Brain Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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37
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Vasserot AP, Dickinson CD, Tang Y, Huse WD, Manchester KS, Watkins JD. Optimization of protein therapeutics by directed evolution. Drug Discov Today 2003; 8:118-26. [PMID: 12568781 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(02)02590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Directed evolution is a broadly applicable technology platform that is ideally suited to address the need for protein optimization and to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of biologics. The approach takes advantage of the remarkable structural and functional plasticity of proteins and permits the rapid remodeling of biologics into new entities with improved functions. The ability to ameliorate virtually any characteristic of a protein can translate into significant clinical benefits, including decreased immunogenicity, higher potency, greater efficacy and improved safety profile, and can considerably increase the probability of successfully developing and commercializing biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain P Vasserot
- Applied Molecular Evolution (AME), 3520 Dunhill Street 92121, San Diego, CA, USA.
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38
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Abstract
We describe three catalytic cholinesterase-like catalytic antibodies (Ab1), as well as anti-idiotypic (Ab2) and idiotypic (Ab3) antibodies, to one of the Ab1s. The Ab1s were raised against the human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and are unusual in that they both recognise and resemble acetylcholinesterase in their catalytic activity. No contamination of the antibody preparations with either acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was found. None of the Ab2s showed catalytic activity, whereas four Ab3s did (an incidence of 1.26% of all Ab3s). Although there is considerable resemblance between Ab1s and Ab3s, there are significant differences between the two groups. All the antibodies were inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), indicating the presence of a serine residue in their active sites, and were inhibited by the cholinesterase active site inhibitors iso-OMPA and pyridostigmine, suggesting the similarity of the sites to those of cholinesterases. The Ab3s resemble the Ab1s in their ability to hydrolyse both acetyl and butyrylthiocholine (BTCh). However, the Ab3s appear to be better catalysts, having significantly reduced K(m) values (for acetyl, but not for butyrylthiocholine) and increased turnover numbers (K(cat)), rate enhancements (K(cat)/K(uncat)) and K(cat)/K(m) ratios, for both substrates, although these values by no means approach those of the natural enzymes. The Ab1s appear to have structures resembling the anionic sites of cholinesterases, as shown by their reaction with the anionic site inhibitors (edrophonium and tetramethylammonium). No such reactions were observed in the Ab3s. None of the antibodies show evidence of the sites resembling the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of acetylcholinesterase. All the antibodies recognise, to varying degrees, the peripheral anionic site of acetylcholinesterase. This was shown by their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, to compete with peripheral site inhibitors, and to block acetylcholinesterase-mediated cell adhesion, a property of this site. The results indicate idiotypic mimicry of a catalytic antibody's active site, and suggest that the development of the catalytic activity in the anti-acetylcholinesterase antibodies may be related to the structural features of the peripheral anionic site of acetylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Johnson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery/Medical Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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39
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Abstract
We have previously described three catalytic antibodies (Ab1s) raised against human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE). These antibodies both recognise and resemble AChE in their reaction with substrates and appear with a relatively high frequency. We do not know, however, why catalytic activity should have developed in response to a ground state antigen. This question has implication for autoimmune disorders, which are frequently characterised by the presence of catalytic antibodies, many of which have cytotoxic effects. In this study, we raised anti-idiotypic (Ab2) and anti-anti-idiotypic (Ab3) antibodies to a catalytic Ab1 and examined their properties. None of the Ab2s showed catalytic activity, whereas four of the Ab3s did, an incidence of 1.26%. No contamination of antibody preparations with either AChE or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was found. Immunisation of mice with AChE, as well as AChE complexed with various inhibitors, resulted in a significant increase in catalytic immunoglobulins in the serum, compared with non-immunised mice and mice immunised with the Ab1. There appears to be considerable resemblance between Ab1s and Ab3s, but there are also significant differences between the two groups. All the antibodies were inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), indicating the presence of a serine residue in their active sites and were inhibited by the cholinesterase active site inhibitors tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) and pyridostigmine. The Ab3s resembled the Ab1s in their ability to hydrolyse both acetylthiocholine (ATCh) and butyrylthiocholine (BTCh). However, the Ab3s appear to be better catalysts, having significantly reduced K(M) values (for ATCh but not BTCh) and increased turnover numbers (K(cat)), rate enhancements (K(cat)/K(uncat)) and K(cat)/K(M) ratios. The Ab3s also had reduced affinities for cholinesterase anionic site inhibitors (edrophonium, tetramethylammonium and BW284c51) and no affinity at all for the AChE peripheral anionic site (PAS) inhibitor fasciculin. All the antibodies recognise, to some degree, the PAS of AChE, shown by their ability to inhibit AChE, to compete with peripheral site inhibitors and to block AChE-mediated cell adhesion, a property of the site. These results indicate idiotypic mimicry of the catalytic antibody's active site, suggesting that the catalytic activity is due to affinity maturation of immunoglobulin genes in response to a specific antigen, namely, the PAS of AChE. Further studies are required to determine the structural features of this ground state antigen responsible for the development of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Johnson
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, 7505, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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40
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Chen YZ, Ung CY. Prediction of potential toxicity and side effect protein targets of a small molecule by a ligand-protein inverse docking approach. J Mol Graph Model 2002; 20:199-218. [PMID: 11766046 DOI: 10.1016/s1093-3263(01)00109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Determination of potential drug toxicity and side effect in early stages of drug development is important in reducing the cost and time of drug discovery. In this work, we explore a computer method for predicting potential toxicity and side effect protein targets of a small molecule. A ligand-protein inverse docking approach is used for computer-automated search of a protein cavity database to identify protein targets. This database is developed from protein 3D structures in the protein data bank (PDB). Docking is conducted by a procedure involving multiple conformer shape-matching alignment of a molecule to a cavity followed by molecular-mechanics torsion optimization and energy minimization on both the molecule and the protein residues at the binding region. Potential protein targets are selected by evaluation of molecular mechanics energy and, while applicable, further analysis of its binding competitiveness against other ligands that bind to the same receptor site in at least one PDB entry. Our results on several drugs show that 83% of the experimentally known toxicity and side effect targets for these drugs are predicted. The computer search successfully predicted 38 and missed five experimentally confirmed or implicated protein targets with available structure and in which binding involves no covalent bond. There are additional 30 predicted targets yet to be validated experimentally. Application of this computer approach can potentially facilitate the prediction of toxicity and side effect of a drug or drug lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Chen
- Department of Computational Science, National University of Singapore.
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41
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Ruiz-Espejo F, Cabezas-Herrera J, Illana J, Campoy FJ, Vidal CJ. Cholinesterase activity and acetylcholinesterase glycosylation are altered in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002; 72:11-22. [PMID: 12000217 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014904701723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the involvement of cholinesterases in tumorigenesis. Several tumour cells show ChE activity, while the acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) genes are amplified in leukemias, ovarian carcinoma and other cancers. ChE activity was measured in 31 samples of tumoral breast (TB) and 20 of normal breast (NB). Despite the wide variations observed, BuChE predominated over AChE both in TB and NB. The mean AChE activity in NB was 1.61 nmol of the substrate hydrolysed per minute and per miligram protein (mU/mg), which rose to 3.09 mU/mg in TB (p = 0.041). The BuChE activity dropped from 5.24 mU/mg in NB to 3.39 mU/mg in TB (p = 0.002). Glycolipid-linked AChE dimers and monomers and hydrophilic BuChE tetramers and monomers were identified in NB and TB, and their proportions were unmodified by the neoplasia. The amount of AChE forms reacting with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) decreased in TB while that of BuChE species was unaffected, demonstrating that the glycosylation of AChE was altered in TB. The binding of AChE and BuChE with antibodies was unaffected by the neoplasia. The difference in lectin reactivity between erythrocyte and breast AChE, the lack of AChE in blood plasma, and the finding of monomeric BuChE in breast but not in plasma suggest that breast epithelial cells produce AChE for membrane attachment and hydrophilic BuChE for secretion. Several reasons are provided to explain the altered expression of ChEs in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ruiz-Espejo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Edificio de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
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42
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García-Ayllón MS, Sáez-Valero J, Muñoz-Delgado E, Vidal CJ. Identification of hybrid cholinesterase forms consisting of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase subunits in human glioma. Neuroscience 2002; 107:199-208. [PMID: 11731094 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain and non-brain tumors contain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) transcripts and enzyme activity. AChE and BuChE occur in tissues as a set of molecular components, whose distribution in a cyst fluid from a human astrocytoma we investigated. The fluid displayed high BuChE and low AChE activities. Three types of cholinesterase (ChE) tetramers were identified in the fluid by means of sedimentation analyses and assays with specific inhibitors, and their sedimentation coefficients were 11.7S (ChE-I), 11.1S (ChE-II), and 10.5S (ChE-III). ChE-I was unretained, ChE-II was weakly retained and ChE-III was adsorbed to edrophonium-agarose, confirming the AChE nature of the latter. ChE-I and ChE-II tetramers contained BuChE subunits as shown by their binding with an antiserum against BuChE. The ChE activity of the immunocomplexes made with ChE-II and anti-BuChE antibodies decreased with the AChE inhibitor BW284c51, revealing that ChE-II was made of AChE and BuChE subunits, in contrast to ChE-I, which only contained BuChE subunits. The binding of an anti-AChE antibody (AE1) to ChE-II and ChE-III, but not to ChE-I, demonstrated the hybrid composition of ChE-II. A substantial fraction of the AChE tetramers and dimers of astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas bound both to anti-AChE and anti-BuChE antibodies, which revealed a mixed composition of AChE and BuChE subunits in them. The AChE components of brain, meningiomas and neurinomas were only recognized by AE1. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that aberrant ChE oligomers consisting of AChE and BuChE subunits are generated in astrocytomatous cyst and gliomas but not in brain, meningiomas or neurinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S García-Ayllón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Edificio de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Apdo. 4021, E-30071 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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43
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Anikienko KA, Bychikhin EA, Kurochkin VK, Reznik VS, Akamsin VD, Galyametdinova IV. Tetraalkylammonium derivatives of 6-methyluracil, a new class of cholinesterase inhibitors: characteristics of interaction with cholinesterases from different groups of animals. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2001; 376:39-43. [PMID: 11712130 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018804227232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K A Anikienko
- Russian Research Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, sh. Entuziastov 23, Moscow, 111024 Russia
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44
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Jaganathan L, Boopathy R. A direct method to visualise the aryl acylamidase activity on cholinesterases in polyacrylamide gels. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 1:3. [PMID: 11231883 PMCID: PMC29059 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2000] [Accepted: 12/20/2000] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vertebrates, two types of cholinesterases exist, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. The function of acetylcholinesterase is to hydrolyse acetylcholine, thereby terminating the neurotransmission at cholinergic synapse, while the precise physiological function of butyrylcholinesterase has not been identified. The presence of cholinesterases in tissues that are not cholinergically innervated indicate that cholinesterases may have functions unrelated to neurotransmission. Furthermore, cholinesterases display a genuine aryl acylamidase activity apart from their predominant acylcholine hydrolase activity. The physiological significance of this aryl acylamidase activity is also not known. The study on the aryl acylamidase has been, in part hampered by the lack of a specific method to visualise this activity. We have developed a method to visualise the aryl acylamidase activity on cholinesterase in polyacrylamide gels. RESULTS The o-nitroaniline liberated from o-nitroacetanilide by the action of aryl acylamidase activity on cholinesterases, in the presence of nitrous acid formed a diazonium compound. This compound gave an azo dye complex with N-(1-napthyl)-ethylenediamine, which appeared as purple bands in polyacrylamide gels. Treating the stained gels with trichloroacetic acid followed by Tris-HCl buffer helped in fixation of the stain in the gels. By using specific inhibitors for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, respectively, differential staining for the aryl acylamidase activities on butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase in a sample containing both these enzymes has been demonstrated. A linear relationship between the intensity of colour developed and activity of the enzyme was obtained. CONCLUSIONS A novel method to visualise the aryl acylamidase activity on cholinesterases in polyacrylamide gels has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rathanam Boopathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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45
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Gómez JL, García-Ayllón MS, Campoy FJ, Vidal CJ. Muscular dystrophy alters the processing of light acetylcholinesterase but not butyrylcholinesterase forms in liver of Lama2(dy) mice. J Neurosci Res 2000; 62:134-45. [PMID: 11002295 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4547(20001001)62:1<134::aid-jnr14>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to know whether the histopathological changes of liver, which accompany muscular dystrophy, affect the synthesis of cholinesterases, the distribution and glycosylation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) forms in normal (NL) and dystrophic Lama2(dy) mouse liver (DL) were investigated. About half of liver AChE, and 25% of BuChE were released with a saline buffer (fraction S(1)), and the rest with a saline-Brij 96 buffer (S(2)). Abundant light (G(2)(A) and G(1)(A)) AChE (87%) and BuChE (93%) forms, and a few G(4)(H) and G(4)(A) ChE species were identified in liver. The dystrophic syndrome had no effect on solubilization or composition of ChE forms. Most of the light AChE and BuChE species (>95%) were bound by octyl-Sepharose, while most light AChE forms (80%), but not BuChE isoforms (15%), were retained in phenyl-agarose. About half of the AChE dimers lost their amphiphilic anchor with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC), and the fraction of PIPLC-resistant species increased in DL. AChE T and R transcripts were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of liver RNA. ChE components of liver, erythrocyte, and plasma were distinguished by their amphiphilic properties and interaction with lectins. The dystrophic syndrome increased the liver content of the light AChE forms with Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) reactivity. The abundance of ChE tetramers in plasma and their small amount in liver suggest that after their assembly in liver they are rapidly secreted, while the light species remain associated to hepatic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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46
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Driedger DR, LeBlanc RJ, LeBlanc EL, Sporns P. A capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence method for analysis of potato glycoalkaloids based on a solution-phase immunoassay. 2. Performance evaluation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:4079-4082. [PMID: 10995317 DOI: 10.1021/jf000157a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Glycoalkaloids (GAs) occur naturally in potatoes and are toxic to humans and animals. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of a solution-phase immunoassay coupled to capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) detection for the determination of total glycoalkaloids in potatoes. The immunoassay was based on a competition between potato glycoalkaloids and fluorescently labeled solanidine. Reaction products were separated in the capillary zone electrophoresis mode. A calibration curve of signal vs log[GA] was linear from 50 to 400 nM. The CV for duplicate and day-to-day analyses averaged 5.7% and 12%, respectively. Spike recoveries ranged from 85 to 97% for spike levels ranging from 43 to 170 microg/g fresh potato. Potato samples with GA concentrations ranging from <40 to >200 microg/g were successfully analyzed, indicating that immuno-CE-LIF is a rapid alternative to traditional ELISA and HPLC methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Driedger
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
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47
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García-Ayllón MS, Sáez-Valero J, Piqueras-Pérez C, Vidal CJ. Characterization of molecular forms of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase in human acoustic neurinomas. Neurosci Lett 1999; 274:56-60. [PMID: 10530519 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic neurinomas were sequentially extracted with saline and saline-Triton X-100 buffers. Detergent was required to detach the bulk of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), but butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) was mostly released with saline buffer. Sedimentation analysis and hydrophobic chromatography revealed that neurinomas contain principally amphiphilic AChE tetramers, dimers and monomers, and hydrophilic BuChE tetramers. The AChE dimers and monomers remained amphiphilic after incubation with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC), after or without prior treatment with alkaline hydroxylamine, which shows that, in contrast to the meningioma AChE dimers and monomers, the neurinoma isoforms are devoid of glycolipid. Neurinoma AChE reacted with the antibodies HR2 and AE1 raised against AChE from human brain or erythrocyte, whereas BuChE bound to a sheep antiserum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S García-Ayllón
- Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Edificio de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo, Spain
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48
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Moral-Naranjo MT, Campoy FJ, Cabezas-Herrera J, Vidal CJ. Increased butyrylcholinesterase levels in microsomal membranes of dystrophic Lama2dy mouse muscle. J Neurochem 1999; 73:1138-44. [PMID: 10461905 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0731138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The proportions and the glycosylation of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) forms in vesicles rich in sarcoplasmic reticulum from normal (NMV) and dystrophic (DMV) muscle were analyzed, using merosin-deficient dystrophic mice. BuChE activity in DMV was two- to threefold that in NMV. Globular amphiphilic G1A, G2A, and G4A and hydrophilic G4H BuChE forms were identified in NMV and DMV. The amount of G2A forms increased sevenfold in DMV, and the other forms increased about twofold. The higher BuChE level in DMV might reflect a maturational defect, with dystrophy preventing the down-regulation of BuChE with muscle development. About half of G1A, G2A, and G4H BuChE forms in NMV or DMV bound to Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA), a higher fraction to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and little to Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA). Most of the G4A forms in NMV or DMV bound to LCA or WGA; those from NMV failed to bind to RCA, whereas most of the variants in DMV bound to it, suggesting that the excess of tetramers in DMV is mainly RCA-reactive. The differential interaction of lectins with BuChE components from muscle microsomes, serum, and nerves confirmed that the microsomal BuChE was muscle-intrinsic. The results provide clues regarding the alterations that dystrophy produces in the biosynthesis of BuChE forms in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Moral-Naranjo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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49
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Seidman S, Eckstein F, Grifman M, Soreq H. Antisense technologies have a future fighting neurodegenerative diseases. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 1999; 9:333-40. [PMID: 10463077 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.1999.9.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Our growing understanding of the role that unfavorable patterns of gene expression play in the etiology of neurodegenerative disease emphasizes the need for strategies to selectively block the biosynthesis of harmful proteins in the brain. Antisense technologies are ideally suited to this purpose. Tailor-designed to target specific RNA, antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes offer tools to suppress the production of proteins mediating neurodegeneration. Although technical limitations must still be overcome, the antisense approach represents a novel and exciting strategy for intervention in diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seidman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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50
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Gómez JL, Moral-Naranjo MT, Campoy FJ, Vidal CJ. Characterization of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase forms in normal and dystrophic Lama2dy mouse heart. J Neurosci Res 1999; 56:295-306. [PMID: 10336259 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19990501)56:3<295::aid-jnr9>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In searching for possible differences in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) forms of dystrophic heart, the properties of ChE species in normal (NH) and dystrophic Lama2dy mouse heart (DH) were investigated. BuChE predominated over AChE. Loosely- and tightly-bound ChEs were released with saline (extract S1) and saline-Triton X-100 buffers (S2). About 50% of AChE, and 25% of BuChE, in NH or DH was measured in S1, and the rest in S2. Asymmetric AChE forms A12 (15%) and A8 (11%), globular hydrophilic G(H)4 (8%), amphiphilic G(A)4 (15%), and G(A)2+G(A)1 (51%) AChE species, and BuChE forms G(H)4 (13%), G(A)4 (3%), and G(A)2+G(A)1 (84%) were identified in NH and DH. Most of the asymmetric and G(A)4 AChE species were bound to Triticum vulgaris (WGA) or Ricinus communis (RCA) agglutinins. About half of G(H)4 and G(A)2+G(A)1 AChE were bound to WGA, and less (10%) to RCA. Variable amounts of G(H)4+G(A)4 (60%), and G(A)2+G(A)1 (75%) BuChE bound to WGA, and 50 and 10% to RCA. The lack of structural differences between ChE species in NH and DH indicates that, in contrast to the ChE forms in mouse skeletal muscle, the biosynthesis of ChE components in heart is not disturbed by dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo, Spain
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