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Suh J, Ham S, Chae C. Divergent clinical outcomes depending on the sequential infection order of porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110060. [PMID: 38520754 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
This study compared the different sequential order of infection of porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Thirty-six pigs were allocated randomly across six different groups. Pigs underwent various inoculation sequences: M. hyopneumoniae administered 14 days before PCV2d, simultaneous PCV2d-M. hyopneumoniae, PCV2d given 14 days before M. hyopneumoniae, PCV2d only, M. hyopneumoniae only, or a mock inoculum. Overall, the pigs inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae 14 days prior to PCV2d (Mhyo-PCV2 group) and those inoculated simultaneously with PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2+Mhyo group) displayed notably higher clinical disease severity and experienced a significant decrease of their average daily weight gain than pigs inoculated with PCV2d 14 days prior to M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2-Mhyo group). M. hyopneumoniae infection potentiated PCV2 blood and lymph node viral loads, as well as PCV2-associated lesions, while the infection of PCV2d did not impact the intensity of M. hyopneumoniae infection. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) sera levels were significantly increased in the Mhyo-PCV2 and PCV2+Mhyo groups as compared to the PCV2-Mhyo, PCV2, and Mhyo groups. The most important information was that the potentiation effect of M. hyopneumoniae on PCV2d was found only in pigs inoculated with either M. hyopneumoniae followed by PCV2d (Mhyo-PCV2 group) or a simultaneous inoculation of PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2+Mhyo group). The sequential infection order of PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae resulted in divergent clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Suh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyeong Ham
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Rosales RS, Risco D, García-Nicolás O, Pallarés FJ, Ramírez AS, Poveda JB, Nicholas RAJ, Salguero FJ. Differential Gene Expression in Porcine Lung Compartments after Experimental Infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1290. [PMID: 38731294 PMCID: PMC11083927 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), as well as one of the main pathogens involved in the porcine respiratory disease complex. The host-pathogen interaction between Mhyo and infected pigs is complex and not completely understood; however, improving the understanding of these intricacies is essential for the development of effective control strategies of EP. In order to improve our knowledge about this interaction, laser-capture microdissection was used to collect bronchi, bronchi-associated lymphoid tissue, and lung parenchyma from animals infected with different strains of Mhyo, and mRNA expression levels of different molecules involved in Mhyo infection (ICAM1, IL-8, IL-10, IL-23, IFN-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and TNF-α) were analyzed by qPCR. In addition, the quantification of Mhyo load in the different lung compartments and the scoring of macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions were also performed. Strain-associated differences in virulence were observed, as well as the presence of significant differences in expression levels of cytokines among lung compartments. IL-8 and IL-10 presented the highest upregulation, with limited differences between strains and lung compartments. IFN-α was strongly downregulated in BALT, implying a relevant role for this cytokine in the immunomodulation associated with Mhyo infections. IL-23 was also upregulated in all lung compartments, suggesting the potential involvement of a Th17-mediated immune response in Mhyo infections. Our findings highlight the relevance of Th1 and Th2 immune response in cases of EP, shedding light on the gene expression levels of key cytokines in the lung of pigs at a microscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén S. Rosales
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Spain; (R.S.R.); (A.S.R.); (J.B.P.)
| | - David Risco
- Unidad de Histología y Anatomía Patológica, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francisco J. Pallarés
- Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus “CeiA3”, 14001 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Ana S. Ramírez
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Spain; (R.S.R.); (A.S.R.); (J.B.P.)
| | - José B. Poveda
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Spain; (R.S.R.); (A.S.R.); (J.B.P.)
| | | | - Francisco J. Salguero
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Rd, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK;
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Renzhammer R, Auer A, Loncaric I, Entenfellner A, Dimmel K, Walk K, Rümenapf T, Spergser J, Ladinig A. Retrospective Analysis of the Detection of Pathogens Associated with the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Routine Diagnostic Samples from Austrian Swine Stocks. Vet Sci 2023; 10:601. [PMID: 37888553 PMCID: PMC10610783 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic workup of respiratory disease in pigs is complex due to coinfections and non-infectious causes. The detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease is a pivotal part of the diagnostic workup for respiratory disease. We aimed to report how frequently certain viruses and bacteria were detected in samples from pigs with respiratory symptoms in the course of routine diagnostic procedures. Altogether, 1975 routine diagnostic samples from pigs in Austrian swine stocks between 2016 and 2021 were analysed. PCR was performed to detect various pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (n = 921), influenza A virus (n = 479), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (n = 518), Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae (n = 713), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (n = 198), Glaesserella (G.) parasuis (n = 165) and M. hyorhinis (n = 180). M. hyorhinis (55.1%) had the highest detection rate, followed by PCV2 (38.0%) and Streptococcus (S.) suis (30.6%). PRRSV was detected most frequently in a pool of lung, tonsil and tracheobronchial lymph node (36.2%). G. parasuis was isolated more frequently from samples taken after euthanasia compared to field samples. PRRSV-positive samples were more likely to be positive for PCV2 (p = 0.001), M. hyopneumoniae (p = 0.032) and Pasteurella multocida (p < 0.001). M. hyopneumoniae-positive samples were more likely to be positive for P. multocida (p < 0.001) and S. suis (p = 0.046), but less likely for M. hyorhinis (p = 0.004). In conclusion, our data provide evidence that lung samples that were positive for a primary pathogenic agent were more likely to be positive for a secondary pathogenic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Renzhammer
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Angelika Auer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.L.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Katharina Dimmel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Karin Walk
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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Rodríguez F, Rosales RS, Ramírez AS, Poveda JB. Vaccination Upregulates Th1 Cytokines in the Lung of Pigs Experimentally Infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030520. [PMID: 36766408 PMCID: PMC9913433 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhy) is the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia, characterized by high morbidity and low mortality rates in intensive swine production systems. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the protection of an inactivated whole cell vaccine, we investigated the immunohistochemical differences in the cytokine expression in vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs experimentally infected with Mhy. Four-week-old Mhy-negative pigs (n = 24) were allocated to negative control (n = 8), or one of two Mhy-infected groups: vaccinated (n = 8) and non-vaccinated (n = 8). Infection was carried out by a combination of trans-tracheal and aerosol route. Lung samples were processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies, by using antibodies against Mhy, IL1-α, IL1-β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, Il-8, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and CD-4 lymphocytes. Although all cytokines increased in both infected groups, IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ were significantly overexpressed in vaccinated pigs. These findings, in conjunction with the decrease of macroscopic and histological lesions in vaccinated animals, indicate the importance to enhance Th1 response in the immunization strategies to control Mhy infection.
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Beuckelaere L, Haspeslagh M, Biebaut E, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Krejci R, Meyer E, Gleerup D, De Spiegelaere W, Devriendt B, Maes D. Different local, innate and adaptive immune responses are induced by two commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterins and an adjuvant alone. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015525. [PMID: 36569943 PMCID: PMC9768447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enzootic pneumonia still causes major economic losses to the intensive pig production. Vaccination against its primary pathogen, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, is carried out worldwide to control the disease and minimize clinical signs and performance losses. Nonetheless, the effects of both infection with, and vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on the innate and adaptive immune responses remain largely unknown. Therefore, we conducted a study in which piglets were injected once with a commercial bacterin V1 or V2, or the adjuvant of V1 (A) to investigate their effect on local, innate and adaptive immune responses. Methods Three weeks after vaccination, piglets were challenge infected with M. hyopneumoniae and euthanized four weeks later to assess vaccine efficacy via macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of lung lesions. Blood and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BAL) samples were collected to measure antibody responses, cellular immunity, BAL cytokine levels and BAL M. hyopneumoniae DNA load as well as cytokine secretion by monocytes. Results After vaccination, proliferation of antigen-specific CD3+ T cells and a higher percentage of TNF-α+ CD8+, and TNF-α+ and TNF-α+IFN-γ+ CD4+CD8+ T cells was seen in V1, while proliferation of or a significant increase in cytokine production by different T cell subsets could not be observed for animals from V2. Interestingly, LPS-stimulated blood monocytes from V1 and A secreted less IL-10 on D7. After challenge, higher levels of IgA, more IL-10 and less IL-1β was detected in BAL from V1, which was not observed in V2. Animals from A had significantly more IL-17A in BAL. The macroscopic lung lesion score and the M. hyopneumoniae DNA load at euthanasia was lower in V1, but the microscopic lung lesion score was lower in both vaccinated groups. Discussion In conclusion, these results indicate that the two commercial bacterins induced different local and adaptive immune responses, that the adjuvant alone can reduce anti-inflammatory innate immune responses, and that both vaccines had a different efficacy to reduce Mycoplasma-like lung lesions and M. hyopneumoniae DNA load in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Beuckelaere
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium,*Correspondence: Lisa Beuckelaere,
| | - Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelien Biebaut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Evelyne Meyer
- Deparment of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - David Gleerup
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Xu L, Hao F, Wang J, Feng Z, Zhang L, Yuan T, Chen R, Zhang Z, Shao G, Xiong Q, Lin J, Xie X, Liu Y. Th1 and Th17 mucosal immune responses elicited by nasally inoculation in mice with virulence factors of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105779. [PMID: 36116609 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent (NADH) flavin oxidoreductase and NADH oxidase (NOX) are important virulence factors of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp), which are devoted to the function of adhesion, oxidative stress damage and apoptosis to host cells in our previous studies. Here, immune responses of NADH flavin oxidoreductase (NFOR) and NOX in mice and immune efficacy inoculated with intramuscular (IM), intranasal (IN), intramuscular unite intranasal (IM + IN) approaches were evaluated and compared. Cellular immunity levels, systemic immune and local mucosal immune responses were investigated by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Mice inoculated with NFOR and NOX by IM and IN or IM + IN could induce obvious secretion of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies (sIgA) compared to those in negative control group. IM + IN inoculation resulted in systemic and local mucosal immune responses that were strongly produced. Moreover, Mhp NFOR and NOX could activate local mucosal immune responses mediated by Th1 and Th17 cells by IN. Our finding supported the notion that IM + IN was an effective immunization route for Mhp, which lays a foundation for more effective prevention of Mhp, and provides theoretical basis for the development of new subunit vaccines of Mhp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China; Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X 54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Johnson Lin
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X 54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Xing Xie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China.
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Ferlazzo G, Ruggeri J, Boniotti MB, Guarneri F, Barbieri I, Tonni M, Bertasio C, Alborali GL, Amadori M. In vitro Cytokine Responses to Virulent PRRS Virus Strains. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:335. [PMID: 32760741 PMCID: PMC7373743 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) affects farmed swine causing heavy direct and indirect losses. The infections sustained by PRRS viruses (PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2) may give rise to severe clinical cases. This highlights the issue of PRRSV pathogenicity and relevant markers thereof. Since PRRSV strains can be discriminated in terms of immunotypes, we aimed to detect possible correlates of virulence in vitro based on the profile of innate immune responses induced by strains of diverse virulence. To this purpose, 10 field PRRSV isolates were investigated in assays of innate immune response to detect possible features associated with virulence. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, IL-10, and caspase-1 were measured in cultures of PRRSV-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of PRRS-naive pigs, unable to support PRRSV replication. Two reference PRRSV strains (highly pathogenic and attenuated, respectively), were included in the screening. The PRRSV strains isolated from field cases were shown to vary widely in terms of inflammatory cytokine responses in vitro, which were substantially lacking with some strains including the reference, highly pathogenic one. In particular, neither the field PRRSV isolates nor the reference highly pathogenic strain gave rise to an IL-1beta response, which was consistently induced by the attenuated strain, only. This pattern of response was reversed in an inflammatory environment, in which the attenuated strain reduced the ongoing IL-1beta response. Results indicate that some pathogenic PRRSV strains can prevent a primary inflammatory response of PBMCs, associated with reduced permissiveness of mature macrophages for PRRSV replication in later phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ferlazzo
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jessica Ruggeri
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Genomics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Flavia Guarneri
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Genomics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Tonni
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Bertasio
- Genomics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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Transcriptome sequencing analysis of porcine MDM response to FSL-1 stimulation. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103830. [PMID: 31689475 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma infection can cause many diseases in pigs, resulting in great economic losses in pork production. Innate immune responses are thought to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of mycoplasma disease. However, the molecular events involved in immune responses remain to be determined. Hence, the object of this study was to use RNA-Seq to investigate the gene expression profiles of the innate immune response mediated by FSL-1 in pig monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). The results revealed that 1442 genes were differentially expressed in the FSL-1 group compared with the control groups, of which 777 genes were upregulated and 665 genes were downregulated. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the upregulated genes were mainly involved in innate immune-related pathways including the TNF signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. The downregulated genes were only involved in the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Our results showed that FSL-1 stimulation activated the TLR2 signaling pathway and resulted in diverse inflammatory responses. FSL-1 induced the transcription of numerous protein-coding genes involved in a complex network of innate immune-related pathways. We speculate that TNF, IL1B, IL6, NFKB1, NFKBIA, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL4 and CCL5 were the most likely hub genes that play important roles in the above pathways. This study identified the differentially expressed genes and their related signaling pathways, contributing to the comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions during mycoplasma infection and providing a reference model for further studies.
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Fourour S, Marois-Créhan C, Martelet L, Fablet C, Kempf I, Gottschalk M, Segura M. Intra-Species and Inter-Species Differences in Cytokine Production by Porcine Antigen-Presenting Cells Stimulated by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis, and M. flocculare. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8010034. [PMID: 30884861 PMCID: PMC6471550 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis and M. flocculare are commonly co-isolated with M. hyopneumoniae (primary agent of swine enzootic pneumonia) in gross pneumonia-like lesions, but their involvement in the disease process remains unknown. T cells play an immuno-pathological role during mycoplasmal infections. Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen-presenting cells involved in T cell activation and differentiation. In this study, we investigated cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α) production by porcine bone-marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) stimulated by M. hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis, and/or M. flocculare. Results showed that cytokine production levels were relatively homogenous for all evaluated M. hyopneumoniae strains in contrast to M. hyorhinis and M. flocculare strains. The most noteworthy inter-species differences were the overall (i) lower IL-12 production capacity of M. hyopneumoniae, and (ii) higher TNF-α production capacity of M. flocculare. Co-stimulation of BM-DCs showed that M. hyorhinis dominated the IL-12 production independently of its association with M. hyopneumoniae or M. flocculare. In addition, a decreased BM-DC production of TNF-α was generally observed in the presence of mycoplasma associations. Lastly, M. flocculare association with M. hyopneumoniae increased BM-DC ability to secrete IL-10. A higher cytotoxicity level in BM-DCs stimulated by M. hyorhinis was also observed. Overall, this study demonstrated that the combination of M. hyorhinis or M. flocculare with M. hyopneumoniae may participate to the modulation of the immune response that might affect the final disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fourour
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, 22 440 Ploufragan, France.
- University of Brittany-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France.
| | - Corinne Marois-Créhan
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, 22 440 Ploufragan, France.
- University of Brittany-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France.
| | - Léa Martelet
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Christelle Fablet
- University of Brittany-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France.
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
| | - Isabelle Kempf
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, 22 440 Ploufragan, France.
- University of Brittany-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France.
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Mariela Segura
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
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10
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Michiels A, Arsenakis I, Boyen F, Krejci R, Haesebrouck F, Maes D. Efficacy of one dose vaccination against experimental infection with two Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:274. [PMID: 28851359 PMCID: PMC5576127 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the primary agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs. Pigs are often infected with different M. hyopneumoniae strains. This study assessed the efficacy of vaccination against experimental infection with two genetically different M. hyopneumoniae strains in weaned piglets. At 33 days of age (D0), 45 M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were randomly assigned to three different groups: 1) negative control group (NCG; n = 5): not vaccinated, not infected, 2) positive control group (PCG; n = 20): not vaccinated, infected, and 3) vaccination group (VG; n = 20): single vaccination with an inactivated whole-cell M. hyopneumoniae vaccine (Hyogen®, Ceva) (D1), infected. The PCG and VG were endotracheally inoculated with 7 × 107 CCU in 7 ml of the highly virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain F7.2C (D24) and 7 × 107 CCU in 7 ml low virulent strain F1.12A (D25). A respiratory disease score (RDS) was assessed from D24 until D53. At D53 (euthanasia), macroscopic lung lesions (MLL) were scored, log copies of M. hyopneumoniae DNA (qPCR) and IL-1 and IL-6-concentrations (ELISA) on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined. Results The RDS and MLL at euthanasia were respectively 0, 1.20 and 0.55 (P < 0.001) and 0, 7.56 and 0.68 (P < 0.001) for NCG, PCG and VG, respectively. The qPCR results for PCG and VG were 3.99 and 1.78 log copies (P < 0.001), respectively, with a significant difference between PCG and VG. The IL-1 and IL-6 results at euthanasia for NCG, PCG and VG were 17.61, 1283.39 and 53.04 pg/ml (P < 0.001) and 148.10, 493.35 and 259.80 pg/ml (P = 0.004), respectively with a significant difference between PCG and VG. Conclusions Vaccination with Hyogen® in pigs was efficacious against an experimental challenge with both a low and highly virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain as the vaccinated pigs coughed significantly less, and showed significantly less lung lesions compared to the non-vaccinated challenged pigs: the vaccinated animals showed a 52.9% lower RDS and 91.0% lower MLL compared to the PCG. In the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected at the necropsy of the vaccinated pigs, a significantly lower amount of M. hyopneumoniae-DNA and a significantly lower IL-1 and IL-6 concentration was found compared to the pigs of the PCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Michiels
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ioannis Arsenakis
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Montoya M, Foni E, Solórzano A, Razzuoli E, Baratelli M, Bilato D, Córdoba L, Del Burgo MAM, Martinez J, Martinez-Orellana P, Chiapponi C, Perlin DS, Del Real G, Amadori M. Expression Dynamics of Innate Immunity in Influenza Virus-Infected Swine. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:48. [PMID: 28484702 PMCID: PMC5399951 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current circulating swine influenza virus (IV) subtypes in Europe (H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2) are associated with clinical outbreaks of disease. However, we showed that pigs could be susceptible to other IV strains that are able to cross the species barrier. In this work, we extended our investigations into whether different IV strains able to cross the species barrier might give rise to different innate immune responses that could be associated with pathological lesions. For this purpose, we used the same samples collected in a previous study of ours, in which healthy pigs had been infected with a H3N2 Swine IV and four different H3N8 IV strains circulating in different animal species. Pigs had been clinically inspected and four subjects/group were sacrificed at 3, 6, and 21 days post infection. In the present study, all groups but mock exhibited antibody responses to IV nucleoprotein protein. Pulmonary lesions and high-titered viral replication were observed in pigs infected with the swine-adapted virus. Interestingly, pigs infected with avian and seal H3N8 strains also showed moderate lesions and viral replication, whereas equine and canine IVs did not cause overt pathological signs, and replication was barely detectable. Swine IV infection induced interferon (IFN)-alpha and interleukin-6 responses in bronchoalveolar fluids (BALF) at day 3 post infection, as opposed to the other non-swine-adapted virus strains. However, IFN-alpha responses to the swine-adapted virus were not associated with an increase of the local, constitutive expression of IFN-alpha genes. Remarkably, the Equine strain gave rise to a Serum Amyloid A response in BALF despite little if any replication. Each virus strain could be associated with expression of cytokine genes and/or proteins after infection. These responses were observed well beyond the period of virus replication, suggesting a prolonged homeostatic imbalance of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Montoya
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Emanuela Foni
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Alicia Solórzano
- Public Health Research Institute and Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- S.S. Sezione Genova, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Genova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Baratelli
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dania Bilato
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorena Córdoba
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Martín Del Burgo
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Martinez
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pamela Martinez-Orellana
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - David S Perlin
- Public Health Research Institute and Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Gustavo Del Real
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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12
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Opriessnig T, Thacker EL, Yu S, Fenaux M, Meng XJ, Halbur PG. Experimental Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Pigs by Dual Infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Vet Pathol 2016; 41:624-40. [PMID: 15557072 DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-6-624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the interactions between Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and to establish a model for studying the pathogenesis of and testing intervention strategies for the control of PCV2-associated porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Sixty-seven pigs were randomly assigned to four groups. Group 1 ( n = 17) pigs served as controls, group 2 ( n = 17) pigs were inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae, group 3 ( n = 17) pigs were dual infected with M. hyopneumoniae and PCV2, and group 4 ( n = 16) pigs were inoculated with PCV2. Pigs were inoculated intratracheally with M. hyopneumoniae at 4 weeks of age followed by intranasal inoculation with PCV2 at 6 weeks of age. Dual-infected pigs had moderate dyspnea, lethargy, and reduced weight gain. The overall severity of macroscopic lung lesions, PCV2-associated microscopic lesions in lung and lymphoid tissues, and the amount of PCV2-antigen associated with these lesions were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in dual-infected pigs compared with all other groups. Four of 17 (23.5%) dual-infected pigs had decreased growth rate and severe lymphoid depletion and granulomatous lymphadenitis associated with high amounts of PCV2-antigen consistent with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). PCV2-antigen in lung tissue was most often associated with M. hyopneumoniae-induced peribronchial lymphoid hyperplasia, suggesting that this is an important site for PCV2 replication in the lung. This study indicates that M. hyopneumoniae potentiates the severity of PCV2-associated lung and lymphoid lesions, increases the amount and prolongs the presence of PCV2-antigen, and increases the incidence of PMWS in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
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13
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Garcia-Morante B, Segalés J, López-Soria S, de Rozas AP, Maiti H, Coll T, Sibila M. Induction of mycoplasmal pneumonia in experimentally infected pigs by means of different inoculation routes. Vet Res 2016; 47:54. [PMID: 27160189 PMCID: PMC4862235 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of three different inoculation routes into mycoplasmal pneumonia (MP) in pigs challenged with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae). Thirty six-week-old M. hyopneumoniae seronegative piglets were randomly assigned to four groups: three challenged groups with experimentally inoculated pigs by either the endotracheal (ET; n = 8), intranasal (IN; n = 8) or aerosol (AE; n = 8) routes and one uninfected group (Control; n = 6). Blood samples were collected 1 day before challenge and at necropsy, 28 days post-inoculation (dpi), to assess seroconversion. Laryngeal swabs were collected at −1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 dpi in order to evaluate colonization. At necropsy, lung lesions were scored and lung tissue was collected for histopathological studies and M. hyopneumoniae DNA detection. Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was also obtained to detect M. hyopneumoniae DNA, specific IgA antibodies and cytokines. MP was observed in all inoculated groups, but the ET group displayed a significantly higher number of animals affected by MP as well as a higher mean lung lesion score. These results were paralleled with an earlier seroconversion and upper respiratory tract colonization of M. hyopneumoniae. Additionally, in the ET group, higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and specific IgA antibodies in BALF were found. Under the conditions of the present study, MP was reproduced by the three evaluated inoculation routes. Obtained results suggest that the ET route is the most effective in order to induce MP in pigs experimentally challenged with M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Morante
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Boehringer Ingelheim España S.A, Carrer Prat de la Riba, 50, 08174, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sergio López-Soria
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez de Rozas
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Henrike Maiti
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co, BemeroderStraße 31, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Teresa Coll
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co, BemeroderStraße 31, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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14
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Innate immune responses of young bulls to a novel environment. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 172:9-13. [PMID: 27032497 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal welfare during transportation has been investigated in several studies, as opposed to post-transportation phases. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a novel environment after transportation on 26 Friesian bulls, 242 ± 42 day-old, from ten different dairy farms. Animals were shipped to a breeding center in different seasons, and selected parameters of innate immunity (serum bactericidal activity, hemolytic complement, serum albumin, α, β, and γ-globulins, interleukin-6, TNF-α) were monitored before and after the arrival at days--4/0/4/15/30. Our results showed significant differences of IL-6 and TNF-α protein levels at destination in December (94 ± 1.3 pg/ml) and June (+788 pg/ml), respectively. Moreover, the serum levels of these cytokines increased between days 0 and 15 after the arrival, the modulation of IL-6 being in agreement with established models of physical and/or psychological stress. Concerning the modulation of albumin, alpha and beta-globulins, the highest levels were detected in April, whereas a significant decrease was observed between day 15 and 30 after arrival; on the contrary, γ-globulin levels significantly increased after day 15. The results of this study highlight the occurrence of innate immune responses of young bulls to the combined effects of climate (season) and novel farming conditions.
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15
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Garcia-Morante B, Segalés J, Fraile L, Pérez de Rozas A, Maiti H, Coll T, Sibila M. Assessment of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-induced Pneumonia using Different Lung Lesion Scoring Systems: a Comparative Review. J Comp Pathol 2016; 154:125-34. [PMID: 26774274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the primary aetiological agent of swine enzootic pneumonia (EP) and one of the major contributors to the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Gross lung lesions in pigs affected by EP consist of cranioventral pulmonary consolidation (CVPC), usually distributed bilaterally in the apical, intermediate, accessory and cranial parts of the diaphragmatic lobes. Several lung scoring methods are currently in place for the evaluation of CVPC. The aims of this study were (1) to review the lung lesion scoring systems used to assess pneumonia associated with M. hyopneumoniae infection, and (2) to evaluate eight of these scoring systems by applying them to the lungs of 76 pigs with experimentally-induced M. hyopneumoniae pneumonia. A significant correlation between all lung lesion scoring systems was observed and the coefficients of determination in a regression analysis were very high between each pair-wise comparison, except for a unique scoring system based on image analysis. A formula of equivalence between lung scoring methods was developed in order to compare the results obtained with these methods. The present review provides a basis for comparison (even retrospectively) of lesions evaluated using different lung scoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Garcia-Morante
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Boehringer Ingelheim España SA, Carrer Prat de la Riba 50, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - J Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L Fraile
- Departament de Producció Animal, ETSEA, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - A Pérez de Rozas
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - H Maiti
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH, BemeroderStraße 31, Hannover, Germany
| | - T Coll
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH, BemeroderStraße 31, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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16
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Sato T, Okamura T, Kojima-Shibata C, Kadowaki H, Suzuki E, Uenishi H, Suzuki K. Correlated response of peripheral blood cytokines with selection for reduced mycoplasma pneumonia of swine lesions in Landrace pigs. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:477-83. [PMID: 26429759 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS) is responsible for significant economic losses in the swine industry. We selected Landrace pigs for reduced MPS pulmonary lesions over five generations, and measured concentrations of the following cytokines: interleukin (IL)-10, IL-13, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ to estimate their correlation with MPS lesions. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were injected twice intramuscularly at 70 and 95 kg body weight. Blood serum samples were collected after 1 week of secondary SRBC inoculation and cytokine concentrations were analyzed by ELISA. Genetic parameters and breeding values were estimated. The heritability estimates of IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α and IFN-γ were 0.20 ± 0.06, 0.12 ± 0.06, 0.27 ± 0.07, 0.20 ± 0.10 and 0.05 ± 0.03, respectively. Genetic correlations of IL-17 and TNF-α with pulmonary MPS lesions were high (-0.86 ± 0.13 and 0.69 ± 0.29, respectively) and those of IFN-γ and IL-13 with MPS lesions were moderately negative (-0.45). Through selection, the breeding values of IL-17 and IFN-γ increased substantially and those of TNF-α decreased. These results suggest that innate and cellular immunity are more important for the suppression of pulmonary lesions in MPS than humoral-mediated immunity, such as antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sato
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Okamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Kadowaki
- Miyagi Prefecture Animal Industry Experiment Station, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Eisaku Suzuki
- Miyagi Prefecture Animal Industry Experiment Station, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hirohide Uenishi
- Genome Research Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Keiichi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Batista Linhares M, Belloy L, Origgi FC, Lechner I, Segner H, Ryser-Degiorgis MP. Investigating the role of free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the re-emergence of enzootic pneumonia in domestic pig herds: a pathological, prevalence and risk-factor study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119060. [PMID: 25747151 PMCID: PMC4352045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzootic pneumonia (EP) caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae has a significant economic impact on domestic pig production. A control program carried out from 1999 to 2003 successfully reduced disease occurrence in domestic pigs in Switzerland, but recurrent outbreaks suggested a potential role of free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a source of re-infection. Since little is known on the epidemiology of EP in wild boar populations, our aims were: (1) to estimate the prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae infections in wild boar in Switzerland; (2) to identify risk factors for infection in wild boar; and (3) to assess whether infection in wild boar is associated with the same gross and microscopic lesions typical of EP in domestic pigs. Nasal swabs, bronchial swabs and lung samples were collected from 978 wild boar from five study areas in Switzerland between October 2011 and May 2013. Swabs were analyzed by qualitative real time PCR and a histopathological study was conducted on lung tissues. Risk factor analysis was performed using multivariable logistic regression modeling. Overall prevalence in nasal swabs was 26.2% (95% CI 23.3–29.3%) but significant geographical differences were observed. Wild boar density, occurrence of EP outbreaks in domestic pigs and young age were identified as risk factors for infection. There was a significant association between infection and lesions consistent with EP in domestic pigs. We have concluded that M. hyopneumoniae is widespread in the Swiss wild boar population, that the same risk factors for infection of domestic pigs also act as risk factors for infection of wild boar, and that infected wild boar develop lesions similar to those found in domestic pigs. However, based on our data and the outbreak pattern in domestic pigs, we propose that spillover from domestic pigs to wild boar is more likely than transmission from wild boar to pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainity Batista Linhares
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luc Belloy
- Institut Galli-Valerio, Laboratoire d’Analyses vétérinaires, Département du Territoire et de l’Environnement, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco C. Origgi
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Lechner
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Razzuoli E, Villa R, Amadori M. IPEC-J2 cells as reporter system of the anti-inflammatory control actions of interferon-alpha. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:597-605. [PMID: 23777203 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) shows potent immunomodulatory properties, which underlies its use for low-dose oral treatments of diverse viral infections and immunopathological conditions. The studies on oral administration have been hampered by the lack of recognized in vitro models, reproducing the in vivo control action of IFN-α over inflammatory cytokine responses. Owing to these reasons, the aim of our study was to validate IPEC-J2 (a continuous cell line of porcine intestinal epithelial cells) as a reporter system of the properties of IFN-α. Three different experimental conditions (oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and amplification of lymphoid cell signals) were selected to evaluate the effects of porcine recombinant IFN-α1 (rIFN-α) and 2 natural porcine IFN-α preparations (nIFN-α). The IFNs under study showed significantly different control actions in IPEC-J2 cells. In particular, rIFN-α was shown to down-regulate interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and β-defensin 1 genes either directly, or indirectly through second messengers released by IFN-α-treated lymphoid cells. With regard to IL-6, only second messengers from IFN-α-treated lymphoid cells could regulate the expression of this cytokine. Our results suggest that IPEC-J2 cells can be a useful tool for investigating the regulatory actions of type I IFNs and the second messengers thereof. The results provided by this model could be conveniently exploited in studies on enteric diseases sustained by infectious or noninfectious stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna , Brescia, Italy
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Marchioro SB, Maes D, Flahou B, Pasmans F, Del Pozo Sacristán R, Vranckx K, Melkebeek V, Cox E, Wuyts N, Haesebrouck F. Local and systemic immune responses in pigs intramuscularly injected with an inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 31:1305-11. [PMID: 23306368 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The immune response induced by intramuscular administration of a commercial inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumonie whole-cell vaccine (Suvaxyn(®)MH One) was investigated in conventional M. hyopneumoniae-free pigs. The animals were assigned randomly to two groups: non-vaccinated and vaccinated. Pigs in the vaccinated group were injected intramuscularly with the vaccine at 7 days of age, whereas non-vaccinated pigs received physiological saline solution (PBS). Pigs were euthanized and necropsied at 30, 36 and 58 days of age. Blood, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, spleen, lung and bronchial lymph nodes (BLN) were collected. Serum and BAL fluid were tested for the presence of antibodies by ELISA. Monomorphonuclear cells from the peripheral blood and tissues were isolated to quantify the T cell subsets by flow cytometry, and cytokine production by ELIspot and ELISA. Antibodies against M. hyopneumoniae were detected in serum of most vaccinated pigs at 30 days of age. M. hyopneumoniae specific IgG, IgM and IgA were detected in BAL fluid from vaccinated animals, but not from control animals. Significantly higher numbers of IL-12 secreting cells were observed in the lung at day 58 in the vaccinated than in the non-vaccinated group (p<0.05). The number of IL-10 secreting cells from BLN was also higher in the vaccinated group at day 58 (p<0.05). After restimulation in vitro, lymphocytes from BLN and lungs secreted significantly higher levels of IL-12 in the vaccinated group at day 58. These results show that the vaccine induced both systemic and mucosal cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Beutinger Marchioro
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Trevisi E, Amadori M, Cogrossi S, Razzuoli E, Bertoni G. Metabolic stress and inflammatory response in high-yielding, periparturient dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:695-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Evaluation of clinical, histological and immunological changes and qPCR detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in tissues during the early stages of mycoplasmal pneumonia in pigs after experimental challenge with two field isolates. Vet Microbiol 2012; 161:186-95. [PMID: 22863144 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Differences in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain virulence and infection patterns will affect experimental challenge systems used to evaluate vaccine efficacy. Two strains (Hillcrest and Beaufort) were assessed by experimental pig challenge for their ability to induce clinical and pathological lesions and cytokine responses. Tracheobronchial lavage fluid (TBLF) was collected before and 17-18 days after challenge with Hillcrest (n=8), Beaufort (n=8) or no organisms (n=3). Coughing was assessed twice daily, and at slaughter 21 (n=9) or 28 (n=10) days post-challenge, gross and histopathology of lungs were quantified and a quantitative PCR (mhp183 qPCR) was applied to detect M. hyopneumoniae DNA in tissues and TBLF. Hillcrest was clearly superior to Beaufort in its ability to induce coughing and pneumonic lesions. At 17-18 days, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 concentrations in TBLF were only significantly higher (8.7 and 5.1 fold respectively) than controls (P<0.001) in Hillcrest-challenged pigs. Lungs of all Hillcrest-challenged pigs were qPCR positive at either slaughter date, but only at day 28 in Beaufort-challenged pigs. M. hyopneumoniae DNA was highest in concentration in lungs 21 days after Hillcrest challenge, and was detected in the spleen, kidney and/or liver of Hillcrest-challenged pigs, but not in Beaufort pigs. While M. hyopneumoniae DNA concentration in TBLF was elevated following Hillcrest and Beaufort challenge, there was no significant difference in mean mycoplasmal DNA concentration detected in TBLF from pigs challenged with either isolate (P>0.05). Thus a suitable challenge strain, coupled with lung pathology and cytokine assays, are valuable in assessing post-challenge responses. Assessment of M. hyopneumoniae DNA in lung and abdominal tissues by mhp183 qPCR, in conjunction with histopathology, were valuable in confirming M. hyopneumoniae infection.
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Abstract
Respiratory disease in pigs is common in modern pork production worldwide and is often referred to as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). PRDC is polymicrobial in nature, and results from infection with various combinations of primary and secondary respiratory pathogens. As a true multifactorial disease, environmental conditions, population size, management strategies and pig-specific factors such as age and genetics also play critical roles in the outcome of PRDC. While non-infectious factors are important in the initiation and outcome of cases of PRDC, the focus of this review is on infectious factors only. There are a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens commonly associated with PRDC including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHYO) and Pasteurella multocida (PMULT). The pathogenesis of viral respiratory disease is typically associated with destruction of the mucocilliary apparatus and with interference and decrease of the function of pulmonary alveolar and intravascular macrophages. Bacterial pathogens often contribute to PRDC by activation of inflammation via enhanced cytokine responses. With recent advancements in pathogen detection methods, the importance of polymicrobial disease has become more evident, and identification of interactions of pathogens and their mechanisms of disease potentiation has become a topic of great interest. For example, combined infection of pigs with typically low pathogenic organisms like PCV2 and MHYO results in severe respiratory disease. Although the body of knowledge has advanced substantially in the last 15 years, much more needs to be learned about the pathogenesis and best practices for control of swine respiratory disease outbreaks caused by concurrent infection of two or more pathogens. This review discusses the latest findings on polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs.
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Muneta Y, Minagawa Y, Kusumoto M, Shinkai H, Uenishi H, Splichal I. Development of allele-specific primer PCR for a swine TLR2 SNP and comparison of the frequency among several pig breeds of Japan and the Czech Republic. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 74:553-9. [PMID: 22156387 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have developed an allele-specific primer-polymerase chain reaction (ASP-PCR) for genotyping a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of swine Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) (C406G), which is related to the prevalence of pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. We also compared the allele frequency among several pig breeds of Japan and the Czech Republic. Allele-specific primers were constructed by introducing 1-base mismatch sequence before the SNP site. The swine TLR2 C406G mutation was successfully determined by the ASP-PCR using genomic DNA samples in Japan as previously genotyped by a sequencing method. Using the PCR condition determined, genomic DNA samples from pig blood obtained from 110 pigs from 7 different breeds in the Czech Republic were genotyped by the ASP-PCR. The genotyping results from the ASP-PCR were completely matched with the results from the sequencing method. The allele frequency of the swine TLR2 C406G mutation was 27.5% in the Czech Republic and 3.6% in Japan. The C406G mutation was only found in the Landrace breed in Japan, and was almost exclusively found in the Landrace breed in the Czech Republic as well. These results indicated the usefulness of ASP-PCR for detecting a specific SNP for swine TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Muneta
- Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
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Opriessnig T, Halbur PG. Concurrent infections are important for expression of porcine circovirus associated disease. Virus Res 2011; 164:20-32. [PMID: 21959087 PMCID: PMC7114432 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the essential component of porcine circovirus disease (PCVD) as the disease syndrome is referred to in Europe and porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) as it is referred to in North America. Singular PCV2 infection rarely results in clinical disease; however, PCVAD is often accelerated in onset, enhanced in severity and prolonged in duration by concurrent viral or bacterial infections. Due to its effect on the immune system, PCV2 has also been shown to enhance protozoal, metazoal, and fungal infections. Several retrospective or cross-sectional studies have investigated the presence and prevalence of various infectious agents associated with PCVAD under field conditions. Experimental models confirm that PCV2 replication and associated lesions can be enhanced by concurrent infection with other viruses or bacteria. The exact mechanisms by which concurrent pathogens upregulate PCV2 are unknown. Co-infections may promote PCV2 infection by increasing immune host cell replication and accumulation in tissues thereby enhancing targets for PCV2 replication. It has also been proposed that co-infections interfere with PCV2 clearance by alteration of cytokine production and profiles. The outcome of differences in timing of co-infections in PCV2-infected pigs is also likely very important and is an area where more research is needed. Given the current knowledge base, it is important that veterinarians do a thorough diagnostic investigation on herds where PCVAD is a recurrent problem in order to implement the most appropriate and cost effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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25
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Amadori M, Farinacci M, Begni B, Faita R, Podavini D, Colitti M. Effects of interferon-α on the inflammatory response of swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 29:241-7. [PMID: 19203249 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-α (IFN-α) at low concentrations had been previously shown to control the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes in swine pulmonary alveolar macrophages. In the first part of this study, cultured swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were supplemented with IFN-α at low/moderate concentrations, and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The expression of IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 genes was determined by real-time PCR. IFN-α at low/moderate concentrations did not significantly reduce the expression of any cytokine gene under study, with clear trends though to a concentration-dependent reduction of IL-1β gene expression and to a concentration-dependent increase of IFN-γ gene expression. In vivo, orally administered IFN-α was shown instead to modulate the inflammatory response to early weaning in uncultured PBMCs of specific pathogen-free piglets. As opposed to the in vitro model, the oral IFN-α treatment reduced after weaning the expression of the IFN-γ gene (P < 0.08) and increased that of the IL-1β gene (P < 0.05). There was also a trend to a reduced expression of both IL-6 and TNF-α. The above modulation of cytokine genes expression and the greater daily mean weight gain of treated piglets highlight important regulatory properties of oral IFN-α in the response to the weaning stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Amadori
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy.
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Damte D, Lee SJ, Hwang MH, Gebru E, Choi MJ, Lee JS, Cheng H, Park SC. Inflammatory responses toMycoplasma hyopneumoniaein murine alveolar macrophage cell lines. N Z Vet J 2011; 59:185-90. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2011.579553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Zhang H, Lunney JK, Baker RB, Opriessnig T. Cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression profiles in tracheobronchial lymph nodes from pigs singularly infected or coinfected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHYO). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 140:152-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Katayama M, Fukuda T, Okamura T, Suzuki E, Tamura K, Shimizu Y, Suda Y, Suzuki K. Effect of dietary addition of seaweed and licorice on the immune performance of pigs. Anim Sci J 2010; 82:274-81. [PMID: 21729206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In pig production, dietary additive antibiotics are usually used for growth stimulation and disease prevention, although there is public concern about the increased incidence of resistant antibiotics and food safety. It is possible that such antibiotics might be replaced by naturally derived products such as seaweed and licorice. In this study, we evaluated the effect of dietary addition of seaweed and licorice on enhancing the immune function in swine. The animals of each group (eight animals per group) were sensitized at day 42 and 49, and the immunoglobulin production and the expression of cytokines were detected by the ELISA and real-time PCR. As the results, saliva IgA production of the seaweed-treated group increased around five times compared to that of control (day 56). Delayed hypersensitivity reaction and IgG production of the seaweed-treated group increased around 1.8-2.0 times. In addition, enhanced saliva IgA production was detected at day 50 (around two times) and day 51 (around five times) by the licorice treatment, and lower expression level of tumor necrosis factor-α messenger RNA at day 51 (around 1/25) was observed in the licorice treatment. We conclude that the replacement of antibiotics by naturally derived dietary additives might be feasible for immune system enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Katayama
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Japan
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29
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae induces pro-inflammatory cytokine and nitric oxide production through NFκB and MAPK pathways in RAW264.7 cells. Vet Res Commun 2010; 35:21-34. [PMID: 21104123 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we confirmed the ability of M. hyopneumoniae to induce the secretion of large amount of proinflammatory cytokine and nitric oxide (NO) in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, M. hyopneumoniae-induced activation of the MAPK and NF-кB pathways by phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK/SAPK and by dissociation of IκB from NF-κB. Translocation of transcription factor NF-κB and its binding was confirmed through western blot and electromobility shift assay. From these results, we further hypothesized that these signal proteins were involved in M. hyopneumoniae-induced proinflammatory cytokines and NO productions in macrophages. Hence, we utilized specific blockers of MAPK and NF-κB to investigate the signaling pathway involvement in cytokine and NO production through pharmacological approaches. The results demonstrated significant inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NO by MAPK inhibitors. NF-κB inhibitor PDTC significantly inhibited IL-1β and NO production. These findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of immune reactivity and may ultimately prove useful in the development of new therapeutic strategies. In summary, we found critical evidence for the involvement of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine and NO induced by M. hyopneumoniae.
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Catalani E, Amadori M, Vitali A, Bernabucci U, Nardone A, Lacetera N. The Hsp72 response in peri-parturient dairy cows: relationships with metabolic and immunological parameters. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:781-90. [PMID: 20349286 PMCID: PMC3024076 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed at assessing whether the peri-parturient period is associated with changes of intracellular and plasma inducible heat shock proteins (Hsp) 72 kDa molecular weight in dairy cows, and to establish possible relationships between Hsp72, metabolic, and immunological parameters subjected to changes around calving. The study was carried out on 35 healthy peri-parturient Holstein cows. Three, two, and one week before the expected calving, and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after calving, body conditions score (BCS) was measured and blood samples were collected to separate plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Concentrations of Hsp72 in PBMC and plasma increased sharply after calving. In the post-calving period, BCS and plasma glucose declined, whereas plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased. The proliferative responses of PBMC to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) declined progressively after calving. The percentage of PBMC expressing CD14 receptors and Toll-like receptors (TLR)-4 increased and decreased in the early postpartum period, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between Hsp72 and NEFA, and between PBMC proliferation in response to LPS and the percentage of PBMC expressing TLR-4. Conversely, significant negative relationships were found between LPS-triggered proliferation of PBMC and both intracellular and plasma Hsp72. Literature data and changes of metabolic and immunological parameters reported herein authorize a few interpretative hypotheses and encourage further studies aimed at assessing possible cause and effect relationships between changes of PBMC and circulating Hsp72, metabolic, and immune parameters in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Catalani
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Università della Tuscia, Via San Camillo De Lellis, Viterbo, 01100 Italy
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Laboratorio di Immunologia Cellulare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Vitali
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Università della Tuscia, Via San Camillo De Lellis, Viterbo, 01100 Italy
| | - Umberto Bernabucci
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Università della Tuscia, Via San Camillo De Lellis, Viterbo, 01100 Italy
| | - Alessandro Nardone
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Università della Tuscia, Via San Camillo De Lellis, Viterbo, 01100 Italy
| | - Nicola Lacetera
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Università della Tuscia, Via San Camillo De Lellis, Viterbo, 01100 Italy
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Dotti S, Villa R, Sossi E, Guadagnini G, Salvini F, Ferrari M, Amadori M. Comparative evaluation of PRRS virus infection in vaccinated and naïve pigs. Res Vet Sci 2010; 90:218-25. [PMID: 20598328 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time-course of the immune response to a field Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome virus (PRRSV) strain in PRRS-naïve, untreated pigs, as well as in four groups of age and breed-matched pigs injected with a live attenuated PRRS vaccine, its adjuvant, an inactivated PRRS vaccine and an irrelevant, inactivated Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine, respectively. PRRSV infection was confirmed in all groups by PCR and antibody assays. The antibody response measured by ELISA took place earlier in pigs injected with the live attenuated vaccine, which also developed a much stronger serum-neutralizing antibody response to the vaccine strain. Yet, no clear protection was evidenced in terms of viremia against the field virus strain, which showed 11.1% nucleotide divergence in ORF7 from the vaccine strain. In vitro, the interferon (IFN)-γ response to PRRSV was almost absent on PVD 60 in all groups under study, whereas the prevalence of interleukin (IL)-10 responses to PRRSV was fairly high in PCV2-vaccinated animals, only. Results indicate that distinct patterns of immune response to a field PRRSV strain can be recognized in PRRS-vaccinated and naïve pigs, which probably underlies fundamental differences in the development and differentiation of PRRSV-specific immune effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, via A. Bianchi 9, Brescia, Italy
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Hwang MH, Choi MJ, Park SC. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Induces Grap, Gadd45β, and secreted phosphoprotein 1 Gene Expression as Part of the Inflammatory Response in RAW264.7 Cells. Toxicol Res 2009; 25:119-124. [PMID: 32038829 PMCID: PMC7006252 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2009.25.3.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes related to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-induced inflammation were identified using the gene-fishing technology, an improved method for identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using an annealing control primer (ACP) system in RAW264.7 cells. After treatment with M. hyopneumo-niae, 16 DEGs were expressed in RAW264.7 cells using a pre-screening system. Among these 16 DEGs, 11 DEGs (DEGs 1, 4, 5-10, 12-15) were selected and sequenced directly, revealing that DEG12 (Grap), DEG14 (Gadd45), and DEG15 (secreted phosphoprotein 1) were related to inflammatory cytokines. This is the first report that intact M. hyopneumoniae induces the expression of Grap, Gadd 45β, and secreted phosphoprotein 1 in RAW264.7 cells. Subsequently, these genes may be targets for screening novel inhibitors of the mycoplasmal inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyun Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 Korea
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33
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Trevisi E, Amadori M, Bakudila AM, Bertoni G. Metabolic changes in dairy cows induced by oral, low-dose interferon-alpha treatment1. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:3020-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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34
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Ahn KK, Kwon D, Jung K, Ha Y, Seo MJ, Kim SH, Kim MY, Cho KD, Lee BH, Chae C. Identification of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 expression in lungs from pigs naturally infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by in situ hybridization. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:441-5. [PMID: 19420846 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection and distribution of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-6 were studied, by in situ hybridization with a non-radioactive digoxigenin-labeled probe, in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue from 10 pigs naturally infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. The morphology of host cells was preserved despite the relatively high temperature required during the incubation procedure. Examination of three serial sections from each of the 10 lung samples showed that the three cytokines closely resembled each other in respect of cellular distribution. Three inflammatory cytokines are expressed in response to M. hyopneumoniae infection, with IL-6 localized primarily to peribronchiolar lymphoid hyperplastic tissues, and both IL-1 and TNF-alpha expressed in alveolar macrophages. Although statistically non-significant, IL-1 (r=0.5744, p=0.0883) showed potentially important correlation with histopatholgical lesions. No other potentially clinically important correlations (r>0.30) were observed between any of the other cytokines (TNF-alpha; r=0.2045, p=0.5603 and IL-6; r=-0.06607, p=0.8651) and histopathological lesion score. The results suggest that inflammatory cytokines are associated with the development of pneumonia in M. hyopneumoniae infection and may contribute to disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Kyu Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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35
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Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Findings in the Lungs of Pigs Infected Experimentally with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. J Comp Pathol 2009; 140:260-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Muneta Y, Minagawa Y, Shimoji Y, Ogawa Y, Hikono H, Mori Y. Immune response of gnotobiotic piglets against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 70:1065-70. [PMID: 18981662 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, several cytokine responses were investigated during Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) infection using a gnotobiotic infection model. We found that several inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-8, IL-18, and TNF-alpha) and an anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were induced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of germ-free (GF) piglets stimulated with heat killed Mhp whole antigens, but no IFN-gamma and IL-4 were induced by Mhp. After the intranasal infection of Mhp, IL-1beta, IL-8, IL-18, and IFN-gamma were also detected in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluids (BALF). The antigen-specific IFN-gamma and IL-10 responses after infection of Mhp were gradually suppressed during Mhp infection as well as non-specific immune response to concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysacchalide (LPS) at early stage of infection. These results suggested that Mhp infection modulates the immune response of pigs by inducing several cytokines, and causes immuno-suppression of pigs in a gnotobiotic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Muneta
- Research Team for Advanced Biologicals, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Hwang MH, Chang ZQ, Kang EH, Lim JH, Yun HI, Rhee MH, Jeong KS, Park SC. Surfactin C inhibits Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-induced transcription of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide production in murine RAW 264.7 cells. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 30:229-33. [PMID: 17928958 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intact pathogenic Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae at 100 microg protein ml(-1) induced transcription of proinflammatory cytokines such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin(IL)-1, IL-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in RAW 264.7 cells. After pretreatment with 50 microg surfactin C/ml, purified from Bacillus subtilis, transcription of the COX-2, IL-1beta, IL-6 and iNOS genes induced by M. hyopneumoniae was inhibited by 43%, 82%, 72% and 59%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyun Hwang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Muneta Y, Minagawa Y, Shimoji Y, Nagata R, Markham PF, Browning GF, Mori Y. IL-18 expression in pigs following infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007; 26:637-44. [PMID: 16978067 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the detail of the immune response during infection of pigs with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp). To further understand this important porcine pathogen, we examined the interleukin-18 (IL- 18) response in experimentally infected piglets. We found that large amounts of IL-18 were produced in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of pigs experimentally infected with Mhp. However, the concentration of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the same BALF was negatively correlated with that of IL-18. The antibody response against Mhp was found to be associated with the IL-18 concentration in the BALF. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that both IL-18 and IL-18 receptor alpha chain (IL-18Ralpha) were present in macrophages and plasma cells in the lungs of Mhp-infected pigs. Lung mononuclear cells isolated from pneumonic lesions secreted IL-18 and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in vitro, and PGE(2) production was enhanced by stimulation with IL-18. These results indicate that IL-18 produced in the pig lung contributes to the development of innate and acquired immune responses against Mhp as a proinflammatory cytokine rather than as an IFN-gamma-inducing factor and may be involved in immunomodulation in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Muneta
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
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Meyns T, Maes D, Calus D, Ribbens S, Dewulf J, Chiers K, de Kruif A, Cox E, Decostere A, Haesebrouck F. Interactions of highly and low virulent Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae isolates with the respiratory tract of pigs. Vet Microbiol 2007; 120:87-95. [PMID: 17123752 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of swine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic nonfatal disease affecting pigs of all ages. To obtain better insight in the mechanisms responsible for differences in virulence between highly and low virulent M. hyopneumoniae isolates, 23 caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets were randomly assigned to three groups. Groups 1 and 2 consisted of nine animals each, which were intratracheally inoculated at 1 week of age with a highly or a low virulent isolate of M. hyopneumoniae, respectively. The remaining five animals were inoculated with sterile culture medium. Animals were euthanized at 5, 10, 15 and 28 days post-inoculation (DPI). Animals inoculated with the highly virulent isolate had more neutrophils in BAL fluid at 10, 15 and 28DPI compared to the other groups. At 10 and 15DPI, animals in the highly virulent group had significantly higher concentrations of TNF-alpha in BAL fluid. IL-1beta concentration in this group was higher at 5 and 28DPI compared to the other groups. From 10DPI onwards, significantly higher titres of M. hyopneumoniae were detected in the BAL fluid of animals inoculated with the highly virulent isolate compared to animals inoculated with the low virulent isolate. Additionally, the in vitro generation time of the highly virulent M. hyopneumoniae isolate was significantly shorter than that of the low virulent isolate. The present study indicates that the difference in pathogenicity between the highly and low virulent isolates is associated with a faster in vitro growth, a higher capacity to multiply in the lungs and the induction of a more severe inflammation process by the highly virulent isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Meyns
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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40
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Rodríguez F, Quesada O, Poveda JB, Fernández A, Lorenzo H. Immunohistochemical Detection of Interleukin-12 and Interferon-γ in Pigs Experimentally Infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. J Comp Pathol 2007; 136:79-82. [PMID: 17258224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was examined immunohistochemically in the lungs of pigs aged 21 days infected experimentally with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh). Ten pigs were inoculated intranasally with Mh and killed in pairs weekly from 7 to 35 days post-infection (dpi). Immunolabelling for IL-12 and IFN-gamma was usually associated with inflammation, particularly in macrophages and lymphocytes in the thickened alveolar septa and in the hyperplastic bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Cells positive for both cytokines were detected at 7 dpi, their numbers increasing at 14 and 21 dpi, and slightly decreasing thereafter. The results suggest that IL-12 and IFN-gamma play a role in pulmonary defence mechanisms against Mh infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rodríguez
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain.
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Abstract
Inflammation is an important manifestation of respiratory disease in domestic animals. The respiratory system is mucosal in nature and has specific defense mechanisms used to control invasion by microbes and environmental elements. Inflammation can be beneficial or detrimental to the host. This article broadly discusses the primary mediators and mechanisms of inflammation within the respiratory tract of domestic animals. The role of cells, chemokines, cytokines and mediators in both acute and chronic inflammation are addressed. The pathogenesis of the initial insult determines the type of inflammation that will be induced, whether it is acute, chronic or allergic in origin. Maintenance of the microenvironment of cytokines and chemokines is critical for pulmonary homeostasis. Uncontrolled inflammation in the respiratory tract can be life threatening to the animal. The understanding of the mechanisms of inflammation, whether due to microbes or through inappropriate immune activation such as those occurring with allergies, is required to develop successful intervention strategies and control respiratory disease in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen L Thacker
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA.
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Otagiri Y, Asai T, Okada M, Uto T, Yazawa S, Hirai H, Shibata I, Sato S. Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in lung and nasal swab samples from pigs by nested PCR and culture methods. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 67:801-5. [PMID: 16141667 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined nasal swab and lung homogenate samples collected from pigs experimentally and naturally infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae for the detection of M. hyopneumoniae by the nested PCR (nPCR) and culture methods. In the 23 experimentally infected pigs, M. hyopneumoniae was commonly detected in nasal swabs by the nPCR and culture methods at 4 weeks after inoculation, and there was a significant correlation (P<0.01) between the titers of viable organisms in nasal swabs and in lung homogenates in the experimentally inoculated pigs. In the naturally infected pigs, on the other hand, discrepancies in detection were found between nasal swab and lung homogenate samples in 17 of 36 cases, although the presence of gross lung lesions correlated relatively well with the detection of organisms from the samples. Our results indicated that the diagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia by nPCR in individual pigs with nasal swabs is reliable under these experimental conditions. At present, nPCR with nasal swabs should only be used for monitoring the disease status at the herd level under field conditions.
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Choi C, Kwon D, Jung K, Ha Y, Lee YH, Kim O, Park HK, Kim SH, Hwang KK, Chae C. Expression of inflammatory cytokines in pigs experimentally infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. J Comp Pathol 2005; 134:40-6. [PMID: 16325841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-6 were studied over a period of 35 days in the lungs of pigs experimentally infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), morphometric analysis and in-situ hybridization. Fifteen colostrum-deprived pigs aged 14 days were inoculated intranasally with M. hyopneumoniae. IL-1, TNF-alpha and IL-6 were detected by RT-PCR in the lungs of the infected pigs from 7 days post-inoculation (dpi) onwards, but not in the uninfected control pigs. Concurrent expression of all three cytokines was always observed, in association with lung lesions. Inflammatory cytokine-positive cells were detected in the lungs at 7 dpi, their number increasing at 21dpi, and decreasing thereafter. The results suggest that such cytokines play a role in mediating and regulating inflammation in M. hyopneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Choi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu 151-742, Seoul
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Lorenzo H, Quesada O, Assunçao P, Castro A, Rodríguez F. Cytokine expression in porcine lungs experimentally infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 109:199-207. [PMID: 16325264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To gain further insight into the pathogenesis of porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEP), cytokine expression in different pulmonary compartments was examined. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh) and proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-alpha) were detected by immunohistochemical methods in porcine lungs experimentally infected with Mh. Ten pigs were inoculated intranasally with Mh and killed in pairs weekly from 1- to 5-week post-inoculation (wpi). Three Mh-free pigs were taken as controls. Mh-antigen was shown in paraffin-wax-embedded tissues by immunohistochemistry in the luminal surface of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells of all Mh-infected pigs. Significant increase in cytokine expression was detected on snap-frozen tissues from the bronchoalveolar exudate of the airways, mononuclear cells of the alveolar septa and macrophages and lymphocytes of the peribronchial and peribronchiolar lymphoid tissue, from 1 wpi onwards, compared to expression in non-pneumonic lungs. The main cytokines in the BALT of Mh-infected animals that showed an increase were IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-alpha. In the alveolar septa and bronchoalveolar exudate IL-1 (alpha and beta), IL-2, IL-4, IL-8 and IL-10 expression also increased in infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Lorenzo
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
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45
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Thanawongnuwech R, Thacker B, Halbur P, Thacker EL. Increased production of proinflammatory cytokines following infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 11:901-8. [PMID: 15358650 PMCID: PMC515260 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.11.5.901-908.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Induction of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) (alpha and beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) was assessed following experimental infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and/or Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by using in vivo and in vitro models. The in vivo model consisted of pigs infected with PRRSV and/or M. hyopneumoniae and necropsied at 10, 28, or 42 days postinfection. Pigs infected with both pathogens had a greater percentage of macroscopic lung lesions, increased clinical disease, and slower viral clearance than pigs infected with either pathogen alone. The pigs infected with both PRRSV and M. hyopneumoniae had significantly increased levels of mRNA for many proinflammatory cytokines in PAMs collected by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at all necropsy dates compared to those in uninfected control pigs. Increased levels of IL-1beta, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-alpha proteins in BAL fluid, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, confirmed the increased cytokine induction induced by the pathogens. An in vitro model consisted of M. hyopneumoniae-inoculated tracheal ring explants cultured with PRRSV-infected PAMs. PAMs were harvested at 6 or 15 h postinfection with either or both pathogens. The in vitro study detected increased IL-10 and IL-12 mRNA levels in PAMs infected with PRRSV at all time periods. In addition, IL-10 protein levels were significantly elevated in the culture supernatants in the presence of M. hyopneumoniae-inoculated tracheal ring explants. The increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo and in vitro associated with concurrent M. hyopneumoniae and PRRSV infection may play a role in the increased rates of pneumonia associated with PRRSV infection. The increased levels of IL-10 may be a possible mechanism that PRRSV and M. hyopneumoniae use to exacerbate the severity and duration of pneumonia induced by PRRSV and modulate the respiratory immune response.
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46
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Begni B, Amadori M, Ritelli M, Podavini D. Effects of IFN-α on the Inflammatory Response of Swine Leukocytes to Bacterial Endotoxin. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2005; 25:202-8. [PMID: 15812246 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2005.25.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because low-dose interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) treatment had proved effective in several models of chronic inflammation and autoimmune disease, a possible role of IFN-alpha in modulating the response of swine leukocytes to bacterial endotoxin was investigated in this study. Exposure of swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to low concentrations of human IFN-alpha caused a strong, dose-dependent decrease in CD14 expression, the lowest level being observed at 5 U/ml IFN-alpha. This result was confirmed if PBMC were later exposed to purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A 10-fold lower IFN-alpha concentration (0.5 U/ml) caused the largest reduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) accumulation in the medium of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM), stimulated with bacterial LPS. At 0.5 U/ml, the expression of the TNF-alpha gene in PAM was also strongly reduced, as opposed to cells pretreated with 50 U/ml IFN-alpha. In contrast, expression of the interleukin-1beta (IL- 1beta) gene was stimulated and that of the IL-6 gene was not significantly affected at both IFN-alpha concentrations. Results point to an important role of IFN-alpha in control of the inflammatory response to bacterial endotoxin in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Begni
- Department of Immunoprophylaxis and Animal Welfare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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47
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Okada M, Asai T, Futo S, Mori Y, Mukai T, Yazawa S, Uto T, Shibata I, Sato S. Serological diagnosis of enzootic pneumonia of swine by a double-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a monoclonal antibody and recombinant antigen (P46) of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 2005; 105:251-9. [PMID: 15708823 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate the control of enzootic pneumonia (EP) of swine caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the complement fixation (CF) test has been used for the detection of M. hyopneumoniae antibodies. However, the CF test is a cumbersome and time-consuming technique and cross-reactivity are major drawbacks associated with this method. To circumvent these drawbacks, we have developed a double-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), consisting of purified monoclonal antibody (Mab) against the 46 kDa surface antigen (P46) of M. hyopneumoniae and recombinant P46 protein expressed in Escherichia coli, for the detection of antibodies to M. hyopneumoniae in serum samples from pigs experimentally inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae and from naturally infected pigs, and compared the practical usefulness of ELISA using the CF test. In experimentally inoculated pigs, the CF and ELISA antibodies were detected at almost the same time, and a good correlation was demonstrated between the CF test and the ELISA. In a survey conducted on field samples, the seropositivity by ELISA in pigs of age 2-6 months was increased. At the time of slaughter, approximately 80% of the animals were seropositive for ELISA. However, a gradual decrease in the prevalence of ELISA positive samples was observed in sows with increasing parity. No correlation was seen between the results obtained with the two methods in the clinical samples. The CF test appears to have limited value for the diagnosis of EP in conventional herds because nonspecific reactions were frequently observed. Therefore, this ELISA is a useful alternative to the CF test currently used for the diagnosis of EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Okada
- Zen-noh Institute of Animal Health, 7 Ohja-machi, Sakura, Chiba 285-0043, Japan.
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48
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Nuntaprasert A, Mori Y, Fujita K, Yoneda M, Miura R, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Kai C. Expression and characterization of the recombinant swine interleukin-6. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 28:103-20. [PMID: 15582687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The swine interleukin-6 (SwIL-6) cDNA was cloned by RT-PCR and each expression system of recombinant SwIL-6 in Escherichia coli, insect cells, and mammalian cells was developed. Recombinant SwIL-6 produced in bacteria was applied for generation of the polyclonal antibodies. The rSwIL-6 was purified from supernatant of insect cells with a Q-sepharose or anti-SwIL-6 monoclonal antibody based immunoaffinity column. The antibodies showed that the molecular weight of rSwIL-6 was approximately 26kDa in E. coli, 25, 26, 30kDa in insect cells, and 26 and 30kDa in mammalian cells. These variations of molecular weight were probably due to the different modifications of glycosylation. All these recombinant proteins retained the antigenicity and biological activity on 7TD1 mouse cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nuntaprasert
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center, Institution of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Nuntaprasert A, Mori Y, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Kai C. Establishment of swine interleukin-6 sandwich ELISA. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 28:121-30. [PMID: 15582688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We established a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for swine interleukin-6 (SwIL-6), which was applied for detection of SwIL-6 in vitro and in vivo. Anti-SwIL-6 rabbit- and goat-polyclonal antibodies, and monoclonal antibody (mAb) were prepared, conforming that all of the antibodies were reactive with recombinant SwIL-6 by Western blotting and indirect ELISA. A sandwich ELISA was developed using the mAb as a capture antibody and biotinylated goat-polyclonal antibody as a detection antibody. The detection limit of the sandwich ELISA for rSwIL-6 was 49pg/ml and did not show cross-reactivity with swine IL-1b, IL-4, IL-8, IL-18, IL-12, and IFN-g. Using the ELISA, SwIL-6 was detected in culture medium of the monocytes stimulated with PHA-P and PMA, and the plasma or the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae or Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. This ELISA for SwIL-6 may be useful for understanding the role of this cytokine in various swine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nuntaprasert
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center, Institution of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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50
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Nuntaprasert A, Mori Y, Fujita K, Yoneda M, Miura R, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Kai C. Characterization of specific antibodies and the establishment of sandwich ELISA and ELISPOT systems for swine IL-4. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 27:457-70. [PMID: 15325518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2004.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We produced four monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and two polyclonal antibodies using the purified cytokine expressed in bacteria and characterized them. Specific binding of each of the mAb and polyclonal antibodies to recombinant swine IL-4 (rSwIL-4) purified from Escherichia coli and baculovirus was demonstrated in an indirect ELISA and/or in western blotting. We established a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring concentration of SwIL-4 in biological samples and established an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay for detecting IL-4-secreting cells using a mAb and a polyclonal IgG from goat. The detection limit of the sandwich ELISA for SwIL-4 was 78 pg/ml. Using sandwich ELISA, SwIL-4 was detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pigs experimentally infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and could quantitate in supernatants of mitogen-stimulated PBMC culture. The ELISPOT system is useful for the detection of IL-4 producing cells in swine PBMC culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nuntaprasert
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center, Institution of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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