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Paulson OB, Schousboe A, Hultborn H. The history of Danish neuroscience. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:2893-2960. [PMID: 37477973 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The history of Danish neuroscience starts with an account of impressive contributions made at the 17th century. Thomas Bartholin was the first Danish neuroscientist, and his disciple Nicolaus Steno became internationally one of the most prominent neuroscientists in this period. From the start, Danish neuroscience was linked to clinical disciplines. This continued in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries with new initiatives linking basic neuroscience to clinical neurology and psychiatry in the same scientific environment. Subsequently, from the middle of the 20th century, basic neuroscience was developing rapidly within the preclinical university sector. Clinical neuroscience continued and was even reinforced during this period with important translational research and a close co-operation between basic and clinical neuroscience. To distinguish 'history' from 'present time' is not easy, as many historical events continue in present time. Therefore, we decided to consider 'History' as new major scientific developments in Denmark, which were launched before the end of the 20th century. With this aim, scientists mentioned will have been born, with a few exceptions, no later than the early 1960s. However, we often refer to more recent publications in documenting the developments of initiatives launched before the end of the last century. In addition, several scientists have moved to Denmark after the beginning of the present century, and they certainly are contributing to the present status of Danish neuroscience-but, again, this is not the History of Danish neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf B Paulson
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, 9 Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Hultborn
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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The immunogenicity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and the implications for neural grafting trials in Parkinson's disease. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20200083. [PMID: 34552761 PMCID: PMC8438115 DOI: 10.1042/ns20200083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) cell replacement therapies are a promising experimental treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) and a number of different types of DA cell-based therapies have already been trialled in patients. To date, the most successful have been allotransplants of foetal ventral midbrain but even then, the results have been inconsistent. This coupled to the ethical and logistical problems with using this tissue has meant that an alternative cell source has been sought of which human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) sources have proven very attractive. Robust protocols for making mesencephalic DA (mesDA) progenitor cells from hPSCs now exist and the first in-human clinical trials have or are about to start. However, while their safety and efficacy are well understood, relatively little is known about their immunogenicity and in this review, we briefly summarise this with reference mainly to the limited literature on human foetal DA cells.
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Salado-Manzano C, Perpiña U, Straccia M, Molina-Ruiz FJ, Cozzi E, Rosser AE, Canals JM. Is the Immunological Response a Bottleneck for Cell Therapy in Neurodegenerative Diseases? Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:250. [PMID: 32848630 PMCID: PMC7433375 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD) are characterized by a selective detrimental impact on neurons in a specific brain area. Currently, these diseases have no cures, although some promising trials of therapies that may be able to slow the loss of brain cells are underway. Cell therapy is distinguished by its potential to replace cells to compensate for those lost to the degenerative process and has shown a great potential to replace degenerated neurons in animal models and in clinical trials in PD and HD patients. Fetal-derived neural progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells are the main cell sources that have been tested in cell therapy approaches. Furthermore, new strategies are emerging, such as the use of adult stem cells, encapsulated cell lines releasing trophic factors or cell-free products, containing an enriched secretome, which have shown beneficial preclinical outcomes. One of the major challenges for these potential new treatments is to overcome the host immune response to the transplanted cells. Immune rejection can cause significant alterations in transplanted and endogenous tissue and requires immunosuppressive drugs that may produce adverse effects. T-, B-lymphocytes and microglia have been recognized as the main effectors in striatal graft rejection. This review aims to summarize the preclinical and clinical studies of cell therapies in PD and HD. In addition, the precautions and strategies to ensure the highest quality of cell grafts, the lowest risk during transplantation and the reduction of a possible immune rejection will be outlined. Altogether, the wide-ranging possibilities of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) could make therapeutic treatment of these incurable diseases possible in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Salado-Manzano
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Unai Perpiña
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J. Molina-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Transplant Immunology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Anne E. Rosser
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Josep M. Canals
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Tomov N. Glial cells in intracerebral transplantation for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1173-1178. [PMID: 31960796 PMCID: PMC7047789 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.270296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, intracerebral transplantation has grown from a dubious neuroscientific topic to a plausible modality for treatment of neurological disorders. The possibility for cell replacement opens a new field of perspectives in the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia, and neurotrauma, with the most lessons learned from intracerebral transplantation in Parkinson's disease. Multiple animal studies and a few small-scale clinical trials have proven the concept of intracerebral grafting, but still have to provide a uniform and highly efficient approach to the procedure, suitable for clinical application. The success of intracerebral transplantation is highly dependent on the integration of the grafted cells with the host brain. In this process, glial cells are clearly more than passive bystanders. They provide transplanted cells with mechanical support, trophics, mediate synapse formation, and participate in graft vascularization. At the same time, glial cells mediate scarring, graft rejection, and neuroinflammation, which can be detrimental. We can use this information to try to understand the mechanisms behind the glial reaction to intracerebral transplantation. Recognizing and utilizing glial reactivity can move translational research forward and provide an insight not only to post-transplantation events but also to mechanisms of neuronal death and degeneration. Knowledge about glial reactivity to transplanted cells could also be a key for optimization of transplantation protocols, which ultimately should contribute to greater patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Tomov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Cunningham M, Azimi S, Zhang G. Intracerebral Delivery in Complex 3D Arrays: The Intracerebral Microinjection Instrument. World Neurosurg 2019; 127:e1172-e1175. [PMID: 31003027 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This video article describes and illustrates the function and application of the intracerebral microinjection instrument (IMI). This newly developed technology allows delivery of therapeutic agents within the human brain in complex 3-dimensional arrays using a single pass or minimal overlying penetrations through brain tissue. METHODS The IMI uses a delivery microcannula with a reduced diameter that minimizes local trauma and is capable of delivering precise volumes of therapeutic agents to discrete brain substructures. The IMI also permits simultaneous recording of neural activity during the delivery procedure, enabling extreme precision using electrophysiologic mapping. Surgical planning software designed specifically for the IMI enables strategic placement of multiple injections. RESULTS This technology platform is presently being used successfully to deliver therapeutic stem cells to restore function in stroke patients. CONCLUSIONS Additional applications of the IMI include delivery of viral vectors for gene therapy, infusion of neurotrophic factors, targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, and delivery of antiretroviral medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Cunningham
- Laboratory for Neural Reconstruction, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Sina Azimi
- Laboratory for Neural Reconstruction, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - GuangZhu Zhang
- Affiliated BaYi Brain Hospital, Army General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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Veng LM, Bjugstad KB, Freed CR, Marrack P, Clarkson ED, Bell KP, Hutt C, Zawada WM. Xenografts of MHC-Deficient Mouse Embryonic Mesencephalon Improve Behavioral Recovery in Hemiparkinsonian Rats. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/096020198389735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited availability of human embryonic tissue for dopamine cell transplants in Parkinson's patients has led to an increased interest in using xenogeneic donor tissue. Unfortunately, without aggressive immunosup-pression, such brain xenografts are rejected by the host immune system. Chronic brain xenograft rejection is largely mediated by helper T cells, which require presentation of xenoantigens by major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II for their activation. We examined survival and function of xenografts of E13 mouse mesencephalon deficient in either MHC class I, class II, or both after transplantation into adult hemiparkinsonian rats without immunosuppression. Recipients received grafts from C57BL/6 mice that were either: 1) wild-type (wt), 2) MHC class I knockout (KO), 3) MHC class II KO, 4) MHC class I and II double KO, or 5) saline sham transplants. At 6 weeks after transplantation, recipients of MHC class I KO, class II KO, and double KO xenografts significantly reduced methamphetamine-induced circling rate while rats with wt xenografts and sham-operated rats showed no improvement. MHC class II KO grafts had the greatest number of surviving dopamine neurons. All transplants, including saline sham controls, contained infiltrating host MHC class II-positive cells. Saline sham grafts and MHC class II KO xenografts contained significantly fewer infiltrating host MHC class II-positive cells than did wt grafts. Our results show that MHC class II-deficient xenografts survive transplantation for at least 6 weeks in the absence of immunosup-pression, reduce rotational asymmetry, and provoke lesser immune reaction than wt grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lone M. Veng
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Kimberly B. Bjugstad
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Curt R. Freed
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Edward D. Clarkson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - K. Patricia Bell
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Cindy Hutt
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
| | - W. Michael Zawada
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262
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Pennell NA, Streit WJ. Colonization of Neural Allografts by Host Microglial Cells: Relationship to Graft Neovascularization. Cell Transplant 2017; 6:221-30. [PMID: 9171155 DOI: 10.1177/096368979700600305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to illuminate functional roles of microglial cells within neural allografts, we have transplanted both whole and microglial and endothelial cell-depleted E14 neural cell suspensions into the intact striatum of Sprague-Dawley rats. Following posttransplantation times of up to 30 days, the intrastrial allografts were analyzed histochemically using the Griffonia simplicifolia B4 isolectin, a marker for both microglia and blood vessels. Our results indicate that both whole and depleted suspension grafts develop identically in terms of neovascularization and microglial colonization. In both types of transplants microglial cells appeared before any blood vessels were apparent. The main phase of graft vascularization occurred between days 7 and 10 posttransplantation and neovascularization was complete by day 21, as revealed by quantitative image analysis. Microglial cells, which were present as ameboid cells during early posttransplantation times, underwent continuing cell differentiation with time that paralleled graft vascular development. By 30 days posttransplantation microglia within the grafts had assumed the fully ramified phenotype characteristic of resting adult microglia. During graft development and vascularization, microglia were often seen in close proximity to ingrowing blood vessels and vascular sprouts. In conclusion, our study has shown that microglial colonization of grafts and graft vascularization occurs independent of donor-derived microglial and endothelial cells, and suggests that the great majority of microglia and vessels within the graft are host derived. We hypothesize that the host microglia invading the allografts play an active role in promoting graft neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Pennell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida Brain Institute, Gainesville 32610, USA
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8
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Roberton VH, Rosser AE, Kelly CM. Neonatal desensitization for the study of regenerative medicine. Regen Med 2015; 10:265-74. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement is a therapeutic option for numerous diseases of the CNS. Current research has identified a number of potential human donor cell types, for which preclinical testing through xenotransplantation in animal models is imperative. Immune modulation is necessary to promote donor cell survival for sufficient time to assess safety and efficacy. Neonatal desensitization can promote survival of human donor cells in adult rat hosts with little impact on the health of the host and for substantially longer than conventional methods, and has subsequently been applied in a range of studies with variable outcomes. Reviewing these findings may provide insight into the method and its potential for use in preclinical studies in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria H Roberton
- Brain Repair Group, Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Anne E Rosser
- Brain Repair Group, Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine & Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Claire M Kelly
- School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff, CF5 2YB, UK
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Danielyan L, Beer-Hammer S, Stolzing A, Schäfer R, Siegel G, Fabian C, Kahle P, Biedermann T, Lourhmati A, Buadze M, Novakovic A, Proksch B, Gleiter CH, Frey WH, Schwab M. Intranasal Delivery of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Macrophages, and Microglia to the Brain in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2014; 23 Suppl 1:S123-39. [DOI: 10.3727/096368914x684970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the rapid preclinical development of cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative disorders, traumatic brain injury, and tumors, the safe and efficient delivery and targeting of therapeutic cells to the central nervous system is critical for maintaining therapeutic efficacy and safety in the respective disease models. Our previous data demonstrated therapeutically efficacious and targeted delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the brain in the rat 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study examined delivery of bone marrow-derived MSCs, macrophages, and microglia to the brain in a transgenic model of PD [(Thy1)-h[A30P] aS] and an APP/PS1 model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) via intranasal application (INA). INA of microglia in naive BL/6 mice led to targeted and effective delivery of cells to the brain. Quantitative PCR analysis of eGFP DNA showed that the brain contained the highest amount of eGFP-microglia (up to 2.1 × 104) after INA of 1 × 106 cells, while the total amount of cells detected in peripheral organs did not exceed 3.4 × 103. Seven days after INA, MSCs expressing eGFP were detected in the olfactory bulb (OB), cortex, amygdala, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brainstem of (Thy1)-h[A30P] aS transgenic mice, showing predominant distribution within the OB and brainstem. INA of eGFP-expressing macrophages in 13-month-old APP/PS1 mice led to delivery of cells to the OB, hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum. Both MSCs and macrophages contained Iba-1-positive population of small microglia-like cells and Iba-1-negative large rounded cells showing either intracellular amyloid β (macrophages in APP/PS1 model) or α-synuclein [MSCs in (Thy1)-h[A30P] aS model] immunoreactivity. Here, we show, for the first time, intranasal delivery of cells to the brain of transgenic PD and AD mouse models. Additional work is needed to determine the optimal dosage (single treatment regimen or repeated administrations) to achieve functional improvement in these mouse models with intranasal microglia/macrophages and MSCs. This manuscript is published as part of the International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR) special issue of Cell Transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Danielyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Stolzing
- Department of Cell Therapy Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Richard Schäfer
- Department Cell Therapeutics and Cell Processing, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hesse gGmbH, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET,) University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Siegel
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET,) University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claire Fabian
- Department of Cell Therapy Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Kahle
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ali Lourhmati
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marine Buadze
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Novakovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Proksch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph H. Gleiter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - William H. Frey
- Alzheimer's Research Center, HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, Regions Hospital, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tübingen, Stuttgart, Germany
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Yamada J, Jinno S. Novel objective classification of reactive microglia following hypoglossal axotomy using hierarchical cluster analysis. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:1184-201. [PMID: 22987820 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A total of 136 microglia were intracellularly labeled and their morphological features were evaluated by 3D morphometric measurement. According to hierarchical cluster analysis, microglia were objectively categorized into four groups termed types I-IV. The validity of this classification was confirmed by principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis. Type I microglia were found in sham-operated mice and in mice sacrificed 28 days (D28) after axotomy. The appearance of type I cells was similar to so-called ramified microglia in a resting state. Type II microglia were mainly seen in D14 mice, which exhibited small cell bodies with thin and short processes. Interestingly, none of the already-known morphological types of microglia seemed to be comparable to type II cells. We thus named type II microglia "small ramified" cells. Types III and IV microglia were mainly seen in D3 and D7 mice and their appearances were similar to hypertrophied and bushy cells, respectively. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a mitosis marker, was almost exclusively expressed in D3 mice. On the other hand, voltage-dependent potassium channels (Kv1.3/1.5), neurotoxicity-related molecules, were most highly expressed in D14 mice. Increased expression of Kv1.3/1.5 in D14 mice was suppressed by minocycline treatment. These findings indicate that type II and III microglia may be involved in neurotoxicity and mitosis, respectively. Type IV microglial cells are assumed to be in the process of losing mitotic activity and gaining neurotoxicity. Our data also suggest that type II microglia can be a potential therapeutic target against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yamada
- Department of Developmental Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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11
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Chen H, Sheng C, Xia W, Ying W. Therapeutic Potential of Intranasal Delivery of Drugs and Cells for Stroke and Other Neurological Diseases. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Intracerebral xenotransplantation: recent findings and perspectives for local immunosuppression. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2011; 16:190-4. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32834494b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Danielyan L, Schäfer R, von Ameln-Mayerhofer A, Bernhard F, Verleysdonk S, Buadze M, Lourhmati A, Klopfer T, Schaumann F, Schmid B, Koehle C, Proksch B, Weissert R, Reichardt HM, van den Brandt J, Buniatian GH, Schwab M, Gleiter CH, Frey WH. Therapeutic efficacy of intranasally delivered mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of Parkinson disease. Rejuvenation Res 2011; 14:3-16. [PMID: 21291297 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2010.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and effective cell delivery remains one of the main challenges in cell-based therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. Graft survival, sufficient enrichment of therapeutic cells in the brain, and avoidance of their distribution throughout the peripheral organs are greatly influenced by the method of delivery. Here we demonstrate for the first time noninvasive intranasal (IN) delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the brains of unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats. IN application (INA) of MSCs resulted in the appearance of cells in the olfactory bulb, cortex, hippocampus, striatum, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. Out of 1 × 10⁶ MSCs applied intranasally, 24% survived for at least 4.5 months in the brains of 6-OHDA rats as assessed by quantification of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) DNA. Quantification of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive EGFP-MSCs showed that 3% of applied MSCs were proliferative 4.5 months after application. INA of MSCs increased the tyrosine hydroxylase level in the lesioned ipsilateral striatum and substantia nigra, and completely eliminated the 6-OHDA-induced increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine, 5'-triphosphate (dUTP)-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining of these areas. INA of EGFP-labeled MSCs prevented any decrease in the dopamine level in the lesioned hemisphere, whereas the lesioned side of the control animals revealed significantly lower levels of dopamine 4.5 months after 6-OHDA treatment. Behavioral analyses revealed significant and substantial improvement of motor function of the Parkinsonian forepaw to up to 68% of the normal value 40-110 days after INA of 1 × 10⁶ cells. MSC-INA decreased the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines-interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, -6, -12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-γ (IFN-γ, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-in the lesioned side to their levels in the intact hemisphere. IN administration provides a highly promising noninvasive alternative to the traumatic surgical procedure of transplantation and allows targeted delivery of cells to the brain with the option of chronic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Danielyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Michel-Monigadon D, Bonnamain V, Nerrière-Daguin V, Dugast AS, Lévèque X, Plat M, Venturi E, Brachet P, Anegon I, Vanhove B, Neveu I, Naveilhan P. Trophic and immunoregulatory properties of neural precursor cells: benefit for intracerebral transplantation. Exp Neurol 2010; 230:35-47. [PMID: 20470774 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral xenotransplantation of porcine fetal neuroblasts (pNB) is considered as an alternative to human neuroblasts for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, pNB are systematically rejected, even in an immunoprivileged site such as the brain. Within this context, neural stem/precursor cells (NSPC), which were suggested as exhibiting low immunogenicity, appeared as a useful source of xenogeneic cells. To determine the advantage of using porcine NSPC (pNSPC) in xenotransplantation, pNB and pNSPC were grafted into the striatum of rats without immunosuppression. At day 63, all the pNB were rejected while 40% of the rats transplanted with pNSPC exhibited large and healthy grafts with numerous pNF70-positive cells. The absence of inflammation at day 63 and the occasional presence of T cells in pNSPC grafts evoked a weak host immune response which might be partly due to the immunosuppressive properties of the transplanted cells. T cell proliferation assays confirmed such a hypothesis by revealing an inhibitory effect of pNSPC on T cells through a soluble factor. In addition to their immunosuppressive effect, in contrast to pNB, very few pNSPC differentiated into tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons but the cells triggered an intense innervation of the striatum by rat dopaminergic fibers coming from the substantia nigra. Further experiments will be required to optimize the use of pNSPC in regenerative medicine but here we show that their immunomodulatory and trophic activities might be of great interest for restorative strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Interaction between repair, disease, & inflammation."
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Camp DM, Loeffler DA, Farrah DM, Borneman JN, LeWitt PA. Cellular immune response to intrastriatally implanted allogeneic bone marrow stromal cells in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2009; 6:17. [PMID: 19500379 PMCID: PMC2700085 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marrow stromal cells (MSC), the non-hematopoietic precursor cells in bone marrow, are being investigated for therapeutic potential in CNS disorders. Although in vitro studies have suggested that MSC may be immunologically inert, their immunogenicity following transplantation into allogeneic recipients is unclear. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the cellular immune response to MSC injected into the striatum of allogeneic recipients (6-hydroxydopamine [6-OHDA]-hemilesioned rats, an animal model of Parkinson's disease [PD]), and the secondary objective was to determine the ability of these cells to prevent nigrostriatal dopamine depletion and associated motor deficits in these animals. METHODS 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) - labeled MSC from two allogeneic sources (Wistar and ACI rats) were implanted into the striatum of adult Wistar rats at the same time as 6-OHDA was administered into the substantia nigra. Behavioral tests were administered one to two weeks before and 16-20 days after 6-OHDA lesioning and MSC transplantation. Immunocytochemical staining for T helper and T cytotoxic lymphocytes, microglia/macrophages, and major histocompatibility class I and II antigens was performed on post-transplantation days 22-24. MSC were detected with an anti-BrdU antibody. RESULTS Tissue injury due to the transplantation procedure produced a localized cellular immune response. Unexpectedly, both sources of allogeneic MSC generated robust cellular immune responses in the host striatum; the extent of this response was similar in the two allograft systems. Despite these immune responses, BrdU+ cells (presumptive MSC) remained in the striatum of all animals that received MSC. The numbers of remaining MSC tended to be increased (p = 0.055) in rats receiving Wistar MSC versus those receiving ACI MSC. MSC administration did not prevent behavioral deficits or dopamine depletion in the 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. CONCLUSION MSC, when implanted into the striatum of allogeneic animals, provoke a marked immune response which is not sufficient to clear these cells by 22-24 days post-transplantation. In the experimental paradigm in this study, MSC did not prevent nigrostriatal dopamine depletion and its associated behavioral deficits. Additional studies are indicated to clarify the effects of this immune response on MSC survival and function before initiating trials with these cells in patients with PD or other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne M Camp
- Division of Neurology, William Beaumont Hospital Research Institute, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, USA
| | - David A Loeffler
- Division of Neurology, William Beaumont Hospital Research Institute, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, USA
| | - Diane M Farrah
- Division of Neurology, William Beaumont Hospital Research Institute, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, USA
| | | | - Peter A LeWitt
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48034, USA
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Human neural stem cells and astrocytes, but not neurons, suppress an allogeneic lymphocyte response. Stem Cell Res 2008; 2:56-67. [PMID: 19383409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human neural stem cells (NSCs) and their derivatives is a promising future treatment for neurodegenerative disease and traumatic nervous system lesions. An important issue is what kind of immunological reaction the cellular transplant and host interaction will result in. Previously, we reported that human NSCs, despite expressing MHC class I and class II molecules, do not trigger an allogeneic T cell response. Here, the immunocompetence of human NSCs, as well as differentiated neural cells, was further studied. Astrocytes expressed both MHC class I and class II molecules to a degree equivalent to that of the NSCs, whereas neurons expressed only MHC class I molecules. Neither the NSCs nor the differentiated cells triggered an allogeneic lymphocyte response. Instead, these potential donor NSCs and astrocytes, but not the neurons, exhibited a suppressive effect on an allogeneic immune response. The suppressive effect mediated by NSCs most likely involves cell-cell interaction. When the immunogenicity of human NSCs was tested in an acute spinal cord injury model in rodent, a xenogeneic rejection response was triggered. Thus, human NSCs and their derived astrocytes do not initiate, but instead suppress, an allogeneic response, while they cannot block a graft rejection in a xenogeneic setting.
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17
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Yin L, Fu SL, Shi GY, Li Y, Jin JQ, Ma ZW, Lu PH. Expression and regulation of major histocompatibility complex on neural stem cells and their lineages. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:53-65. [PMID: 18230026 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on neural stem cells (NSCs) and their lineages is tightly related to the fate of these cells as grafts in allogenic transplantation. In this study, we observed that NSCs derived from embryonic rat forebrain expressed MHC class I and class II molecules at a low level, whereas the cells differentiated from NSCs, including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, lost their MHC expression. However, a proinflammatory factor, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), could induce and up-regulate the expression of MHC in both NSCs and their differentiated lineages in vitro. These results suggest that predifferentiating NSCs into lineage-limited cells prior to transplantation combined with controlling the local production of proinflammatory cytokines moderately may potentially benefit the survival of transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yin
- Department of Neurobiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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18
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Cunningham MG, O'Connor RP, Wong SE. Construction and implantation of a microinfusion system for sustained delivery of neuroactive agents. J Vis Exp 2008:716. [PMID: 19066570 DOI: 10.3791/716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained delivery of neuroactive agents is widely used in neuroscience, but poses many technical challenges. It is necessary to deliver the agent with high precision while minimizing localized trauma and inflammation. Also, the ability to customize the system to accommodate animals of different species and sizes is desirable. This video presentation demonstrates the construction of an infusion system that can be fitted to any particular research animal. The delivery microcannula diameter is approximately 10-fold smaller than most infusion cannulas presently used. This translates into enhanced accuracy and reduced trauma to the brain region under study. The delivery cannula can also be sculpted to fit the contour of the surface of the animal's skull, thereby allowing closure of the scalp incision neatly over the infusion system, precluding the need for a skull-mounted pedestal, reducing risk of infection, and ensuring a greater level of comfort to the animal. The system is assembled in an air-free environment and requires the researcher to fashion glass micropipettes with a heat source. These construction methods require special skills that are best acquired, if not in person, using video instruction.
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Cunningham MG, Ames HM, Donalds RA, Benes FM. Construction and implantation of a microinfusion system for sustained delivery of neuroactive agents. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 167:213-20. [PMID: 17923158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experimental protocols used for chronic infusion of neuroactive agents within regions of the brain often utilize a mini-osmotic pump system. Agents are commonly delivered via a stainless steel cannula with a diameter of 0.30 mm or greater. Systems utilizing a cannula of this caliber may impose trauma to the area of interest resulting in architectural damage, thereby compromising structural integrity and normal functioning. As neuroscience inquiry becomes more sophisticated, investigation of brain structures and circuitry requires improved levels of accuracy and higher resolution. We have developed a method for the preparation and implantation of a chronic infusion system within the brain utilizing a borosilicate microcannula with a tip diameter of 50 microm. This technique reduces damage to the local environment and diminishes reactive gliosis at the site of infusion. The configuration of the microinfusion system is also able to conform to the surface of the animal's skull, precluding the need for large cranial pedestals, and thus facilitating closure of the scalp incision and reducing the risk of infection. We demonstrate reliable sustained delivery of a dye having a representative molecular weight using an in vitro model and in vivo studies in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Gregory Cunningham
- Laboratory for Neural Reconstruction, McLean Hospital, Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478, United States.
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20
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Alemdar AY, Sadi D, McAlister V, Mendez I. Intracerebral co-transplantation of liposomal tacrolimus improves xenograft survival and reduces graft rejection in the hemiparkinsonian rat. Neuroscience 2007; 146:213-24. [PMID: 17303340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppression remains a key issue in neural transplantation. Systemic administration of cyclosporin-A is currently widely used but has many severe adverse side effects. Newer immunosuppressive agents, such as tacrolimus (TAC) and rapamycin (RAPA), have been investigated for their neuroprotective properties on dopaminergic neurons. These drugs have been formulated into liposomal preparations [liposomal tacrolimus (LTAC) and liposomal rapamycin (LRAPA)] which retain these neuroprotective properties. Due to the slower release of the drugs from the liposomes, we hypothesized that co-transplantation of either LTAC or LRAPA within a xenogeneic cell suspension would increase cell survival and decrease graft rejection in the hemiparkinsonian rat, and that a combination of the two drugs may have a synergistic effect. 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats were divided to four groups which received intra-striatal transplants of the following: 1) a cell suspension containing 400,000 fetal mouse ventral mesencephalic cells; 2) the cell suspension containing 0.63 microM LRAPA; 3) the cell suspension containing a dose of 2.0 microM LTAC; 4) the cell suspension containing 2.0 microM LTAC and 0.63 microM LRAPA. Functional recovery was assessed by amphetamine-induced rotational behavior. Animals were killed at 4 days or 6 weeks post-transplantation, and immunohistochemistry was performed to look at the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and major histocompatibility complex classes I and II. Only the group receiving LTAC had a decrease in rotational behavior. This observation correlated well with significantly more surviving tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cells compared with the other groups and significantly lower levels of immunorejection as assessed by major histocompatibility complex class I and II staining. This study has shown the feasibility of using local immunosuppression in xenotransplantation. These findings may be useful in optimizing immunosuppression in experimental neural transplantation in the laboratory and its translation into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Alemdar
- Neural Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax Infirmary, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3A7
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21
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Galea I, Bechmann I, Perry VH. What is immune privilege (not)? Trends Immunol 2006; 28:12-8. [PMID: 17129764 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The 'immune privilege' of the central nervous system (CNS) is indispensable for damage limitation during inflammation in a sensitive organ with poor regenerative capacity. It is a longstanding notion which, over time, has acquired several misconceptions and a lack of precision in its definition. In this article, we address these issues and re-define CNS immune privilege in the light of recent data. We show how it is far from absolute, and how it varies with age and brain region. Immune privilege in the CNS is often mis-attributed wholly to the blood-brain barrier. We discuss the pivotal role of the specialization of the afferent arm of adaptive immunity in the brain, which results in a lack of cell-mediated antigen drainage to the cervical lymph nodes although soluble drainage to these nodes is well described. It is now increasingly recognized how immune privilege is maintained actively as a result of the immunoregulatory characteristics of the CNS-resident cells and their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Galea
- CNS Inflammation Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK.
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22
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Tepavcević V, Blakemore WF. Glial grafting for demyelinating disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 360:1775-95. [PMID: 16147541 PMCID: PMC1569542 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination of demyelinated central nervous system (CNS) axons is considered as a potential treatment for multiple sclerosis, and it has been achieved in experimental models of demyelination by transplantation of pro-myelinating cells. However, the experiments undertaken have not addressed the need for tissue-type matching in order to achieve graft-mediated remyelination since they were performed in conditions in which the chance for graft rejection was minimized. This article focuses on the factors determining survival of allogeneic oligodendrocyte lineage cells and their contribution to the remyelination of demyelinating CNS lesions. The immune status of the CNS as well as the suitability of different models of demyelination for graft rejection studies are discussed, and ways of enhancing allogeneic oligodendrocyte-mediated remyelination are presented. Finally, the effects of glial graft rejection on host remyelination are described, highlighting the potential benefits of the acute CNS inflammatory response for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tepavcević
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, MS Society Cambridge Centre for Myelin Repair, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, UK.
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23
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Micci MA, Pattillo MT, Kahrig KM, Pasricha PJ. Caspase inhibition increases survival of neural stem cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2005; 17:557-64. [PMID: 16078945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2005.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is a promising tool for the restoration of the enteric nervous system in a variety of motility disorders. Post-transplant survival represents a critical limiting factor for successful repopulation. The aim of this study was to determine the role of both immunological as well as non-immune-mediated mechanisms on post-transplant survival of NSC in the gut. Mouse CNS-derived NSC (CNS-NSC) were transplanted into the pylorus of recipient mice with and without the addition of a caspase-1 inhibitor (Ac-YVAD-cmk) in the injection media. In a separate experiment, CNS-NSC were transplanted in the pylorus of mice that were immunosuppressed by administration of cyclosporin A (CsA). Apoptosis and proliferation of the implanted cells was assessed 1 and 7 days post-transplantation. Survival was assessed 1 week post-transplantation. The degree of immunoresponse was also measured. The addition of a caspase-1 inhibitor significantly reduced apoptosis, increased proliferation and enhanced survival of CNS-NSC. CsA-treatment did not result in improved survival. Our results indicate that caspase-1 inhibition, but not immunosuppression, improves survival of CNS-NSC in the gut. Pre-treatment with a caspase-1 inhibitor may be a practical method to enhance the ability of transplanted CNS-NSC to survive in their new environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Micci
- Enteric Neuromuscular Disorders and Pain Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0764, USA
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24
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Mendez I, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Cooper O, Viñuela A, Ferrari D, Björklund L, Dagher A, Isacson O. Cell type analysis of functional fetal dopamine cell suspension transplants in the striatum and substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 128:1498-510. [PMID: 15872020 PMCID: PMC2610438 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the first post-mortem analysis of two patients with Parkinson's disease who received fetal midbrain transplants as a cell suspension in the striatum, and in one case also in the substantia nigra. These patients had a favourable clinical evolution and positive 18F-fluorodopa PET scans and did not develop motor complications. The surviving transplanted dopamine neurons were positively identified with phenotypic markers of normal control human substantia nigra (n = 3), such as tyrosine hydroxylase, G-protein-coupled inward rectifying current potassium channel type 2 (Girk2) and calbindin. The grafts restored the cell type that provides specific dopaminergic innervation to the most affected striatal regions in the parkinsonian brain. Such transplants were able to densely reinnervate the host putamen with new dopamine fibres. The patients received only 6 months of standard immune suppression, yet by post-mortem analysis 3-4 years after surgery the transplants appeared only mildly immunogenic to the host brain, by analysis of microglial CD45 and CD68 markers. This study demonstrates that, using these methods, dopamine neuronal replacement cell therapy can be beneficial for patients with advanced disease, and that changing technical approaches could have a favourable impact on efficacy and adverse events following neural transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Mendez
- Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Science Center, Division of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Halifax
| | - Rosario Sanchez-Pernaute
- Harvard University and McLean Hospital, NINDS Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Cooper
- Harvard University and McLean Hospital, NINDS Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Angel Viñuela
- Harvard University and McLean Hospital, NINDS Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Ferrari
- Harvard University and McLean Hospital, NINDS Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Lars Björklund
- Harvard University and McLean Hospital, NINDS Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Alain Dagher
- McGill University and Montreal Neurological Institute, McConnel Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ole Isacson
- Harvard University and McLean Hospital, NINDS Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, MA, USA
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Ladeby R, Wirenfeldt M, Garcia-Ovejero D, Fenger C, Dissing-Olesen L, Dalmau I, Finsen B. Microglial cell population dynamics in the injured adult central nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 48:196-206. [PMID: 15850658 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive microgliosis is characteristic of trauma and stroke as well as inflammatory and chronic neurodegenerative disease. A conspicuous feature of the microglial reaction to acute neural injury is a massive expansion of the microglial cell population which peaks a few days following injury. New data based on the use of radiation bone marrow-chimeric mice suggest this expansion also involves recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells, which migrate into the neural parenchyma and differentiate into microglia. Here, we discuss the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to the injury-induced expansion of the microglial cell population, seen in the dentate gyrus with ongoing anterograde axonal and terminal synaptic degeneration, subsequent to transection of the entorhino-dentate perforant path projection. In this paradigm of minor brain injury, the bone marrow-derived cells are grossly outnumbered by activated resident microglia, which express the stem cell antigen CD34 concurrent to a marked capacity for self-renewal. The observation of a mixed origin of lesion-reactive microglia, consisting of a smaller subpopulation of exogenous bone marrow-derived microglia, and a larger population of activated resident microglia, the majority of which express CD34 and undergo proliferation, suggests that lesion-reactive microglia consist of functionally distinct cell populations. The demonstration of an injury-enhanced recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells into the perforant path-denervated dentate gyrus, raises the possibility of using genetically manipulated cells as vectors for lesion-site-specific gene therapy even in minimally injured areas of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Ladeby
- Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C
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26
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Cunningham MG, Bolay H, Scouten CW, Moore C, Jacoby D, Moskowitz M, Sorensen JC. Preclinical evaluation of a novel intracerebral microinjection instrument permitting electrophysiologically guided delivery of therapeutics. Neurosurgery 2004; 54:1497-507; discussion 1507. [PMID: 15157308 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000125007.03145.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This series of studies was designed to evaluate the function of a new neurosurgical instrument for precision injection of therapeutics within the central nervous system. METHODS An intracerebral microinjection instrument was designed to 1) allow multiple injections to be placed in three-dimensional space within a target structure from a single proximal brain penetration, 2) incur minimal injury at the site of injection, 3) enable accurate microvolume injections, and 4) permit electrophysiological recording during the injection procedure. Rats received injections of fluorescent microspheres or suspensions of labeled cells to test instrument function and level of induced trauma. A rodent model of stroke was used to test the instrument's ability to record electrocorticograms or somatosensory evoked potentials from normal and damaged tissue. RESULTS Microliter volumes of fluorescent microspheres were accurately placed at predetermined sites within the rat striatum. Reactive gliosis was markedly reduced using the intracerebral microinjection instrument when compared with standard cannulas. In a stroke model, electrophysiological recording with the instrument allowed discrimination between viable and nonviable ischemic tissue, and function of pathways or circuits was assessed using evoked potentials. Embryonic stem cells grafted immediately after electrophysiological recordings demonstrated robust long-term survival. CONCLUSION The intracerebral microinjection instrument enables electrophysiologically guided microinjection of therapeutics to target areas with exquisite accuracy while incurring minimal local trauma and reactive gliosis at the injection site. The instrument also permits minimally invasive, multiple injections to be disseminated in three-dimensional space within the target region from a single proximal penetration of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles G Cunningham
- Laboratory for Neural Reconstruction, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.
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Sumitran-Holgersson S, Brevig T, Widner H, Holgersson J. Activated porcine embryonic brain endothelial cells induce a proliferative human T-lymphocyte response. Cell Transplant 2004; 12:637-46. [PMID: 14579932 DOI: 10.3727/000000003108747118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of allogeneic embryonic neural tissue is a potential treatment for patients with Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. The supply of human donor tissue is limited, and alternatives such as the use of animal (e.g., porcine) donor tissue are currently being evaluated. Before porcine grafts can be used clinically, strategies to prevent neural xenograft rejection must be developed. Knowledge on how human T lymphocytes recognize porcine embryonic neural tissue would facilitate the development of such strategies. To investigate the ability of porcine embryonic brain microvascular endothelial cells (PBMEC) to stimulate human T-cell proliferation, PBMEC were immuno-magnetically isolated and cocultured with purified human CD4 or CD8 single-positive T cells. PBMEC had a cobblestone-like growth pattern and expressed the endothelial cell markers CD31 and CD106. PBMEC stimulated with the supernatant of phytohemagglutinin-activated porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells or porcine IFN-gamma, but not nonstimulated PBMEC, induced proliferation of both CD8 and CD4 T cells as assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Flow cytometric analyses showed that the degree of CD8 and CD4 T cell proliferation correlated with the expression levels of class I and II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, respectively. PBMEC expressed a CTLA-4/Fc-reactive molecule, most likely CD86, suggesting that these cells are able to deliver a costimulatory signal to the T cells. Human TNF-alpha, but not human IFN-gamma, induced class I, but not class II, MHC expression on PBMEC. Within a neural graft or the regional lymph nodes, PBMEC might stimulate human T cells via the direct pathway, and should therefore be removed from the donor tissue prior to transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital AB, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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Mirza B, Krook H, Andersson P, Larsson LC, Korsgren O, Widner H. Intracerebral cytokine profiles in adult rats grafted with neural tissue of different immunological disparity. Brain Res Bull 2004; 63:105-18. [PMID: 15130699 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Revised: 01/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To understand graft rejection in cell based therapies for brain repair we have quantified IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p40, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA levels using real-time PCR, at days 4, 14, and 42 post-transplantation, in rats engrafted with syngeneic, allogeneic, concordant and discordant xenogeneic neural tissues. In addition, in the discordant xenografts immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were applied to detect local expression of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-10 and TGF-beta. Allografts remained non-rejected but expressed IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-4 transcripts but not IL-12p40 and IFN-gamma. Xenografts demonstrated distinct cytokine profiles that differed from syngeneic and allogeneic grafts. Non-rejected discordant xenografts contained higher levels of TNF-alpha transcripts and lower levels of IL-2 transcripts than the rejected ones at day 42. Discordant xenografts displayed a stronger and earlier expression of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, followed by T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 associated cytokine expression. The number of cells expressing mRNA encoding TNF-alpha and TGF-beta was significantly increased over time in the discordant group. In conclusion, the immunological disparity of the implanted tissue explains survival rates and is associated with different cytokine profiles. In allografts, a chronic inflammatory reaction was detected and in xenogeneic grafts a delayed hypersensitivity like reaction may be involved in rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Mirza
- Section for Neuronal Survival, Department of Physiological Sciences and Neuroscience, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC-A10, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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Duan WM, Westerman MA, Wong G, Low WC. Rat nigral xenografts survive in the brain of MHC class II-, but not class I-deficient mice. Neuroscience 2003; 115:495-504. [PMID: 12421616 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the role of the indirect pathway of antigen recognition and T cells in neural xenografts rejection by using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-deficient mice as xenograft recipients. Dissociated embryonic ventral mesencephalic tissue from Sprague-Dawley rats was stereotaxically injected as a cell suspension into the striatum of MHC class II-deficient adult mice as well as MHC class I-deficient and wild-type mice as controls. All of the MHC class II-deficient mice had surviving grafts in the striatum 4 weeks post-grafting. In contrast, only a few of the MHC class I-deficient mice exhibited very small grafts and none of the wild-type mice had any surviving grafts. The mean number of surviving transplanted dopamine neurons in the MHC class II-deficient group was significantly larger than that observed in the other two groups. Moderate levels of MHC class I antigen expression were seen in the transplantation sites of some animals in the MHC class II-deficient group. No helper or cytotoxic T cells were observed infiltrating into the graft sites of this group. However, there were markedly increased levels of expression of MHC class I and class II antigens, and a number of T cells infiltrating in the graft sites in both the MHC class I-deficient and wild-type groups. These results show that rat embryonic nigral tissue can survive transplantation in the brain of the MHC class II-deficient mice for at least 4 weeks without any overt signs of rejection, suggesting that the indirect pathway of foreign antigen recognition mediated by host MHC class II molecules and helper T cells plays an important role in the rejection responses to intracerebral xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-M Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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30
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Melchior B, Rémy S, Nerrière-Daguin V, Heslan JM, Soulillou JP, Brachet P. Temporal analysis of cytokine gene expression during infiltration of porcine neuronal grafts implanted into the rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2002; 68:284-92. [PMID: 12111858 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A large array of evidence supports the involvement of infiltrating T lymphocytes in the rejection process of intracerebral neuronal xenografts. Little is known, however, about the molecular mechanisms that drive the recruitment of this cell type. In the present work, we used real-time RT-PCR methodology to investigate the kinetics of cytokine gene expression during the infiltration of fetal porcine neurons (PNEU) implanted into the striatum of LEW.1A rats. T lymphocyte infiltration was followed by measuring the intracerebral levels of transcripts encoding the beta chain of the T cell receptor. These transcripts remained barely detectable until the fourth week (28 days) postimplantation, when a sudden accumulation occurred. Their kinetics, which support previous immunohistochemical observations, indicate that alphabetaT lymphocyte recruitment occurs rapidly after a delay of several weeks in this experimental model. Infiltration of PNEU grafts by T lymphocytes was accompanied by a concomitant, dramatic augmentation of transcripts coding for monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and RANTES (for regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), two chemokines targeting this cell type, among others. Likewise, a sudden accumulation of transcripts of proinflammatory lymphokines [interleukin (IL)-1alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6] as well as Th1 cytokines (IL-2, interferon-gamma) was also detected. In contrast, IL-4, -10, and -13 mRNA remained barely detectable at the different time points. No significant changes were noticed for IL-12 or transforming growth factor-beta transcripts. These data support the concept that T lymphocyte infiltration of PNEU grafts is actively promoted by a local production of chemokines and proinflammatory lymphokines and is based on a Th1 polarization.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Antigens, Surface
- Avian Proteins
- Basigin
- Blood Proteins
- Brain Tissue Transplantation/adverse effects
- Brain Tissue Transplantation/methods
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Fetus
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/metabolism
- Graft Rejection/physiopathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Swine
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Melchior
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 437, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
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31
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Armstrong RJ, Harrower TP, Hurelbrink CB, McLaughin M, Ratcliffe EL, Tyers P, Richards A, Dunnett SB, Rosser AE, Barker RA. Porcine neural xenografts in the immunocompetent rat: immune response following grafting of expanded neural precursor cells. Neuroscience 2002; 106:201-16. [PMID: 11564430 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral neural xenografts elicit a host immune response that results in their rapid rejection. This forms a key barrier to the therapeutic use of xenogeneic tissue transplantation for conditions such as Parkinson's disease. The current study sought to provide insight into the cellular components of donor cell suspensions that are important in stimulating the host rejection response and thereby to suggest rational manipulations of xenogeneic donor tissue that might ultimately enhance its clinical utility. The neural stem cell mitogens, epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2, have been used to isolate and expand populations of primordial neural precursor cells from the embryonic pig brain. The immune response elicited by these cells on transplantation into the non-immunosuppressed rat has been fully characterised. In the first experiments, expanded neural precursors were grafted into the hemi-parkinsonian, non-immunosuppressed Sprague-Dawley rat and graft status and host response examined 10, 21, 35 and 60 days post-transplantation. While equivalent primary tissue grafts were completely eliminated at 35 days, grafts of expanded neural precursors with healthy neurofilament-positive projections were present at all time-points, and two large grafts remained even at 60 days. Some grafts appeared to elicit minimal host immune responses at the time-points they were examined, although most did appear to be undergoing a rejection process since a co-ordinated response involving host cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, microglia/macrophages, immunoglobulin M and complement could be demonstrated to varying degrees. Subsequent experiments went on to demonstrate further that expanded precursor populations and primary tissue suspensions differed in their immunogenic profile. Firstly, when primary tissue was injected intraperitoneally into immunocompetent rats a vigorous primary humoral response was generated. No such response was detected following injection of expanded neural precursors. Secondly, flow cytometric analysis revealed small but significant levels of class II porcine major histocompatibility complex expression in primary cell suspensions but no such expression in expanded precursor populations.The results of this study therefore demonstrate that the immunogenicity of porcine neural cell suspensions used for intracerebral grafting is reduced when neural stem cell mitogens are used to expand precursor cells. The implications of these findings in the development of novel xenogeneic cellular therapies for neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Armstrong
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK
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32
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Brevig T, Meyer M, Kristensen T, Zimmer J, Holgersson J. Xenotransplantation for brain repair: reduction of porcine donor tissue immunogenicity by treatment with anti-Gal antibodies and complement. Transplantation 2001; 72:190-6. [PMID: 11477337 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200107270-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplantation of embryonic neural tissue is a potential treatment for Parkinson's disease. Because human donor material is in short supply, porcine xenografts are considered a useful alternative. Current immunosuppressive therapies fail, however, to protect intracerebral neural xenografts from host CD4 T lymphocytes. To reduce the immunogenicity of porcine donor tissue, we attempted to remove microglial cells with antibodies against the alpha-galactosyl epitope (Galalpha1,3Galbeta1,4GlcNAc-R), or anti-Gal, and complement, and studied whether this pretreatment can reduce direct and indirect T-cell responses to the tissue. METHODS Brain tissue from 27-day-old pig embryos was dissociated and treated with human anti-Gal and rabbit complement. The microglial content was analyzed by flow cytometry. [3H]thymidine incorporation in cocultures of the brain cells and purified human CD4 T cells was used to determine direct T-cell responses. Indirect T-cell responses were studied by grafting pretreated and control-pretreated (no anti-Gal) nigral tissue into the lesioned striatum of immunocompetent rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonism. Amphetamine-induced circling behavior was used to measure graft function. RESULTS Anti-Gal and complement reduced the microglial content to 11-24% of control and abolished the ability of the brain cells to induce human CD4 T-cell proliferation. Pretreated nigral tissue reduced hemiparkinsonism by more than 50% in five of eight rats at some point during the 10-week follow-up. Rats receiving control-pretreated nigral tissue did not display this degree of improvement. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with anti-Gal and complement can reduce the immunogenicity of porcine neural tissue, and might, therefore, be a valuable alternative or supplement to immunosuppression in neural xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brevig
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Southern Denmark.
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33
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Rémy S, Canova C, Daguin-Nerrière V, Martin C, Melchior B, Neveu I, Charreau B, Soulillou JP, Brachet P. Different mechanisms mediate the rejection of porcine neurons and endothelial cells transplanted into the rat brain. Xenotransplantation 2001; 8:136-48. [PMID: 11328584 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2001.00076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the early cellular responses mediating xenograft rejection in the brain, porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC) or porcine fetal mesencephalic neurons (PNEU) were transplanted into the striatum of LEW.1A rats. PAEC were detected with a specific anti-beta1 integrin antibody, and PNEU with an anti-porcine neurofilament antibody, or an antibody recognizing the NeuN antigen. PAEC grafts were massively infiltrated within 24 h by OX42-positive cells, which may correspond to polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells or macrophages. At that moment, the graft contained numerous cells expressing the inducible isoform of NO-synthase (iNOS). Infiltration by ED1-positive macrophages was effective after three days. The beta1-integrin labeling decreased from that time-point to day 7 post-implantation, and vanished after 11 days. Although some OX8-positive cells were present around the graft as soon as 3 days after transplantation, cells expressing the T-cell receptor (TCR)-beta chain infiltrated the graft after 7 days and their number remained low. A strong, diffuse OX8-and ED1-positive immunoreactive material remained in the scar up to the third week. In striking contrast, PNEU grafts remained poorly infiltrated by OX42- or ED1-positive cells during the first two weeks. A massive infiltration by macrophages and TCRbeta-positive lymphocytes occurred after 3 weeks. Natural killer (NK) cells were more scarce. The inflammation territory enlarged, and blood vessels were overloaded with macrophages or lymphocytes. Nevertheless, the graft contained NeuN-positive nuclei and neurites harbouring the porcine neurofilament protein. Hence, rejection was not completed at this time-point. These results suggest that the rapid rejection of PAEC is mainly driven by macrophages and possibly PMN cells, unlike PNEU, whose rejection is delayed and also involves lymphocytes. Differences in immunogenicity of grafted cells and/or patterns of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines may account for these contrasted rejection kinetics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Antigens, Surface
- Avian Proteins
- Basigin
- Blood Proteins
- Brain Tissue Transplantation/adverse effects
- Brain Tissue Transplantation/immunology
- Corpus Striatum/surgery
- Endothelium, Vascular/transplantation
- Graft Rejection/etiology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Neurons/radiation effects
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Swine
- Transplantation, Heterologous/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Heterologous/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rémy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 437, Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, France
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Pedersen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
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35
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McLaren FH, Svendsen CN, Van der Meide P, Joly E. Analysis of neural stem cells by flow cytometry: cellular differentiation modifies patterns of MHC expression. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 112:35-46. [PMID: 11108931 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells are currently considered very hopeful candidates for cell replacement therapy in neurodegenerative pathologies such as Parkinson's disease. Here we show that different cell types derived from neurospheres amplified in vitro can be identified by FACS analysis relying solely on physical parameters (FSC/SSC) or autofluorescence. Additionally, after treatment with a panel of inflammatory cytokines, neurospheres and their differentiated progeny were shown to express MHC antigens which could potentially cause transplant rejection. Astrocytes expressed the highest levels of MHC. Hence removing such cells prior to transplantation could potentially optimise transplant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H McLaren
- Laboratory of Functional Immunogenetics, Molecular Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham, CB2 4AT, Cambridge, UK
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36
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Duan WM, Westerman M, Flores T, Low WC. Survival of intrastriatal xenografts of ventral mesencephalic dopamine neurons from MHC-deficient mice to adult rats. Exp Neurol 2001; 167:108-17. [PMID: 11161598 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of neural xenografts have used immunosuppressive agents to prevent graft rejection. In the present study we have examined the survival of mouse dopamine neurons lacking either MHC class I or MHC class II molecules transplanted into rat brains and the host immune and inflammatory responses against the xenografts. Survival of neural grafts was immunocytochemically determined at 4 days, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks after transplantation by counting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in the graft areas. In addition, the host immune and inflammatory responses against neural xenografts were evaluated by semiquantitatively rating MHC class I and class II antigen expression, accumulation of macrophages and activated microglia, and infiltration of CD4- and CD8-positive T-lymphocytes. For the negative controls, the mean number of TH-positive cells in rats that received wild-type mouse tissue progressively decreased at various time periods following transplantation. In contrast, intrastriatal grafting of either MHC class I or MHC class II antigen-depleted neural xenografts resulted in a prolonged survival and were comparable to cyclosporin A-treated rats that had received wild-type mouse tissue. These results indicate that genetically modified donor tissue lacking MHC molecules can be used to prevent neural xenograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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37
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Brevig T, Holgersson J, Widner H. Xenotransplantation for CNS repair: immunological barriers and strategies to overcome them. Trends Neurosci 2000; 23:337-44. [PMID: 10906793 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neural transplantation holds promise for focal CNS repair. Owing to the shortage of human donor material, which is derived from aborted embryos, and ethical concerns over its use, animal donor tissue is now considered an appropriate alternative. In the USA, individuals suffering from Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, focal epilepsy or stroke have already received neural grafts from pig embryos. However, in animal models, neural tissue transplanted between species is usually promptly rejected, even when implanted in the brain. Some of the immunological mechanisms that underlie neural xenograft rejection have recently been elucidated, but others remain to be determined and controlled before individuals with neurological disorders can benefit from xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brevig
- Dept of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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38
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Low WC, Duan WM, Keene CD, Ni HT, Westerman MA. Immunobiology of Neural Xenotransplantation. NEUROMETHODS 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-690-4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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39
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Sumitran S, Anderson P, Widner H, Holgersson J. Porcine embryonic brain cell cytotoxicity mediated by human natural killer cells. Cell Transplant 1999; 8:601-10. [PMID: 10701489 DOI: 10.1177/096368979900800606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral transplantation of porcine embryonic dopamine-producing neurons has been suggested as a method to treat patients with Parkinson's disease. Even though the brain is an immunologically privileged site, neuronal xenografts are usually rejected within a few weeks. T cells are important for this process, but the exact cellular events leading to rejection are poorly characterized. Brain cells from ventral mesencephalon of 26-27-day-old pig embryos were used as target cells in flow cytometry-assessed cytotoxicity assays using non- and IL-2-activated CD3- CD16+ CD56+ human natural killer (NK) cells as effector cells. The ability of human NK cells to kill pig embryonic brain cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the presence of nondepleted and anti-Gal alpha1,3Gal antibody-depleted human blood group AB serum (AB serum) was evaluated using the same assay. Both nondepleted and anti-Gal alpha1,3Gal antibody-depleted AB serum could mediate ADCC of pig embryonic VM cells when human NK cells were used as effector cells. Nonactivated NK cells did not show any direct cytotoxic effect on freshly isolated VM cells, whereas IL-2-activated NK cells killed approximately 50% of the VM cells at an effector-to-target ratio of 50:1 in a 4-h cytotoxicity assay. Activation of VM cells by TNF-alpha did not change their sensitivity to human NK cell cytotoxicity. Human NK cells may thus contribute to a cellular rejection of pig neuronal xenografts by ADCC, or following IL-2 activation, by a direct cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sumitran
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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40
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Larsson LC, Czech KA, Widner H, Korsgren O. Discordant neural tissue xenografts survive longer in immunoglobulin deficient mice. Transplantation 1999; 68:1153-60. [PMID: 10551645 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199910270-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response against discordant xenografts in the brain is incompletely understood and remains a major obstacle for future clinical applications of xenogeneic neural tissue transplants in neurodegenerative disorders. To determine the role of antibodies in the rejection process, we compared graft survival and immune reactions between immunoglobulin deficient (IgKO) and normal mice. METHODS A cell suspension of embryonic porcine ventral mesencephalon was injected into the striatum of adult normal and IgKO mice. Graft sizes and number of infiltrating CD4- and CD8-positive lymphocytes were determined by stereological methods at 4 days and 2, 4, and 6 weeks after the transplants. Microglial accumulation was determined using the optical densitometrical method. Intraparenchymal deposition of IgG was investigated at 4 days and 2 weeks. RESULTS The majority of IgKO mice had surviving grafts for up to 4 weeks, whereas survival was minimal in control mice beyond 4 days. Graft sizes differed significantly between IgKO and control mice at 2 weeks (P<0.01, Kruskal Wallis ANOVA, followed by Mann Whitney test). The majority of infiltrating lymphocytes were CD4-positive in control mice but CD8-positive in IgKO mice. Microglial accumulation was strong around surviving grafts in IgKO mice at 4 weeks. Prominent staining of IgG, diffuse in the transplanted hemisphere and specific on grafted neurons, was found in control mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that immunoglobulins play an initiating role in rejection of discordant neural xenografts. After a prolonged graft survival of approximately 4 weeks, a cellular response with a large proportion CD8-positive cells leads to rejection in IgKO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Larsson
- Section for Neuronal Survival, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Sweden.
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41
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Brevig T, Kristensen T, Zimmer J. Expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens and induction of human T-lymphocyte proliferation by astrocytes and macrophages from porcine fetal brain. Exp Neurol 1999; 159:474-83. [PMID: 10506518 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1999.7153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine fetal brain cells are of potential use as donor cells for transplantation therapies of neurodegenerative diseases in humans. Our aim was to determine the immunestimulatory properties of astrocytes and macrophages from porcine fetal brain in vitro. By flow cytometry, freshly isolated porcine fetal brain cells were nonautofluorescent, while primary cultures of these cells, prepared to favor growth of astrocytes and macrophages/microglia, consisted of both an autofluorescent and a nonautofluorescent cell population. The cultured autofluorescent cells had qualities typical of macrophages: CD18 (beta(2) integrin subunit) expression, high granularity, and phagocytic activity. The cultured nonautofluorescent cells stained positive for the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein and CD56 (NCAM isoform). While freshly isolated porcine fetal brain cells expressed very low levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and no MHC class II antigens, primary culture of these cells resulted in upregulation of MHC class I antigens on astrocytes and macrophages and MHC class II antigens on a subpopulation of the macrophages. Single-cell suspensions prepared from the primary cultures were flow sorted into astrocyte and macrophage populations on the basis of cell granularity and autofluorescence or on the basis of CD56 expression. Pure suspensions (>98%) of astrocytes induced a low proliferative response in human T lymphocytes, as determined by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation after 4 days of coculture. A suspension of 91% macrophages was a strong inducer of human T-cell proliferation, even stronger than allogeneic mononuclear blood cells. For neural xenotransplantation, our findings suggest that depletion of macrophages from the donor-cell suspensions may enhance graft survival by reducing cell-mediated rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brevig
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, DK-5000, Denmark.
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42
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Sumitran S, Liu J, Czech KA, Christensson B, Widner H, Holgersson J. Human natural antibodies cytotoxic to pig embryonic brain cells recognize novel non-Galalpha1,3Gal-based xenoantigens. Exp Neurol 1999; 159:347-61. [PMID: 10506507 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1999.7181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of porcine embryonic brain cells, including dopaminergic neurons, from ventral mesencephalon (VM) is considered a potential treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we characterized the distribution among VM cells of the major porcine endothelial xenoantigen, the Galalpha1,3Gal epitope, and evaluated the cytotoxic effect of anti-Galalpha1,3Gal antibody-depleted and nondepleted human AB serum on VM cells. Overall levels of Galalpha1,3Gal-epitope expression was very low on the VM cell population using Bandeiraea simplicifolia IB(4) lectin staining of resuspended VM cells in flow cytometric analyses or staining of SDS-PAGE-separated, solubilized VM cell membrane proteins in Western blot analyses. Lectin-histochemical staining of sections of pig embryonal VM regions with BSA IB(4) lectin showed staining restricted to endothelial cells and microglia. In the presence of complement, both nondepleted and anti-Galalpha1,3Gal antibody-depleted AB sera were shown to be cytotoxic to VM cells as assessed in microcytotoxicity- and flow cytometry-based cytotoxicity assays. Purified IgM and IgG were both cytotoxic in the presence of complement. Three major VM cell membrane antigens of approximately 210, 105, and 50 kDa were reactive with natural IgM antibodies present in pooled human AB sera. Thus, antibody-dependent cytotoxicity may contribute to pig to human brain cell xenorejection, necessitating donor tissue modifications prior to a more widespread utilization of neural tissue xenografting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sumitran
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, S-141 86, Lund, Sweden
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43
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Khorooshi MH, Meyer M, Pedersen EB, Finsen B. Lack of effect of short-term depletion of plasma complement C3 on the survival of syngeneic dopaminergic neurons following grafting into the intact rat striatum. Cell Transplant 1999; 8:489-99. [PMID: 10580343 DOI: 10.1177/096368979900800504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolically compromised cells may be subject to complement-mediated cytotoxicity. The aim of this study was to clarify to what extent plasma complement C3 might contribute to the low survival (5-20%) of grafted dopaminergic neurons. The survival of intrastriatal cell suspension grafts of syngeneic dopaminergic, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing neurons was compared in rats subjected to short-term i.v. treatment with 1) cobra venom factor (CVF), or 2) placebo treatment. Depletion of plasma complement C3 by CVF was confirmed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. With 159 +/- 37 (mean +/- SEM) TH-immunoreactive and 154 + /- 40 TH mRNA-expressing neurons in the CVF-treated rats (n = 9), and 117 +/- 34 TH-immunoreactive and 160 +/- 49 TH mRNA-expressing neurons in placebo rats (n = 6), the CVF treatment did not increase the survival of the grafted dopaminergic neurons. Similarly, CVF had no apparent effect on the astroglial, microglial, or oligodendroglial cell response within and around the graft. The data indicate that depletion of plasma complement C3 at the time of grafting has no effect on the long-term survival of syngeneic ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Khorooshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Odense University, Denmark
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44
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Kaloss M, Linscott M, Wey C, Lu P, Long Z, McGarrity GJ, Otto E, Lyons RM. Distribution of retroviral vectors and vector producer cells using two routes of administration in rats. Gene Ther 1999; 6:1389-96. [PMID: 10467363 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of retroviral vector producer cells (VPCs) to deliver retroviral vectors efficiently to target cells has been investigated as a method to increase efficiency of gene delivery, presumably as a result of continued vector production in vivo. Studies were conducted in rats to evaluate the distribution of vector to distal organs and tissues as measured by transduction. Rats were treated with two doses of VPCs using two routes of administration: (1) subcutaneous injection, chosen to maximize both the dose and exposure of animals, thereby enabling identification of potential target organs under worst-case conditions; and (2) direct injection into brain parenchyma, chosen to mimic the intended clinical route of administration and provide an estimate of risk to patients receiving this therapy. Twelve organs or tissues were collected 7 days after administration of VPCs and analyzed by PCR for the presence of vector and vector producer cell sequences. Vector was detected most frequently at the site of injection by either route of administration. Less frequently, vector was detected in draining lymph nodes at the higher dose only using either route of injection. Single specimens of lung and contralateral skin were positive for vector following subcutaneous administration only. Vector was detected in gonadal tissue from a single low-dose male following subcutaneous administration, but this finding was not reproduced in any high-dose male or any males injected intracerebrally. In contrast, VPCs were detected only at the site of administration. The frequency of detection of VPCs 7 days after administration was higher when rats were injected by the intracerebral route. Based on these studies, gene transfer to distal organs or gonadal tissue following intracerebral administration of VPCs is not considered to be a risk to patients undergoing retroviral vector gene therapy for the treatment of brain cancer (glioblastoma multiforme; GBM).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kaloss
- Genetic Therapy, Inc, 938 Clopper Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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Tseng MT, Chang CC. Ultrastructural localization of hippocampal TNF-alpha immunoreactive cells in rats following transient global ischemia. Brain Res 1999; 833:121-4. [PMID: 10375686 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Using a polyclonal antibody against rat TNF-alpha, we have identified specific intracellular immunoreactive sites in hippocampal pyramidal cells, astroglia, and in microglia within 72 h after a period of ischemia. Electron opaque immunoreactive products in pyramidal cells were found mainly in somata and dendrites. Astrocytes and microglia were nearly devoid of such complexes. These findings demonstrate the presence of TNF-alpha in hippocampal neurons and its enhancement by ischemic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Tseng
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Brouard S, Gagne K, Blancho G, Soulillou JP. T cell response in xenorecognition and xenografts: a review. Hum Immunol 1999; 60:455-68. [PMID: 10408795 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(99)00020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation has recently become a subject of interest for the transplantation community due to the current organ shortage, which could be partially or even totally solved by the development of this strategy. The humoral response, which arises as a result of species disparities, is the major obstacle to the success of xenotransplantation. However, if the use of different strategies such as plasmapheresis, immunoadsorption, the utilization of organs from transgenic pigs for complement regulatory molecules and new immunosuppressive drugs, may allow to overcome or reduce the early antibody mediated rejections (hyperacute or acute vascular rejection), delayed responses based on cellular activations will still occur. In this review, despite the fact that different cell populations have been shown to be implicated in these phenomena (NK, granulocytes, macrophages), we will focus on recent published information concerning T cell response only, in xenorecognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brouard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 437: Immunointervention dans les Allo et Xénotransplantation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
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Andersen MB, Zimmer J, Sams-Dodd F. Specific behavioral effects related to age and cerebral ischemia in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1999; 62:673-82. [PMID: 10208372 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(98)00204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rats at 4, 14, and 20 months of age were subjected to permanent occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCAO) and the effects of age and ischemia assessed in tests for spatial learning (Morris' water maze), social behavior, olfactory learning, exploratory behavior, and motor function. Furthermore, the extent of ischemic damage to the brain of rats of 5 and 19 months of age was studied. An age-related decline in water-maze performance was observed, and aged rats were less agile, less explorative, and less frequently engaged in social interactions than young rats. After ischemia, mild memory impairment was observed in old rats, while changes in some exploratory behaviors were observed in young rats. Neuropathological analyses revealed a variable and limited degree of infarction in the piriform cortex and the insular cortex with no difference between age groups. In conclusion, the present study confirmed and extended current data on behavioral differences between young and old rats. MCAO had limited influence on the tested behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Andersen
- Pharmacological Research, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
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Dobrenis K. Microglia in cell culture and in transplantation therapy for central nervous system disease. Methods 1998; 16:320-44. [PMID: 10071070 DOI: 10.1006/meth.1998.0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is host to a significant population of macrophage-like cells known as microglia. In addition to these cells which reside within the parenchyma, a diverse array of macrophages are present in meningeal, perivascular, and other peripheral locations. The role that microglia and other CNS macrophages play in disease and injury is under intensive investigation, and functions in development and in the normal adult are just beginning to be explored. At present the biology of these cells represents one of the most fertile areas of CNS research. This article describes methodology for the isolation and maintenance of microglia in cell cultures prepared from murine and feline animals. Various approaches to identify microglia are provided, using antibody, lectin, or scavenger receptor ligand. Assays to confirm macrophage-like functional activity, including phagocytosis, lysosomal enzyme activity, and motility, are described. Findings regarding the origin and development of microglia and results of transplantation studies are reviewed. Based on these data, a strategy is presented that proposes to use the microglial cell lineage to effectively deliver therapeutic compounds to the CNS from the peripheral circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dobrenis
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Duan WM, Widner H, Cameron RM, Brundin P. Quinolinic acid-induced inflammation in the striatum does not impair the survival of neural allografts in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10:2595-606. [PMID: 9767390 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that inflammation related to intracerebral transplantation surgery can affect the survival of intrastriatal neural allografts. To test this hypothesis, we transplanted dissociated embryonic mesencephalic tissue from one of two rat strains, Lewis (allogeneic grafts) or Sprague-Dawley (syngeneic grafts), to the striatum of Sprague-Dawley rats. The target striatum was either intact or had received a local injection of quinolinic acid 9 days earlier, in order to induce a marked inflammation. At 6 or 12 weeks after transplantation, there was no significant difference between the different groups regarding the number of surviving grafted tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons. However, the graft volume of both the syngeneic and allogeneic implants was significantly larger in the quinolinate-lesioned than in the intact striatum. There were dramatically increased levels of expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and II antigens, marked infiltrates of macrophages, activated microglia and astrocytes, and accumulation of large numbers of CD4 and CD8 positive T-lymphocytes in the quinolinate-lesioned striatum. In contrast, these immunological markers were much less abundant around both syngeneic and allogeneic grafts placed in intact striatum. We conclude that severe inflammation caused by quinolinic acid does not lead to rejection of intrastriatal neural allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Duan
- Section for Neuronal Survival, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Lund, S olvegatan 17, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Kogure K, Tanuma N, Teramoto A, Matsumoto Y. Quantitative analysis of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA in neural graft rejection. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 87:114-20. [PMID: 9670852 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has been considered an immunologically privileged site. However, this concept is now changing because rejection of histoincompatible neural grafts is commonly observed in the CNS. To be able to use neural transplantation as therapy for human diseases, it is important to determine factors that are related to brain-graft rejection. In the present study, we examined the phenotype of infiltrating T cells around grafts in the cerebra that had received xenogeneic (mouse to rat) neural transplants. Furthermore, the amount of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA was determined by competitive PCR at various time points after the neural transplantation. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that both CD4-positive and CD8-positive T cells infiltrated the CNS parenchyma. In competitive PCR analysis, levels of IFN-gamma and perforin in xenografts on days 10 and 13 post-transplantation (PT) were higher than those in isografts (rat to rat) at the same stage, whereas the levels of TNF-alpha, which was detected only on day 7 PT, were not significantly different between the two groups. With regard to anti-inflammatory cytokines, TGF-beta1 mRNA was recognized throughout the examination period, but there was no significant difference between xeno- and iso-grafts at most time points. These findings suggest that IFN-gamma and perforin secreted by infiltrating CD4-positive and CD8-positive T cells, respectively, play an important role in neural graft rejection. The responses of anti-inflammatory cytokines seem to be nonspecific reactions to grafts or surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kogure
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu, Japan
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