1
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Lu RB, Chang YH, Lee SY, Wang TY, Cheng SL, Chen PS, Yang YK, Hong JS, Chen SL. Dextromethorphan Protect the Valproic Acid Induced Downregulation of Neutrophils in Patients with Bipolar Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 18:145-152. [PMID: 31958915 PMCID: PMC7006988 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2020.18.1.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Valproic acid (VPA) is an anticonvulsant and commonly long term used as a mood stabilizer for patients with mood disorders. However its chronic effects on the hematological changes were noticed and need to be further evaluated. In this study, we evaluated, in Taiwanese Han Chinese patients with bipolar disorders (BD), the chronic effects of VPA or VPA plus dextromethorphan (DM) on the hematological molecules (white blood cell [WBCs], red blood cells [RBCs], hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets). Methods In a 12-week, randomized, double-blind study, we randomly assigned BD patients to one of three groups: VPA plus either placebo (VPA+P, n = 57) or DM (30 mg/day, VPA+DM30, n = 56) or 60 mg/day (VPA+DM60, n = 53). The Young Mania Rating Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were used to evaluate symptom severity, and the hematological molecules were checked. Results Paired t test showed that the WBC, neutrophils, platelets and RBCs were significantly lowered after 12 weeks of VPA+P or VPA+DM30 treatment. VPA+DM60 represented the protective effects in the WBCs, neutrophils, and RBCs but not in the platelets. We further calculated the changes of each hematological molecules after 12 weeks treatment. We found that combination use of DM60 significantly improved the decline in neutrophils induced by the long-term VPA treatment. Conclusion Hematological molecule levels were lower after long-term treatment with VPA. VPA+DM60, which yielded the protective effect in hematological change, especially in the neutrophil counts. Thus, DM might be adjunct therapy for maintaining hematological molecules in VPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Band Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yun-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Yun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Li Cheng
- Dpartment of Nursing, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Medicine & M.Sc. Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Research, KMU Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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2
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Vavers E, Zvejniece L, Maurice T, Dambrova M. Allosteric Modulators of Sigma-1 Receptor: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:223. [PMID: 30941035 PMCID: PMC6433746 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulators of sigma-1 receptor (Sig1R) are described as compounds that can increase the activity of some Sig1R ligands that compete with (+)-pentazocine, one of the classic prototypical ligands that binds to the orthosteric Sig1R binding site. Sig1R is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein that, in addition to its promiscuous high-affinity ligand binding, has been shown to have chaperone activity. Different experimental approaches have been used to describe and validate the activity of allosteric modulators of Sig1R. Sig1R-modulatory activity was first found for phenytoin, an anticonvulsant drug that primarily acts by blocking the voltage-gated sodium channels. Accumulating evidence suggests that allosteric Sig1R modulators affect processes involved in the pathophysiology of depression, memory and cognition disorders as well as convulsions. This review will focus on the description of selective and non-selective allosteric modulators of Sig1R, including molecular structure properties and pharmacological activity both in vitro and in vivo, with the aim of providing the latest overview from compound discovery approaches to eventual clinical applications. In this review, the possible mechanisms of action will be discussed, and future challenges in the development of novel compounds will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edijs Vavers
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Liga Zvejniece
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EPHE, UMR-S1198, Montpellier, France
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
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3
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Sozio P, Fiorito J, Di Giacomo V, Di Stefano A, Marinelli L, Cacciatore I, Cataldi A, Pacella S, Turkez H, Parenti C, Rescifina A, Marrazzo A. Haloperidol metabolite II prodrug: asymmetric synthesis and biological evaluation on rat C6 glioma cells. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:1-9. [PMID: 25461306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In a previous work we reported the antiproliferative effects of (±)-MRJF4, a novel haloperidol metabolite II (HP-mII) (a sigma-1 antagonist and sigma-2 agonist) prodrug, obtained through conjugation to 4-phenylbutyric acid (PhBA) [a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi)] via an ester bond. As a continuation of this work, here we report the asymmetric synthesis of compounds (R)-(+)-MRJF4 and (S)-(-)-MRJF4 and the evaluation of their biological activity on rat C6 glioma cells, derived from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which is the most common and deadliest central nervous system (CNS) invasive malignancy. Favourable physicochemical properties, high permeability in the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA), good enzymatic and chemical stability, in vivo anticancer activity, associated with the capacity to reduce cell viability and to increase cell death by apoptosis, render compound (R)-(+)-MRJF4 a promising candidate for the development of a useful therapeutic for gliomas therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Sozio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Jole Fiorito
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Viviana Di Giacomo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lisa Marinelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ivana Cacciatore
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Amelia Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stephanie Pacella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Carmela Parenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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4
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Matsumoto RR, Nguyen L, Kaushal N, Robson MJ. Sigma (σ) receptors as potential therapeutic targets to mitigate psychostimulant effects. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:323-86. [PMID: 24484982 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Many psychostimulants, including cocaine and methamphetamine, interact with sigma (σ) receptors at physiologically relevant concentrations. The potential therapeutic relevance of this interaction is underscored by the ability to selectively target σ receptors to mitigate many behavioral and physiological effects of psychostimulants in animal and cell-based model systems. This chapter begins with an overview of these enigmatic proteins. Provocative preclinical data showing that σ ligands modulate an array of cocaine and methamphetamine effects are summarized, along with emerging areas of research. Together, the literature suggests targeting of σ receptors as an innovative option for combating undesired actions of psychostimulants through both neuronal and glial mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae R Matsumoto
- West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
| | - Linda Nguyen
- West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Nidhi Kaushal
- West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew J Robson
- West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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5
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Allahtavakoli M, Jarrott B. Sigma-1 receptor ligand PRE-084 reduced infarct volume, neurological deficits, pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokines after embolic stroke in rats. Brain Res Bull 2011; 85:219-24. [PMID: 21453760 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sigma receptor agonists have been found to provide potent neuroprotection in rats and mice. This neuroprotection is thought to be mediated through anti-excitotoxic mechanisms. Neuroprotective and immune modulatory effects of sigma ligands have not been investigated in embolic stroke. In the present study, rats were subjected to embolic stroke or sham stroke and were treated with the sigma-1 receptor agonist PRE-084 (5mg/kg i.p.) or saline vehicle 3 and 24h after stroke. Infarct volume and behavioural tests were conducted, and cytokine levels (ILs-1α and β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, GM-CSF and TNF-α) were determined in ischemic and non-ischemic cortices. Axonal damage was determined using the pNF-H ELISA assay. Treatment with PRE-084 afforded neuroprotection following embolic stroke as evidenced by significantly reduced infarct volume and improved behavioural outcome. Remarkably, treatment with PRE-084 reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokines. Levels of pNF-H were lower in rats treated with PRE-084 suggesting reduced axonal damage but this finding did not reach statistical significance. The findings of the present study suggest that part of the neuroprotective effects of sigma-1 receptor agonists may be mediated through a dual effect on cytokine release following stroke.
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6
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Maestrup EG, Fischer S, Wiese C, Schepmann D, Hiller A, Deuther-Conrad W, Steinbach J, Wünsch B, Brust P. Evaluation of spirocyclic 3-(3-fluoropropyl)-2-benzofurans as sigma1 receptor ligands for neuroimaging with positron emission tomography. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6062-72. [PMID: 19791807 DOI: 10.1021/jm900909e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of various N-substituted 3-(3-fluoropropyl)-3H-spiro[[2]benzofuran-1,4'-piperidines] (7) has been synthesized. In receptor binding studies, the N-benzyl derivative 7a (WMS-1813) revealed extraordinarily high sigma(1) receptor affinity (K(i) = 1.4 nM) and excellent sigma(1)/sigma(2) selectivity (>600 fold). In vitro biotransformation of 7a with rat liver microsomes led to three main metabolites. N-Debenzylation was inhibited by introduction of an N-phenylethyl residue (7 g). The PET tracer [(18)F]7a was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of the tosylate 13 with K[(18)F]F-K222-carbonate complex. The decay corrected radiochemical yield of [(18)F]7a was 35-48% with a radiochemical purity of >99.5% and a specific activity of 150-238 GBq/micromol. The radiotracer properties were evaluated in female CD-1 mice by organ distribution and ex vivo brain autoradiography. The radiotracer uptake in the brain was fast and sufficient, with values of approximately 4% injected dose per gram. Target specificity of [(18)F]7a was validated in blocking studies by preapplication of haloperidol, and significant reduction in the uptake of radioactivity was observed in the brain and peripheral organs expressing sigma(1) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Grosse Maestrup
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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7
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Pal A, Chu UB, Ramachandran S, Grawoig D, Guo LW, Hajipour AR, Ruoho AE. Juxtaposition of the steroid binding domain-like I and II regions constitutes a ligand binding site in the sigma-1 receptor. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:19646-56. [PMID: 18467334 PMCID: PMC2443669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802192200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
sigma-1 receptors represent unique binding sites that are capable of interacting with a wide range of compounds to mediate different cellular events. The composition of the ligand binding site of this receptor is unclear, since no NMR or crystal structures are available. Recent studies in our laboratory using radiolabeled photoreactive ligands suggested that the steroid binding domain-like I (SBDLI) (amino acids 91-109) and the steroid binding domain-like II (SBDLII) (amino acids 176-194) regions are involved in forming the ligand binding site(s) ( Chen, Y., Hajipour, A. R., Sievert, M. K., Arbabian, M., and Ruoho, A. E. (2007) Biochemistry 46, 3532-3542 ; Pal, A., Hajipour, A. R., Fontanilla, D., Ramachandran, S., Chu, U. B., Mavlyutov, T., and Ruoho, A. E. (2007) Mol. Pharmacol. 72, 921-933 ). In this report, we have further addressed this issue by utilizing our previously developed sulfhydryl-reactive, cleavable, radioiodinated photocross-linking reagent: methanesulfonothioic acid, S-((4-(4-amino-3-[125I]iodobenzoyl) phenyl)methyl) ester (Guo, L. W., Hajipour, A. R., Gavala, M. L., Arbabian, M., Martemyanov, K. A., Arshavsky, V. Y., and Ruoho, A. E. (2005) Bioconjugate Chem. 16, 685-693). This photoprobe was shown to derivatize the single cysteine residues as mixed disulfides at position 94 in the SBDLI region of the wild type guinea pig sigma-1 receptor (Cys94) and at position 190 in the SBDLII region of a mutant guinea pig sigma-1 receptor (C94A,V190C), both in a sigma-ligand (haloperidol or (+)-pentazocine)-sensitive manner. Significantly, photocross-linking followed by Endo Lys-C cleavage under reducing conditions and intramolecular radiolabel transfer from the SBDLI to the SBDLII region in the wild type receptor and, conversely, from the SBDLII to the SBDLI region in the mutant receptor were observed. These data support a model in which the SBDLI and SBDLII regions are juxtaposed to form, at least in part, a ligand binding site of the sigma-1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Pal
- Department of Pharmacology,
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison,
Wisconsin 53705 and the
Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory,
College of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156,
Iran
| | - Uyen B. Chu
- Department of Pharmacology,
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison,
Wisconsin 53705 and the
Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory,
College of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156,
Iran
| | - Subramaniam Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology,
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison,
Wisconsin 53705 and the
Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory,
College of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156,
Iran
| | - David Grawoig
- Department of Pharmacology,
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison,
Wisconsin 53705 and the
Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory,
College of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156,
Iran
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Pharmacology,
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison,
Wisconsin 53705 and the
Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory,
College of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156,
Iran
| | - Abdol R. Hajipour
- Department of Pharmacology,
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison,
Wisconsin 53705 and the
Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory,
College of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156,
Iran
| | - Arnold E. Ruoho
- Department of Pharmacology,
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison,
Wisconsin 53705 and the
Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory,
College of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156,
Iran
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8
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Pal A, Hajipour AR, Fontanilla D, Ramachandran S, Chu UB, Mavlyutov T, Ruoho AE. Identification of regions of the sigma-1 receptor ligand binding site using a novel photoprobe. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:921-33. [PMID: 17622576 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.038307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
sigma Receptors, once considered a class of opioid receptors, are now regarded as a unique class of receptors that contain binding sites for a wide range of ligands, including the drug 1-N(2',6'-dimethylmorpholino)3-(4-t-butylpropylamine) (fenpropimorph), a yeast sterol isomerase inhibitor. Because fenpropimorph has high-binding affinity to the sigma-1 receptor, we have synthesized a series of fenpropimorph-like derivatives with varying phenyl ring substituents and have characterized their binding affinities to the sigma-1 receptor. In addition, we have synthesized a carrier-free, radioiodinated fenpropimorph-like photoaffinity label, 1-N-(2',6'-dimethyl-morpholino)-3-(4-azido-3-[(125)I]iodo-phenyl)propane ([(125)I]IAF), which covalently derivatized the sigma-1 receptor (25.3 kDa) in both the rat liver and guinea pig liver membranes and the sigma-2 receptor (18 kDa) in rat liver membranes with high specificity. Furthermore, after cleaving the specific [(125)I]IAF-photolabeled sigma-1 receptor in guinea pig and rat liver membranes and the pure guinea pig sigma-1 receptor with EndoLys-C and cyanogen bromide, the [(125)I]IAF label was identified both in a peptide containing steroid binding domain-like I (SBDLI) (amino acids 91-109) and in a peptide containing steroid binding domain-like II (SBDLII) (amino acids 176-194). Because a single population of binding sites (R(2) = 0.992) for [(125)I]IAF interaction with the sigma-1 receptor was identified by (+)-[(3)H]pentazocine competitive binding with nonradioactive [(127)I]IAF, it was concluded that SBDLI (amino acids 91-109) and SBDLII (amino acids 176-194) comprises, at least in part, regions of the sigma-1 receptor ligand binding site(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Pal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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9
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Guzmán A, García C, Fernández de Henestrosa AR, Riley S, Ruiz MT, Marín AP, Tortajada A. Assessment of the genotoxic potential of the antipsychotic sigma receptor ligand E-5842. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2006; 605:63-77. [PMID: 16677850 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxic potential of E-5842, a sigma ligand compound being developed as an antipsychotic drug, was evaluated by means of an extensive battery of in vitro and in vivo assays. Negative results were obtained in an Ames test (up to 5000 μg/plate), a mouse lymphoma assay (up to 535.1 μg/ml (-S9) and 891.8 μg/ml (+S9)), an in vivo rat hepatocyte micronucleus assay (up to 100 mg/kg/day on 2 days), and a two-dose mouse micronucleus assay (up to 40 mg/kg/day on 2 days). In a single-dose mouse bone-marrow micronucleus assay (up to 400 mg/kg; 24, 48 and 72 h sampling) a slight and non-statistically significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) was observed 48 h after administration of a 200 mg/kg dose, in the absence of bone-marrow toxicity. This minor increase in MNPCE frequency was considered of questionable biological relevance, because it was observed under conditions of marked animal toxicity including mortality. In addition, it occurred in association with a strong hypothermic effect produced by administration of E-5842. A clear increase in the frequency of structural chromosomal aberrations was observed in human lymphocytes at concentrations ≥350.6 and 1685.4 μg/ml in the presence and absence of S9, respectively. Mitotic accumulation was observed at those concentrations at which clastogenic effects were observed, a condition that may have masked toxicity. Concentrations lacking clastogenic effects in this chromosome aberration assay (300.7 and 173.2 μg/ml in the presence and absence of S9, respectively) were well in excess of maximum human plasma concentrations attained in clinical studies at the maximum tolerated dose (19.1 ng/ml). A weight-of-evidence analysis, taking into consideration the results obtained in the different in vitro and in vivo assays and the conditions of clinical use, suggest that E-5842 would not pose a genotoxic risk under clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Guzmán
- Department of Toxicology, ESTEVE, Mare de Déu de Montserrat 221, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Gannon CJ, Malone DL, Napolitano LM. Reduction of IL-10 and nitric oxide synthesis by SR31747A (sigma ligand) in RAW murine macrophages. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2003; 2:267-72; discussion 273. [PMID: 12593702 DOI: 10.1089/10962960152813304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several subtypes of sigma receptor, one of which is found throughout the immune system. SR31747A is a unique sigma ligand that possesses potent immune modulatory properties. Previous in vivo studies have documented that administration of SR31747A in murine models of sepsis resulted in decreased proinflammatory (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha) and increased anti-inflammatory (IL-10) response (serum, splenocyte). Studies regarding the effect of this sigma ligand on purified macrophages are lacking. We therefore sought to investigate the effect of SR31747A in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages (RAW 264.7). METHODS RAW cells were incubated at 2.5 x 10(5) cells/well; controls were incubated with media alone, experimental groups contained LPS (0.01 microg) and SR31747A (1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 microM, 10 microM). Supernatant and cells were harvested at 24 and 48 h. Concentrations of nitric oxide (Greiss reaction) and IL-10 were determined in the supernatant; cellular IL-10 mRNA was assessed. RESULTS SR31747A induced a dose-dependent reduction in NO and IL-10 protein release in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages. The decrease in IL-10 protein synthesis was paralleled by a significant dose-dependent reduction in IL-10 mRNA. CONCLUSION SR31747A is a novel immunomodulator that down regulates nitric oxide and IL-10 protein and mRNA expression. This in vitro reduction of IL-10 protein and mRNA expression is in contrast to previous in vivo murine studies. These data suggest that peripheral macrophages are not the source of the increased anti-inflammatory (IL-10) response induced by SR31747A.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gannon
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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11
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Ferrini JB, Jbilo O, Peleraux A, Combes T, Vidal H, Galiegue S, Casellas P. Transcriptomic classification of antitumor agents: application to the analysis of the antitumoral effect of SR31747A. Gene Expr 2003; 11:125-39. [PMID: 14686786 PMCID: PMC5991160 DOI: 10.3727/000000003108749026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SR31747A is a sigma ligand that exhibits a potent antitumoral activity on various human tumor cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. To understand its mode of action, we used DNA microarray technology combined with a new bioinformatic approach to identify genes that are modulated by SR31747A in different human breast or prostate cancer cell lines. The SR31747A transcriptional signature was also compared with that of seven different representative anticancer drugs commonly used in the clinic. To this aim, we performed a two-dimensional hierarchical clustering analysis of drugs and genes which showed that 1) standard molecules with similar mechanism of action clustered together and 2) SR31747A does not belong to any previously characterized class of standard anticancer drugs. Moreover, we showed that 3) SR31747A mainly exerted its antiproliferative effect by inhibiting the expression of genes playing a key role in DNA replication and cell cycle progression. Finally, contrasting with other drugs, we obtained evidence that 4) SR31747A strongly inhibited the expression of three key enzymes of the nucleotide synthesis pathway (i.e., dihydrofolate reductase, thymidylate synthase, and thymidine kinase) with the latter shown both at the mRNA and protein levels. These results, obtained through a novel molecular approach to characterize and compare anticancer agents, showed that SR31747A exhibits an original mechanism of action, very likely through unexpected targets whose modulations may account for its antitumoral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Bernard Ferrini
- Immunology-Oncology Department, Sanofi˜Synthelabo Recherche, 371 rue Prof. Blayac, F-34184 Montpellier CEDEX 04, France
| | - Omar Jbilo
- Immunology-Oncology Department, Sanofi˜Synthelabo Recherche, 371 rue Prof. Blayac, F-34184 Montpellier CEDEX 04, France
| | - Annick Peleraux
- Immunology-Oncology Department, Sanofi˜Synthelabo Recherche, 371 rue Prof. Blayac, F-34184 Montpellier CEDEX 04, France
| | - Therese Combes
- Immunology-Oncology Department, Sanofi˜Synthelabo Recherche, 371 rue Prof. Blayac, F-34184 Montpellier CEDEX 04, France
| | - Hubert Vidal
- Immunology-Oncology Department, Sanofi˜Synthelabo Recherche, 371 rue Prof. Blayac, F-34184 Montpellier CEDEX 04, France
| | - Sylvaine Galiegue
- Immunology-Oncology Department, Sanofi˜Synthelabo Recherche, 371 rue Prof. Blayac, F-34184 Montpellier CEDEX 04, France
| | - Pierre Casellas
- Immunology-Oncology Department, Sanofi˜Synthelabo Recherche, 371 rue Prof. Blayac, F-34184 Montpellier CEDEX 04, France
- Address correspondence to Pierre Casellas, Sanofi-Synthelabo Recherche, 371 rue du Professeur Joseph Blayac, F-34184 Montpellier cedex 04, France. Tel: (33) 4 67 10 62 90; Fax: (33) 4 67 10 60 00; E-mail:
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12
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Bourrié B, Bribes E, De Nys N, Esclangon M, Garcia L, Galiègue S, Lair P, Paul R, Thomas C, Vernières JC, Casellas P. SSR125329A, a high affinity sigma receptor ligand with potent anti-inflammatory properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 456:123-31. [PMID: 12450578 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SSR125329A ([(Z)-3-(4-Adamantan-2-yl-3,5-dichloro-phenyl)-allyl]-cyclohexyl-ethyl-amine) is a new ligand exhibiting high affinity for sigma(1) and sigma(2) receptors and for the human Delta8-Delta7-sterol isomerase. Here we show that this molecule has potent immunoregulatory properties both in vitro and in vivo. SSR125329A inhibited staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced mouse splenocyte proliferation in vitro, whereas in vivo it enhanced lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic release of interleukin-10 while simultaneously inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) synthesis. It also prevented graft-versus-host disease in B6D2F1 mice and protected Mrl/lpr mice against the development of its spontaneous rheumatoid-like syndrome. There is high interplay of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in inflammatory processes, particularly in human rheumatoid arthritis. The results of this study provide substantial evidence that sigma receptor ligands may represent a new effective approach for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Adamantane/analogs & derivatives
- Adamantane/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/prevention & control
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enterotoxins/pharmacology
- Female
- Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- Receptors, sigma/drug effects
- Receptors, sigma/metabolism
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Steroid Isomerases/metabolism
- Syndrome
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Bourrié
- Sanofi-Synthelabo Recherche, Department of Immunology-Oncology, 371 rue du Professeur Blayac, 34184 Montpellier, France.
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13
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Cinato E, Péléraux A, Silve S, Galiègue S, Dhers C, Picard C, Jbilo O, Loison G, Casellas P. A DNA microarray-based approach to elucidate the effects of the immunosuppressant SR31747A on gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene Expr 2002; 10:213-30. [PMID: 12450214 PMCID: PMC5977520 DOI: 10.3727/000000002783992370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2002] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SR31747A is an immunosuppressive agent that arrests cell proliferation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this microorganism, SR31747A was shown to inhibit the ERG2 gene product, namely the delta8-delta7 sterol isomerase, involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. Although previous genetic experiments pointed to this enzyme as the target for SR31747A in yeast, the existence of other potential targets could not be ruled out. To enlighten this issue, we undertook a DNA microarray-based approach in which the expression profile of SR31747A-treated wild-type cells defining the "drug signature" was compared with the "mutant signature," the expression profile of the corresponding ERG2-deleted strain. We observed that treatment of ERG2-positive cells with SR31747A resulted in the modulation of mRNA levels of numerous genes. Among them, 121 werealso affected in untreated ERG2-disrupted cells compared with wild-type cells. By contrast, drug exposure did not induce any significant transcriptional change in the ERG2 null mutant. These results were consistent with SR31747A being an inhibitor of the sterol isomerase and demonstrated the absence of any additional SR31747A target. The detailed analysis of the observed 121 modulated genes provides new insights into the cellular response to ergosterol deprivation induced by SR31747A through inhibition of the ERG2 gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cinato
- *Immunology-Oncology Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo, F-34184 Montpellier cedex 04, France
| | - Annick Péléraux
- *Immunology-Oncology Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo, F-34184 Montpellier cedex 04, France
| | - Sandra Silve
- †Molecular and Functional Genomics Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo, F-31676 Labège Innopole cedex, France
| | - Sylvaine Galiègue
- *Immunology-Oncology Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo, F-34184 Montpellier cedex 04, France
| | - Christiane Dhers
- ‡Analytical Research Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo, F-31036 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Claudine Picard
- ‡Analytical Research Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo, F-31036 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Omar Jbilo
- *Immunology-Oncology Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo, F-34184 Montpellier cedex 04, France
| | - Gérard Loison
- †Molecular and Functional Genomics Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo, F-31676 Labège Innopole cedex, France
| | - Pierre Casellas
- *Immunology-Oncology Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo, F-34184 Montpellier cedex 04, France
- Address correspondence to Pierre Casellas, Sanofi-Synthelabo, 371 rue du Professeur Joseph Blayac, F-34184 Montpellier cedex 04, France. Tel: (33) 4 67 10 62 90; Fax: (33) 4 67 10 60 00; E-mail:
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14
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Marrazzo A, Prezzavento O, Pappalardo MS, Bousquet E, Iadanza M, Pike VW, Ronsisvalle G. Synthesis of (+)- and (-)-cis-2-[(1-adamantylamino)-methyl]-1-phenylcyclopropane derivatives as high affinity probes for sigma1 and sigma2 binding sites. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2002; 57:45-53. [PMID: 11902645 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective ligands for either sigma1 (sigma1) or sigma2 binding sites are potentially useful for gaining a better understanding of the physiological functions of these proteins. Moreover, potent and selective homochiral sigma1 and sigma2 binding site ligands represent leads to potential radioligands for tumour imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). On the basis of their structural similarity to previous leads, new (+)- and (-)-cis-2-[(1-adamantylamino)-methyl]-1-phenylcyclopropane derivatives were synthesised and their binding affinities for sigma1 and sigma2 binding sites were determined. Each enantiomer showed high affinity for both sigma1 and sigma2 binding sites, but only (-)-cis-methyl-2-[[1-adamantyl(methyl)amino]methyl]-1-phenylcyclopropane-carboxylate, (-)-4, showed appreciable selectivity for binding to sigma1 versus sigma2 sites. The enantiomers of cis-(2-[[1-adamantyl(methyl)amino]methyl]-1-phenylcyclopropyl)methanol, 6, expressed the highest affinity for sigma1 and sigma2 binding sites. Ligands (-)-4, (+)-6 and (-)-6 might be rapidly labelled in their N-methyl groups by methylation of the N-desmethyl analogues with [11C]iodomethane to provide prospective radioligands for PET. The N-desmethyl analogues, which are also high affinity ligands, were prepared and shown to undergo satisfactory methylation with iodomethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Marrazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Catania, Catana, Italy
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15
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Ronsisvalle G, Marrazzo A, Prezzavento O, Pasquinucci L, Falcucci B, Di Toro RD, Spampinato S. Substituted 1-phenyl-2-cyclopropylmethylamines with high affinity and selectivity for sigma sites. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1503-13. [PMID: 10896126 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1-phenyl-2-cyclopropylmethylamines structurally related to (+)- and (-)-MPCB were synthesized and their binding affinities for sigma1, sigma2, opioid and dopamine (D2) receptors were evaluated. Substitution of the cis-N-normetazocine with different aminic moieties provided compounds with high affinity and selectivity for sigma binding sites with respect to opioid and dopamine (D2) receptors. The observed increase in sigma2 affinity as compared to the parent (+)-MPCB, supports the idea that the particular stereochemistry of (+)-cis-N-normetazocine affects sigma1 selectivity but does not affect sigma1 affinity. The (+/-)-cis isomers of methyl 2-[(1-adamantylamino)methyl]-1-phenylcyclopropane-1-carboxyl ate (18) displayed a higher affinity and selectivity for the sigma1 and sigma2 receptor subtypes compared to the (+/-)-trans 19. Interestingly, the enantiomer (-)-cis 18 displayed a preference for sigma1 receptor subtype whereas the (+)-cis 18 did for sigma2. These results prompt us to synthesize compounds with modification of nitrogen and carboxyl groups. The compounds obtained showed high affinities and selectivity for sigma sites. Moreover, modifications of carboxyl groups provided compounds with the highest affinities in the series. In particular, compound 25 with reverse-type ester showed a Ki of 0.6 and 4.05 nM for sigma1 and sigma2 binding sites, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ronsisvalle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Catania, Italy.
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16
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Dussossoy D, Carayon P, Belugou S, Feraut D, Bord A, Goubet C, Roque C, Vidal H, Combes T, Loison G, Casellas P. Colocalization of sterol isomerase and sigma(1) receptor at endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope level. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 263:377-86. [PMID: 10406945 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SR31747A is a sigma ligand previously described as having original immunosuppressive properties. Two SR31747A targets were recently identified and termed sigma(1) or SR-BP-1 (SR31747A-binding protein-1) and hSI (human sterol isomerase). In order to characterize these proteins further, we examined their expression and localization at the subcellular level. Based on the amino acid sequence deduced from the cloned hSI, anti-hSI polyclonal antibody was raised against the N-terminal fragment of the protein. Using this antibody, we performed Western-blot experiments to demonstrate the presence of hSI in various B and T cell lines, and hSI expression was quantified in these cell lines by flow cytometry and estimated at 15 000-30 000 sites per cell. Subcellular localization studies by both confocal and electron microscopy, performed on THP1 cells with anti-hSI antibody and with the previously described anti-(SR-BP-1) monoclonal antibody, demonstrated that: (a) hSI was colocalized with SR-BP-1; (b) hSI and SR-BP-1 were associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and with the outer and inner membranes of the nuclear envelope; (c) both proteins were delocalized during the cell cycle at the mitosis step when the nuclear membranes disappeared. Taken together our results suggest that both SR31747A-binding proteins not only play a role in sterol metabolism but indirectly affect lipoprotein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dussossoy
- Sanofi Recherche, Montpellier, France Sanofi Recherche, Labège, France
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17
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Jbilo O, Vidal H, Paul R, De Nys N, Bensaid M, Silve S, Carayon P, Davi D, Galiègue S, Bourrié B, Guillemot JC, Ferrara P, Loison G, Maffrand JP, Le Fur G, Casellas P. Purification and characterization of the human SR 31747A-binding protein. A nuclear membrane protein related to yeast sterol isomerase. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:27107-15. [PMID: 9341151 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.43.27107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SR 31747A, defined as a sigma ligand, is a novel immunosuppressive agent that blocks proliferation of human and mouse lymphocytes. Using a radiolabeled chemical probe, we here purified a target of SR 31747A and called it SR 31747A-binding protein (SR-BP). Purified SR-BP retained its binding properties and migrated on SDS-polyacrylamide gel as a Mr 28,000 protein. Cloning of the cDNA encoding human SR-BP shows an open reading frame for a 223-amino acid protein, which is homologous to the recently cloned sigma 1 receptor. Interestingly, the deduced amino acid sequence was found to be related to fungal C8-C7 sterol isomerase, encoded by the ERG2 gene. The ERG2 gene product has been identified recently as the molecular target of SR 31747A that mediates antiproliferative effects of the drug in yeast. Northern blot analysis of SR-BP gene expression revealed a single transcript of 2 kilobases which was widely expressed among organs, with the highest abundance in liver and the lowest abundance in brain. Subcellular localization analysis in various cells, using a specific monoclonal antibody raised against SR-BP, demonstrated that this protein was associated with the nuclear envelope. When studying the binding of SR 31747A on membranes from yeast expressing SR-BP, we found a pharmacological profile of sigma 1 receptors; binding was displaced by (+)-pentazocine, haloperidol, and (+)-SKF 10,047, with (+)-SKF 10, 047 being a more potent competitor than (-)-SKF 10,047. Scatchard plot analysis revealed Kd values of 7.1 nM and 0.15 nM for (+)-pentazocine and SR 31747A, respectively, indicating an affinity of SR-BP 50-fold higher for SR 31747A than for pentazocine. Additionally, we showed that pentazocine, a competitive inhibitor of SR 31747A binding, also prevents the immunosuppressive effect of SR 31747A. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that SR-BP represents the molecular target for SR 31747A in mammalian tissues, which could be critical for T cell proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Binding, Competitive
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/isolation & purification
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cyclohexanes/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- ERG1 Potassium Channel
- Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Opioid
- Receptors, sigma/chemistry
- Receptors, sigma/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Steroid Isomerases/chemistry
- Steroid Isomerases/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes
- Trans-Activators/chemistry
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcriptional Regulator ERG
- Sigma-1 Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- O Jbilo
- Sanofi, 371 rue du Pr. Joseph Blayac, 34184 Montpellier cedex 04, France
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18
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19
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Wolfe SA, Ha BK, Whitlock BB, Saini P. Differential localization of three distinct binding sites for sigma receptor ligands in rat spleen. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 72:45-58. [PMID: 9003244 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In vitro receptor autoradiography was used to localize sigma 1 receptors, sigma 2 receptors, and novel haloperidol/DTG-inaccessible sites for sigma and opiate ligands in rat spleen. Sigma-1 receptors were present throughout the spleen, but were most concentrated in the T cell zones. Binding under "sigma 2 receptor-selective' conditions was 70% nonspecific, and sigma 2 receptors could not be detected. Haloperidol/DTG-inaccessible sites had a coarse, punctate distribution in the red pulp and marginal zones of the white pulp. This anatomical localization suggests types of cells and functions that should be examined for modulation by sigma receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Wolfe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus 43210, USA.
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20
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Maity R, Mukherjee R, Skolnick P. Stereoselective inhibition of natural killer activity by the sigma ligand (+)-pentazocine. J Neuroimmunol 1996; 70:7-13. [PMID: 8862129 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of sigma (sigma) receptor ligands on natural killer (NK) activity was examined both in vivo and in vitro. Following injection of mice with sigma receptor ligands such as (+)-pentazocine, (-)-pentazocine, BD 1073, BD 1165 and BD 737, NK activity was measured in poly-I.C.-stimulated mouse splenocytes. (+)-Pentazocine reduced NK cell activity in a dose-dependent fashion, while the (-) enantiomer was inactive in this measure. For example, at a dose of 50 mg/kg, (+)-pentazocine suppressed NK activity (using effector to target cell ratios of 200:1, 100:1 and 50:1) by > 70%, 24 h after injection while (-)-pentazocine was inactive. The other sigma ligands examined either slightly enhanced or had no effect on NK activity. Nonetheless, parenteral administration of the sigma receptor ligand BD 1165 blocked (+)-pentazocine-induced suppression of NK activity, while the opiate receptor antagonist naltrexone was ineffective. Addition of sigma receptor ligands (10(-11)-10(-5) M) to splenocyte cultures for 24 h did not affect NK activity. These findings indicate that while sigma receptor ligands are capable of modulating NK activity, this effect is not the result of an action on splenocyte sigma receptors, but may be mediated via sigma receptors either in the central or peripheral nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maity
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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DeHaven-Hudkins DL, Daubert JD, Sawutz DG, Tiberio L, Baine Y. [3H]1,3-di(2-tolyl) guanidine binds to a sigma 2 receptor on Jurkat cell membranes, but sigma compounds fail to influence immunomodulatory events in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1996; 35:27-39. [PMID: 8913792 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3109(96)00107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The binding characteristics of the sigma ligand [3H]1.3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine (DTG) were investigated in membranes prepared from the Jurkat T cell line. Binding was saturable with a KD of 56 +/- 3 nM and a Bmax of 11706 +/- 3173 fmol/mg protein (n = 3). The rank order of potency for sigma reference compounds to inhibit binding in the Jurkat cell line was ifenprodil > 1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine > haloperidol > carbetapentane > (+)3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-propylpiperidine ((+)3-PPP) > (-)pentazocine > caramiphen > (+)pentazocine, and significantly correlated with potency at sigma 2 binding sites in guinea pig brain (r = 0.90, p < 0.01). The immunomodulatory activities of the sigma ligands 1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine, haloperidol. (-)pentazocine and (+)pentazocine on CD3-induced proliferation, IL-2 production and Ca2+ flux in human lymphocytes did not reveal any consistent pharmacology that could be ascribed to potency of these compounds at sigma binding sites. Collectively the data demonstrate that the [3H]1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine binding site on Jurkat cell membranes has a pharmacology consistent with sigma receptors, but no modulation of functional activity or intracellular events in human peripheral blood lymphocytes correlating with sigma receptors was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L DeHaven-Hudkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Sterling Winthrop Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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22
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Bourrié B, Benoît JM, Derocq JM, Esclangon M, Thomas C, Le Fur G, Casellas P. A sigma ligand, SR 31747A, potently modulates Staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced cytokine production in mice. Immunol Suppl 1996; 88:389-93. [PMID: 8774355 PMCID: PMC1456335 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sigma receptors originally described in distinct regions of the central nervous system are expressed on cells of the immune system. A sigma ligand, SR 31747A, was observed here to inhibit in vitro the Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-driven lymphocyte proliferation. In mice, the drug confers a potent protection against the lethality induced by SEB, stimulates the SEB-induced serum release of interleukin (IL)-10 and inhibits at the same time the systemic release of IL-2, IL-4, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The enhancement of IL-10 production by this compound is also effective in nude mice treated with SEB, indicating that IL-10 of T-cell origin is not involved in this process. The finding that a sigma ligand protects against the SEB-induced toxicity provides insights into the clinical use of this family of compounds, particularly in food poisoning and septic shock where Staphylococcal enterotoxins are involved. The observation that this compound stimulates IL-10 synthesis indicates that it could be a potent regulatory agent of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bourrié
- Sanofi Recherche, Department of Immunopharmacology, Montpellier, France
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23
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Brent PJ. Kappa opioid receptor agonists inhibit sigma-1 (sigma 1) receptor binding in guinea-pig brain, liver and spleen: autoradiographical evidence. Brain Res 1996; 725:155-65. [PMID: 8836521 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined whether the kappa-opioid agonists U50,488H (trans-(+/-)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N[-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)- cyclohexyl]-benzeacetamide methane sulphonate), bremazocine, spiradoline and ICI 197067 bind to sigma sites in guinea-pig tissues using in vitro, semi-quantitative receptor autoradiography and receptor binding, and compared the binding profile so obtained with those for several selective sigma ligands. Guinea-pigs were killed and their brians, livers and spleens were removed, tissue sections cut and processed for sigma binding site autoradiography using (+)-[3H]-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(1-propyl)piperidine ((+)-[3H]-3-PPP), or tissue was wiped and determined by liquid scintillation. Serial slide-mounted sections were incubated with 9-10 concentrations (1 nM-10 microM) of kappa opioids and their potency to inhibit (+)-[3H]-3-PPP binding compared with that of the sigma ligands haloperidol, DTG (1,3 di(o)-tolylguanidine), (+)-3-PPP, (+) and (-)pentazocine, SR 31742A and rimcazole (n = 3, duplicate determinations). Binding of (+)-[3H]-3-PPP to untreated, matched serial tissue sections was used as control. Kd values were estimated in brain, liver and spleen using quantitative, saturation binding analysis, IC50 values were determined from the binding data obtained by slide wiping experiments for each drug, and Ki values were calculated using the Cheng-Prussoff equation. All four kappa opioids inhibited (+)-[3H]-3-PPP binding to sigma 1-receptors with order of potency: brain: U50,488H = spiradoline > bremazocine > ICI 197067; liver: spiradoline > U50,488H > ICI 197067 > bremazocine; spleen: U50,488H > spiradoline > ICI 197067 > bremazocine. By comparison, the sigma ligands inhibited (+)-[3H]-3-PPP binding to matched, serial slide-mounted brain tissue sections (similar results in liver and spleen) with order of potency: SR 31742A > haloperidol > (+)pentazocine > (+)-3-PPP > DTG > (-)pentazocine > rimcazole. (+)-[3H]-3-PPP autoradiography confirmed these binding data. It is concluded that the kappa opioids tested moderately inhibit (+)-[3H]-3-PPP binding to sigma 1-receptors in guinea-pig brain, liver and spleen tissue with Ki values comparable to some selective sigma ligands and therefore are not opioid selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Brent
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Newcastle, Mater Hospital, Waratah, Australia
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24
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Whitlock BB, Liu Y, Chang S, Saini P, Ha BK, Barrett TW, Wolfe SA. Initial characterization and autoradiographic localization of a novel sigma/opioid binding site in immune tissues. J Neuroimmunol 1996; 67:83-96. [PMID: 8765330 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(96)00041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of novel, haloperidol- and DTG-inaccessible (+)-[3H]-3-PPP binding sites were found in human peripheral blood leukocytes rat spleen and splenocytes, but not in rat brain. Splenic sites were localized in a course punctate pattern in the marginal zones and red pulp. The pharmacology of the splenic sites was: (-)-SKF 10,047 > or = naltrexone = (-)-pentazocine > (+)-pentazocine = (-)-3-PPP = (+)-SKF 10,047 > or = (+)-3-PPP > or = dextrorphan > dextromethorphan > PCP > clorgyline. DTG, haloperidol, TCP, (-)-deprenyl and SKF 525-A did not complete. Binding activity was destroyed by heating and phospholipase C, but not by proteases or glycosidases. These sites may be involved in immunomodulation by opiate and sigma receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Whitlock
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus 43210, USA
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25
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Silve S, Leplatois P, Josse A, Dupuy PH, Lanau C, Kaghad M, Dhers C, Picard C, Rahier A, Taton M, Le Fur G, Caput D, Ferrara P, Loison G. The immunosuppressant SR 31747 blocks cell proliferation by inhibiting a steroid isomerase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:2719-27. [PMID: 8649379 PMCID: PMC231262 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.16.6.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SR 31747 is a novel immunosuppressant agent that arrests cell proliferation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SR 31747-treated cells accumulate the same aberrant sterols as those found in a mutant impaired in delta 8- delta 7-sterol isomerase. Sterol isomerase activity is also inhibited by SR 31747 in in vitro assays. Overexpression of the sterol isomerase-encoding gene, ERG2, confers enhanced SR resistance. Cells growing anaerobically on ergosterol-containing medium are not sensitive to SR. Disruption of the sterol isomerase-encoding gene is lethal in cells growing in the absence of exogenous ergosterol, except in SR-resistant mutants lacking either the SUR4 or the FEN1 gene product. The results suggest that sterol isomerase is the target of SR 31747 and that both the SUR4 and FEN1 gene products are required to mediate the proliferation arrest induced by ergosterol depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Silve
- Department of Microbiology, Sanofi-Recherche, Labège, France
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Dussossoy D, Belugou S, Pastor G, Combalbert J, Casellas P. Development of a radioimmunoassay for SR 31747A, a new sigma ligand, in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1996; 14:783-91. [PMID: 8809702 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(96)01751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay was developed for SR 31747A, a new sigma ligand, using a monoclonal antibody. This antibody was produced from spleen lymphocytes of a mouse immunized with SR 31747A coupled to bovine serum albumin via a peptide bond using SR 120684A, a succinamic acid derivative of SR 31747A. Negligible binding occurred when metabolites, obtained by chemical synthesis or by "in-vitro" incubation with hepatic microsomal fraction, were tested for cross-reactivity. A quantitative recovery in serum of the exogenous analyte was obtained for all the concentrations tested and the quantification limit was found to be 0.25 ng ml-1 of SR 31747 (the non-salified derivative). Intra- and inter-assay relative standard deviations ranged from 6.3-10.9 and from 5.3% to 15.4% respectively. Furthermore, comparison of results from samples which were assayed by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography demonstrated an excellent correlation (r = 0.984).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dussossoy
- Sanofi Recherche, Immunology Department, Montpellier, France
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Carayon P, Petitpretre G, Bourrie B, Le Fur G, Casellas P. In vivo effects of a new immunosuppressive sigma ligand, SR 31747, on mouse thymus. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1996; 18:179-91. [PMID: 8771366 DOI: 10.3109/08923979609052731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
SR 31747 is a new sigma ligand which has immunosuppressive properties. The immunopharmacology of SR 31747 was investigated in vivo by studying its effects on the thymuses of C3H mice. The action of SR 31747 was compared with the reference drugs cyclosporin-A and dexamethasone on the basis of several parameters which were: the thymus weight; the number of thymocytes per organ; the percentages of mature CD4+ or CD8+ thymocytes and of immature CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes. SR 31747 slightly but significantly decreased the thymus weight at the dose of 50 mg/kg whereas the number of thymocytes per organ was significantly decreased from 6.25 mg/kg to the 50 mg/kg dose. It had rather no effect on the percentages of immature and mature subsets. These data led to the conclusion that the effects of SR 31747 on the thymuses of C3H mice were close to those obtained with cyclosporin-A and different from those obtained with dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Carayon
- Department of Immunology, SANOFI RECHERCHE, Montpellier, France
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Bourrie B, Bouaboula M, Benoit JM, Derocq JM, Esclangon M, Le Fur G, Casellas P. Enhancement of endotoxin-induced interleukin-10 production by SR 31747A, a sigma ligand. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:2882-7. [PMID: 7589087 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830251026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
SR 31747A is a new sigma ligand eliciting immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we show that SR 31747A greatly enhances lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic release of interleukin (IL)-10, while it inhibits the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma. In line with this finding, we also show by using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis that SR 31747A increased LPS-induced IL-10 mRNA accumulation in spleen cells, whereas the level of both TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA was dramatically decreased. The enhancement of IL-10 production by SR 31747A treatment was also apparent in nude and severe-combined immunodeficient mice treated with LPS, clearly indicating that T and B cells were not involved. Finally, SR 31747A conferred protection against the lethal effect of LPS. The finding that SR 31747A strongly stimulates the synthesis of the natural anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, a property not observed with dexamethasone, provides new insights for the clinical use of this original compound, particularly in chronic inflammatory diseases where IL-10 is believed to be a pivotal regulatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bourrie
- Sanofi Recherche, Department of Immunopharmacology, Montpellier, France
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Carayon P, Bouaboula M, Loubet JF, Bourrie B, Petitpretre G, Le Fur G, Casellas P. The sigma ligand SR 31747 prevents the development of acute graft-versus-host disease in mice by blocking IFN-gamma and GM-CSF mRNA expression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1995; 17:753-61. [PMID: 8582787 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(95)00066-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
SR 31747 is a sigma ligand which prevents the development of acute graft-versus-host reaction (GvHR) in hybrid B6D2F1 mice injected with C57BL/6 parental spleen cells. In the present study, we showed that this drug dramatically impaired the GvHR-associated increase in the numbers of both B-lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) in the spleen. Because SR 31747 blocked the GvHR-induced expression of both interleukin-2 and transferrin receptors on T-lymphocytes, it is very likely that this molecule prevented the disease through an inhibition of T-lymphocyte activation. Cytokine messenger RNA analyses on spleen cells revealed that SR 31747 blocked IFN-gamma and GM-CSF but not IL-4 transcription. These effects, which are different from those observed with either cyclosporin-A or dexamethasone, strongly suggest that SR 31747 preferentially inhibits the Th1 lymphocyte subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Carayon
- Immunology Department, Sanofi Recherche, Montpellier, France
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30
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Casellas P, Bourrié B, Canat X, Carayon P, Buisson I, Paul R, Brelière JC, Le Fur G. Immunopharmacological profile of SR 31747: in vitro and in vivo studies on humoral and cellular responses. J Neuroimmunol 1994; 52:193-203. [PMID: 8034758 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(94)90113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In our preceding paper, we demonstrated that both human and rat lymphocytes possess saturable high-affinity binding sites for the new sigma ligand SR 31747. Here we investigate the potential activity of this ligand on immune responses. In vitro, our study shows that SR 31747 exerts a concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of proliferative response to mitogens on mouse and human lymphocytes without affecting cell viability. This suppressive effect elicited by SR 31747 occurs over a concentration range which correlates with the pharmacological profile of the molecule in binding assays, strongly suggesting that SR 31747 acts through a receptor-mediated process. We showed that the SR 31747 effect, which was observed on purified T lymphocytes, affects a late event in the activation process which occurs after the G1 during the S phase of the cell cycle. Interestingly, no anti-proliferative effect was observed in a variety of tumor cell lines, supporting a specific effect limited to normal immune cells. In vivo, in mice, treatment with SR 31747 prevented both graft-versus-host disease and delayed-type hypersensitivity granuloma formation, while antibody response to sheep red blood cells was not affected. These results strongly suggest that the sigma-related receptor recognized by SR 31747 is very likely coupled to a biological function of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Casellas
- Department of Immunopharmacology, Sanofi Recherche, Montpellier, France
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