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Butler R, Bradford D, Rodgers KE. Analysis of shared underlying mechanism in neurodegenerative disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1006089. [PMID: 36523957 PMCID: PMC9745190 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1006089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the relationship between bioenergetics, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation will be and how they contribute to neurodegeneration, specifically in Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS) will be reviewed. Long-term changes in mitochondrial function, autophagy dysfunction, and immune activation are commonalities shared across these age-related disorders. Genetic risk factors for these diseases support an autophagy-immune connection in the underlying pathophysiology. Critical areas of deeper evaluation in these bioenergetic processes may lead to potential therapeutics with efficacy across multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathleen E. Rodgers
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
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2
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Lima M, Aloizou AM, Siokas V, Bakirtzis C, Liampas I, Tsouris Z, Bogdanos DP, Baloyannis SJ, Dardiotis E. Coronaviruses and their relationship with multiple sclerosis: is the prevalence of multiple sclerosis going to increase after the Covid-19 pandemia? Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:703-720. [PMID: 35258237 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to examine whether there is a possible (etiological/triggering) relationship between infection with various Coronaviruses, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the Coronavirus disease-19 (Covid-19) pandemia, and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and whether an increase of the prevalence of MS after the current Covid-19 pandemia should be expected, examining new and preexisting data. Although the exact pathogenesis of MS remains unknown, environmental agents seem to greatly influence the onset of the disease, with viruses being the most popular candidate. Existing data support this possible etiological relationship between viruses and MS, and experimental studies show that Coronaviruses can actually induce an MS-like demyelinating disease in animal models. Findings in MS patients could also be compatible with this coronaviral MS hypothesis. More importantly, current data from the Covid-19 pandemia show that SARS-CoV-2 can trigger autoimmunity and possibly induce autoimmune diseases, in the Central Nervous System as well, strengthening the viral hypothesis of MS. If we accept that Coronaviruses can induce MS, it is reasonable to expect an increase in the prevalence of MS after the Covid-19 pandemia. This knowledge is of great importance in order to protect the aging groups that are more vulnerable against autoimmune diseases and MS specifically, and to establish proper vaccination and health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lima
- Department of Neurology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100, Larissa, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Aloizou
- Department of Neurology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos Bakirtzis
- B' Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Liampas
- Department of Neurology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100, Larissa, Greece
| | - Zisis Tsouris
- Department of Neurology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and clinical Immunology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 40500 Viopolis, Larissa, Greece
| | - Stavros J Baloyannis
- Research Institute for Alzheimer's disease, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57200 Iraklio Lagkada, Thessaloniki, Greece.,1st Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100, Larissa, Greece
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Han AY, Mukdad L, Long JL, Lopez IA. Anosmia in COVID-19: Mechanisms and Significance. Chem Senses 2020; 45:bjaa040. [PMID: 32556089 PMCID: PMC7449368 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 remains a challenge for prevention due to asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic patients. Anecdotal and preliminary evidence from multiple institutions shows that these patients present with a sudden onset of anosmia without rhinitis. We aim to review the pathophysiology of anosmia related to viral upper respiratory infections and the prognostic implications. Current evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2-related anosmia may be a new viral syndrome specific to COVID-19 and can be mediated by intranasal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 into the olfactory neural circuitry. The clinical course of neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 is yet unclear, however an extended follow up of these patients to assess for neurological sequelae including encephalitis, cerebrovascular accidents and long-term neurodegenerative risk may be indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Y Han
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Rehabilitation Center 35–64, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laith Mukdad
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Rehabilitation Center 35–64, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Long
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Rehabilitation Center 35–64, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ivan A Lopez
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Rehabilitation Center 35–64, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Karampoor S, Zahednasab H, Ramagopalan S, Mehrpour M, Etemadifar M, Alsahebfosoul F, Keyvani H. Cytomegalovirus and varicella zoster virus seropositivity of Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis: A population-based study. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 309:4-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Amirzargar A, Khosravi F, Dianat S, Hushmand F, Maryousef P, Foroushani AR, Lotfi J, Nikbin B. Profile of cytokine gene polymorphisms in Iranian multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 2017; 13:253-5. [PMID: 17439892 DOI: 10.1177/1352458506070237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Cytokine gene polymorphisms have been extensively studied in association with different diseases. The role of cytokine gene polymorphisms in multiple sclerosis (MS), as a chronic immune-mediated neurodegenerative disease, has been previously reported. Materials and methods DNA samples were collected from 44 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and 140 unrelated healthy subjects. All participants in this study were matched for ethnicity. Cytokine gene SNPs were determined using the PCR-SSP method. Results and discussion We found no significant differences between MS patients and controls in most of the studied cytokine genes. Remarkable results were obtained for IL-2 GG —330 genotype (P = 0.06), IL-6 C —174 allele (P = 0.06), CG and GG genotypes (P < 0.001), and GG (P = 0.02) and CG (P < 0.001) haplotypes, and TNF-α A —238 allele (P < 0.001), GG (P = 0.003) and GA (P < 0.001) haplotypes. These results suggest that polymorphic variations of these pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in susceptibility to MS. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 253–255. http://msj.sagepub.com
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amirzargar
- Immunogenetic Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Al-Shammri S, Nelson RF, Al-Muzairi I, Akanji AO. HLA determinants of susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in an Arabian Gulf population. Mult Scler 2016; 10:381-6. [PMID: 15327033 DOI: 10.1191/1352458504ms1065oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: An association between HLA antigens and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) has been established, especially in Caucasian populations. Such associations have not been as clearly defined in many Arab populations, where even the frequencies of specific HLA antigens remain unclear. Objective: The study was designed to (i) investigate the frequencies of HLA Class I and II antigens in Kuwaiti Arabs with MS, and; (ii) assess possible inter-relationships between HLA Class II antigens and such clinical phenotypic variables in MS as age at onset, gender, disease subtype and scale of disability. Subjects and methods: HLA Class I (A, B, C) and Class II (DR, DQ) antigens’ tissue-typing was performed by the standard complement-dependent microlymphocytotoxicity technique in two groups of ageand sex-matched Kuwaiti subjects: (i) 67 patients with definite MS (48 relapsing-remitting, 19 relapsing-progressive) and (ii) 145 unrelated healthy controls. The frequencies of specific HLA types were then compared between patients with controls, and in the former, related to specified clinical parameters. Results: The frequencies for the Class I antigens: A9, A10, A19, A33, B5 and CW4 appeared higher with the presence of MS, although the numbers of positive subjects were rather low. For the Class II antigens, frequencies of DR4, DQ5, DQ6, DQ7 and DQ8 were increased while those for DR6 and DR1 were decreased in the patients with MS. HLA types DR15 and DR4 were present at higher frequencies in patients with a younger age at disease onset; DR15 also appeared more frequent in the female patients. Conclusion: There is a trend towards an association between HLA Class II antigens (DR4, DQ6, DQ7 and DQ8) and MS in Kuwaiti subjects. Additionally, it appeared that DR4 and DR15 were more frequent in females and those with an early onset of the disease. These patterns of HLA Class II determinants of susceptibility to MS differ from reports in some other populations, and may reflect the recognized variability in genetic influence on HLA and disease expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Al-Shammri
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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Bergkvist M, Olsson M, Sandberg-Wollheim M. No evidence for genetic linkage between development of multiple sclerosis and components of the IFN system and the JA K-STAT pathway. Mult Scler 2016; 10:87-8. [PMID: 14760959 DOI: 10.1191/1352458504ms976sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Several observations suggest that the interferon system may be of interest in the study of MS development. To investigate whether polymorphism in components of the IFN system and the JA K-STAT pathway influence susceptibility to MS, we performed a linkage analysis between polymorphic loci in or close to the IFN gamma, IFN gamma recepto r, IFN alpha/beta recepto r, JA K 1, STAT 1 and STAT 3 genes in 27 Swedish families with at least two members having MS. Tests for transmission disequilibrium and nonparametric linkage analysis gave negative results. We found no evidence for linkage between MS and any of these loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bergkvist
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Kallaur AP, Reiche EMV, Oliveira SR, Simão ANC, Pereira WLDCJ, Alfieri DF, Flauzino T, Proença CDM, Lozovoy MAB, Kaimen-Maciel DR, Maes M. Genetic, Immune-Inflammatory, and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers as Predictors for Disability and Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:31-44. [PMID: 26732588 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the TNFβ NcoI polymorphism (rs909253) and immune-inflammatory, oxidative, and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) biomarkers as predictors of disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). We included 212 MS patients (150 female, 62 male, mean (±standard deviation (SD)) age = 42.7 ± 13.8 years) and 249 healthy controls (177 female, 72 male, 36.8 ± 11 years). The disability was measured the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) in 2006 and 2011. We determined the TNFβ NcoI polymorphism and serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17, albumin, ferritin, and plasma levels of lipid hydroperoxides (CL-LOOH), carbonyl protein, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP). The mean EDSS (±SD) in 2006 was 1.62 ± 2.01 and in 2011 3.16 ± 2.29, and disease duration was 7.34 ± 7.0 years. IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, AOPP, and NOx levels were significantly higher and IL-4 lower in MS patients with a higher 2011 EDSS scores (≥3) as compared with those with EDSS < 3. The actual increases in EDSS from 2006 to 2011 were positively associated with TNF-α and IFN-γ. Increased IFN-γ values were associated with higher pyramidal symptoms and increased IL-6 with sensitive symptoms. Increased carbonyl protein and IL-10 but lowered albumin levels predicted cerebellar symptoms. The TNFB1/B2 genotype decreased risk towards progression of pyramidal symptoms. Treatments with IFN-β and glatiramer acetate significantly reduced TNF-α but did not affect the other IO&NS biomarkers or disease progression. Taken together, IO&NS biomarkers and NcoI TNFβ genotypes predict high disability in MS and are associated with different aspects of disease progression. New drugs to treat MS should also target oxidative stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Kallaur
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86.038-440, Brazil.
| | - Sayonara Rangel Oliveira
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Andrea Name Colado Simão
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Wildea Lice de Carvalho Jennings Pereira
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86.038-440, Brazil.,Outpatient Clinic for Demyelinating Diseases, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86061-335, Brazil
| | - Daniela Frizon Alfieri
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Tamires Flauzino
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Caio de Meleck Proença
- Outpatient Clinic for Demyelinating Diseases, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86061-335, Brazil
| | - Marcell Alysson Batisti Lozovoy
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Damacio Ramón Kaimen-Maciel
- Outpatient Clinic for Demyelinating Diseases, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86061-335, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Impact Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, Thailand
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Croxford JL, Miyake S. Animal Models for the Study of Neuroimmunological Disease. NEUROIMMUNOLOGICAL DISEASES 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122656 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-55594-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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10
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Damiano S, Sasso A, De Felice B, Terrazzano G, Bresciamorra V, Carotenuto A, Orefice NS, Orefice G, Vacca G, Belfiore A, Santillo M, Mondola P. The IFN-β 1b effect on Cu Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in peripheral mononuclear blood cells of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients and in neuroblastoma SK-N-BE cells. Brain Res Bull 2015; 118:1-6. [PMID: 26327496 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease leading to axonal injury. Even if the etiology of MS is still unknown the disease begins with inflammation involving autoreactive T lymphocytes activation in genetically susceptible subjects. Interferon beta-1b (IFN β 1b) is one of the most used drug in the MS therapy. The results obtained in this study show that the concentration of SOD1 in CSF of relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS) patients, evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), is decreased compared to pathological controls. Moreover, the Western blotting analysis demonstrated that SOD1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in healthy controls was significantly higher compared to MS subjects before starting DMT therapy. In addition IFN β 1b therapy causes an increase of intracellular SOD1 protein as well as mRNA levels in PBMC. Moreover, the treatment of neuroblastoma SK-N-BE cells with IFN β 1b increased SOD1 protein and mRNA levels; these data also suggest that neuroprotective effect of this physiological molecule is, at least in part, carried out through its effect on SOD1. This study demonstrate that DMT therapy is able to increase SOD1 expression in PBMC of RR-MS patients. Therefore, the effectiveness of DMT therapy can be ascribed, at least in part, to an increased levels of this antioxidant enzyme as further confirmed by in vitro studies in SK-N-BE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Damiano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Fisiologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Anna Sasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Fisiologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Bruna De Felice
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Bresciamorra
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Antonio Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Nicola S Orefice
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Orefice
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vacca
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Annamaria Belfiore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Fisiologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Santillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Fisiologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Paolo Mondola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Fisiologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy.
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Tamburo E, Varrica D, Dongarrà G, Grimaldi LME. Trace elements in scalp hair samples from patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122142. [PMID: 25856388 PMCID: PMC4391939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies have suggested a possible role of trace elements (TE) in the etiology of several neurological diseases including Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Hair analysis provides an easy tool to quantify TE in human subjects, including patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Objective To compare TE levels in scalp hair from patients with MS and healthy controls from the same geographic area (Sicily). Methods ICP-MS was used to determine the concentrations of 21 elements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sr, U, V and Zn) in scalp hair of 48 patients with relapsing–remitting Multiple Sclerosis compared with 51 healthy controls. Results MS patients showed a significantly lower hair concentration of aluminum and rubidium (median values: Al = 3.76 μg/g vs. 4.49 μg/g and Rb = 0.007 μg/g vs. 0.01 μg/g;) and higher hair concentration of U (median values U: 0.014 μg/g vs. 0.007 μg/g) compared to healthy controls. The percentages of MS patients showing hair elemental concentrations greater than the 95th percentile of controls were 20% for Ni, 19% for Ba and U, and 15% for Ag, Mo and Se. Conversely, the percentages of MS patients showing hair elemental concentrations lower than the 5th percentile of healthy controls were 27% for Al, 25% for Rb, 22% for Ag, 19% for Fe, and 16% for Pb. No significant association was found between levels of each TE and age, disease duration or Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score. After stratification by gender, healthy subjects did not show any significant difference in trace element levels, while MS patients showed significant differences (p<0.01) for the concentrations of Ag, Cr, Fe, Ni and Sr. No significant differences were also found, at p<0.01, in relation to the use of cigarettes, consume of water, vegetables and place of living. Conclusion The different distributions of TE in hair of MS patients compared to controls provides an additional indirect evidence of metabolic imbalance of chemical elements in the pathogenesis of this disease. The increase in U and decrease in Al and Rb levels in MS compared to controls require further assessments as well as the observed different distributions of other elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tamburo
- Dipartimento Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniela Varrica
- Dipartimento Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - Gaetano Dongarrà
- Dipartimento Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
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Tumor necrosis factor beta NcoI polymorphism is associated with inflammatory and metabolic markers in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci 2014; 346:156-63. [PMID: 25173940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the association between the tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-β) NcoI polymorphism and inflammatory and metabolic markers in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and the association of these markers with disease disability, a 782 base-pair fragment of the TNF-β gene was amplified from genomic DNA and digested with the NcoI restriction enzyme. The serum levels of numerous cytokines (IL-1β, IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17) serum lipid levels, plasma insulin levels, and the Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) levels were evaluated in 123 female and 43 male patients with MS. Females carrying the TNFB2/B2 genotype presented with decreased IL-4 and IL-10 levels and increased TNF-α, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels; moreover, there were positive correlations between EDSS and glucose and between EDSS and HOMA-IR in these females. Males carrying the TNFB2/B2 genotype exhibited increased levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 (p=0.0326) and decreased levels of IL-4, IL-10, insulin, and HOMA-IR; there was a positive correlation between EDSS and TNF-α levels. The TNFB2/B2 genotype of TNF-β NcoI polymorphism was associated with increased inflammatory and metabolic markers and this association was different according to sex of MS patients.
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13
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Tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-β) NcoI polymorphism is associated with multiple sclerosis in Caucasian patients from Southern Brazil independently from HLA-DRB1. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 53:211-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Adamo AM. Nutritional factors and aging in demyelinating diseases. GENES AND NUTRITION 2013; 9:360. [PMID: 24311441 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-013-0360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination is a pathological process characterized by the loss of myelin around axons. In the central nervous system, oligodendroglial damage and demyelination are common pathological features characterizing white matter and neurodegenerative disorders. Remyelination is a regenerative process by which myelin sheaths are restored to demyelinated axons, resolving functional deficits. This process is often deficient in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), and the reasons for the failure of repair mechanisms remain unclear. The characterization of these mechanisms and the factors involved in the proliferation, recruitment, and differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells is key in designing strategies to improve remyelination in demyelinating disorders. First, a very dynamic combination of different molecules such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and different signaling pathways is tightly regulated during the remyelination process. Second, factors unrelated to this pathology, i.e., age and genetic background, may impact disease progression either positively or negatively, and in particular, age-related remyelination failure has been proven to involve oligodendroglial cells aging and their intrinsic capacities among other factors. Third, nutrients may either help or hinder disease progression. Experimental evidence supports the anti-inflammatory role of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids through the competitive inhibition of arachidonic acid, whose metabolites participate in inflammation, and the reduction in T cell proliferation. In turn, vitamin D intake and synthesis have been associated with lower MS incidence levels, while vitamin D-gene interactions might be involved in the pathogenesis of MS. Finally, dietary polyphenols have been reported to mitigate demyelination by modulating the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Adamo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
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Jana M, Pahan K. Down-regulation of Myelin Gene Expression in Human Oligodendrocytes by Nitric Oxide: Implications for Demyelination in Multiple Sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4. [PMID: 24273691 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) with unknown etiology. Several studies have shown that demyelination in MS is caused by proinflammatory mediators and nitric oxide (NO), which is released by perivascular infiltrates and/or activated glial cells. Both endogenous NO released by microglia and astrocytes; and NO generated from exogenous NO donors are known to induce oligodendrocytes death. However, the molecular mechanism of oligodendroglial death is poorly understood. Here we explore the role of NO in modulating the expression of myelin-specific genes that leads to oligodendroglial death. We investigated the effect of NO on the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and proteolipid protein (PLP) in human primary oligodendrocytes. Combination of IFN-γ and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or double stranded RNA in the form of polyIC induced the production of NO and decreased the expression of myelin gene in human fetal mixed glial cultures. Either a scavenger of NO (PTIO) or an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (L-NIL) abrogated (LPS+IFN-γ)- and polyIC-mediated suppression of myelin genes in human mixed glial cells. The role of NO was further corroborated by the inhibition of myelin gene expression in purified human oligodendroglia by several NO donors including SNP, NOC-7, SIN-1, and SNAP. This study illustrates a novel biological role of NO in down-regulating the expression of myelin genes preceding the death of oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabendu Jana
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Madeddu R, Forte G, Bocca B, Tolu P, Sotgiu MA, Sotgiu G, Marchal JA, Sotgiu S, Montella A. Heavy Metals and Multiple Sclerosis in Sardinian Population (Italy). ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.520396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Huang WX, He B, Hillert J. A methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2011; 4:185-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.1997.tb00325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Liuzzi GM, Latronico T, Branà MT, Gramegna P, Coniglio MG, Rossano R, Larocca M, Riccio P. Structure-Dependent Inhibition of Gelatinases by Dietary Antioxidants in Rat Astrocytes and Sera of Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:518-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the current knowledge relating to the potential use of transplanted stem cells in the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Two types of stem cells, CNS-derived neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered to provide reproducible and robust therapeutic effects when intravenously or intrathecally injected into both rodents and primates with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Furthermore, preliminary safety data concerning the use of intrathecally injected autologous MSCs in patients with progressive MS are available. We discuss how the data gathered to date challenge the narrow view that the therapeutic effects of NPCs and MSCs observed in the treatment of MS are accomplished solely by cell replacement. Both types of stem cell, when transplanted systemically, might instead influence disease outcome by releasing a plethora of factors that are immunomodulatory or neuroprotective, thereby directly or indirectly influencing the regenerative properties of intrinsic CNS stem/precursor cells.
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Yousefipour G, Erfani N, Momtahan M, Moghaddasi H, Ghaderi A. CTLA4 exon 1 and promoter polymorphisms in patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2009; 120:424-9. [PMID: 19737153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2009.01177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The polymorphisms of exon 1 (+49 A/G) and promoter regions (-1722 T/C, -1661 A/G and -318 C/T)of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and also haplotypes constructed from mentioned loci were investigated amongst 153 Iranian patients with definite multiple sclerosis (MS) and 190 healthy controls. METHODS The polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphisms and PCR-amplification refractory mutation system. The 4-locus haplotypes were estimated by Arlequin software (University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland). RESULTS Preliminary results showed significant increase of +49 G allele and -1661 AG genotype, as well as TGCA haplotype among patients than controls (P < 0.036, P = 0.009 and P < 0.010, respectively). The distribution of -1722 T/C, -1661 A/G, -318 C/T and +49 A/G (TACA) haplotype, from the contrary, was observed to be significantly increased among controls (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS After Bonferroni correction, the results provide preliminary evidence that CTLA4 genetic variation at -1661 locus may render Iranian individuals to be more susceptible to MS, whereas harboring TACA haplotype might be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yousefipour
- Department of Neurology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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21
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Ballestar E. Epigenetics Lessons from Twins: Prospects for Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009; 39:30-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Zéphir H, Fajardy I, Outteryck O, Blanc F, Roger N, Fleury M, Rudolf G, Marignier R, Vukusic S, Confavreux C, Vermersch P, de Seze J. Is neuromyelitis optica associated with human leukocyte antigen? Mult Scler 2009; 15:571-9. [PMID: 19299434 DOI: 10.1177/1352458508102085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish whether or not multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are different pathological entities, we wondered whether MS patients and NMO patients share the same pattern of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) predisposition. OBJECTIVE To study a putative association between susceptibility to NMO and HLA class I or class II loci in Caucasians. METHODS A total of 39 unrelated Caucasian patients with NMO and six patients at a high risk of converting to NMO were studied. DNA genotyping of HLA class I and class II loci was assessed and allelic frequencies were reported at a high-resolution level. A case-control study by comparing the allelic distribution in the NMO patients with that of a French Caucasian MS group and a French Caucasian healthy group was carried out. RESULTS The frequencies of HLA-DQA1, DQB1, and HLA-DRB1 DR2 alleles in the NMO group were intermediate between the healthy control group and the MS group. The DPB1*0501 allele was not increased in the NMO group compared with the healthy control group. The distribution of HLA-DRB1 allele enabled to distinguish between NMO-IgG-positive patients and healthy controls (P = 0.01). NMO-IgG-negative patients presented an HLA II pattern closer to that of the MS group (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION In contrast to the reported results in Asian opticospinal MS, we found no association between the DPB1*0501 allele and NMO in our Caucasian patients. Moreover, we suggest that NMO-IgG-positive patients could represent a distinct NMO group in terms of their genetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zéphir
- Pôle Neurologique, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU de Lille, 59037 Lille, France.
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Abstract
Observational studies document a positive relationship between vitamin D from the environment (sunlight or diet), circulating vitamin D status, and improved symptoms or prevention of multiple sclerosis (MS). Experimental animal models of MS reproduce the beneficial effects of vitamin D and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). The geographical distribution of MS can be explained by both the hygiene hypothesis and the vitamin D hypothesis. It therefore seems more likely that both hypotheses may be correct and that there are interactions between multiple environmental factors like vitamin D and the rate of infection that might explain the etiology of MS. The effects of vitamin D on the immune system and in the CNS have begun to be described and there is some information on the mechanisms underlying the effects of vitamin D in MS. A need exists for better understanding of the interactions of the environmental factors on MS, communication with the physicians treating MS patients as to the benefits of vitamin D, and clinical interventions with both vitamin D and analogs of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita T Cantorna
- The Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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HLA class I alleles tag HLA-DRB1*1501 haplotypes for differential risk in multiple sclerosis susceptibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13069-74. [PMID: 18765817 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801042105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major locus for multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility is located within the class II region of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). HLA-DRB1 alleles, constituting the strongest MS susceptibility factors, have been widely exploited in research including construction of transgenic animal models of MS. Many studies have concluded that HLA-DRB1*15 allele itself determines MS-associated susceptibility. If this were true, haplotypes bearing this allele would confer equal risk. If HLA-DRB1*15 bearing haplotypes differed for risk, roles for other loci in this region would be implied and further study of the fine structure of this locus would be compelling. We have tested the hypothesis comparing haplotypes stratified by HLA class I tagging. We show here that HLA-DRB1*15-bearing-haplotypes in 1970 individuals from 494 MS families are indeed heterogeneous. Some HLA-DRB1*15 haplotypes determine susceptibility while others do not. Three groups of class I tagged HLA-DRB1*15 haplotypes were not over-transmitted: (i) HLA-DRB1*15-HLA-B*08 (TR = 25, NT = 23, Odds Ratio = 1.09), (ii) -HLA-B*27 (TR = 18, NT = 17, Odds Ratio = 1.06), and (iii) rare HLA-DRB1*15 haplotypes (frequency <0.02). Rare haplotypes were significantly different from common haplotypes, and transmissions were remarkably similar to those for class-I-matched non-HLA-DRB1*15 haplotypes. These results unambiguously indicate that HLA-DRB1*15 is part of a susceptibility haplotype but cannot be the susceptibility allele itself, requiring either epistatic interactions, epigenetic modifications on some haplotypes, or nearby structural variation. These findings strongly imply that differences among HLA-DRB1*15 haplotypes will furnish the basis for MHC-associated susceptibility in MS and raise the possibility that the MHC haplotype is the fundamental unit of genetic control of immune response.
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Fernández O, Fernández V, Martinez-Cabrera V, Mayorga C, Alonso A, León A, Arnal C, Hens M, Luque G, de Ramón E, Caballero A, Leyva L. Multiple sclerosis in Gypsies from southern Spain: prevalence, mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and HLA class II association. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 71:426-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liuzzi GM, Latronico T, Rossano R, Viggiani S, Fasano A, Riccio P. Inhibitory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on MMP-9 release from microglial cells--implications for complementary multiple sclerosis treatment. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:2184-93. [PMID: 17624613 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which might be a useful complementary therapy among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), are able to modulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production in microglial cultures. MMPs are myelinotoxic factors. Primary cultures of rat microglia were treated with different doses of omega-3 (omega-3) PUFA or purified fish oil, containing a mixture of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA, and simultaneously activated by exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Culture supernatants were subjected to zymography and Western blot analysis for the assessment of MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels. Increased amounts of MMP-9, but not of the constitutively expressed MMP-2, were observed in supernatants from LPS-treated microglia in comparison with non-treated control cells. The treatment with both omega-3 PUFA and fish oil dose-dependently inhibited the LPS-induced production of MMP-9. Our results suggest that a low fat diet supplemented with omega-3 PUFA may become recommended for the well being of MS patients under therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maria Liuzzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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27
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DeLuca GC, Ramagopalan SV, Cader MZ, Dyment DA, Herrera BM, Orton S, Degenhardt A, Pugliatti M, Sadovnick AD, Sotgiu S, Ebers GC. The role of hereditary spastic paraplegia related genes in multiple sclerosis. A study of disease susceptibility and clinical outcome. J Neurol 2007; 254:1221-6. [PMID: 17420921 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system unsurpassed for its variability in disease outcome. It has been observed that axonal loss in MS is significant and that irreversible clinical disability relates to such axonal loss. The clinical similarities between Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) and progressive MS, along with their analogous profiles of axonal loss in the long tracts, make the genes known to cause HSP biologically relevant candidates for the study of clinical outcome in MS. A cohort of sporadic MS cases and a set of unaffected controls were used to determine the role of HSP genes on MS susceptibility and disease severity. The MS cases were taken from opposite extremes of the putative distribution of long-term outcome using the most stringent clinical criteria to date. Genotyping the two sets of MS patients and controls could not provide any evidence to suggest that genes involved in the pathogenesis of HSP (Paraplegin, NIPA1, KIF5A, HSPD1, Atlastin, Spartin, Spastin, PLP1, L1CAM, Maspardin and BSCL2) play a role in susceptibility to, or modifying the course of, MS, although small effects of these genes cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C DeLuca
- University Dept. of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Rd, Oxford, OX2 6LE, UK
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Lundmark F, Salter H, Hillert J. An association study of two functional promotor polymorphisms in the myeloperoxidase (MPO) gene in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2007; 13:697-700. [PMID: 17613595 DOI: 10.1177/1352458506075315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). The disease is characterised by demyelination and axonal loss caused by abnormal immunological responses resulting in accumulating neurological disabilities. MS is considered a complex disease, with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis. In this study, we have investigated the genetic role of the myeloperoxidase (MPO) gene encoding myeloperoxidase in MS. MPO is an enzyme found in myeloid cells which catalyses the production of hypochlorus acid, a potent microbicidal agent. It also plays an important role in inflammatory processes, where migrating neutrophiles may release active MPO and cause tissue damage. In this study, we investigated two polymorphisms located in the promotor region of the MPO gene, known to influence the expression of MPO, in a large case/control material consisting of 871 Swedish MS patients and 532 Swedish healthy controls. No association was observed with risk of MS. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 697-700. http://msj.sagepub.com
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lundmark
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Lundmark F, Harbo HF, Celius EG, Saarela J, Datta P, Oturai A, Lindgren CM, Masterman T, Salter H, Hillert J. Association analysis of the LAG3 and CD4 genes in multiple sclerosis in two independent populations. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 180:193-8. [PMID: 17020785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the genetic involvement of the CD4 and the LAG3 genes, two appealing candidates for MS due to their suggested role in MS pathology. We genotyped a Swedish case-control material consisting of 920 MS patients and 778 controls in an initial study of CD4, three SNPs showed a significant association with MS. An independent material consisting of 1720 Nordic MS patients and 1416 controls were used for confirmation of associated markers in CD4 and to do a confirmative study of the LAG3 gene from previous findings. The result, including a total of 2640 MS patients and 2194 controls shows no significant association with CD4 and LAG3 and MS. We conclude that these genes are of minor importance in regard of genetic predisposition to the MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Lundmark
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Green C, Elliott L, Beaudoin C, Bernstein CN. A population-based ecologic study of inflammatory bowel disease: searching for etiologic clues. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 164:615-23; discussion 624-8. [PMID: 16920784 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwj260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors' objective in this study was to determine geographic variations in the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), specifically Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, in the Canadian province of Manitoba and its association with the sociodemographic, geographic, and disease-related characteristics of the study population. Using the University of Manitoba IBD Epidemiology Database, the authors applied spatial and ecologic techniques to visualize, explore, and model the incidence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis for the period 1990-2001. The study demonstrated marked, statistically significant geographic variability in rates of both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis associated with the characteristics of the study population. Incidences of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis were observed to be highest among non-Aboriginal persons, persons of high socioeconomic status, persons with the lowest rates of enteric infection, and persons with the highest rates of multiple sclerosis. The observation of an inverse association between IBD incidence and rates of reportable enteric infection at the population level is consistent with the "hygiene hypothesis," which suggests that early exposure to enteric agents affords protection against eventual development of IBD. The positive association between IBD incidence rates and multiple sclerosis suggests that these two chronic, immunologically mediated diseases may have a common environmental etiology. This study underscores the importance of environment in IBD causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Green
- Public Health Branch, Manitoba Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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31
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Mihailova S, Ivanova M, Mihaylova A, Quin L, Mikova O, Naumova E. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphism profiles in Bulgarian multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 168:138-43. [PMID: 16183136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation in the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is one of the milestones in multiple sclerosis (MS) development and progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of TNF-alpha (-308), TGF-beta (codons 10 and 25), IL-10 (-1082, -819, -592), IL-6 (-174) and IFN-gamma (+874) polymorphisms on susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS). Genotyping was performed by PCR-SSP method in 55 MS patients with relapsing-remitting form of the disease and 86 healthy subjects from Bulgarian population. We observed a statistically significant increase in the CC genotype of IL-10 -819 and -592 SNPs coupled with a decreased frequency of the TGF-beta +915 CG genotype in our MS patients (Pc<0.05). No significant differences were observed between MS patients and controls with respect to the distribution of the other cytokine gene polymorphisms investigated. Although the size of the study group is small, these results indicate that polymorphic variations of two of the major anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-beta, may play a role in MS susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snejina Mihailova
- Central Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", 1 Georgy Sofiisky Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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McGuigan C, Dunne C, Crowley J, Hagan R, Rooney G, Lawlor E, Hutchinson M. Population frequency of HLA haplotypes contributes to the prevalence difference of multiple sclerosis in Ireland. J Neurol 2005; 252:1245-8. [PMID: 16158194 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 01/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis in County Donegal in the northwest of Ireland and County Wexford in the southeast found a significant prevalence difference of 63.9/100,000 (95% CI 49.3-82.7/100,000) between the two regions (Z = 3.94, p <or= 0.001). County Donegal had a higher prevalence rate than County Wexford (184.6/100,000 vs. 120.7/ 100,000). The aim of this paper is to examine whether the MS prevalence difference between the two counties is due to population differences in the genetic predisposition to MS. METHODS Seventy-three MS patients from County Donegal and 45 from County Wexford participated in the study and 200 control subjects were enrolled from each county. Blood samples from both MS populations and control populations were HLA typed for DRB1 and DQB1 alleles. RESULTS The strong association with the development of MS and the HLA DRB1*1501 and DQB1*0602 phenotypes was confirmed in both patient populations relative to controls. The Donegal sample control population also had a significantly higher carriage rate of the HLA DRB1*1501 - DQB1*0602 haplotype relative to the Wexford sample control population (chi(2) = 5.02, p <or= 0.05,OR = 1.616, CI 1.060-2.464, p = 0.05). CONCLUSION Although the numbers tested in this study were small the results suggest one of the factors accounting for the difference in MS prevalence across the island of Ireland is likely to be variation in the genetic predisposition to MS within the Irish population.
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Suppiah V, Alloza I, Heggarty S, Goris A, Dubois B, Carton H, Vandenbroeck K. The CTLA4 +49 A/G*G-CT60*G haplotype is associated with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in Flanders. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 164:148-53. [PMID: 15904974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system white matter characterized by inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) protein plays a key role in the down-regulation of T cell activation. We analysed the CTLA4 +49A/G and CT60 polymorphisms in a cohort of 120 MS trio families recruited from the Flanders region in Belgium. Both polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The +49 G-allele was significantly more transmitted to affected probands (P = 0.005). No transmission distortion was observed for the CT60 polymorphism. Haplotype analysis revealed significant overtransmission of the +49 A/G*G-CT60*G haplotype (P = 0.0025), and undertransmission of the +49 A/G*A-CT60*G haplotype (P = 0.015). The CTLA4 gene has been the focus of intense investigation in MS. Of 15 recently published papers, only six reported significant associations of various CTLA4 polymorphisms with MS, with the remainder being negative. Ours is the first report investigating the CT60 polymorphism in MS. Our data highlight a need for further scrutiny of the CTLA4 gene in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Suppiah
- Applied Genomics Research Group, McClay Research Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Gade-Andavolu R, Comings DE, MacMurray J, Rostamkhani M, Cheng LSC, Tourtellotte WW, Cone LA. Association of CCR5 delta32 deletion with early death in multiple sclerosis. Genet Med 2005; 6:126-31. [PMID: 15354329 DOI: 10.1097/01.gim.0000127274.45301.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The interaction between chemokines and their receptors is extremely important in controlling T cell migration into sites of CNS inflammation. Because trafficking of inflammatory T cells into the central nervous system (CNS) is a key player in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), we investigated the possible association of CCR5 delta32 deletion in this disorder. METHODS DNA isolated from postmortem brain tissue samples of 132 patients with MS and from blood tissue samples of 163 gender and ethnicity-matched healthy controls was used to screen for the CCR5 delta32 deletion allele. RESULTS An increased frequency of 32-bp deletion allele was found to be associated with early death (P = 0.00005) and with a progressive reduction in the years of survival (onset to death). The death hazard ratio of CCR5 with deletion versus no deletion was 2.12, suggesting that MS patients with the 32-bp deletion have twice the mortality rate of patients with the normal genotype. This effect was more significant in females (hazard ratio 3.58). CONCLUSION A strong association of the CCR5delta32 deletion with early death could serve as a prognostic marker for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Gade-Andavolu
- Genetic Research Institute of the Desert, Eisenhower Medical Center, Rancho Mirage, California 92270, USA
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Zhang Z, Duvefelt K, Svensson F, Masterman T, Jonasdottir G, Salter H, Emahazion T, Hellgren D, Falk G, Olsson T, Hillert J, Anvret M. Two genes encoding immune-regulatory molecules (LAG3 and IL7R) confer susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2005; 6:145-52. [PMID: 15674389 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T-cell-mediated disease of the central nervous system, characterized by damage to myelin and axons, resulting in progressive neurological disability. Genes may influence susceptibility to MS, but results of association studies are inconsistent, aside from the identification of HLA class II haplotypes. Whole-genome linkage screens in MS have both confirmed the importance of the HLA region and uncovered non-HLA loci that may harbor susceptibility genes. In this two-stage analysis, we determined genotypes, in up to 672 MS patients and 672 controls, for 123 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 66 genes. Genes were chosen based on their chromosomal positions or biological functions. In stage one, 22 genes contained at least one SNP for which the carriage rate for one allele differed significantly (P<0.08) between patients and controls. After additional genotyping in stage two, two genes--each containing at least three significantly (P<0.05) associated SNPs--conferred susceptibility to MS: LAG3 on chromosome 12p13, and IL7R on 5p13. LAG3 inhibits activated T cells, while IL7R is necessary for the maturation of T and B cells. These results imply that germline allelic variation in genes involved in immune homeostasis--and, by extension, derangement of immune homeostasis--influence the risk of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Section for Genetics and Bioinformatics, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden
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36
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Ristori G, Cannoni S, Stazi MA, Vanacore N, Cotichini R, Alfò M, Pugliatti M, Sotgiu S, Solaro C, Bomprezzi R, Di Giovanni S, Figà Talamanca L, Nisticò L, Fagnani C, Neale MC, Cascino I, Giorgi G, Battaglia MA, Buttinelli C, Tosi R, Salvetti M. Multiple sclerosis in twins from continental Italy and Sardinia: A nationwide study. Ann Neurol 2005; 59:27-34. [PMID: 16240370 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about the balance between heritable and nonheritable risk in multiple sclerosis (MS) is based on twin studies in high-prevalence areas. In a study that avoided ascertainment limitations and directly compared continental Italy (medium-prevalence) and Sardinia (high-prevalence), we ascertained 216 pairs from 34,549 patients. This gives a twinning rate of 0.62% among MS patients, significantly less than that of the general population. In continental Italy, probandwise concordance was 14.5% (95% confidence interval, 5.1-23.8) for monozygotic and 4.0% (95% confidence interval, 0.8-7.1) for dizygotic twins. Results in Sardinia resemble those in northern populations but in limited numbers. Monozygotic concordance was 22.2% (95% confidence interval, 0-49.3) probandwise, but no concordant dizygotic pairs were identified. A questionnaire on 80 items possibly related to disease cause was administered to 70 twin pairs, 135 sporadic patients, and 135 healthy volunteers. Variables positively (7) or negatively (2) associated with predisposition and concordance in twins largely overlapped and were mainly linked to infection. If compared with previous studies, our data demonstrate that penetrance in twins appears to correlate with MS prevalence. They highlight the relevance of nonheritable variables in Mediterranean areas. The apparent underrepresentation of MS among Italian twins draws attention to protective factors, shared by twins, that may influence susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ristori
- Neurology and Center for Experimental Neurological Therapy, S. Andrea Hospital, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy
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37
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VanAmerongen BM, Dijkstra CD, Lips P, Polman CH. Multiple sclerosis and vitamin D: an update. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58:1095-109. [PMID: 15054436 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MS is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), with an etiology that is not yet fully understood. The prevalence of MS is highest where environmental supplies of vitamin D are lowest. It is well recognized that the active hormonal form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)(2)D), is a natural immunoregulator with anti-inflammatory action. The mechanism by which vitamin D nutrition is thought to influence MS involves paracrine or autocrine metabolism of 25OHD by cells expressing the enzyme 1 alpha-OHase in peripheral tissues involved in immune and neural function. Administration of the active metabolite 1,25-(OH)(2)D in mice and rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE, an animal model of MS) not only prevented, but also reduced disease activity. 1,25-(OH)(2)D alters dendritic cell and T-cell function and regulates macrophages in EAE. Interestingly, 1,25-(OH)(2)D is thought to be operating on CNS constituent cells as well. Vitamin D deficiency is caused by insufficient sunlight exposure or low dietary vitamin D(3) intake. Subtle defects in vitamin D metabolism, including genetic polymorphisms related to vitamin D, might possibly be involved as well. Optimal 25OHD serum concentrations, throughout the year, may be beneficial for patients with MS, both to obtain immune-mediated suppression of disease activity, and also to decrease disease-related complications, including increased bone resorption, fractures, and muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M VanAmerongen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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38
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Bilińska M, Frydecka I, Noga L, Dobosz T, Zołedziewska M, Suwalska K, Tutak A, Pokryszko-Dragan A. Progression of multiple sclerosis is associated with exon 1 CTLA-4 gene polymorphism. Acta Neurol Scand 2004; 110:67-71. [PMID: 15180809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2004.00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system which is widely believed to have a T-cell-mediated etiology. The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antigen molecule plays a key role in the downregulation of T-cell responses. To examine the genetic association of the CTLA-4 gene locus with MS, we analyzed an exon 1 (A49G) transition. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and fifty-two MS patients and 154 controls were examined. The A/G transition was genotyped by a polymerase chain reaction followed by labeling with a SNaPshot kit and detection using a capillary genetic analyzer. RESULTS The genotype, allele and phenotype frequencies did not differ significantly between MS patients and controls. Those MS patients with AA and AG genotypes had 4.36 times greater risk of progressing from the relapsing-remitting to the secondary progressive form of the disease than those with the GG genotype. CONCLUSION The results of our study indicate that CTLA-4 (A49G) exon 1 polymorphism is associated with MS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bilińska
- Department of Neurology, Wrocław Medical University, Poland.
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39
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Dönmez B, Ozakbas S, Oktem MA, Gedizlioglu M, Coker I, Genc A, Idiman E. HLA genotypes in turkish patients with myasthenia gravis: Comparison with multiple sclerosis patients on the basis of clinical subtypes and demographic features. Hum Immunol 2004; 65:752-7. [PMID: 15301866 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Revised: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nature and intensity of the association of myasthenia gravis (MG) with distinct human leukocyte antigens (HLA) haplotypes differ between ethnic populations. The aims of the present study were to examine the relationship between HLA class I and II haplotypes and MG; to show the HLA associations with various MG subsets; and to investigate the association between MG and clinical subgroups of multiple sclerosis (MS) regarding HLA haplotypes. A total of 66 patients with MG were enrolled onto the study. The mean age at onset was 42.01 years. A total of 122 clinically definite MS patients and 188 healthy subjects were examined as control groups. The present study clearly showed associations with HLA-DR3, -B8, -A1, and -A2 in MG. In patients with early-onset MG, associations with HLA-DR3, -B8, and -A2 were stronger. When compared with MS, in the MG group, there was still a strong association with -B8, -DR3, and -A1. In subgroup analysis, there was no difference between MG and primary progressive MS patients. On the basis of the presence of anti-AChR antibodies, there was a statistically significant association with HLA-DR3. On the basis of presence of thymoma, no HLA allele showed clear associations in MG patients with thymoma. This is the first study to examine the relationship between HLA haplotypes and MG in the Turkish population and to compare MG with another autoimmune disease, MS, on the basis of the HLA haplotypes. Further investigations with a larger population are required to explain this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berril Dönmez
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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40
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Auch CJ, Saha RN, Sheikh FG, Liu X, Jacobs BL, Pahan K. Role of protein kinase R in double-stranded RNA-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase in human astroglia. FEBS Lett 2004; 563:223-8. [PMID: 15063753 PMCID: PMC1986658 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Revised: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factor(s), such as viral infection, has been implicated as one of the triggering events leading to neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis. This study underlines the importance of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), the active component of a viral infection, in inducing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in human astroglia. DsRNA in the form of synthetic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC) induced expression of iNOS and iNOS promoter-driven luciferase activity through activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteinbeta (C/EBPbeta). In addition, we show that inhibitors of protein kinase R attenuated iNOS by suppressing the activation of NF-kappaB but not C/EBPbeta. In contrast, knock down of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) attenuated iNOS by suppressing the activation of C/EBPbeta but not NF-kappaB. This study delineates a novel role of dsRNA in inducing the expression of iNOS through dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR)-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and p38-mediated activation of C/EBPbeta in human astroglia that may participate in virus-induced neurological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey J Auch
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 40 and Holdrege, Lincoln, NE 68583-0740, USA
| | - Ramendra N Saha
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 40 and Holdrege, Lincoln, NE 68583-0740, USA
| | - Faruk G Sheikh
- Division of Therapeutic Protein, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 40 and Holdrege, Lincoln, NE 68583-0740, USA
| | - Bertram L Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 40 and Holdrege, Lincoln, NE 68583-0740, USA
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41
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Lindqvist AK, Lähdetie J, Tienari PJ, Wikström J, Palo J, Allen M, Peltonen L, Gyllensten U. Mapping of the HLA Class II Susceptibility Haplotype for Multiple Sclerosis in Finland. Hereditas 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2000.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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42
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Heggarty S, Sawcer S, Hawkins S, McDonnell G, Droogan A, Vandenbroeck K, Hutchinson M, Setakis E, Compston A, Graham C. A genome wide scan for association with multiple sclerosis in a N. Irish case control population. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 143:93-6. [PMID: 14575922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to screen the genome for linkage disequilibrium (LD) in multiple sclerosis (MS), we typed 2537 microsatellite markers in separately pooled DNA from 200 cases and 200 controls from N. Ireland. Twenty two markers showing significant evidence of association were identified including three from the HLA region on chromosome 6p21. Putative candidate genes mapping close to the 19 novel markers include the IL10RA and CD3E genes on 11q23 (which both lie close to the marker D11S1998). Individual typing of the marker D11S1998 confirmed its association.
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43
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is probably aetiologically heterogeneous. Systematic genetic epidemiological and molecular genetic studies have provided important insights. Both genetic and non-genetic (environment, stochastic) factors may be involved in susceptibility as well as outcome, but we have yet to understand their relative roles. Any environmental factor is likely to be ubiquitous and act on a population-basis rather than within the family microenvironment. Taken together, the results of genome screening studies provide strong evidence for exclusion of a major locus in MS. There are, however, many genes that seem to be associated with MS. These include, but are in no way limited to, HLA classes I and II, T-cell receptor beta, CTLA4, ICAM1, and SH2D2A. The future of MS genetics, as for most common complex disorders, will be dependent on the resources available, ranging from biological samples and comprehensive databases of clinical and epidemiological information to the development of new technologies and statistical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Dyment
- The Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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44
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Soldan SS, Jacobson S. Infection and Multiple Sclerosis. INFECTION AND AUTOIMMUNITY 2004. [PMCID: PMC7152275 DOI: 10.1016/b978-044451271-0.50044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Alizadeh M, Babron MC, Birebent B, Matsuda F, Quelvennec E, Liblau R, Cournu-Rebeix I, Momigliano-Richiardi P, Sequeiros J, Yaouanq J, Genin E, Vasilescu A, Bougerie H, Trojano M, Martins Silva B, Maciel P, Clerget-Darpoux F, Clanet M, Edan G, Fontaine B, Semana G. Genetic interaction of CTLA-4 with HLA-DR15 in multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol 2003; 54:119-22. [PMID: 12838528 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with a genetic component. Until now, the more consistent association with the disease is found with the major histocompatibility complex, especially HLA-DRB1*1501-DQB1*0602 haplotype. In this report, we demonstrate the interaction of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4 [CD152]) gene with DRB1*15 haplotype in multiple sclerosis genetic susceptibility. Our data were obtained from two European independent family-based studies including 610 multiple sclerosis family trios. Ann Neurol 2003;54:119-122
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Alizadeh
- Laboratoire Universitaire d'Immunologie (UPRES EA 1257, IFR 97) and Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
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46
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Beyan H, Buckley LR, Yousaf N, Londei M, Leslie RDG. A role for innate immunity in type 1 diabetes? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2003; 19:89-100. [PMID: 12673777 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two arms of the immune system, innate and adaptive immunity, differ in their mode of immune recognition. The innate immune system recognizes a few highly conserved structures on a broad range of microorganisms. On the other hand, recognition of self or autoreactivity is generally confined to the adaptive immune response. Whilst autoimmune features are relatively common, they should be distinguished from autoimmune disease that is infrequent. Type 1 diabetes is an immune-mediated disease due to the destruction of insulin secreting cells mediated by aggressive immune responses, including activation of the adaptive immune system following genetic and environmental interaction. Hypotheses for the cause of the immune dysfunction leading to type 1 diabetes include self-reactive T-cell clones that (1) escape deletion in the thymus, (2) escape from peripheral tolerance or (3) escape from homeostatic control with an alteration in the immune balance leading to autoimmunity. Evidence, outlined in this review, raises the possibility that changes in the innate immune system could lead to autoimmunity, by either priming or promoting aggressive adaptive immune responses. Hostile microorganisms are identified by genetically determined surface receptors on innate effector cells, thereby promoting clearance of these invaders. These innate effectors include a few relatively inflexible cell populations such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells and gammadelta T cells. Recent studies have identified abnormalities in some of these cells both in patients with type 1 diabetes and in those at risk of the disease. However, it remains unclear whether these abnormalities in innate effector cells predispose to autoimmune disease. If they were to do so, then modulation of the innate immune system could be of therapeutic value in preventing immune-mediated diseases such as type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Beyan
- St Bartholomews Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK
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47
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Butterfield RJ, Roper RJ, Rhein DM, Melvold RW, Haynes L, Ma RZ, Doerge RW, Teuscher C. Sex-specific quantitative trait loci govern susceptibility to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelination. Genetics 2003; 163:1041-6. [PMID: 12663542 PMCID: PMC1462488 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/163.3.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelination (TMEVD), a mouse model for multiple sclerosis (MS), is genetically controlled. Through a mouse-human comparative mapping approach, identification of candidate susceptibility loci for MS based on the location of TMEVD susceptibility loci may be possible. Composite interval mapping (CIM) identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling TMEVD severity in male and female backcross populations derived from susceptible DBA/2J and resistant BALBc/ByJ mice. We report QTL on chromosomes 1, 5, 15, and 16 affecting male mice. In addition, we identified two QTL in female mice located on chromosome 1. Our results support the existence of three linked sex-specific QTL on chromosome 1 with opposing effects on the severity of the clinical signs of TMEV-induced disease in male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Butterfield
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
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48
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Quelvennec E, Bera O, Cabre P, Alizadeh M, Smadja D, Jugde F, Edan G, Semana G. Genetic and functional studies in multiple sclerosis patients from Martinique attest for a specific and direct role of the HLA-DR locus in the syndrome. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2003; 61:166-71. [PMID: 12694585 DOI: 10.1046/j.0001-2815.2002.00008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Among candidate genes involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) genetic susceptibility, MHC genes and particularly HLA-DRB1*1501-DQB1*0602 haplotype play a major role. Based on the strong linkage disequilibrium observed in Caucasians between DRB1*1501 and DQB1*0602 alleles, it is still impossible to draw a firm conclusion about the DRB1 or DQB1 locus involvement. In order to address this issue a strategy associating a genetic and a functional approach was conducted in a population of-non-Caucasian MS patients. We observed that in Martinicans (55 MS and 100 controls), the DRB1*15 and DRB1*07 alleles were positively associated with the disease. However in Martinicans the most common DRB1*15 subtype was *1503 and not *1501. Moreover, in Martinicans, the frequency of DQB1*0602, found in association with other DRB1 alleles than DRB1*15 (42% of DQB1*0602 haplotypes), was not increased in DRB1*15-negative MS patients, suggesting a neutral role of DQB1*0602 in MS genetics. In a second step, we demonstrated the capability of the DRB1*1503 allele associated with MS in Martinicans to present the immunodominant autoantigen MBP 85-99 peptide to a DRB1*1501 restricted MBP specific T cell line. Interestingly, structural features of DRB1*1501 or DRB1*1503 molecules are in good fit with the hypothesis that *1501 and *1503 molecules may act similarly in MS development by presenting the same immunodominant MBP peptide. On the whole, our results show a prominent role of the DRB1 locus (DRB1*1501 and/or DRB1*1503 alleles) in the immunodominant MBP 85-99 peptide presentation to genetically different MS patients and suggest a neutral role of the DQB1 encoded molecule in MS susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Quelvennec
- Laboratoire Universitaire d'Immunologie (UPRES EA 1257 - IFR 97), Université de, Rennes 1 and Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne Rennes, France
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49
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Abstract
Both genetic and environmental factors cause multiple sclerosis (MS). Few genes have been identified, however, and environmental factors remain elusive. Some postulate an infectious cause, but no pathogens are reproducibly demonstrable in CNS lesions. I postulate that the CNS is not the infectious target in MS, but propose a two-hit infectious hypothesis focusing on nai;ve CD4 T-cells that initiate demyelination: (1) Various common viruses infect the thymus during childhood (first hit) and enhance nai;ve CD4 T-cell reactivity to CNS autoantigens; (2) Heterogeneous pathogens fully activate these T-cells during adulthood (second hit) to initiate myelin injury. The novel concept of thymic infection provides insight into the nature of some susceptibility genes, helps explain the high discordance rates in genetically susceptible individuals, and suggests it is futile to search for pathogens in MS lesions. Pathogen heterogeneity, i.e., the lack of a single infectious cause, implies there can be no simple therapies to prevent or treat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Haegert
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
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50
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Boucher A, Denis F, Duquette P, Talbot PJ. Generation from multiple sclerosis patients of long-term T-cell clones that are activated by both human coronavirus and myelin antigens. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 494:355-62. [PMID: 11774492 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1325-4_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Boucher
- Human Health Research Center, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7
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