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Fu JM, Satterstrom FK, Peng M, Brand H, Collins RL, Dong S, Wamsley B, Klei L, Wang L, Hao SP, Stevens CR, Cusick C, Babadi M, Banks E, Collins B, Dodge S, Gabriel SB, Gauthier L, Lee SK, Liang L, Ljungdahl A, Mahjani B, Sloofman L, Smirnov AN, Barbosa M, Betancur C, Brusco A, Chung BHY, Cook EH, Cuccaro ML, Domenici E, Ferrero GB, Gargus JJ, Herman GE, Hertz-Picciotto I, Maciel P, Manoach DS, Passos-Bueno MR, Persico AM, Renieri A, Sutcliffe JS, Tassone F, Trabetti E, Campos G, Cardaropoli S, Carli D, Chan MCY, Fallerini C, Giorgio E, Girardi AC, Hansen-Kiss E, Lee SL, Lintas C, Ludena Y, Nguyen R, Pavinato L, Pericak-Vance M, Pessah IN, Schmidt RJ, Smith M, Costa CIS, Trajkova S, Wang JYT, Yu MHC, Cutler DJ, De Rubeis S, Buxbaum JD, Daly MJ, Devlin B, Roeder K, Sanders SJ, Talkowski ME. Rare coding variation provides insight into the genetic architecture and phenotypic context of autism. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1320-1331. [PMID: 35982160 PMCID: PMC9653013 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Some individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) carry functional mutations rarely observed in the general population. We explored the genes disrupted by these variants from joint analysis of protein-truncating variants (PTVs), missense variants and copy number variants (CNVs) in a cohort of 63,237 individuals. We discovered 72 genes associated with ASD at false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.001 (185 at FDR ≤ 0.05). De novo PTVs, damaging missense variants and CNVs represented 57.5%, 21.1% and 8.44% of association evidence, while CNVs conferred greatest relative risk. Meta-analysis with cohorts ascertained for developmental delay (DD) (n = 91,605) yielded 373 genes associated with ASD/DD at FDR ≤ 0.001 (664 at FDR ≤ 0.05), some of which differed in relative frequency of mutation between ASD and DD cohorts. The DD-associated genes were enriched in transcriptomes of progenitor and immature neuronal cells, whereas genes showing stronger evidence in ASD were more enriched in maturing neurons and overlapped with schizophrenia-associated genes, emphasizing that these neuropsychiatric disorders may share common pathways to risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M Fu
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - F Kyle Satterstrom
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Minshi Peng
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Harrison Brand
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan L Collins
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shan Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brie Wamsley
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lambertus Klei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lily Wang
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie P Hao
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine R Stevens
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Cusick
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mehrtash Babadi
- Data Sciences Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Banks
- Data Sciences Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brett Collins
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheila Dodge
- Genomics Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stacey B Gabriel
- Genomics Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura Gauthier
- Data Sciences Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel K Lee
- Data Sciences Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alicia Ljungdahl
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Behrang Mahjani
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Sloofman
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrey N Smirnov
- Data Sciences Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mafalda Barbosa
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catalina Betancur
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, 'Città della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Brian H Y Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Duchess of Kent Children's Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Edwin H Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael L Cuccaro
- The John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, , University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - J Jay Gargus
- Center for Autism Research and Translation, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gail E Herman
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Dara S Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Interdepartmental Program 'Autism 0-90', 'Gaetano Martino' University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Medical Genetics, , University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - James S Sutcliffe
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Elisabetta Trabetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriele Campos
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simona Cardaropoli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Diana Carli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marcus C Y Chan
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Duchess of Kent Children's Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chiara Fallerini
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Medical Genetics, , University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Giorgio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Ana Cristina Girardi
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emily Hansen-Kiss
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - So Lun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Duchess of Kent Children's Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Carla Lintas
- Service for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University Campus Bio-medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Yunin Ludena
- MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Nguyen
- Center for Autism Research and Translation, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Pavinato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Margaret Pericak-Vance
- The John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Schmidt
- MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Moyra Smith
- Center for Autism Research and Translation, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Claudia I S Costa
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Slavica Trajkova
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Jaqueline Y T Wang
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mullin H C Yu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Duchess of Kent Children's Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Silvia De Rubeis
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Mark J Daly
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Kathryn Roeder
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Stephan J Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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40
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Gaspar C, Lopes-Cendes I, Hayes S, Goto J, Arvidsson K, Dias A, Silveira I, Maciel P, Coutinho P, Lima M, Zhou YX, Soong BW, Watanabe M, Giunti P, Stevanin G, Riess O, Sasaki H, Hsieh M, Nicholson GA, Brunt E, Higgins JJ, Lauritzen M, Tranebjaerg L, Volpini V, Wood N, Ranum L, Tsuji S, Brice A, Sequeiros J, Rouleau GA. Ancestral origins of the Machado-Joseph disease mutation: a worldwide haplotype study. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:523-8. [PMID: 11133357 PMCID: PMC1235286 DOI: 10.1086/318184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2000] [Accepted: 11/29/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder originally described in families of Portuguese-Azorean ancestry. The cloning of the MJD1 gene allowed identification of the disease in many other populations, and MJD is now known to be the most common cause of dominant spinocerebellar ataxia. The hypothesis that its present world distribution could result from the spread of an original founder mutation has been raised, both at historical and molecular levels. In the present study, we tested this hypothesis by linkage-disequilibrium analysis of tightly linked polymorphisms and by haplotype comparison, in 249 families from different countries. We typed five microsatellite markers surrounding the MJD1 locus (D14S1015, D14S995, D14S973, D14S1016, and D14S977), and three intragenic single-base-pair polymorphisms (A(669)TG/G(669)TG, C(987)GG/G(987)GG, and TAA(1118)/TAC(1118)). The results show two different haplotypes, specific to the island of origin, in families of Azorean extraction. In families from mainland Portugal, both Azorean haplotypes can be found. The majority of the non-Portuguese families also share the same intragenic haplotype seen in the families coming from the island of Flores, but at least three other haplotypes were seen. These findings suggest two introductions of the mutation into the Portuguese population. Worldwide, the sharing of one intragenic haplotype by the majority of the families studied implies a founder mutation in MJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Gaspar
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - I. Lopes-Cendes
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - S. Hayes
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - J. Goto
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - K. Arvidsson
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - A. Dias
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - I. Silveira
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - P. Maciel
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - P. Coutinho
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - M. Lima
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Y.-X. Zhou
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - B.-W. Soong
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - M. Watanabe
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - P. Giunti
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - G. Stevanin
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - O. Riess
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - H. Sasaki
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - M. Hsieh
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - G. A. Nicholson
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - E. Brunt
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - J. J. Higgins
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - M. Lauritzen
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - L. Tranebjaerg
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - V. Volpini
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - N. Wood
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - L. Ranum
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - S. Tsuji
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - A. Brice
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - J. Sequeiros
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - G. A. Rouleau
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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