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Sazonovs A, Stevens CR, Venkataraman GR, Yuan K, Avila B, Abreu MT, Ahmad T, Allez M, Ananthakrishnan AN, Atzmon G, Baras A, Barrett JC, Barzilai N, Beaugerie L, Beecham A, Bernstein CN, Bitton A, Bokemeyer B, Chan A, Chung D, Cleynen I, Cosnes J, Cutler DJ, Daly A, Damas OM, Datta LW, Dawany N, Devoto M, Dodge S, Ellinghaus E, Fachal L, Farkkila M, Faubion W, Ferreira M, Franchimont D, Gabriel SB, Ge T, Georges M, Gettler K, Giri M, Glaser B, Goerg S, Goyette P, Graham D, Hämäläinen E, Haritunians T, Heap GA, Hiltunen M, Hoeppner M, Horowitz JE, Irving P, Iyer V, Jalas C, Kelsen J, Khalili H, Kirschner BS, Kontula K, Koskela JT, Kugathasan S, Kupcinskas J, Lamb CA, Laudes M, Lévesque C, Levine AP, Lewis JD, Liefferinckx C, Loescher BS, Louis E, Mansfield J, May S, McCauley JL, Mengesha E, Mni M, Moayyedi P, Moran CJ, Newberry RD, O'Charoen S, Okou DT, Oldenburg B, Ostrer H, Palotie A, Paquette J, Pekow J, Peter I, Pierik MJ, Ponsioen CY, Pontikos N, Prescott N, Pulver AE, Rahmouni S, Rice DL, Saavalainen P, Sands B, Sartor RB, Schiff ER, Schreiber S, Schumm LP, Segal AW, Seksik P, Shawky R, Sheikh SZ, Silverberg MS, Simmons A, Skeiceviciene J, Sokol H, Solomonson M, Somineni H, Sun D, Targan S, Turner D, Uhlig HH, van der Meulen AE, Vermeire S, Verstockt S, Voskuil MD, Winter HS, Young J, Duerr RH, Franke A, Brant SR, Cho J, Weersma RK, Parkes M, Xavier RJ, Rivas MA, Rioux JD, McGovern DPB, Huang H, Anderson CA, Daly MJ. Large-scale sequencing identifies multiple genes and rare variants associated with Crohn's disease susceptibility. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1275-1283. [PMID: 36038634 PMCID: PMC9700438 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified hundreds of loci associated with Crohn's disease (CD). However, as with all complex diseases, robust identification of the genes dysregulated by noncoding variants typically driving GWAS discoveries has been challenging. Here, to complement GWASs and better define actionable biological targets, we analyzed sequence data from more than 30,000 patients with CD and 80,000 population controls. We directly implicate ten genes in general onset CD for the first time to our knowledge via association to coding variation, four of which lie within established CD GWAS loci. In nine instances, a single coding variant is significantly associated, and in the tenth, ATG4C, we see additionally a significantly increased burden of very rare coding variants in CD cases. In addition to reiterating the central role of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as autophagy in CD pathogenesis, these newly associated genes highlight the emerging role of mesenchymal cells in the development and maintenance of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksejs Sazonovs
- Genomics of Inflammation and Immunity Group, Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Christine R Stevens
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kai Yuan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brandon Avila
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria T Abreu
- Crohn's and Colitis Center, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Matthieu Allez
- Hopital Saint-Louis, APHP, Universite de Paris, INSERM U1160, Paris, France
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Crohn's and Colitis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Department for Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Aris Baras
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Barrett
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Institute for Aging Research, The Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging and the Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Human Aging Research at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Laurent Beaugerie
- Gastroenterology Department, Sorbonne Universite, Saint Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ashley Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- The Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Alain Bitton
- McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bernd Bokemeyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrew Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jacques Cosnes
- Professeur Chef de Service chez APHP and Universite Paris-6, Paris, France
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allan Daly
- Human Genetics Informatics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Lisa W Datta
- Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noor Dawany
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- IRGB - CNR, Cagliari, Italy
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sheila Dodge
- Genomics Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eva Ellinghaus
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Laura Fachal
- Genomics of Inflammation and Immunity Group, Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Stacey B Gabriel
- Genomics Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tian Ge
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kyle Gettler
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mamta Giri
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Philippe Goyette
- Research Center Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Graham
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eija Hämäläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Talin Haritunians
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marc Hoeppner
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Peter Irving
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guys and Saint Thomas Hospital, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Vivek Iyer
- Human Genetics Informatics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Chaim Jalas
- Director of Genetic Resources and Services, Center for Rare Jewish Genetic Disorders, Bonei Olam, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Judith Kelsen
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara S Kirschner
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kimmo Kontula
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, and Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka T Koskela
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juozas Kupcinskas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Christopher A Lamb
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Chloé Lévesque
- Research Center Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - James D Lewis
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Crohn's and Colitis Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Britt-Sabina Loescher
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - John Mansfield
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sandra May
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jacob L McCauley
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- The Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Emebet Mengesha
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Myriam Mni
- University of Liège, ULG, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - David T Okou
- Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Institut National de Sante Publique (INSP), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bas Oldenburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Ostrer
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean Paquette
- Research Center Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joel Pekow
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Inga Peter
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marieke J Pierik
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cyriel Y Ponsioen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Natalie Prescott
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Ann E Pulver
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Daniel L Rice
- Genomics of Inflammation and Immunity Group, Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Päivi Saavalainen
- Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruce Sands
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Stefan Schreiber
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - L Philip Schumm
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Philippe Seksik
- Gastroenterology Department, Sorbonne Universite, Saint Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Rasha Shawky
- IBD BioResource, NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shehzad Z Sheikh
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jurgita Skeiceviciene
- Department of Gastroenterology and Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Harry Sokol
- Gastroenterology Department, Sorbonne Universite, Saint Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Matthew Solomonson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hari Somineni
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dylan Sun
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Stephan Targan
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dan Turner
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea E van der Meulen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sare Verstockt
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michiel D Voskuil
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Andre Franke
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steven R Brant
- Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Crohn's Colitis Center of New Jersey, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick and Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Judy Cho
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rinse K Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miles Parkes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Kurt Isselbacher Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Core Institute Member, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Immunology Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Manuel A Rivas
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John D Rioux
- Research Center Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Carl A Anderson
- Genomics of Inflammation and Immunity Group, Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Mark J Daly
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Fu JM, Satterstrom FK, Peng M, Brand H, Collins RL, Dong S, Wamsley B, Klei L, Wang L, Hao SP, Stevens CR, Cusick C, Babadi M, Banks E, Collins B, Dodge S, Gabriel SB, Gauthier L, Lee SK, Liang L, Ljungdahl A, Mahjani B, Sloofman L, Smirnov AN, Barbosa M, Betancur C, Brusco A, Chung BHY, Cook EH, Cuccaro ML, Domenici E, Ferrero GB, Gargus JJ, Herman GE, Hertz-Picciotto I, Maciel P, Manoach DS, Passos-Bueno MR, Persico AM, Renieri A, Sutcliffe JS, Tassone F, Trabetti E, Campos G, Cardaropoli S, Carli D, Chan MCY, Fallerini C, Giorgio E, Girardi AC, Hansen-Kiss E, Lee SL, Lintas C, Ludena Y, Nguyen R, Pavinato L, Pericak-Vance M, Pessah IN, Schmidt RJ, Smith M, Costa CIS, Trajkova S, Wang JYT, Yu MHC, Cutler DJ, De Rubeis S, Buxbaum JD, Daly MJ, Devlin B, Roeder K, Sanders SJ, Talkowski ME. Rare coding variation provides insight into the genetic architecture and phenotypic context of autism. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1320-1331. [PMID: 35982160 PMCID: PMC9653013 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Some individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) carry functional mutations rarely observed in the general population. We explored the genes disrupted by these variants from joint analysis of protein-truncating variants (PTVs), missense variants and copy number variants (CNVs) in a cohort of 63,237 individuals. We discovered 72 genes associated with ASD at false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.001 (185 at FDR ≤ 0.05). De novo PTVs, damaging missense variants and CNVs represented 57.5%, 21.1% and 8.44% of association evidence, while CNVs conferred greatest relative risk. Meta-analysis with cohorts ascertained for developmental delay (DD) (n = 91,605) yielded 373 genes associated with ASD/DD at FDR ≤ 0.001 (664 at FDR ≤ 0.05), some of which differed in relative frequency of mutation between ASD and DD cohorts. The DD-associated genes were enriched in transcriptomes of progenitor and immature neuronal cells, whereas genes showing stronger evidence in ASD were more enriched in maturing neurons and overlapped with schizophrenia-associated genes, emphasizing that these neuropsychiatric disorders may share common pathways to risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M Fu
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - F Kyle Satterstrom
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Minshi Peng
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Harrison Brand
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan L Collins
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shan Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brie Wamsley
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lambertus Klei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lily Wang
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie P Hao
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine R Stevens
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Cusick
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mehrtash Babadi
- Data Sciences Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Banks
- Data Sciences Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brett Collins
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheila Dodge
- Genomics Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stacey B Gabriel
- Genomics Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura Gauthier
- Data Sciences Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel K Lee
- Data Sciences Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alicia Ljungdahl
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Behrang Mahjani
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Sloofman
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrey N Smirnov
- Data Sciences Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mafalda Barbosa
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catalina Betancur
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, 'Città della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Brian H Y Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Duchess of Kent Children's Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Edwin H Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael L Cuccaro
- The John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, , University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - J Jay Gargus
- Center for Autism Research and Translation, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gail E Herman
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Dara S Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Interdepartmental Program 'Autism 0-90', 'Gaetano Martino' University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Medical Genetics, , University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - James S Sutcliffe
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Elisabetta Trabetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriele Campos
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simona Cardaropoli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Diana Carli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marcus C Y Chan
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Duchess of Kent Children's Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chiara Fallerini
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Medical Genetics, , University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Giorgio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Ana Cristina Girardi
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emily Hansen-Kiss
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - So Lun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Duchess of Kent Children's Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Carla Lintas
- Service for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University Campus Bio-medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Yunin Ludena
- MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Nguyen
- Center for Autism Research and Translation, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Pavinato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Margaret Pericak-Vance
- The John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Schmidt
- MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Moyra Smith
- Center for Autism Research and Translation, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Claudia I S Costa
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Slavica Trajkova
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Jaqueline Y T Wang
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mullin H C Yu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Duchess of Kent Children's Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Silvia De Rubeis
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Mark J Daly
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Kathryn Roeder
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Stephan J Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Singh T, Poterba T, Curtis D, Akil H, Al Eissa M, Barchas JD, Bass N, Bigdeli TB, Breen G, Bromet EJ, Buckley PF, Bunney WE, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Byerley WF, Chapman SB, Chen WJ, Churchhouse C, Craddock N, Cusick CM, DeLisi L, Dodge S, Escamilla MA, Eskelinen S, Fanous AH, Faraone SV, Fiorentino A, Francioli L, Gabriel SB, Gage D, Gagliano Taliun SA, Ganna A, Genovese G, Glahn DC, Grove J, Hall MH, Hämäläinen E, Heyne HO, Holi M, Hougaard DM, Howrigan DP, Huang H, Hwu HG, Kahn RS, Kang HM, Karczewski KJ, Kirov G, Knowles JA, Lee FS, Lehrer DS, Lescai F, Malaspina D, Marder SR, McCarroll SA, McIntosh AM, Medeiros H, Milani L, Morley CP, Morris DW, Mortensen PB, Myers RM, Nordentoft M, O'Brien NL, Olivares AM, Ongur D, Ouwehand WH, Palmer DS, Paunio T, Quested D, Rapaport MH, Rees E, Rollins B, Satterstrom FK, Schatzberg A, Scolnick E, Scott LJ, Sharp SI, Sklar P, Smoller JW, Sobell JL, Solomonson M, Stahl EA, Stevens CR, Suvisaari J, Tiao G, Watson SJ, Watts NA, Blackwood DH, Børglum AD, Cohen BM, Corvin AP, Esko T, Freimer NB, Glatt SJ, Hultman CM, McQuillin A, Palotie A, Pato CN, Pato MT, Pulver AE, St Clair D, Tsuang MT, Vawter MP, Walters JT, Werge TM, Ophoff RA, Sullivan PF, Owen MJ, Boehnke M, O'Donovan MC, Neale BM, Daly MJ. Rare coding variants in ten genes confer substantial risk for schizophrenia. Nature 2022; 604:509-516. [PMID: 35396579 PMCID: PMC9805802 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04556-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rare coding variation has historically provided the most direct connections between gene function and disease pathogenesis. By meta-analysing the whole exomes of 24,248 schizophrenia cases and 97,322 controls, we implicate ultra-rare coding variants (URVs) in 10 genes as conferring substantial risk for schizophrenia (odds ratios of 3-50, P < 2.14 × 10-6) and 32 genes at a false discovery rate of <5%. These genes have the greatest expression in central nervous system neurons and have diverse molecular functions that include the formation, structure and function of the synapse. The associations of the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor subunit GRIN2A and AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptor subunit GRIA3 provide support for dysfunction of the glutamatergic system as a mechanistic hypothesis in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We observe an overlap of rare variant risk among schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders1, epilepsy and severe neurodevelopmental disorders2, although different mutation types are implicated in some shared genes. Most genes described here, however, are not implicated in neurodevelopment. We demonstrate that genes prioritized from common variant analyses of schizophrenia are enriched in rare variant risk3, suggesting that common and rare genetic risk factors converge at least partially on the same underlying pathogenic biological processes. Even after excluding significantly associated genes, schizophrenia cases still carry a substantial excess of URVs, which indicates that more risk genes await discovery using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarjinder Singh
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Timothy Poterba
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Curtis
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Huda Akil
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mariam Al Eissa
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Evelyn J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Peter F Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William E Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William F Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sinéad B Chapman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei J Chen
- College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Claire Churchhouse
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Caroline M Cusick
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lynn DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sheila Dodge
- Genomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Saana Eskelinen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Laurent Francioli
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stacey B Gabriel
- Genomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diane Gage
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah A Gagliano Taliun
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montréal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jakob Grove
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mei-Hua Hall
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Eija Hämäläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrike O Heyne
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Holi
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David M Hougaard
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel P Howrigan
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- MIRECC, JP Peters VA Hospital, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Konrad J Karczewski
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James A Knowles
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Douglas S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Francesco Lescai
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen R Marder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Helena Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christopher P Morley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine and Department of Family Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niamh L O'Brien
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Maria Olivares
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Duncan S Palmer
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mark H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Brandi Rollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - F Kyle Satterstrom
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alan Schatzberg
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Scolnick
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sally I Sharp
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet L Sobell
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Solomonson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine R Stevens
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Grace Tiao
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas A Watts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Anders D Børglum
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Tõnu Esko
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Aarno Palotie
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ann E Pulver
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ming T Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James T Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas M Werge
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Mark J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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4
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Martin AR, Atkinson EG, Chapman SB, Stevenson A, Stroud RE, Abebe T, Akena D, Alemayehu M, Ashaba FK, Atwoli L, Bowers T, Chibnik LB, Daly MJ, DeSmet T, Dodge S, Fekadu A, Ferriera S, Gelaye B, Gichuru S, Injera WE, James R, Kariuki SM, Kigen G, Koenen KC, Kwobah E, Kyebuzibwa J, Majara L, Musinguzi H, Mwema RM, Neale BM, Newman CP, Newton CRJC, Pickrell JK, Ramesar R, Shiferaw W, Stein DJ, Teferra S, van der Merwe C, Zingela Z. Low-coverage sequencing cost-effectively detects known and novel variation in underrepresented populations. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:656-668. [PMID: 33770507 PMCID: PMC8059370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies in underrepresented populations identify disproportionate numbers of novel associations. However, most genetic studies use genotyping arrays and sequenced reference panels that best capture variation most common in European ancestry populations. To compare data generation strategies best suited for underrepresented populations, we sequenced the whole genomes of 91 individuals to high coverage as part of the Neuropsychiatric Genetics of African Population-Psychosis (NeuroGAP-Psychosis) study with participants from Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda. We used a downsampling approach to evaluate the quality of two cost-effective data generation strategies, GWAS arrays versus low-coverage sequencing, by calculating the concordance of imputed variants from these technologies with those from deep whole-genome sequencing data. We show that low-coverage sequencing at a depth of ≥4× captures variants of all frequencies more accurately than all commonly used GWAS arrays investigated and at a comparable cost. Lower depths of sequencing (0.5-1×) performed comparably to commonly used low-density GWAS arrays. Low-coverage sequencing is also sensitive to novel variation; 4× sequencing detects 45% of singletons and 95% of common variants identified in high-coverage African whole genomes. Low-coverage sequencing approaches surmount the problems induced by the ascertainment of common genotyping arrays, effectively identify novel variation particularly in underrepresented populations, and present opportunities to enhance variant discovery at a cost similar to traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Martin
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Elizabeth G Atkinson
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sinéad B Chapman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anne Stevenson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rocky E Stroud
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tamrat Abebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dickens Akena
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Melkam Alemayehu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fred K Ashaba
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Department of Mental Health, School of Medicine, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Tera Bowers
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Lori B Chibnik
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Timothy DeSmet
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Sheila Dodge
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Abebaw Fekadu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Centre for Innovative Drug Development & Therapeutic Trials for Africa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Steven Ferriera
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stella Gichuru
- Department of Mental Health, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Wilfred E Injera
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Roxanne James
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Symon M Kariuki
- Neurosciences Unit, Clinical Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Gabriel Kigen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edith Kwobah
- Department of Mental Health, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Joseph Kyebuzibwa
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lerato Majara
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; SA MRC Human Genetics Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Henry Musinguzi
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rehema M Mwema
- Neurosciences Unit, Clinical Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Carter P Newman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charles R J C Newton
- Neurosciences Unit, Clinical Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | | | - Raj Ramesar
- SA MRC Genomic and Precision Medicine Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Welelta Shiferaw
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town and Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Solomon Teferra
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Celia van der Merwe
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zukiswa Zingela
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavioral Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
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5
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Zouk H, Venner E, Lennon NJ, Muzny DM, Abrams D, Adunyah S, Albertson-Junkans L, Ames DC, Appelbaum P, Aronson S, Aufox S, Babb LJ, Balasubramanian A, Bangash H, Basford M, Bastarache L, Baxter S, Behr M, Benoit B, Bhoj E, Bielinski SJ, Bland HT, Blout C, Borthwick K, Bottinger EP, Bowser M, Brand H, Brilliant M, Brodeur W, Caraballo P, Carrell D, Carroll A, Almoguera B, Castillo L, Castro V, Chandanavelli G, Chiang T, Chisholm RL, Christensen KD, Chung W, Chute CG, City B, Cobb BL, Connolly JJ, Crane P, Crew K, Crosslin D, De Andrade M, De la Cruz J, Denson S, Denny J, DeSmet T, Dikilitas O, Friedrich C, Fullerton SM, Funke B, Gabriel S, Gainer V, Gharavi A, Glazer AM, Glessner JT, Goehringer J, Gordon AS, Graham C, Green RC, Gundelach JH, Dayal J, Hain HS, Hakonarson H, Harden MV, Harley J, Harr M, Hartzler A, Hayes MG, Hebbring S, Henrikson N, Hershey A, Hoell C, Holm I, Howell KM, Hripcsak G, Hu J, Jarvik GP, Jayaseelan JC, Jiang Y, Joo YY, Jose S, Josyula NS, Justice AE, Kalla SE, Kalra D, Karlson E, Kelly MA, Keating BJ, Kenny EE, Key D, Kiryluk K, Kitchner T, Klanderman B, Klee E, Kochan DC, Korchina V, Kottyan L, Kovar C, Kudalkar E, Kullo IJ, Lammers P, Larson EB, Lebo MS, Leduc M, Lee MT(M, Leppig KA, Leslie ND, Li R, Liang WH, Lin CF, Linder J, Lindor NM, Lingren T, Linneman JG, Liu C, Liu W, Liu X, Lynch J, Lyon H, Macbeth A, Mahadeshwar H, Mahanta L, Malin B, Manolio T, Marasa M, Marsolo K, Dinsmore MJ, Dodge S, Hynes ED, Dunlea P, Edwards TL, Eng CM, Fasel D, Fedotov A, Feng Q, Fleharty M, Foster A, Freimuth R, McGowan ML, McNally E, Meldrim J, Mentch F, Mosley J, Mukherjee S, Mullen TE, Muniz J, Murdock DR, Murphy S, Murugan M, Myers MF, Namjou B, Ni Y, Obeng AO, Onofrio RC, Taylor CO, Person TN, Peterson JF, Petukhova L, Pisieczko CJ, Pratap S, Prows CA, Puckelwartz MJ, Rahm AK, Raj R, Ralston JD, Ramaprasan A, Ramirez A, Rasmussen L, Rasmussen-Torvik L, Rasouly HM, Raychaudhuri S, Ritchie MD, Rives C, Riza B, Roden D, Rosenthal EA, Santani A, Schaid D, Scherer S, Scott S, Scrol A, Sengupta S, Shang N, Sharma H, Sharp RR, Singh R, Sleiman PM, Slowik K, Smith JC, Smith ME, Smoller JW, Sohn S, Stanaway IB, Starren J, Stroud M, Su J, Tolwinski K, Van Driest SL, Vargas SM, Varugheese M, Veenstra D, Verbitsky M, Vicente G, Wagner M, Walker K, Walunas T, Wang L, Wang Q, Wei WQ, Weiss ST, Wiesner GL, Wells Q, Weng C, White PS, Wiley KL, Williams JL, Williams MS, Wilson MW, Witkowski L, Woods LA, Woolf B, Wu TJ, Wynn J, Yang Y, Yi V, Zhang G, Zhang L, Rehm HL, Gibbs RA. Harmonizing Clinical Sequencing and Interpretation for the eMERGE III Network. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:588-605. [PMID: 31447099 PMCID: PMC6731372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of precision medicine requires new methods to coordinate and deliver genetic data from heterogeneous sources to physicians and patients. The eMERGE III Network enrolled >25,000 participants from biobank and prospective cohorts of predominantly healthy individuals for clinical genetic testing to determine clinically actionable findings. The network developed protocols linking together the 11 participant collection sites and 2 clinical genetic testing laboratories. DNA capture panels targeting 109 genes were used for testing of DNA and sample collection, data generation, interpretation, reporting, delivery, and storage were each harmonized. A compliant and secure network enabled ongoing review and reconciliation of clinical interpretations, while maintaining communication and data sharing between clinicians and investigators. A total of 202 individuals had positive diagnostic findings relevant to the indication for testing and 1,294 had additional/secondary findings of medical significance deemed to be returnable, establishing data return rates for other testing endeavors. This study accomplished integration of structured genomic results into multiple electronic health record (EHR) systems, setting the stage for clinical decision support to enable genomic medicine. Further, the established processes enable different sequencing sites to harmonize technical and interpretive aspects of sequencing tests, a critical achievement toward global standardization of genomic testing. The eMERGE protocols and tools are available for widespread dissemination.
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6
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Costello M, Fleharty M, Abreu J, Farjoun Y, Ferriera S, Holmes L, Granger B, Green L, Howd T, Mason T, Vicente G, Dasilva M, Brodeur W, DeSmet T, Dodge S, Lennon NJ, Gabriel S. Characterization and remediation of sample index swaps by non-redundant dual indexing on massively parallel sequencing platforms. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:332. [PMID: 29739332 PMCID: PMC5941783 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Here we present an in-depth characterization of the mechanism of sequencer-induced sample contamination due to the phenomenon of index swapping that impacts Illumina sequencers employing patterned flow cells with Exclusion Amplification (ExAmp) chemistry (HiSeqX, HiSeq4000, and NovaSeq). We also present a remediation method that minimizes the impact of such swaps. RESULTS Leveraging data collected over a two-year period, we demonstrate the widespread prevalence of index swapping in patterned flow cell data. We calculate mean swap rates across multiple sample preparation methods and sequencer models, demonstrating that different library methods can have vastly different swapping rates and that even non-ExAmp chemistry instruments display trace levels of index swapping. We provide methods for eliminating sample data cross contamination by utilizing non-redundant dual indexing for complete filtering of index swapped reads, and share the sequences for 96 non-combinatorial dual indexes we have validated across various library preparation methods and sequencer models. Finally, using computational methods we provide a greater insight into the mechanism of index swapping. CONCLUSIONS Index swapping in pooled libraries is a prevalent phenomenon that we observe at a rate of 0.2 to 6% in all sequencing runs on HiSeqX, HiSeq 4000/3000, and NovaSeq. Utilizing non-redundant dual indexing allows for the removal (flagging/filtering) of these swapped reads and eliminates swapping induced sample contamination, which is critical for sensitive applications such as RNA-seq, single cell, blood biopsy using circulating tumor DNA, or clinical sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Costello
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA.
| | - Mark Fleharty
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Justin Abreu
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Yossi Farjoun
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Steven Ferriera
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Laurie Holmes
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Brian Granger
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Lisa Green
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Tom Howd
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Tamara Mason
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Gina Vicente
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Michael Dasilva
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Wendy Brodeur
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Timothy DeSmet
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Sheila Dodge
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Niall J Lennon
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
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7
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Xu Y, Stange-Thomann N, Weber G, Bo R, Dodge S, David RG, Foley K, Beheshti J, Harris NL, Birren B, Lander ES, Meyerson M. Erratum to “Pathogen discovery from human tissue by sequence-based computational subtraction”. Genomics 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Xu Y, Stange-Thomann N, Weber G, Bo R, Dodge S, David RG, Foley K, Beheshti J, Harris NL, Birren B, Lander ES, Meyerson M. Pathogen discovery from human tissue by sequence-based computational subtraction. Genomics 2003; 81:329-35. [PMID: 12659816 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(02)00043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported a new pathogen discovery approach, "computational subtraction". With this approach, non-human transcripts are detected by sequencing cDNA libraries from infected tissue and eliminating those transcripts that match the human genome. We show now that this method is experimentally feasible. We generated a cDNA library from a tissue sample of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). 27,840 independent cDNA sequences were filtered by computational subtraction against the known human sequence to identify 32 nonmatching transcripts. Of these, 22 (0.1%) were found to be amplifiable from both infected and noninfected samples and were inferred to be human DNA not yet contained in the available human genome sequence. The remaining 10 sequences could be amplified only from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected tissues. All 10 corresponded to the known EBV sequence. This proof-of-principle experiment demonstrates that computational subtraction can detect pathogenic microbes in primary human-diseased tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Xu
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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9
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Waterston RH, Lindblad-Toh K, Birney E, Rogers J, Abril JF, Agarwal P, Agarwala R, Ainscough R, Alexandersson M, An P, Antonarakis SE, Attwood J, Baertsch R, Bailey J, Barlow K, Beck S, Berry E, Birren B, Bloom T, Bork P, Botcherby M, Bray N, Brent MR, Brown DG, Brown SD, Bult C, Burton J, Butler J, Campbell RD, Carninci P, Cawley S, Chiaromonte F, Chinwalla AT, Church DM, Clamp M, Clee C, Collins FS, Cook LL, Copley RR, Coulson A, Couronne O, Cuff J, Curwen V, Cutts T, Daly M, David R, Davies J, Delehaunty KD, Deri J, Dermitzakis ET, Dewey C, Dickens NJ, Diekhans M, Dodge S, Dubchak I, Dunn DM, Eddy SR, Elnitski L, Emes RD, Eswara P, Eyras E, Felsenfeld A, Fewell GA, Flicek P, Foley K, Frankel WN, Fulton LA, Fulton RS, Furey TS, Gage D, Gibbs RA, Glusman G, Gnerre S, Goldman N, Goodstadt L, Grafham D, Graves TA, Green ED, Gregory S, Guigó R, Guyer M, Hardison RC, Haussler D, Hayashizaki Y, Hillier LW, Hinrichs A, Hlavina W, Holzer T, Hsu F, Hua A, Hubbard T, Hunt A, Jackson I, Jaffe DB, Johnson LS, Jones M, Jones TA, Joy A, Kamal M, Karlsson EK, Karolchik D, Kasprzyk A, Kawai J, Keibler E, Kells C, Kent WJ, Kirby A, Kolbe DL, Korf I, Kucherlapati RS, Kulbokas EJ, Kulp D, Landers T, Leger JP, Leonard S, Letunic I, Levine R, Li J, Li M, Lloyd C, Lucas S, Ma B, Maglott DR, Mardis ER, Matthews L, Mauceli E, Mayer JH, McCarthy M, McCombie WR, McLaren S, McLay K, McPherson JD, Meldrim J, Meredith B, Mesirov JP, Miller W, Miner TL, Mongin E, Montgomery KT, Morgan M, Mott R, Mullikin JC, Muzny DM, Nash WE, Nelson JO, Nhan MN, Nicol R, Ning Z, Nusbaum C, O'Connor MJ, Okazaki Y, Oliver K, Overton-Larty E, Pachter L, Parra G, Pepin KH, Peterson J, Pevzner P, Plumb R, Pohl CS, Poliakov A, Ponce TC, Ponting CP, Potter S, Quail M, Reymond A, Roe BA, Roskin KM, Rubin EM, Rust AG, Santos R, Sapojnikov V, Schultz B, Schultz J, Schwartz MS, Schwartz S, Scott C, Seaman S, Searle S, Sharpe T, Sheridan A, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Singer JB, Slater G, Smit A, Smith DR, Spencer B, Stabenau A, Stange-Thomann N, Sugnet C, Suyama M, Tesler G, Thompson J, Torrents D, Trevaskis E, Tromp J, Ucla C, Ureta-Vidal A, Vinson JP, Von Niederhausern AC, Wade CM, Wall M, Weber RJ, Weiss RB, Wendl MC, West AP, Wetterstrand K, Wheeler R, Whelan S, Wierzbowski J, Willey D, Williams S, Wilson RK, Winter E, Worley KC, Wyman D, Yang S, Yang SP, Zdobnov EM, Zody MC, Lander ES. Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature 2002; 420:520-62. [PMID: 12466850 DOI: 10.1038/nature01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4791] [Impact Index Per Article: 217.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2002] [Accepted: 10/31/2002] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of the mouse genome is a key informational tool for understanding the contents of the human genome and a key experimental tool for biomedical research. Here, we report the results of an international collaboration to produce a high-quality draft sequence of the mouse genome. We also present an initial comparative analysis of the mouse and human genomes, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the two sequences. We discuss topics including the analysis of the evolutionary forces shaping the size, structure and sequence of the genomes; the conservation of large-scale synteny across most of the genomes; the much lower extent of sequence orthology covering less than half of the genomes; the proportions of the genomes under selection; the number of protein-coding genes; the expansion of gene families related to reproduction and immunity; the evolution of proteins; and the identification of intraspecies polymorphism.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Composition
- Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics
- Conserved Sequence/genetics
- CpG Islands/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes/genetics
- Genetic Variation/genetics
- Genome
- Genome, Human
- Genomics
- Humans
- Mice/classification
- Mice/genetics
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Animal
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Mutagenesis
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Proteome/genetics
- Pseudogenes/genetics
- Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Selection, Genetic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sex Chromosomes/genetics
- Species Specificity
- Synteny
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10
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Feinman M, Sher G, Massaranni G, Vaught L, Andreyko J, Salem R, Zouves C, Dodge S. High fecundity rates in donor oocyte recipients and in-vitro fertilization surrogates using parenteral oestradiol valerate. Hum Reprod 1993; 8:1145-7. [PMID: 8408502 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovum donation and in-vitro fertilization (IVF) surrogacy can help couples with difficult infertility problems achieve pregnancy. Most centres using oral oestrogens and oestradiol patches report pregnancy rates in the range of 30% per cycle. Parenteral oestradiol valerate has pharmacological properties that make it an attractive option for preparing the endometrium in the recipients undergoing these procedures. When the egg providers were under age 35 years, and using oestradiol valerate in the recipients, we achieved a 61% clinical pregnancy rate in 62 cycles. These improved results suggest that parenteral oestradiol valerate should be used to prepare the endometrium in recipients, and that the hormonal milieu of the endometrium plays an important role in the higher implantation rates obtainable in ovum donor and IVF surrogate cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Feinman
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance 90502
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11
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Sher G, Salem R, Feinman M, Dodge S, Zouves C, Knutzen V. Eliminating the risk of life-endangering complications following overstimulation with menotropin fertility agents: a report on women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81:1009-11. [PMID: 8497341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a new method for preventing the life-endangering complications associated with inadvertent menotropin-induced severe ovarian hyperstimulation in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). METHODS Seventeen women each underwent a single cycle of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with menotropins in preparation for IVF-ET. The indications for IVF-ET were tubal occlusion in nine, endometriosis in six, and unexplained infertility in two. The peak plasma estradiol (E2) concentration before hCG administration was greater than 6000 pg/mL and more than 30 ovarian follicles were detected by transvaginal ultrasound. Thus, life-endangering complications associated with severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome were highly likely to occur following hCG administration. Rather than cancel the cycle of treatment, menotropin therapy was discontinued and hCG administration was deferred for a number of days until the plasma E2 concentration fell below 3000 pg/mL ("prolonged coasting"), whereupon hCG was administered and egg retrievals and ETs were duly performed. RESULTS None of the women developed severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. There were six viable pregnancies (35.2%), which proceeded normally. CONCLUSION This study indicates that "prolonged coasting" prevents severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in severely overstimulated women undergoing IVF-ET, without necessitating cycle cancellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno
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12
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Sher G, Dodge S, Maassarani G, Knutzen V, Zouves C, Feinman M. Management of suboptimal sonographic endometrial patterns in patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 1993; 8:347-9. [PMID: 8473446 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 816 women who underwent 1332 cycles of ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF/ET) had sonographic assessments of the endometrium within 2 days of oocyte retrieval. Endometrial linings were classified on the basis of thickness and echogenicity, using a grading system described previously. Grades I and IIB ('poor') were associated with a 6% viable pregnancy rate (advanced beyond 12 weeks' gestation) compared with a 29% rate for Grade IIA ('optimal'). In a subset of 112 women with poor endometrial linings during natural cycles, eight out of 21 women (38%) under 40 years of age developed optimal linings following ovarian stimulation with menotrophins, while 19 out of 91 women (21%) aged 41-45 years converted to optimal linings. Twenty-two out of 47 women (44%) who failed to develop optimal endometrial linings following ovarian stimulation converted to Grade IIA during subsequent cycles of exogenous oestrogen replacement. The financial, emotional, and physical burden associated with IVF/ET demands that patients with poor endometrial linings following ovarian stimulation with menotrophins be counselled with regard to either cancelling their cycles of treatment, or having their embryos cryopreserved for transfer to the uterus during a subsequent hormonal replacement cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Northern Nevada Fertility Center, Reno 89502
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13
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Dodge S, Jacober B, Jukkara E. Brief or new: a three-dimensional aid for teaching wheelchair maintenance. Am J Occup Ther 1986; 40:289-91. [PMID: 2421576 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.40.4.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For the 2 past years, the visual aid described here has been incorporated into a wheelchair maintenance class attended by 50 patients and 15 families. The aid has helped to decrease patients' and family members' apprehension in performing wheelchair care and has been a useful learning and training tool in the acquisition of new skills.
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14
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Abstract
Hemolytic anemia due to deficiency of erythrocytic pyruvate kinase is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. Pregnancy complicated by pyruvate kinase deficiency is rare; there are only 8 reported cases in the literature. A case is described that was characterized by increased hemolysis during pregnancy, requiring blood transfusions before and after delivery, and complicated by severe preeclampsia at term. Fetal and maternal outcome was successful. Increased hemolysis and favorable perinatal outcome occurred in all 8 reported cases.
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15
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Berg S, Dodge S, Krogmann DW, Dilley RA. Chloroplast grana membrane carboxyl groups: their involvement in membrane association. Plant Physiol 1974; 53:619-27. [PMID: 16658753 PMCID: PMC541407 DOI: 10.1104/pp.53.4.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast membrane carboxyl groups were modified by carbodiimide activation followed by glycine methyl ester substitution, leaving the derivatized group uncharged. This charge alteration induced a number of effects similar to addition of salts to control chloroplasts suspended in a low salt medium. These include: (a) restacking or multiple membrane association in low salt-treated chloroplasts that lack grana stacks, (b) protection against polycation inhibition of photosystem I electron transfer, (c) reduction of the amount of polycations bound to the membranes, and (d) increased 90 degrees light scattering due to membrane conformational changes. Carboxyl modification also altered acid-induced conformational changes.These effects are interpretated as the results of the reduction in the surface negative charge contributed by carboxyl groups. Membrane structure at both a local, polyelectrolyte level and at the level of membrane-membrane interaction (stacking) is controlled in part by these negative, charged groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Berg
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47905
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